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COMMUNITY NATURAL RESOURCE MANAGEMENT:

CASE STUDY OF COMMUNITY FOREST, UBON RATCHATHANI

KANJANA KUMSAP

A THESIS SUBMITTED IN PARTIAL FULFILLMENT OF THE REQUIREMENTS

FOR THE DEGREE OF THE DOCTOR OF PHILOSOPHY PROGRAM

MAJOR IN INTEGRAL DEVELOPMENT STUDIES

FACULTY OF MANAGEMENT SCIENCE

UBON RATCHATHANI UNIVERSITY

ACADEMIC YEAR 2015

COPYRIGHT OF UBON RATCHATHANI UNIVERSITY

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TITLE

AUTHOR

DEGREE

MAJOR

ADVISOR

KEYWORDS

ABSTRACT

COMMUNITY NATURAL RESOURCE MANAGEMENT: A CASE STUDY OF

COMMUNITY FOREST, USON RATCHATHANI

KANJANA KUMSAP

DOCTOR OF PHILOSOPHY

INTEGRAL DEVELOPMENT STUDIES

RACHAYA INDANON, D.B.A.

COMMUNl1Y FOREST, INSTITUTIONAL, INTEGRATION,

SUFFICIENCY ECONOMY

The continuous reduction of forest area in Thailand causes the Department of

Forestry, as a government agency, introduce participatory forest management of the

community forest as an alternative for conservation and sustainable use of forest

resource. However, in practice, there have been conflict problems of principles and

concepts of community forest management between the state and people sector. The

first objective of the study was to investigate the concept and process of community

forest management in Thailand. The second objective was to analyze the process of

community forest management in Thailand and to suggest a model of social institution

in managing community forest. This research is a qualitative research using case studies

of four communities in Ubon Ratchathani: Ban Chart, Ban Don Mu, Ban Wang-or and

Ban Nondaeng. The research methods were document research, field observation, and

in-depth interviewing the key informants comprising of forest community committee,

Leaders, government officials, researchers, scientists, non-government organization

officials. The analysis and synthesis of the data was done based on both field data,

documents and other relevant research works under the integral science concept.

The study of the concept and process of community forest in Thailand revealed

that the government has been centralized the forest resource management system.

Its' perspectives in forest management is based on area-based management and in

forestry science rather than the relation management among human, forest, and

nature. The government Lacks an integration in developing economics, society, and

environment. It also Lacks an integration of forest and other natural resource as a

holistic ecosystem. These affect the policy making that is not consistent to reality and

causes existing conflicts. Furthermore, according to the government management, the

community forest management has become the social movement calling for the new

policy and practices accompanied with the real situation of the society under legal

framework and the community right of Thai National Constitution 2007.

The study of Ubon Ratchathani community forest management shown that people

in each community was formed as an organization in order to look after the forest and

to cooperatively setting the rules to protect forest invasion and to control conservative

forest use based on belief, norm, culture, community tradition, local wisdoms, and

forest management knowledge provided by forest officers under the Laws, supervised

with community forest committee, cooperatively conserved and fairly and widely used.

Rules were adjusted to fit with the resource and community context, as well as the

conflict management mechanism. There was a monitoring system for reporting the

resource status and the use of community forest. The punishment systems

worked if the rules were violated. Networking at community, province and country

levels existed. The rules at community level were in harmony with the laws and

constitution based on participatory process both from inside and outside community

as the supports of non-government organization and government agencies with learning

process for community self-reliance and holistic self- management. There was a

screening process for selecting the outside projects to match the community member

needs, as well as establishment of a community learning center for sharing

development knowledge and creating continuous activities. Sufficiency economy

approach was applied in forest community management to be integrated into the way

of life - both practicing and thinking systems.

The social institutionalization for sustainable forest community management

required the complete set of changing levels: the behavior level changing with moral

and legal rules controlling the community member behavior to serve the natural

resource conservation and mind level changing of satisfaction and willingness to do

such things without enforcement with consideration of rationale - realizing its benefits

and harms, resulting in the changes at wisdom level to harmoniously live with nature.

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2516 221,707.00 43.21

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2536 133,554.00 26.03

2538 131,485.00 25.62

2541 129,722.00 25.28

2543 170,110.78 33.15

2547 167,590.98 32.66

2548 161,001.30 31.38

2549 158,652.59 30.92

2551 172,185.28 33.44

2553 172,184.29 33.56 ., .

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7

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9

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" '.l1l.lvi'1n'U 11'i'L vJam'UA1ll'l LL"'m'.l1itb~1tJ'lltl'11nV11'wti1 m'IJa..:i'11'U1111 V1~an~11anirt1V1~..:i11 , " 'ql.l'll'U?l11J1'.l'1?1-r1..:in!J n~m 1'1..1m'.l1 'li'V1-r'Vm1 f1'.JVl~B~L~tlf1l1 ?lf11'U'U (Institution) ;ff '1..11l11~L -du fl'U

12

'J::; u u fl1 'JU el'l n 'U .:r mnth~ ii fl1'Jfl1UfllJfl1'J1 off mi:m u \ID 'Uth::: 1 CJ "ll'U '11 mhd L~ CJ ffJ 1 fl1 'J'<il \11 fl1 'Jth '

~~L~lJ hrn~ll'll'U (indigenous forest management) ~56rn'J~\il f11'JU1~~lJ'll'U~L~lJ{f~\IA1'U nu

Vl'l~~ "111ln'U1!]n"J'JlJ"!lv\IVl.:r'Wtl~'U'11'U"J11.1" (a1.11"i'n~ ~61J1\I~, 2550)

f11'J~ \11 f11 'JVI .:r'W CJ1mu1 ll! \i1'U::: ~ L U'UVl-r'W CJ1 m'11'U 'J1 lJ 1 'U 'JU LL U'U61J el \I "u 1"lllJ'll'U" L ll'U ... 'U '

' ' m:::u1'U fl1'JV11\IG1\lfllJ Vi~ v\IV1PlCJ m::: u1'U rn'J L~CJ'U~ LL rt::: m:::'U1'U f11"Jiiri1 'U~1 lJ'U v \!VI nil 1 CJ Vi

'U '

L ~ CJ1.ff el\! ~\l,r'U LL 'U1fl \11 fl1 'Jiiri1'U111.1 ~\IL ll'U ri1'U Vl~ \1~'11rl11! '11 vi{u f11'J~ \11fl1'JV11'WCJ1 mri1'U'J1lJ

1 'U-r\iu'J'JlJ'U ruLL v1'1"J1'!lvi ru1~ m 1 VI CJ oiJ'u"WV1u!'i'm1'!l 2550 1.Xfl111.1'11r1runu rn"Jii'1Tu111.161J v \I cM \J "' , u

U'J:::"lJ1"ll'U 1 'U fl1'J~\il fl1'JVl.:r'W CJ1 n'J5'J'JlJ"lJ1~ LL rt:::~\! LL 1 \11~ Bl.I 1\11CJfl1'Jii'11'U111.161J eJ\IU'J:::"lJ 1"1J'UL U'U fl1'J

m:::'11CJ 1B rna1.Xtl"J:::"lJ1'1l'Uiiri1'U11lJVl1\lfl1'JLiiv\ILL'1::; fl1'J'U~Vl1'J~ L~CJ1 tl'U fl1'Jlii'\il~'U 1'1L~eN~1\1 j 'J1lJ~\I fl1'J~ \11'1'J'JVl-r'W CJ1fl'J'UeJ\l'lllJ"lJ'ULLrt:::61Jv\l"!l1~ ri'li:.J" m:::Vl'U \;]vi niii \?)LL rt :::fl11lJ L U'U fl tJ'U v-:J

