2-1. advantageous features of microfluidic devices in
TRANSCRIPT
![Page 1: 2-1. Advantageous features of microfluidic devices in](https://reader031.vdocuments.mx/reader031/viewer/2022012502/617befb124cc6d6ecb7270de/html5/thumbnails/1.jpg)
2-1. Advantageous features of microfluidic devices in BioMEMS applications
![Page 2: 2-1. Advantageous features of microfluidic devices in](https://reader031.vdocuments.mx/reader031/viewer/2022012502/617befb124cc6d6ecb7270de/html5/thumbnails/2.jpg)
Equations: To solve the flow velocity profile for a fluid that is incompressible, Newtonian, isotropic, with viscosity that does not depend on temperature. Arbitrary constant cross section (flow in x-direction):
Circular constant cross section
![Page 3: 2-1. Advantageous features of microfluidic devices in](https://reader031.vdocuments.mx/reader031/viewer/2022012502/617befb124cc6d6ecb7270de/html5/thumbnails/3.jpg)
2-2. Flow speed profile for a rectangular channel
![Page 4: 2-1. Advantageous features of microfluidic devices in](https://reader031.vdocuments.mx/reader031/viewer/2022012502/617befb124cc6d6ecb7270de/html5/thumbnails/4.jpg)
Microchannel resistance
For a rectangular microchannel:
High aspect ratio rectangular microchannel:
For a circular microchannel (pipe):
Hagen-Poiseuille Equation (1838)
![Page 5: 2-1. Advantageous features of microfluidic devices in](https://reader031.vdocuments.mx/reader031/viewer/2022012502/617befb124cc6d6ecb7270de/html5/thumbnails/5.jpg)
Shear stress
Tensor:
For a Newtonian fluid:
For rectilinear flow (along x axis):
Force acting on bottom surface (x-z):
The force acts along x
z
y
x
ux
Fx
![Page 6: 2-1. Advantageous features of microfluidic devices in](https://reader031.vdocuments.mx/reader031/viewer/2022012502/617befb124cc6d6ecb7270de/html5/thumbnails/6.jpg)
For a rectangular channel:
Taking the derivative and rearranging:
Force acting on the bottom surface of a rectangular microchannel
![Page 7: 2-1. Advantageous features of microfluidic devices in](https://reader031.vdocuments.mx/reader031/viewer/2022012502/617befb124cc6d6ecb7270de/html5/thumbnails/7.jpg)
Flow through porous media
Darcy’s Law (1855)
![Page 8: 2-1. Advantageous features of microfluidic devices in](https://reader031.vdocuments.mx/reader031/viewer/2022012502/617befb124cc6d6ecb7270de/html5/thumbnails/8.jpg)
2-3. The complementary error function
Ci
t D
2Ci
x 2Ficke’s 2nd Law of Diffusion
Ficke’s 1st Law of Diffusion
Ji DCi
x
D kT
6RH
Stokes-Einstein relationship
x 2 2Dt
![Page 9: 2-1. Advantageous features of microfluidic devices in](https://reader031.vdocuments.mx/reader031/viewer/2022012502/617befb124cc6d6ecb7270de/html5/thumbnails/9.jpg)
2-4. Forces at contact point
![Page 10: 2-1. Advantageous features of microfluidic devices in](https://reader031.vdocuments.mx/reader031/viewer/2022012502/617befb124cc6d6ecb7270de/html5/thumbnails/10.jpg)
2-5. The role of surface charges in electroosmosis
![Page 11: 2-1. Advantageous features of microfluidic devices in](https://reader031.vdocuments.mx/reader031/viewer/2022012502/617befb124cc6d6ecb7270de/html5/thumbnails/11.jpg)
2-6. Positive and negative dielectrophoresis
)()(
2Re2
23rEF
mp
mp
m R
![Page 12: 2-1. Advantageous features of microfluidic devices in](https://reader031.vdocuments.mx/reader031/viewer/2022012502/617befb124cc6d6ecb7270de/html5/thumbnails/12.jpg)
2-7. Electrowetting