, 'U

tJ'J:::"!l1"ll'U m:::u1'Uf11"Jii'11'U111.1vh 1~\11CJ1 .X"liv1.1rt LL'1\il\lfl111.1fi\11L i1'U 1.Xr\'1 LL 'U:::tl1u1n~1 ~1lJ 'U

11-:iu.i:.J'ULLrtd11.1tJ~llii l?lrtv\11'1'Ufl1'Jfl1Uflll 1\ilCJl?l'J\1'11nu"J:::"!l1"!l'U ('11m~ '4~11", 2552)

2.3 tL1J1Afln1"aihb1J~'UJL1Jn1"a'1fln1"a'Vl~VW1n"a5"a"alJ'tl1~

n 1'JiiG11 'U~1lJ n'U fl1'J~ \11 fl1'JVI {'W CJ 1 n'J'U eJ-:J"!llJ"!l'U L U'U LL 'U1fl\11'1°1rl ru B nu 'J::; fl1 'J'Vt~\l~lJ1'W ~Bl.I , v

n'U LL 'UTU nllii"!J v\lv\ll"im~\jlj'U1 L vn"!l'U 1\11 CJ rn"Jiiri1'U~1l.Jfl'Jv'U flrt1.1~-:i LL\;] rn"J L ll'Ua1.11:S n'!lll"!l'U LL rt::: '6J , ,

tJ~iJ~m1.1n~ fl1"!JB\l'!lll"ll'U 111.1rt\I LL 'J\I u.rt:::art:::L ·rn11 'U fl1'J~1L U'U rn"J\;]1-:i I ~L~t11.ff v\lnUn'1 m"Jll

B'4{m~ LLrt:::ii'11'U111.11 'U fl1'Jrl1Vl'U\il n~n~ fl1 LL rt::: fl1'J~ \il~'U hJ~'1°1rlt1J L ~CJ1 nu fl1'J~1 L U'Un1'JL ~ v eJ'U{n-JV1{'Wt11n'J5'J'JlJ"!l1~LLrt:::~\ILL 1\il~eJlJ 1 'U"!llJ"!l'U Vl1nL U'U 1 u1i;) "!llJ"ll'Ufl1"Jii'11'U11lJ 1 'Ufl1'JL <ff11 u , , ' n1Vl'U\il'U 1t1'U1t1'J:::~'U.nii.n 1fl'Vt~v'J:::i;i'u"!l1~~'1 :::ri\lc.i rt\;] v rn'J~ \11 m 'JVI .:r'W CJ 1 m61J v \l"!llJ"ll'U ~1 CJ rn"Ji1

'U ,

'11'U~11.1"1Jv\l"lllJ"ll'U 1'Urn"Jn1Vt'U\il'U1t1u1CJv111.XLn\ilm11.1~~n"Uv\lm"JL llm ~1"Uv\ILLrt::: m:::~'U 1.XLn\11 , 'U ,

f11'Jt1v1.1{utl11.11~\lfl111.1~1lJiimLrt:::tJ~u1il?l11.1n~m1.11n~\l;ff'U ("!!rt '4'U'U1fl, 2554) 'Uvn'11nif'Urn'J

ii'11'U11lJ fl\lflv 1.XLn\ilf11'J~UVIB\il.flliil ruruTVl eJ\l~'U~1'U nrt 1n n1'HLrt n Lu~ CJ'UL~tl'U~'1°1'Vl1'Ufl'U1'U \J "'Cl.I 'U ,

~v1tl

'11m~ u~nrt (2552) '1'JU L1v'U 1 "U~'U\i1'ULLrt:::v\lflU'J:::nv'U"!Jv\I rn1ii'11'U111.1"1Jv\IU'J:::'!l1"tf'U , , , cM

L\ilCJ L1mi 1"!J~'U\i1'U"!Jv\lm1ii'11'U11l.Ju1:::nvu 1 ui;i'1t1 3 '11'U~\ld~v ... ( 1) ii~'1'J.fl1'W f11'JL <ff1111.1~v\IL U'U 1 tl~1tlfl11lJ'1lJfl'J h VtlJ1CJ~\ltJ'J:::"lJ1"!l'UlJ~'1'J:::~'1:::L<ff1111.1

Vt~v bJm~ m1'1nu\l~'U 1-H'L.LJ'1~11.1 bJ·;h\1:::1tJLL uu 1\11 bJ~v11L ll'Um"Jii'11'U11lJ 'U 'U

(2) lJfl11lJL'1lJB.fl1fl tJ'J:::"!l1"ll'U~ L .ff 1111.J 1 'Un\l n'J'JlJ 1\11'1:::~ eJ\llJ~VITIL vl1L Vi till tl'U nutrL.ff 1111.1 d

fl'UB'UI

'U

(3) i1fl11lJ'11lJ1 'J (1 n ~ lJ Lu 1VllJ1ti~el\Ii1fl11lJ'11lJ1 'J '1 'W el~\)::; Li 1~1lJ1 'Un '1 n 'J 'J lJ ,r 'U I

Vl1l1tlfl11lJ11 1 'UU1\lfl\l n'J'JlJ LL21 rll'Vt'U\1111~ L cLJ1~1lJlJL'1~.fl1'W mi::; L'1lJB.fl1 fl LL\;] fl\l n'J'JlJ~rl1Vl'U \illJ 'U

fl111.1~uiv'U Ln'Um11.1a11.11"J'1"U v.:i n'11.1Lu1Vt1.11 CJ m1iiri1'U~11.1 ti vll Ln\il:ff 'U 1~ t11 n , v.:ifi'u1:::nvu"!lv.:im1ii'11'U~11.1ii 3 ~1'U ~v

( 1) ii1V1'1U'J:::'1'1flVl~eJ'1\illi'IVtlJ1CJotl\ilL'1'U L ~el 1.xer~\l:::L "li1111.1hi'~\il~'U1 \111fl1'JL i1111.1Vt~v 1li , , , ,. (2) lin\ln'J'JlJLU1VllJ1tl L~v~tJ'J:::"ll1"!l'U\l::: 1~~\il~'U h11fl1'JL'LJ111lJ'Vt~eJ 1li

13

(3) i'iufl fl~'Vf ~ e:i m=i1n i.11V11118 fl 111~\h~'111'11'UL.LJ1111i1 ?i1'U ~111 '1~ ~ e:J'l1~'U flci11 L i.11V1111 CJ , , , , 1~rnvi'11 tJ flr;llJ'Uflfl~ b U1'VflJ1 mrm1 fl fl1'Vf'U~~1 mK fl"ttru~'!J m nl\J m111 bb~ d' l'l ~tJ1~ fl 'll°i'!J e:J'l m1i1?iTw , , 'U ,

111111e:i'l'lle:J.:iufl Lf'11'tt~f'11?11'1{ m1i1?i1'U~1111 'Liu ~'UVJ'!Je:i.:i fl11-:ij~ fl11vi-r'V'l 81fl1TI1111'111 ~LL~~ , ... ~'lbb1~~e:J1J bLU'ILU'U 2 1tJLL'U'U (amiJ'U1~m1'lfl1J 1J'Vf11Vl81«8~8'l1'Vf:W, 2547) fle:J