![Page 13: 2-1. Advantageous features of microfluidic devices in](https://reader031.vdocuments.mx/reader031/viewer/2022012502/617befb124cc6d6ecb7270de/html5/thumbnails/13.jpg)
2-8. Acoustophoresis
![Page 14: 2-1. Advantageous features of microfluidic devices in](https://reader031.vdocuments.mx/reader031/viewer/2022012502/617befb124cc6d6ecb7270de/html5/thumbnails/14.jpg)
2-9. The phenomenon of acoustic streaming
![Page 15: 2-1. Advantageous features of microfluidic devices in](https://reader031.vdocuments.mx/reader031/viewer/2022012502/617befb124cc6d6ecb7270de/html5/thumbnails/15.jpg)
The building materials
The “historical” materials: Silicon and glass
The advent of plastics
A new kid on the block: PDMS
Other polymers: Mylar, biodegradable polymers
Hydrogel devices
Paper
2-D stacking and bonding
Inlets: the “Macro-to-Micro Interface” problem
Microchannel wall coatings
Fabrication of microfluidic channels
![Page 16: 2-1. Advantageous features of microfluidic devices in](https://reader031.vdocuments.mx/reader031/viewer/2022012502/617befb124cc6d6ecb7270de/html5/thumbnails/16.jpg)
2-10. “Shrinky-Dinks” Microfluidics
![Page 17: 2-1. Advantageous features of microfluidic devices in](https://reader031.vdocuments.mx/reader031/viewer/2022012502/617befb124cc6d6ecb7270de/html5/thumbnails/17.jpg)
2-11. Biodegradable microfluidics
![Page 18: 2-1. Advantageous features of microfluidic devices in](https://reader031.vdocuments.mx/reader031/viewer/2022012502/617befb124cc6d6ecb7270de/html5/thumbnails/18.jpg)
2-12. Paper microfluidics
![Page 19: 2-1. Advantageous features of microfluidic devices in](https://reader031.vdocuments.mx/reader031/viewer/2022012502/617befb124cc6d6ecb7270de/html5/thumbnails/19.jpg)
2-12. Cell-seeded ECM-hydrogel microchannels
![Page 20: 2-1. Advantageous features of microfluidic devices in](https://reader031.vdocuments.mx/reader031/viewer/2022012502/617befb124cc6d6ecb7270de/html5/thumbnails/20.jpg)
2-13. Alginate microfluidics
![Page 21: 2-1. Advantageous features of microfluidic devices in](https://reader031.vdocuments.mx/reader031/viewer/2022012502/617befb124cc6d6ecb7270de/html5/thumbnails/21.jpg)
2-14. Fabrication of biocompatible PEG hydrogel microchannels
![Page 22: 2-1. Advantageous features of microfluidic devices in](https://reader031.vdocuments.mx/reader031/viewer/2022012502/617befb124cc6d6ecb7270de/html5/thumbnails/22.jpg)
2-15. Paper microfluidics
![Page 23: 2-1. Advantageous features of microfluidic devices in](https://reader031.vdocuments.mx/reader031/viewer/2022012502/617befb124cc6d6ecb7270de/html5/thumbnails/23.jpg)
2-16. Laminar flow patterns created in laser-cut paper microchannels
![Page 24: 2-1. Advantageous features of microfluidic devices in](https://reader031.vdocuments.mx/reader031/viewer/2022012502/617befb124cc6d6ecb7270de/html5/thumbnails/24.jpg)
2-17. Microfluidics outreach
![Page 25: 2-1. Advantageous features of microfluidic devices in](https://reader031.vdocuments.mx/reader031/viewer/2022012502/617befb124cc6d6ecb7270de/html5/thumbnails/25.jpg)
2-18. Fabrication of complex multilevel microfluidics
![Page 26: 2-1. Advantageous features of microfluidic devices in](https://reader031.vdocuments.mx/reader031/viewer/2022012502/617befb124cc6d6ecb7270de/html5/thumbnails/26.jpg)
2-19. Alignment of microfabricated parts
![Page 27: 2-1. Advantageous features of microfluidic devices in](https://reader031.vdocuments.mx/reader031/viewer/2022012502/617befb124cc6d6ecb7270de/html5/thumbnails/27.jpg)
2-20. Nano-adhesive plasma-deposited coatings
![Page 28: 2-1. Advantageous features of microfluidic devices in](https://reader031.vdocuments.mx/reader031/viewer/2022012502/617befb124cc6d6ecb7270de/html5/thumbnails/28.jpg)
2-21. Room-temperature bonding of PDMS to plastics using silanes
![Page 29: 2-1. Advantageous features of microfluidic devices in](https://reader031.vdocuments.mx/reader031/viewer/2022012502/617befb124cc6d6ecb7270de/html5/thumbnails/29.jpg)
2-22. Modular microfluidics
![Page 30: 2-1. Advantageous features of microfluidic devices in](https://reader031.vdocuments.mx/reader031/viewer/2022012502/617befb124cc6d6ecb7270de/html5/thumbnails/30.jpg)
2-23. 96-well plate incorporating embedded microchannels
![Page 31: 2-1. Advantageous features of microfluidic devices in](https://reader031.vdocuments.mx/reader031/viewer/2022012502/617befb124cc6d6ecb7270de/html5/thumbnails/31.jpg)
2-24. Vacuum manifold for world-to-chip interface
![Page 32: 2-1. Advantageous features of microfluidic devices in](https://reader031.vdocuments.mx/reader031/viewer/2022012502/617befb124cc6d6ecb7270de/html5/thumbnails/32.jpg)
2-25. A chip-to-chip nanoliter dispenser
![Page 33: 2-1. Advantageous features of microfluidic devices in](https://reader031.vdocuments.mx/reader031/viewer/2022012502/617befb124cc6d6ecb7270de/html5/thumbnails/33.jpg)
2-26. Grafting of PDMS channels
![Page 34: 2-1. Advantageous features of microfluidic devices in](https://reader031.vdocuments.mx/reader031/viewer/2022012502/617befb124cc6d6ecb7270de/html5/thumbnails/34.jpg)
2-27. Spontaneous migration of Pluronic to the PDMS surface.
![Page 35: 2-1. Advantageous features of microfluidic devices in](https://reader031.vdocuments.mx/reader031/viewer/2022012502/617befb124cc6d6ecb7270de/html5/thumbnails/35.jpg)
2-28. Measuring flow rate with bending fiber
![Page 36: 2-1. Advantageous features of microfluidic devices in](https://reader031.vdocuments.mx/reader031/viewer/2022012502/617befb124cc6d6ecb7270de/html5/thumbnails/36.jpg)
2-29. Common setup for manipulation of droplets by electrowetting
![Page 37: 2-1. Advantageous features of microfluidic devices in](https://reader031.vdocuments.mx/reader031/viewer/2022012502/617befb124cc6d6ecb7270de/html5/thumbnails/37.jpg)
2-30. Generation of droplets in microchannels.
![Page 38: 2-1. Advantageous features of microfluidic devices in](https://reader031.vdocuments.mx/reader031/viewer/2022012502/617befb124cc6d6ecb7270de/html5/thumbnails/38.jpg)
2-31. High-throughput droplet microfluidics
![Page 39: 2-1. Advantageous features of microfluidic devices in](https://reader031.vdocuments.mx/reader031/viewer/2022012502/617befb124cc6d6ecb7270de/html5/thumbnails/39.jpg)
2-32. Microvalve-actuated control of individual droplets
![Page 40: 2-1. Advantageous features of microfluidic devices in](https://reader031.vdocuments.mx/reader031/viewer/2022012502/617befb124cc6d6ecb7270de/html5/thumbnails/40.jpg)
2-33. Microdroplets separated by air carrier
![Page 41: 2-1. Advantageous features of microfluidic devices in](https://reader031.vdocuments.mx/reader031/viewer/2022012502/617befb124cc6d6ecb7270de/html5/thumbnails/41.jpg)
2-34. Pressure and response times typical of actuators used in microvalves and micropumps
![Page 42: 2-1. Advantageous features of microfluidic devices in](https://reader031.vdocuments.mx/reader031/viewer/2022012502/617befb124cc6d6ecb7270de/html5/thumbnails/42.jpg)