'U

(1) m1i1?i1'U~111-rutJ1d8'1Jtl/l'i''U'Vj'U (benefit cost sharing model) LU'U~tlLL'U'U~tl1~'111'1J'U~1lJ a~:m 1-:i-:i1'U'Vf~m~'UV1'U 1~8m1'm h L ~e:itJ1~ fo'1Jtl?i1'U1111 m111'111~'U6~?11m1m zjv1118'lU'1L '1 fl h.i , "tf1l'11'U 1 Vfmi1n'1m111~111n'UL ~e:ia~1'lflrufi1LL~~11~Fi11 Vf LLni1-:ifl11 'Vf~e:i~L~8fl11 vi'Uvi1'li1-:ifl11 m1iJ

, , '\I ,

?i1'U~1111 'LI« fl "ttru~d '1~Ln~1'LI'1'lfll.l'!J'U1~ L~ fl i1111~-:i LL~ fl ~-:i 1u11 ru L 'li'LI 1~u u L 'Vf JJ e:i'l ~ 18Vl 1-:i

.f11flL 'V!Ue:J m1'Virm1V111'l tJm18yj1~ 1 'LI'li1-:ib oLJ1l'j'J'J'tt1 ~i;i'~a'U hiLL~~~:U?i1'U 1~?i1'UL~m iJ'Ufl'U flr;l lJ 'U 'U ,

L~ 81 n'U vifyjtla'U?i1'U1111vi'l i~111n'Un L iJ'Uvifyjtla'U~'U~V111-:ij~m1n'Um81 u'1111'1J'U c.i~tJ1~ fo'1Jtlf1 e:i , fl ru Lb l\J'!Je:J'lfl11i'i?i1'U~111 ml\! hJe:i 8L 'U1tl'!JB'lb~'Ui;i11L'11le:J1 tl L 'li'LI m1'1i18tl'U~ Lrn1~ L ~e:iv'l1uuT~-:i ,., '\I 'U 'U , ,

f'11a'U1 ~-:iJ'U tJ1~'111'11'U'1~L i1111:U?i1'U~111ti'e:i8V11m iJ'Unl\J m111~tl1~'111'11'U 1:WL i1utl1d8'11tlvl

i~Ll\J'U

(2) fl11L'11'11'Vf~e:Jfl11'11~L'118 (negotiation or compensation model) ~tJLL'Utrd':WmiJ'U mru~~i;i'~~'U 11\J Lrn~~:Ua1'U 1~a1'UL~8 L1l L 'lifl'U 1 'U~'U~L~V'Jtl'U ~i1a1'U 1~a1'UL~8i'i'Vfm8 flcil.l LL~~

'U 'U 'll ,

B1'1i'ic.i~tJ1~ 18'11'1~-il~LLcJ'ln'U ~'l:Um111'11L U'U~'1~1'i' e:i-:i 1 VlLL~~ ~flr;l111~fuYJ-:im111f1~L ~'U'!J e:J'l n'U , LL~~n'U LL~~a~1-:i-U'e:i8&i'Vf~e:i-LJ'e:ii;ifl~.:i~111nu 1 'Um1u11~.LJ'e:ii;i fl~-:im'1'11L lJ'Ul'i' e:i-:i:Um1'11~L '1181 Vf nu~

, , 'U

:Ua1'UL~8 fl11i'ia1'U~1111 'LI1tlLL uu-d:UV1m81~~u L~11~-:iLL~fl111~fu.LJ'mrn fl11tl~fl"tt1V11~e:i m1 'U 'U

~111i;;'~a'Uh

«mtru~'!Je:i-:i nl\J m11.1~a~1.:iLL 1-:il\J.:i h~vh 1 Vfl1'1L'1flLi1m:U?i1'U~1111 'Um1~ LL~ u~V111-:il~m1 'U 'U

a1li11rutl1~ 18'11tl f1e:i (1) m11~futJ1~ fo'1Jtl'11flm1'Vi1n'1m111~111n'U V11fl'Vi1ri'UL~m'1~'Vi11 VI '11L 1'11~m fl b l'j'J1~ 1:W:Uu 1'l'l1'U'Vf~eJVl'ULW8'lyjeJ Vl1'1Lf'11'tt~f'11'11'l1L~8fll1 Ln~m1tJ1~'VftJ~~eJ'!J'U1~ , ... VI 1fli1fl11~11.1ile:i~1111 '1 n'U'Vi1 (2) L U'Un '1 m111~~1v11fl'U L~ 81'Vf~e:i fl'111 L~ m flci11 ~'U m'1 '1~ L U'U , , m~futl1~ LeJ'll'U1tl~1EJ L~EJ 1:W1~'Vi1e:i~ h Ln~Uru'Vf1 L~EJ'11W~~ (free riders) 'Vf~m~e:J~fl'tt1CJ~tl1d8"tftJ 'U u

'lJe:J.:Jfl~lJ(;l'U 1 VlL~lJ~ ~.:il'le:i.:i 1 tl-ii'fl'll1'U~~'Ul.J1LU'ULfl~e:J"li1EJ L "li'U 'll11"tf'Ui1th'111l'll'U 111 iae:imL~'Vf1iD1'U " '\J , , 'U

~'LI 1:Wi1tl1'111.1'll'U ii ml\! L .ff 1m« fl~ e:iu i;i' ~ 1m 'Utl1'!JmV11iiJ'1'U V11 fl'Vi1 L lJ'U Lfl~wd18tl'1~ LLri1 'lli'JruV11ffi~ , 'U u

'Vf~e:iv11L U'Ub'lJl'le:J.ri'8'V11'U Vf111ci1'1i;i1 Lb~fl'U~'Ue:J1'1 L i1mci11 m '!Jl'l'lJB.:Jl'l'U m1v11Lfl~e:i-d18Vf 111ci1'1~ L ll'Um1i.1e:i.:in'Um1L-ff1mV11tl1~ L8'11i1'11flfl'U.f118'Ue:Jfl 1~81:W~.:i'Vl'U Lb~~b U'Um1ri1ufl11c.i~tJ1~ L8"tfu , , 'lJB-:Jl'l'U (3) ~~c.i~m~Vl'U'11flfl~l.l~'U (external diseconomy) L"li'U fl11~~fl111ia11Lfli1t'Ufl~11 Lri~e:i-d1eJV1~vm1i.1e:i.:in'U hltJ1 ~-:i:W'fl:Um1-:il~v11m1:U?i1'U~1111 'LI«fl'ttru~Lfl~e:i"li18 ( 4) LU'Unl\Jm111~ 'li18~~1Ji''U'Vl'U'V11.:iTI1m1m ~v.:i'11fliifl11111111.:i hLn~~'U L "li'LI Lfl"ttmtJ~ e:i~a11~"tt V11rn U'Uflci11~ , , , '1111"8 fl'lJ e:J.:J fl~ 111111.:i Ll\J L~ tl"il~ '1 ~\Jl 'UVl'U fl 111'111 '11Lfl11 ~i.11 'UVf eJ .:JV!~~ eJ .:Jl 'VJ 81f'l 1'1\Jl{L~m fl , , (amiJ'LI1~£Jii1-:ifl11 11V11i'VlEJ1«eJ,-;£J.:i 1 'Vf:W, 254 7)

14

vi~ n'll fl \Im 1Pin~Tvi'1 fl11:wbihlii1~ 'U 'Um 1~vin11vrrl"j 81n1u11:w6lJ1&11vi8'1l:W6lJ'U l'l '1 fl ff'il 'LI , fl11:W'1:W~'U5b 65\lel1'U1"il1~Vl11\lrn'l:W~ii?i1'U 1~?i1'Ub~8 b l"j)1~ii5RVlb~tl\l~'Vl5 Vl:W18'1\I m~'Ul'U n11~VI . " fl11:w'1:w~'U5'1Jfl\I b ~1"llfl\l~'Vl5ntJn 1 m.J fl n ~'Vl5"!1:w"!l'U b lJ'Ll n 11~ vi m1m1:w'1:w~'UB'VI 1\1 ~\I Am~vi11\I