2-35. Electrokinetic valving
![Page 43: 2-1. Advantageous features of microfluidic devices in](https://reader031.vdocuments.mx/reader031/viewer/2022012502/617befb124cc6d6ecb7270de/html5/thumbnails/43.jpg)
2-36. Flow “Field-Effect Transistor”
![Page 44: 2-1. Advantageous features of microfluidic devices in](https://reader031.vdocuments.mx/reader031/viewer/2022012502/617befb124cc6d6ecb7270de/html5/thumbnails/44.jpg)
2-37. Microvalving strategies used in centrifugal microfluidics
![Page 45: 2-1. Advantageous features of microfluidic devices in](https://reader031.vdocuments.mx/reader031/viewer/2022012502/617befb124cc6d6ecb7270de/html5/thumbnails/45.jpg)
2-38. Flap microvalve
![Page 46: 2-1. Advantageous features of microfluidic devices in](https://reader031.vdocuments.mx/reader031/viewer/2022012502/617befb124cc6d6ecb7270de/html5/thumbnails/46.jpg)
2-39. PDMS pinch microvalves by Quake
![Page 47: 2-1. Advantageous features of microfluidic devices in](https://reader031.vdocuments.mx/reader031/viewer/2022012502/617befb124cc6d6ecb7270de/html5/thumbnails/47.jpg)
2-40. PDMS “doormat” microvalves
![Page 48: 2-1. Advantageous features of microfluidic devices in](https://reader031.vdocuments.mx/reader031/viewer/2022012502/617befb124cc6d6ecb7270de/html5/thumbnails/48.jpg)
2-41. Metering of nanoliter volumes with PDMS “doormat” microvalves
![Page 49: 2-1. Advantageous features of microfluidic devices in](https://reader031.vdocuments.mx/reader031/viewer/2022012502/617befb124cc6d6ecb7270de/html5/thumbnails/49.jpg)
2-42. PDMS microvalves implemented in the sidewall
![Page 50: 2-1. Advantageous features of microfluidic devices in](https://reader031.vdocuments.mx/reader031/viewer/2022012502/617befb124cc6d6ecb7270de/html5/thumbnails/50.jpg)
2-43. PDMS “curtain” microvalves
![Page 51: 2-1. Advantageous features of microfluidic devices in](https://reader031.vdocuments.mx/reader031/viewer/2022012502/617befb124cc6d6ecb7270de/html5/thumbnails/51.jpg)
2-44. PDMS “plunger” microvalve
![Page 52: 2-1. Advantageous features of microfluidic devices in](https://reader031.vdocuments.mx/reader031/viewer/2022012502/617befb124cc6d6ecb7270de/html5/thumbnails/52.jpg)
2-45. Latching microvalves
![Page 53: 2-1. Advantageous features of microfluidic devices in](https://reader031.vdocuments.mx/reader031/viewer/2022012502/617befb124cc6d6ecb7270de/html5/thumbnails/53.jpg)
2-46. Microvalve based on thermal expansion of PEG
![Page 54: 2-1. Advantageous features of microfluidic devices in](https://reader031.vdocuments.mx/reader031/viewer/2022012502/617befb124cc6d6ecb7270de/html5/thumbnails/54.jpg)
2-47. Braille-actuated microvalves
![Page 55: 2-1. Advantageous features of microfluidic devices in](https://reader031.vdocuments.mx/reader031/viewer/2022012502/617befb124cc6d6ecb7270de/html5/thumbnails/55.jpg)
2-48. Smart-polymer microvalves
![Page 56: 2-1. Advantageous features of microfluidic devices in](https://reader031.vdocuments.mx/reader031/viewer/2022012502/617befb124cc6d6ecb7270de/html5/thumbnails/56.jpg)
2-49. Sacrificial membranes for single-use microvalves
![Page 57: 2-1. Advantageous features of microfluidic devices in](https://reader031.vdocuments.mx/reader031/viewer/2022012502/617befb124cc6d6ecb7270de/html5/thumbnails/57.jpg)
2-50. Capillary burst microvalve