' ?t:w16Un1 'Ll6ll:w"!l'LI 1tJLL'U'Um1n1vi'Uvi~V16"Ufl\l'VlfYjmm?i1'U11:w m1LLU\lflflrn lJ'LI 2 )~~'U Afl~'Vl51 tJ . ,, 1~~'UtJ~u&1 n11bb'1~~V161~~u'U L8'U18 Lb'1~n11~vi n11 1~~'UtJ~u~ n11 vi:w18 '1'1~'Vl51tJn111-if

tJ1~ L8"11U"iJ1n'VlfYjmm ?i1tJ1~~'U'U 18'U1mb'1~m1~vim1 vim8'1\I ~'Vl51 tJm1~vim1 ~'Vl51 tJm1

"il1nvirn itJ1~ Lv6lJUbb'1~~'Vl51 'Llf111U18 Lfl'U~'1U)~ Lv"!1Ubb'1~~'Vl51 'Ll'Vlf'Vm1m 1 'Ll1~'U'U'Vlf'rj81n1 ,, '11'U11:W

LP11~~P11?tl'l{m~Lb?1V1'1' niim1:wb ~fl~'U 1 tJn'11nl'l'11vi~iim1Lb ~\loLJ'Uflci1\l?t:W'U1ru11 b U'Lln'11n ... "

'11ri'~1'Um1~ vi?111'Vlf Yj m mflci1'liitJ 1~~'Vl5Jl 1l"j "il ~ ~mii m1n1vi'U vi1 ~'U'U m1:w~'Vl~fl ti 1\1-i! vi b "il 'LI

b ~fln11bb?fVl\lfl11lJb U'U b ~ 1"llfl\l'Vlfvm1m"Ufl\IU"il b "iJ n bb'1~nvin'Utr~'U1;; tJ1~ b~'Ub~fl\l~'Vl~l'l fl'Vlfvm1m ,, 1;]f'Ufl11:w?t'Llhflti1\l:w1n 1 tJ"li1\l'VIP1111~~ 1970 b U'U~'Um 1~'U'U'Vl'UU8m?f~"il~b u'U~~'Vl~'llfl\I • U"il b "iJ n ~n'lJ1Vl'VlfYj81 m U.'1~ nV!tl'Un11b oLJ1'1\l"llfl\l~~'U "llt:U~~~\lfl:WU8:W"il~ b iJ''U 1 Vl~'V15bbnf~~Vln1) ,, ,, ... 'Vlfl"j81n1~\11~'U'U LL~~\IV111vi~1'LI flci.m 81~ fll'l?t1vim111~b ~\l'U~LJlfl'Vlf Yj 81 mL ~ fll'lfl'U?f'U fl\I ~fl ,, . m 1:w~fl\I m1"Ufl\l:W'LI~~bbG'l~m1L "iJ~ruL9iu L1J1V11\ILP11~~n"il (11G'lu5~tJvJ~il'l bb'1~u11:w6lJ19i, 2548) , ~ ~ ~ ~

U'Vl'U1'Vl"llfl\16lJ:W"!l'Un'Um1~ vim1V1f Yjmmu1111"111~ 1;Jvi'11Vfcj'iiviiJ1~11\l'U 18'U1mL'1~ir ni-znm1-MtJ . ,, :w1?1'U 1"il'U'Vl'U1'Vl"llfl\16lJ:IJ6lJ'U:w1n~'Ll LVll'l ~'11 tJm1?1i.'T'U?f'U'Un11~ vim1V1f Yjmmu11:w"111~1vi8"!1lJ'll'UlJ n "il ~ , , , , flfl n:w11 'LILL 'U1'Vl1\1~11 6lJ:W"!ltJiii ~~i l'l~vi\l'Vj1'VJfl"j 81 mu11:w"111 ~1 tJYr'U~~ l'l'Ufl1Pi'8 '1l:W"!l'U ti fl:Wii • • m111~fl1111L-U1 hL~81 n'U'Vlf'Vj81mm nn11fl'U.fl18'Llfln ~\l,r'U~\lilm111?111111(l 1 tJm1~ vim1 ,, 'Vlfvm1m 1;J~n11 m11Vf"ll:w"lltJil?i1tJ~1111 'Um1~Vln11'Vlf'Vj81m"il~"li18?11'1\I LL 1\l"il\11'11111 Vf?tm"B n . " 1'Ll~lJ6lJ'U1i'Vlf'Vj81mfl ti1\lvi'1'118 ~:IJ"!l'Uti fl:IJ~ fl\ln11fl'4f n,;'Vlf w 81 mL ~tl\l '11 m U'U ]1'LI'Vlfvm1 m~ "iJ1blJ'U~fln11vl11\l~ll'l1 Vl~1'U~"llfl\I LL Vl'1°\lfl 1Vl11Lb'1~ bb Vl'1°\lvl1lJ1Vl1fl'UL ~ fl?f 11\11181;{ ...

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23

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"1f11U'U~~1Atl:J 1'U'Vl1\1Lf'l":i~~f'11"1ll1i'Db1f'1hJ1~L ii'mu'V'l1:::~'Vl6?i1'U't.4flflG'l (private property) bb\91

Yl'11":iru1~\lfl11:Uhiii~'Vl5 (open access) ~'V!6?i1'U":i1:U (communal property) LLG'l:::~'Vl51111CJf~ (state property) fa CJ:Uti\111~'Vl5ii'1 n~ru:::'lJti\lfl11:U\9im ~ tl'l LLG'l :::iifl11:U-n'Uiti'U n'U titj (~511G'l cJ b"1~t.1":i1'Vlt.1, 2538)

Lf'l":i"cl~f'11"11Jl{fo1f'1iiLL'U1fll11Vt'1n11fl1":iL~:U~'U'lJtl'lfl1":ilLfl":i1:::"1m":ioW'11":iru1~":i:::'U'UUL1f'1;\ILU'U ~

~'U ~1'U fl1":ivl1'l1'U'lJtl'l":i:::'U'U Lf'l":i"cl~n'1LbG'l:::1 ~fl11:U~1A rum n~G'I 1111TW\9lJ'U1 fl1"j'lJ tl'l Lf'l":i"cl~n'1 vti:uii e(.1 dJI "" , """

~111~1 n111'V!1.:i'D b1f'1 bG'l:U ti tJf 'llru1~tl v L i1ti\1Vt'1.:i bf'l":i"cl~f'11G'lll1{fa1 f'1 AB tJf 6!f ru1~Ei111 Ltl1":i:::'U'U'D nm llu " "' """ "

f'J'Utlmn.:i (eco-centric philosophy) fl1":i'W'\9lJ'U1~~-:iv'U 1m1f'l'U:::'lJt1'lLf'l":i~~f'l1"1ll11°fa1f'I m":iii

Vt'1nm":i 3 'llti ~-:id (tJ16!!1 L~CJ:U'V'l.:ifi1"11'Uv1, 2541)

( 1) L ii''LILL 'U1fi111'lJmm1:u L Vtm:::"1:uVt~ti'Vl1.:i"11 t.1 nr;i1.:i m":iW\9lJ'U1m":i 1 ~m1:u~1 A'ty nu L~ti\l'llti.:i ' ' .c::il~ oc:\. LI CV di ..:::r.. ..:::r.. CV I

flru111Vi'!l1ll1 flru111'V'l"1\ILL 1111r;iti:u m1:ut.1.:iCJ'U'lJti'l":i:::'lJ'lJ'Ub1 f'I LLG'l:::m1:u t.1ll15":i":i:U'Vl1'1"1'lfl:U mnm1 . . , b ~t1.:i'lJt1.:im":i'lJt.11CJ9'1V11.:iLf'11"cl~n'1 1J1G'l1111 L"11bLG'l~ m1 bb"11.:iVt1n111'1\1'1 ... ~ .

(2) r;i:::v1'.:i Lb 'U1'Vl1'lfl11i\9lJ'U1~iJtJ:U11Jlfl l~;ll'l LL 'U'lJ IJ1:::1'Utitlf1~ L1tJ'lJ~1 CJ LLG'l:::'1til11fl~ tl'l n'U • Li":i1:U6!!1~ L lJ'W~-:i~m1LL'11.:iVt1:u1n n11~'1:::'1:uVtr;i.:i1 u1~~11Jl LL 'U'U t11J1'11Vtm1:u~L ii''U fl11L ~111' 1J1 ri , . , tiv1.:i 1lJii~~'U'1111 •

(3) 1 ~fl11:U'11Aq)LLrl m1f7\ll'l'ULtl'l":i:::~'UVl t!'l ~'U f11":itJr;i111tJa't1 CJi\9lJ'U1f111tltlf1'11f11~'U'U Lf'11"cl~n'1 fan ua:m'11.:iVt11:::'UuLf'11"cl~n'1~Y7.:il'l'ULt1.:i1:::~'UVf t1.:i~'U ~ii'lJ'U1111L~mLi;:i::: 1-&'L'Vlfl 1 'LI fav

~ ~

'11CJnm.:J '1~L U'U15m1~?i.:JL'1~:u 1 ~iim11i'Vlfvm1mtiv1.:J~1n111Lm:::nt11 ~Ln111e.Jam~'Vl'Uii't1CJ~~1111'it1 1:::uufo1f'I

Lf'11"cl~f'l1'11'l{~Mim (green economics) LU'Uf11~'U1'U-nf'lu 1VtlJ~Ln111'11nm1e.J'1:Ue.J'11'ULL'lJ'lJ synthesis '11n'V'l":ilJLLl11'Ufl11lJ~ 3 LLVta°\I (tJ16!!1 L~CJ:U'V'l\ll11'11'Uv1, 2541) AB Lm~~f'l1'1ll11°iJnf'1

~ ~

(ecological economics) iJLJf'll'Vlt.11fl11Li'im (political ecology) LLa:::fa1f'ltJf"11qi1 (eco-philosophy)

1111CJ Lf'11"cl~f'11'11J11°-D n f'I ii Lu 1Vt:u1CJ1 'U m1 Lb"11 \1Vt1 ":i:::'U u Lf'l 1"cl~n '1 LL 'U1fa 1 f'1 b u'U m1 e.J G'!:ue.J '11'U ... ~

I 'q, II q, q, I Q q, .di 0 Cl ff

1:::Vt11\I bf'11"cl~f'l1'11'11'1\I LL 1111a tl:U LL a ~'Ub 1 f'11'Vl CJ1 '11'U'U L 1 f'l1'Vl CJ1 f111 L:U t!\I '1~ 'Vl1 f1111 Lfl11 ~Vt ... m1:ui1:uimh:::l·d1\lfl11Liia\I n'U~\I LL 1111~B:U 1 ~m1:u'11AqJBV1\llJ1f1n'U fl11bfl~B'U 1 Vt1i1\lfl:ULL 'U1

1 VtlJ'lJa.:JtJ1:::'!116!f'U L ll'U f111e.J '1:Ue.J'11'U1:::Vt11.:J Lf'l1"cl~f'l1'11J1{ m1 Li1a.:Jn'UiJL1f'11'VlCJ 1i1.:Jfl:U (social ~

ecology) LLa:::iJL 1 f'ltJ1'6!lqJ1 L ii''Uf1111 Lfl11~i-1fa n-nf'ltl'Vl1\liJL 1 f'ILLG'l~'1~ CJ511:U'Vl1\l~\I LL 1111~ mJ

(environmental ethics) ~'1a11 L U'U na CJ'VlB'11A' ru'lJt1\lfl11LtJ~ CJ'ULLtJG'l\lii-:ifl:U 1 tJ?iLm1iJnf'1 f'11'1ll11 . ~ ~

24

bb 'lJ'U-:idb U'Ue.i~ vi e-l'1V1-d-:11'Ua1'lJ1tl1''1l ~1~1~A11ll?l'U1 '1 b~a '1'1~ EJl'l 1?11'1ivi 1-:i ~" bb 1 ~f1all ~-:iif u

bi'l'a'tl]i'11?11'1i~b~EJ1Vl~a econology ~-:ihforim'ae.i?llJe-1?11'U 'a~Vll1'1 economics + ecology +

ethics n1'albA'a1~Vl1'Ubb'U1Vl1'1bi'1Tl~Hii'11?11'1i~b~EJ1aci~m'a~'11'aru1m1llG1'lJ~'Ut5aci1-:ibll'U'a~'IJU ... " bb'1 ~'a a'IJ~1'U'a~Vl11-:ilJ'U~tl li'a'all'1l1~ LL'1~'1lll'll'U'1'1All L t11V1lJ1EJ'lJa-:i m'a1 Lm1~i.-1a ci~nT~i'1'UV11 , , " Vl'UVl1'1~'1~ ria 1 ~Lii~A11lJt'ILJ'U'lJeJ'lli'a'all'1l1~ Lb'1 ~m1lJt'ILJ'U'lJfJ'l'1lll'1l'U ,

15m'a~b Vlll1~?1ll~?l~~'1~ b -il11 '1 L~a-:i m1llt-:i LJ'U '11nlllll!eN'lJfJ'I bi'ld'tl;ji'11?11'1i~L ~EJ1(tl~'1l1 , ' ... b~EJmNl"la1'U\;), 2541) fia l91a-:1L-il11 tl1LA'a1~i.-1Lb 'IJ'IJ'11'1a-:i;a1!'1vi1-:iG1-:1AlJ 1'U'a~~'IJVfa-:i~'U1~EJm-:i b ~a Pl n"t1111'1llJ'1l'UiJ Lb 'U1f1~15m'a~~n,;1'n"t11li'a'all'1l1~aci1-:i 1 'a 'a1lJ1 tJ ii-:i b~v-:i"lla-:1m'atl1'rni'1 , vi1-:1~1'ULl'ld"t1;jfi'1'1-:1All 1 ~av~Af1a-:inrn t11V1mEJ m1ll~-:iv'U LL'1~LL 'a-:1'1-:i h 1~u1-:1~'1~ria 1 ~Ln~m1lJ

... " ,;, .. EJ'I EJ'U

tl1'1l1 L~EJllmf'la1'U\;) (2541) 1~u1L?l'Ua~n~ru~Ll'l'U"lltl'I Green utopia 1'U~1'U~1'1j ~-:id ( 1) ~Tu 1'1n~l'11h~uu 1 V1l.il91a-:1'1~~" fa n~!'ltl~L ii''Utl'a~ fo'1ltl"1Ja-:ilJ'U~tlLL'1~~'Uma-:1La~111'1n ,

~l'ltlbL'U1i'1nl'li'1EJ:1..11~EJiJriTuEJ:1..11V1li 3 tl'a~fl1'afla (1) 1~m1:1..1'11~rua-:ia~Lbrlfl1'ai'1llA'ae:J'lli'a'a:1.J6l.11&1 CV '\J , ,

(2) Lii''Um'a:1..1a-:im'aru1n'11'U'a~EJ~m1 (3) 1hu-:iii-:im1lJEJ~li'a'a11vi1-:1'1-:1A11 '