![Page 58: 2-1. Advantageous features of microfluidic devices in](https://reader031.vdocuments.mx/reader031/viewer/2022012502/617befb124cc6d6ecb7270de/html5/thumbnails/58.jpg)
2-51. Tangential microchannels for switching flows
![Page 59: 2-1. Advantageous features of microfluidic devices in](https://reader031.vdocuments.mx/reader031/viewer/2022012502/617befb124cc6d6ecb7270de/html5/thumbnails/59.jpg)
2-52. The SlipChip
![Page 60: 2-1. Advantageous features of microfluidic devices in](https://reader031.vdocuments.mx/reader031/viewer/2022012502/617befb124cc6d6ecb7270de/html5/thumbnails/60.jpg)
2-53. Microfluidic resistors using inflatable elements
![Page 61: 2-1. Advantageous features of microfluidic devices in](https://reader031.vdocuments.mx/reader031/viewer/2022012502/617befb124cc6d6ecb7270de/html5/thumbnails/61.jpg)
2-54. Microfluidic resistors using microvalves
![Page 62: 2-1. Advantageous features of microfluidic devices in](https://reader031.vdocuments.mx/reader031/viewer/2022012502/617befb124cc6d6ecb7270de/html5/thumbnails/62.jpg)
2-55. Binary multiplexer with “anti-contamination” layout
![Page 63: 2-1. Advantageous features of microfluidic devices in](https://reader031.vdocuments.mx/reader031/viewer/2022012502/617befb124cc6d6ecb7270de/html5/thumbnails/63.jpg)
2-56. Combinatorial operation of a binary multiplexer
![Page 64: 2-1. Advantageous features of microfluidic devices in](https://reader031.vdocuments.mx/reader031/viewer/2022012502/617befb124cc6d6ecb7270de/html5/thumbnails/64.jpg)
2-57. Combinatorial multiplexer
![Page 65: 2-1. Advantageous features of microfluidic devices in](https://reader031.vdocuments.mx/reader031/viewer/2022012502/617befb124cc6d6ecb7270de/html5/thumbnails/65.jpg)
2-58. Multiplexer with quaternary valves
![Page 66: 2-1. Advantageous features of microfluidic devices in](https://reader031.vdocuments.mx/reader031/viewer/2022012502/617befb124cc6d6ecb7270de/html5/thumbnails/66.jpg)
2-59. Capillary pump
![Page 67: 2-1. Advantageous features of microfluidic devices in](https://reader031.vdocuments.mx/reader031/viewer/2022012502/617befb124cc6d6ecb7270de/html5/thumbnails/67.jpg)
2-60. Surface tension-driven passive micropump
![Page 68: 2-1. Advantageous features of microfluidic devices in](https://reader031.vdocuments.mx/reader031/viewer/2022012502/617befb124cc6d6ecb7270de/html5/thumbnails/68.jpg)
2-61. A PDMS vacuum pump
![Page 69: 2-1. Advantageous features of microfluidic devices in](https://reader031.vdocuments.mx/reader031/viewer/2022012502/617befb124cc6d6ecb7270de/html5/thumbnails/69.jpg)
2-62. Gas permeation micropump
![Page 70: 2-1. Advantageous features of microfluidic devices in](https://reader031.vdocuments.mx/reader031/viewer/2022012502/617befb124cc6d6ecb7270de/html5/thumbnails/70.jpg)
2-63. Peristaltic micropumps constructed with “doormat” PDMS microvalves
![Page 71: 2-1. Advantageous features of microfluidic devices in](https://reader031.vdocuments.mx/reader031/viewer/2022012502/617befb124cc6d6ecb7270de/html5/thumbnails/71.jpg)
2-64. PDMS peristaltic micropump featuring circularly-symmetric microvalves
![Page 72: 2-1. Advantageous features of microfluidic devices in](https://reader031.vdocuments.mx/reader031/viewer/2022012502/617befb124cc6d6ecb7270de/html5/thumbnails/72.jpg)
2-65. Serpentine-channel micropumps
![Page 73: 2-1. Advantageous features of microfluidic devices in](https://reader031.vdocuments.mx/reader031/viewer/2022012502/617befb124cc6d6ecb7270de/html5/thumbnails/73.jpg)
2-66. Compact PDMS peristaltic pump actuated by a single pneumatic channel
![Page 74: 2-1. Advantageous features of microfluidic devices in](https://reader031.vdocuments.mx/reader031/viewer/2022012502/617befb124cc6d6ecb7270de/html5/thumbnails/74.jpg)
2-67. Micropump powered by a piezoelectric actuator
![Page 75: 2-1. Advantageous features of microfluidic devices in](https://reader031.vdocuments.mx/reader031/viewer/2022012502/617befb124cc6d6ecb7270de/html5/thumbnails/75.jpg)
2-68. Microfluidic flow gauge fabricated by stop-flow lithography
![Page 76: 2-1. Advantageous features of microfluidic devices in](https://reader031.vdocuments.mx/reader031/viewer/2022012502/617befb124cc6d6ecb7270de/html5/thumbnails/76.jpg)
2-69. Microfluidic flow comparator
![Page 77: 2-1. Advantageous features of microfluidic devices in](https://reader031.vdocuments.mx/reader031/viewer/2022012502/617befb124cc6d6ecb7270de/html5/thumbnails/77.jpg)
2-70. The “Butterfly effect”
![Page 78: 2-1. Advantageous features of microfluidic devices in](https://reader031.vdocuments.mx/reader031/viewer/2022012502/617befb124cc6d6ecb7270de/html5/thumbnails/78.jpg)
2-71. The Dertinger gradient generator
![Page 79: 2-1. Advantageous features of microfluidic devices in](https://reader031.vdocuments.mx/reader031/viewer/2022012502/617befb124cc6d6ecb7270de/html5/thumbnails/79.jpg)
2-72. “Universal” gradient generator
![Page 80: 2-1. Advantageous features of microfluidic devices in](https://reader031.vdocuments.mx/reader031/viewer/2022012502/617befb124cc6d6ecb7270de/html5/thumbnails/80.jpg)
2-73. Microfluidic gradient generators for arbitrary gradients using electrical-circuit analogs
![Page 81: 2-1. Advantageous features of microfluidic devices in](https://reader031.vdocuments.mx/reader031/viewer/2022012502/617befb124cc6d6ecb7270de/html5/thumbnails/81.jpg)
2-74. Dilution generator based on ratiometric distribution of flow resistance
![Page 82: 2-1. Advantageous features of microfluidic devices in](https://reader031.vdocuments.mx/reader031/viewer/2022012502/617befb124cc6d6ecb7270de/html5/thumbnails/82.jpg)
2-75. Gradient generator based on transport through microtunnels
![Page 83: 2-1. Advantageous features of microfluidic devices in](https://reader031.vdocuments.mx/reader031/viewer/2022012502/617befb124cc6d6ecb7270de/html5/thumbnails/83.jpg)
2-76. Linear dilution-generator microfluidic device
![Page 84: 2-1. Advantageous features of microfluidic devices in](https://reader031.vdocuments.mx/reader031/viewer/2022012502/617befb124cc6d6ecb7270de/html5/thumbnails/84.jpg)
2-77. Stacked-flow gradient generator
![Page 85: 2-1. Advantageous features of microfluidic devices in](https://reader031.vdocuments.mx/reader031/viewer/2022012502/617befb124cc6d6ecb7270de/html5/thumbnails/85.jpg)
2-78. Gradient generator using microfluidic “jets”
![Page 86: 2-1. Advantageous features of microfluidic devices in](https://reader031.vdocuments.mx/reader031/viewer/2022012502/617befb124cc6d6ecb7270de/html5/thumbnails/86.jpg)
2-79. Microjets in a closed microchamber
![Page 87: 2-1. Advantageous features of microfluidic devices in](https://reader031.vdocuments.mx/reader031/viewer/2022012502/617befb124cc6d6ecb7270de/html5/thumbnails/87.jpg)
2-80. A diffusive gradient generator using microjets