(2) ~1'UEJVllii'11'11'11~-:ibb 1~~8lJ 1'Ufl1'a11'1bLc.J'Ubb'1~fl1'a~~fl1'a'a~~'IJ'll1~lJfl1'afl1'\ll'U~1 ~ 1'11111 '

~" v'Uvi1-:i-U L 1 l'1 fl a L tl 1V1111 EJ ""a~ LL'1~ vi m~~'IJ"ll a-:i d~ 'IJ'IJ Li'l 'a~;jfi '1'1 -:i A11 i1 m'a~ ~ m'a LL 'I.JU \J , , d.I

Ecological management aci1'1L~11itlbb'IJ'IJ

(3) vi'1'Um'a~~mrlma'lrlmA1'aiJ"ll'U1~L~n iJm'aA1'1JA11m'a1ivi-rvm1m Lii''Um'aiJa1'U~111 , 'lleJ'ILL 'a'l-:11'Utl'l~'ll15tJ1i;i EJi'U~'U;j1'U m'lm~'11EJa1'U1'1a'Vi'a"~'U m'av1'11'1'ULa" nTrn~1'ILA~a-U1 EJ

"' " bi'l'a~;jfl'iJ'lllJ'll'UVf a"a'Ubb 'U1i1L 11'1 ... ,

( 4) vl1'Ui1Vl5"1Je:J'l11'4~tl bb'1~i1Vl5'lJe:J'lli'l'alJ'll1~A1'alJn1'a'4 n L uniJ~1 Vll.i j LMmnu b~tl'l'lltl'lfl1'a tl'a~n'Ui1VJ5 viUJLAEJiimriei'U 1~movn~ii'V15'llv'lli'l'a11'll1~ 'lllJ"ll'UVle:J'l~'U A'Un'111ii'vEJ A'UVJV'l~'U , ,

bL 'U1f-i~"1Jv'ILl'ld~;ji'11?1V11~ L ~ EJ1 lJA11lJL ~v11 LEJ'I nu LL 'U1fl~n1'a~\9ll'U1~~" V'U zj'llJn1'j1 ~ ... A11lJVl111EJ"llv'ln1'l~\9ll'U1~t"Ej'U m111"11i'1EJ111'llv'I World Commission on Environment and

Development Vl~v Brundtland (2526) ~1~~1l'U'l1EJ'l1'U Our Common Future 11 f11'j~\91J'U1~ ~'IV'U fim'\J u. 'IJ'IJ'llv'lfl1'l~\9ll'U1~V1v'IJ?l'Uv'l~vm111l91v'lfl1'l"lleJ'IA'U1 'U1'UiJ~'1D'U t~ EJ 1l.il'111 ~fl'U1'U \I , , ,

v'U1f!V1191 v'l'\J'j~U'\J'j~'l.J m.1 EJ v11'1 ~'Vl a'U A1111a1111'jci 1 'U fl1'l~'1 ~1'1 au ?l'U mm 111191 v-:i fl1'l'll mi;i ma"

n'111fiv fl1'j 1 off'\J<j~ LEJ'lltl'11nVJ-rvm1m~1" ., Ly;v'\J'l~ LEJ'lltl"llv'lfl'U~'UiJ'1'1tJ'U'1~191v'I 1111 iVJ-rvm1m I , '

vci1'1~'UL '\.J~v" LL~fl1'l'1~L U'Uf11'a 1iVJ-rvm1m1 'UL :U'lv'U-rn,;Lrn~~\9ll'U11~b~11Pi'nEJ.n1'Y'laVl'1'1v~L1m , " t~ EJ fl'lv'l.Jfl'1llii ~vi'1'U Li'l'j~;jn'iJ '1'1fl11 LL'1 ~m111 ~" V'U"ll v'l'j~'IJ'IJ 'UL 1 l'1 , "'

'Y'l'l~li'l'a11ll!Jn '\J. a. '\J~(;) 1i;i (2540) vi1'U 1vi'v5'1J1EJm111V1111EJ'lltl'lfl1'j~\9lJ'U1~~"v'Ui1iJ~n~ru~ ~ L U'U\J'j'1.11 fl1'l fivl'111 ~ L ll'U v'lfl'j111 v'lfltl'j~ nvuvY'IV1'11 EJ~ LM EJ1.ff v.:i'il ~ 191v.:J'\J'j~?f1'U n'U fl'j'IJ v" fl LL'1~i1~'1EJ.fl1'Y'l 'Vl~vfiv m'll'111 ~n~m'l11"1lv'l11'U~tlav~flf1v'lnu nn'lJ v.:Jli'l'l11"ll1~ fl1'j~\91J'U1~~"V'U , , 6J

L U'U m~'IJ1'Ufl1'l~\9ll'U11 'UVJ n~1'ULL'1~VJniJ~ t~EJiJ fl'Ub U'Ui'l'Utl n'11'1'Vl~m U'UL t11V1m EJ'll v.:i fl1'l~\9ll'U1 , , " Lv;v 1~A'Ue:JV~n'U~Lb'1~i1fl1111?1'll vY'IA'U1 'U1'UiJ'1'1U'ULL'1d'U~v ., 1tJ " , , , , I

25

fl1'JoW\9ll'U1~Ei'.:i V'U 1t.1u~uVl1 VJCJ L U'Ufl1'JoW\9ll'U1~ l'i'eNfi'1-U.:i fi.:im1lJ L U'U B'lrl'JllJ'll a.:i~1'U ~ 1.:11

BV1'1'1lJ~'1 'U'U~'U;J1'U'lJB.:JVlf'VW1 n'J5';!';ilJ"IJ1&i .nilu ruru1bb'1:::l\9ll'U5'J'JlJ1 VlCJ ~1 CJfl1'Ji11.'i1'U~llJ'lJB'l , d.8 'U .... u

LJ'J:::"IJ1"1l'U'Vlnn~lJ ~1 CJm1m5'amVJ'J Lfl1'J'Vizj.:Jn'ULL'1::: n'U b Ylam1lJ'11lJ1'Jti 1 'U fl1'J~.:J{;l'ULB'I bb'1::::W ' '

flW.fl1Yl~1{;1Vi~fotJ1.:1b vh b Vi CJlJ tl'U '

bbt.11~~bl1a.:i'Vli:r.:i~m'lla.:im1lJV1lJ1CJm'Jw\9llm~Ei'.:ivt.1 m'11n 3 bbt.11V11.:11V1aj 1 AB

( 1) ~1'UiJbll'l1'VlCJ1 fl1'JW\9ll'U1~~'1V'U 1 ~fl11lJ'11r'lru~1~'U'1'1fl'UflWrl1'lJB'IVlfYICJ1m 5'J'JlJ"IJ1&i ., " '

1~CJ b iJ't.1b~mm1lJ~.:i V'U'llB.:Jfl1'Jvi'1.:i1mbfl:::LJ'J:::~VJ6.n1Y1'lJB.:J'J:::uufa 1 i'l b ~aria 1 ~bii~fl11lJ~ .:i vu

Vl1.:111nl'l1'U'J:::CJ:::CJ11 ~.:id bvlai.'i.:ilJau'Vl'UVJ1.:15';!';!lJ"IJ1&i 1iilbbnVl-rYlmm5'J'JlJ"IJ1&ivi1.:i ., bbfl:::Vlt.1vi , I '

l1'4~V61~1.:i~t.1 1~bbnu'1~CJm'Jt:-J~\;lLL'1:::~'UA1~1.:i 11~flt.1i'Uv'U1fl{;l1m iLJ'J::: 1CJ"IJ·tfot11.:i~.:ivt.1 I I tJ' t.J

(2) ~1'U'1'1fllJ fl1'J~\9ll'U1ViEJ'IV'U '1:::1'i'B'l'11lJ1'Jt1{;1B'lJ'1'UB'lfl11lJl'i'B'lfl1'JoLJ'UoW'U;J1'U'lJB'llJ'U~tJ "' '

1~ at11.:ivim ~ a.:i 1~ CJfi'1-U.:ifi.:im 1lJb U'U5'J'JlJ'Vl1.:i'1.:ifllJLLfl::: n~lJ"IJ'U'J:::~u ~1.:i ., L ~ all.:ii.'i L l11'VlmCJvi , I , 'U

ci'1f'ln 'AB m'Jf n~1flru.fl1Y1:S1{;1'lJB'ID'J:::"IJ1m 1 ~iJ'J:::~'U'1'1~'UBV1'1CJ11'U1'U ·~ , ~ . . . (3) ~1'Ubi'l';!~;Jn'1 fl1'JW\9ll'U1Vi EJ'IV'U 'VllJ1CJfi'I fl1';j'lJ CJ1CJl'i'1Vl1'1 bi'l';!~;Jn'1B t11.:i EJ'IV'UCJ11'U1'U

... "' u 'U~'U ;i1'U fl1'J'1'11'Uf n~1Vl'UVl1'15'J'JlJ"ll1&i111. iLJ'J::: 1CJ"llt1 ci'1'Vlf 'Ufl'U~'U U'1'1U'Ubbfl dt.1 am fl{;l ~.:id

cl.I , " , ,

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m'J~\9llt.11~Ei'.:iv'LI~i1 m'Jn~11fi.:i1 t.1 m:::LL'1'Vli;r n L llt.1 Lb 'U1~~'llm m'Jtl1'J::: uuu'J'JlJ"IJ1&im 1 i b ~ e:i

\;lB'U'1'Ue:J'lf111lJl'i'a.:im'J'llB'llJ'4~V'J:::'Vl'J1'1i'Uu'1'lU'Ubbfl:::i'UB'U1fl{;l 'll1~iJ&i'lJB'lfl1'JW\9ll'U1'Vl1.:Ji;i'1u

~(;11qiqi1ru 1~CJiJ~lJlJB'I ~1'Ufl~ fl11lJb zja fan~l'lt1~11 lJ'4'1.-JV'11lJ1'Jt1~'1:::fl';!B'Ufl'JB'lbbfl:::~~fl1';! 5'J'J11·111&i1i;l ~1CJm111L'1~run11'V1iJ'1'V11.:11VJCJ11'1161(;l{LLfl:::b Vlfl 1 t.1 fav ~.:iv\'11 ~Ln~uru'V11'lla.:im111 ., .,

'ViCJ1CJ1lJ~'1::: 1 ~~'IV'U i;i'1CJfl1'JLLnuruV11LL'U'U'1~1.:JUru'V111 'VllJ '1~Lfl~~'Ul'UL1CJ'UBV1'111i~~fl'1'Ui'U ., ., " tl~"IJ1 L ~CJlJ'V'MPl'11'U~ (2549) '1'Jtl'Vli:rnm'J~'U;J1'U'lle:J'lfl1';!~\9ll'U1LL 'U'U~'IV'U l1D'J:::flB'U 1LJi;i'1 CJ ' ...

fl1';! 1 ~flWrl1'lJB.:JVlf YICJ1f)';i5';!';ilJ"IJ1&i LLfl :::~.:i LL 1~~ BlJ i:i:U&ia'U1fl{;l LL'1 :::i:im111 CJ &i6'J';!lJ '11 L ll'UBV1'1 ~'I , ' ~'1:::~mfl'JB'UflfllJfi.:i m111~.:i V'UVJ1.:ifa 1 i'l L ~B.:1'11rn~a'U1 'll'Vl1.:i11 nl'l'11Lll'U1 u;i1t.1:::~ L ll'U'J:::'U'U'llB'I , ... ;JTU 1 'Ufl1)~1).:J:Sii;i"Va'llJ'U'l-JV fl11lJ~'IV'UCJ11'U1'U~LL Vl'1~.:i 1lJa1'11i;i'1111~CJfl1'J1inf!1mL'1:::'J:::'U'U ... , m1,Y~m1VJfvw1m~.:iu1~~BlJL~CJ.:iat11.:iL~m ~.:i~'11r'lqin-J1i!t1 AB m1tJ-rrntJ~CJ'U1:::uum1t.i~l'l LL uua(;l'11'Vlm'J11t1CJ11mL ll'U1:::uu bl'l1'1.-J;in'1'1.:ifllJ~ L ~CJ1 zj.:i~.:iatiut.1~t.1;i1t.1 "fa 1f"l1VJmLL '!A.:1F11111

, 6.1 'U dJI

~'IV'ULLft:::fa 11'11VJCJ1Vl1'1~{;1"~'1B'UL1111 fl1)LLtll 'lJUru'Vl1~'1LL 1~~BlJbLfl:::fl1'JB'Uf n~5))lJ"IJ1&i'1::: hi .., ' Ln~tJ1:::~VJ6t:-JmLviati1.:i 1~ ~1fl'UL 'J1iJ.:iF1.:ii:i16fi~L~mnu61'J11"tl1&iLL uu Ln1 1 ~11m-J151111"111&i~11.:i at! L vJa Li'l'J'l-J;Jn'1'Vl~B6'Jn'1 f111lJ Ei'.:i V'U CJ11'U1'U~B'I n1116fi~LL 'U'U 1 'Vlli m ~m 111'11f'i'ru LLrlrl1'lJ B'I

'U cU , "

6'J)lJ"tl1&iAaiifl11lJLfl1)'VlLLfl:::Vb.:i 1CJ'111Yl~'l~'l'VlrtlCJ'lJB'l 1fln5'J'JlJ"tl1&i fl1'JBti~llJtl'UBti1.:inf!lJfl~'U "

1:::'Vl-i1.:i11t1'1.-JV tl'U51'JlJ'111 &i LLfl::: m11 ~m111 AlJfl1B'l51'JlJ'111 &i zj.:i'11f'i' ru n11 m11.'i.:i L'1~lJfl11lJ L '1~ ru , , " Ill/

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26

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27

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28

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29

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30

1m.:i'1~1.:i'Vl1.:ithi~"ll1m mi:ur.i.:irim"ll:U"ll'U '1t:l1U'U 1 'LI"ll:U"ll'U LL(l~m1:u'1:u~'Ufi.n1CJ1 'U"ll:U"ll'U ?!Tu , , , , u:v~CJ.n1CJ'Ur.in L-d'U m~LL'1L(lm111vitl -r\i'U1(1 vtt11CJ.:i1'U'J1"lln1'J 11:u~.:im~u1'Um'J~(;ln1"J;.:iLllu .. 15m1~{;ln1"J~~r.i.:iYl:v1'Jru1().:iu~u'Vl u:v~CJ m1:u'1:u~'Utf?i1'LI5'U'l L"li'LI m~u1'Um'Jii?i1'U~1:u mf1