![Page 88: 2-1. Advantageous features of microfluidic devices in](https://reader031.vdocuments.mx/reader031/viewer/2022012502/617befb124cc6d6ecb7270de/html5/thumbnails/88.jpg)
2-81. Microfluidic pen
![Page 89: 2-1. Advantageous features of microfluidic devices in](https://reader031.vdocuments.mx/reader031/viewer/2022012502/617befb124cc6d6ecb7270de/html5/thumbnails/89.jpg)
2-82. Local delivery of fluids onto cells using a two-phase system
![Page 90: 2-1. Advantageous features of microfluidic devices in](https://reader031.vdocuments.mx/reader031/viewer/2022012502/617befb124cc6d6ecb7270de/html5/thumbnails/90.jpg)
2-83. Gradient generator based on diffusion through nitrocellulose paper
![Page 91: 2-1. Advantageous features of microfluidic devices in](https://reader031.vdocuments.mx/reader031/viewer/2022012502/617befb124cc6d6ecb7270de/html5/thumbnails/91.jpg)
2-84. Gradient generator based on transport through a thin polyester membrane
![Page 92: 2-1. Advantageous features of microfluidic devices in](https://reader031.vdocuments.mx/reader031/viewer/2022012502/617befb124cc6d6ecb7270de/html5/thumbnails/92.jpg)
2-85. Gradient generator made in agarose
![Page 93: 2-1. Advantageous features of microfluidic devices in](https://reader031.vdocuments.mx/reader031/viewer/2022012502/617befb124cc6d6ecb7270de/html5/thumbnails/93.jpg)
2-86. Gradient generator based on diffusion across a hydrogel slab
![Page 94: 2-1. Advantageous features of microfluidic devices in](https://reader031.vdocuments.mx/reader031/viewer/2022012502/617befb124cc6d6ecb7270de/html5/thumbnails/94.jpg)
2-87. Agarose-filled microchannels as gradient generators
![Page 95: 2-1. Advantageous features of microfluidic devices in](https://reader031.vdocuments.mx/reader031/viewer/2022012502/617befb124cc6d6ecb7270de/html5/thumbnails/95.jpg)
2-88. ECM gel-filled microchannels as gradient generators
![Page 96: 2-1. Advantageous features of microfluidic devices in](https://reader031.vdocuments.mx/reader031/viewer/2022012502/617befb124cc6d6ecb7270de/html5/thumbnails/96.jpg)
2-89. Gradient generator incorporating collagen gels as diffusional barriers
![Page 97: 2-1. Advantageous features of microfluidic devices in](https://reader031.vdocuments.mx/reader031/viewer/2022012502/617befb124cc6d6ecb7270de/html5/thumbnails/97.jpg)
2-90. Combinatorial micromixer
![Page 98: 2-1. Advantageous features of microfluidic devices in](https://reader031.vdocuments.mx/reader031/viewer/2022012502/617befb124cc6d6ecb7270de/html5/thumbnails/98.jpg)
2-91. Homogeneization by pulsatile flow
![Page 99: 2-1. Advantageous features of microfluidic devices in](https://reader031.vdocuments.mx/reader031/viewer/2022012502/617befb124cc6d6ecb7270de/html5/thumbnails/99.jpg)
2-92. Shear superposition micromixer
![Page 100: 2-1. Advantageous features of microfluidic devices in](https://reader031.vdocuments.mx/reader031/viewer/2022012502/617befb124cc6d6ecb7270de/html5/thumbnails/100.jpg)
2-93. Microfluidic homogeneizer with complex 3D architecture
![Page 101: 2-1. Advantageous features of microfluidic devices in](https://reader031.vdocuments.mx/reader031/viewer/2022012502/617befb124cc6d6ecb7270de/html5/thumbnails/101.jpg)
2-94. Folded-over serpentine mixer
![Page 102: 2-1. Advantageous features of microfluidic devices in](https://reader031.vdocuments.mx/reader031/viewer/2022012502/617befb124cc6d6ecb7270de/html5/thumbnails/102.jpg)
2-95. A passive micromixer that induces fluid rotation.
![Page 103: 2-1. Advantageous features of microfluidic devices in](https://reader031.vdocuments.mx/reader031/viewer/2022012502/617befb124cc6d6ecb7270de/html5/thumbnails/103.jpg)
2-96. Microfluidic homogeneizer with 3D “F” splitter-recombiners
![Page 104: 2-1. Advantageous features of microfluidic devices in](https://reader031.vdocuments.mx/reader031/viewer/2022012502/617befb124cc6d6ecb7270de/html5/thumbnails/104.jpg)
2-97. A criss-crossing 3D micromixer
![Page 105: 2-1. Advantageous features of microfluidic devices in](https://reader031.vdocuments.mx/reader031/viewer/2022012502/617befb124cc6d6ecb7270de/html5/thumbnails/105.jpg)
2-98. Microfluidic homogeneizer based on Tesla mixer
![Page 106: 2-1. Advantageous features of microfluidic devices in](https://reader031.vdocuments.mx/reader031/viewer/2022012502/617befb124cc6d6ecb7270de/html5/thumbnails/106.jpg)
2-99. Homogeneization directed by surface topology
![Page 107: 2-1. Advantageous features of microfluidic devices in](https://reader031.vdocuments.mx/reader031/viewer/2022012502/617befb124cc6d6ecb7270de/html5/thumbnails/107.jpg)
2-100. Homogeneizer enhanced by a circulation-disturbance barrier
![Page 108: 2-1. Advantageous features of microfluidic devices in](https://reader031.vdocuments.mx/reader031/viewer/2022012502/617befb124cc6d6ecb7270de/html5/thumbnails/108.jpg)
2-101. Homogeneization induced by surface charge patterns
![Page 109: 2-1. Advantageous features of microfluidic devices in](https://reader031.vdocuments.mx/reader031/viewer/2022012502/617befb124cc6d6ecb7270de/html5/thumbnails/109.jpg)
2-102. Bubble-based on-off millisecond homogeneizer
![Page 110: 2-1. Advantageous features of microfluidic devices in](https://reader031.vdocuments.mx/reader031/viewer/2022012502/617befb124cc6d6ecb7270de/html5/thumbnails/110.jpg)
2-103. Automated combinatorial mixer based on microvalves
![Page 111: 2-1. Advantageous features of microfluidic devices in](https://reader031.vdocuments.mx/reader031/viewer/2022012502/617befb124cc6d6ecb7270de/html5/thumbnails/111.jpg)
2-104. Metering of nanoliter-scale volumes in a micromixer using microvalves
![Page 112: 2-1. Advantageous features of microfluidic devices in](https://reader031.vdocuments.mx/reader031/viewer/2022012502/617befb124cc6d6ecb7270de/html5/thumbnails/112.jpg)
2-105. Dynamic micromixer with tunable microtopographies
![Page 113: 2-1. Advantageous features of microfluidic devices in](https://reader031.vdocuments.mx/reader031/viewer/2022012502/617befb124cc6d6ecb7270de/html5/thumbnails/113.jpg)
2-106. On/Off Chaotic Micromixer
![Page 114: 2-1. Advantageous features of microfluidic devices in](https://reader031.vdocuments.mx/reader031/viewer/2022012502/617befb124cc6d6ecb7270de/html5/thumbnails/114.jpg)
2-107. Spatiotemporal mixing using an On/Off chaotic micromixer
![Page 115: 2-1. Advantageous features of microfluidic devices in](https://reader031.vdocuments.mx/reader031/viewer/2022012502/617befb124cc6d6ecb7270de/html5/thumbnails/115.jpg)
2-108. Microstructured membranes and microvalves for trapping fluids and for substrate patterning
![Page 116: 2-1. Advantageous features of microfluidic devices in](https://reader031.vdocuments.mx/reader031/viewer/2022012502/617befb124cc6d6ecb7270de/html5/thumbnails/116.jpg)
2-109. Vortex-type micromixer
![Page 117: 2-1. Advantageous features of microfluidic devices in](https://reader031.vdocuments.mx/reader031/viewer/2022012502/617befb124cc6d6ecb7270de/html5/thumbnails/117.jpg)
2-90. Cells under laminar flow