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31

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32

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33

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34

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11:1.J L ~Bvt1'V11'lb~vn 1 'U m1~~ m1'VlfV'I CJ1 mlJ1~'UJ1vi Lbl'ln~1-:i l tl1D1 n?t t1-:i~11~vt11-:im1lJ~'VlB1~ t.1

f \iLLi;'l~';i~i.Ji.J f111lJ~'Vl~LBf1'll'U 1~L?f'Utlf111~~f1111~ti'lllJ'U'U 1 'U~ n~ru~"Utl'lf111~~f11111ll (co-... ' management) 1~vt11-:if ~ni.J'l!ll'll'Ul1't1-:i~'U b V'111~'1!ll'll'U 1~~ f1i:..J'U1 m ll'U'11'UvtU-:i"UeJ'l1~i.Ji.JLPl1~~n-;;i fl11Li'.it1-:ivi1 "1qlf1l1 'VlrV'lmm11:1.J 1 'LI'l1'U~f1~1-d iJl~ilfl11ll"1lJ1CJ L ~ CJ'lfl11Pif1~1tl'lflU1~f1tli.J'V11'1 fl1CJ.fl1l'l'Vf~t11'1'lfl511ll'll1~ L vhJ'U 'Vf1 f1 bLtJlfl1tli.J fli;'llJCi'l L~t1-:i 1fl1'l?f~1'l'U tl'l~'V15 bLi;'l ~'V!U 1-vi eJ'U bL?f~,:i(i 'l , , fl11ll'1ll~'U5°1~'Vfl 1'llJ'U ~EJ ni.J'Vl f V'I CJ1 f11511ll'll1 ~ Lm ~ fl11lli1lJ~'U th ~'Vfl 1-:JlJ'U~EJ ni.J lJ'U ~CJ1 'U '1-:i fl :W , , , ~L~CJ1-U't1-:ini.J'Vlrl'lmmiT'LI 11~CJvi?tmu'LIL ~-:ii1-:ifllJLlJ'Uni;:i ln 1 'Um1mi.Jf1:1.Jf1111 off'VlfV'lmm ?tmli'u

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\Jl(;'l tl~'1u L ~ti 1m'Um1tl1i:..Jm.h~1CJ'1Jtl:i.nt1CJ 1 'Ufl1tli.Jfl1tl'lLLi;'l~ nm CJ b uum1ll~'Vl~ 1~i.Ji.J m1:1.J~'Vl~ ~

11:1.J~-:iii\i1u~L llum.b CJ'V11-:ii1-:ifl:1.Jviii?1m:Un.n1V'lvii~L'1'U ii"Uvi.J L "Ul'lviLL tlu-v'U iii:..Ji;:itlw fo'lltl~1:1.Jnu "'

ii f1 n Lf1 ru'1i.J11r1~\i1'U~1lJ nu BV1'l hnl'l1lJ ';j~i.Ji.J'VlfV'I CJ1 f11~1lJ LlJ 1~:ff ut1 ~ tli.Jfl11lJ L U'U?f '11U'UL ~'l dJ ... ~

'1-:i fllJ Ly; CJ·rn V1'l L~ CJ1 'Vf 1 n Ei'-:iilfl11ll'1ll~U5ni.J U'1~ CJ'V11'l f11CJ.fl1V'I LL(;'l ~-u t1..S 1 n ~'V11 'l L 'Vlfliifl"U B 'l

'VlfV'lti1f11~1ll ?f il 1VHPl1~\in'1 i1-:ifllJLLi;'l ~1W.J'lJ511ll l'li;'lB~'1'lJ Lfl1 'l?f~1'l?f fl1U'U.yi fl1i.JfllJf1111 -if ... , 'VlfV'ICJ1f11~1lJ

Poteete and Ostrom (2004) L~?f~UU'1~CJ~vh 1 Vt'1J11iJ1u'11nvtmCJ1tl1:::L 'Vll"!LLi;'l~ 1'LI'l-1i;'l1tJ

'Vlit.1 11lJ~1n'ULLi;'l~~~m1l11'11L ~'1 l~LLn (1) 1~-ri.Jt.11~ 1CJ'1Jtl~1lJn'U'11nm1?1~1-:in!J1~L\jCJi.JlJ11 m 'U

n11~~nT~tl1 (2) il n11yj,:iyj-:im11-if'VlfV'lrnm1 'LI n11~11-:i:iii1J1 (livelihood) (3) m1~~m1tJ1vi t.11:::?1um1l.l'11 L ~'1 t11'1 Ln~'11 nm1vi'1!:1.J'1f'Uvi'1 n'ULt1-:ivt~t1t.I nmt1-:in'LI Lt1-:i t~ CJV'l~&ii!CJ (de facto)

vt~viit1-:ir1mil1CJ'U t1n1 Vf m1?1tl'i.J?t'U'U nl~ ( 4) m111:1.J~1 n'LI"Uv-:i nfill L~ m-ilv-:ini.J"U'U1~,,,~t1..S1'U1'U , , LLi;'l:::fl11lJL U'UU f1LL~'U'Utl'lm i''VlrV'lmm'11 nlJ1

~

1vm?f iJ '1J'1J1 LLi;'l~ favs?t P1~1'18 (2550) 1~v11m1Pi n~1t.11~L~'U"Uv-:im1~~m1V1f V'lmm511:1.J'111~

t~CJ"ql.l'll'U vTii'16m1?1~1-:iv-:ir1m1llf'11f1 "f111?f'U'Vl'U1~1CJfl11oW-:it1v1-:i~nt-:i" (deep-listening

dialooue) '11 nt.11::: ?f i.J f111 uJ'U tl'l ~ ~ L ~ CJ1.LJ' ti 'l tli.J f11 )~ ~ f11)'VlfV'ICJ1 f1151)lJ'!l1 &it~ CJ '1f ll'll'Ul1't1-:i ~'U ~ ~ ,

fl1t1ufl~lJ~-:i~il1fl"Uv-:it.11~L 'VIPlL 'VICJ l'lu11 Ei'-:iilfl'LIL~n ., ann~llvt;j-:i 1m iri11l.lrm1m:1.Jl'i-v'1~'U1'U , I , '\I

'VlnieiV11-:iL Vi-vf n~1\i1'UV1fl'I CJ1ml1' v-:i~'Ua'U L ll'LI LL vtfi-:i m'!-111LL~::: LL ,,,fi-:i11CJ1~vi~-:i~'U"Ut1'l\Jl'ULv-:i LL~~ , ... mvurif1Lm111 "11~ ~1 CJ16m1i:..J'1l.lt:-J?11'Uv-:irifl11l.lf m!CJ 1 mJ Lm :::IJilil fY'lJ1l1'v-:i~'Uvivti;i1n"1~1CJ )1lJ~,:jf11)CJf1)~~i.J\Jl'Ubtl'lL U'U "~tl1f111L t.l~CJ'ULL t.l~-:i" LL\J'U 1 vt~ 11lJ~'liif11)~~f111tl'lflf11LLi.J'U 1 vt~

~

1~ LLri-v-:ir1mLL 'U'ULfl ~t1~1CJm1l.l~1l.li'.it11 'U bL 'l.1111'U lil'U nmm U'UV'l~'l LL~'U~'Uvit:-J~:ff 'Ut1cJ1-:im:::1D1CJt1tl . ~

35

vY1LJ1:::L 'Vlf'l LL fl::: dJ'Ufl11lJV!l..:J'lJ B..:J'1\lfllJ 1'UB'U1fl\il~fl'U1 'U'lllJ'll'Uvl B..:J ~'Ufl fl~'Ul.J111Wl'1lJ tl'U "5'vi 1111 ' , , \il'ULB..:JL U'U B..:i A'm~ljyji;J..:i L U'Ufl1'J'<il mb:::mvVJ1..:iL~ Bil 1VllJ 1'U1111"5' vim1VJfvm1mu11l.l'll1~tviv'lll.l'll'U

' ' vlB..:J~'ULU'UB..:JAmVl'1111'Um1"5'~1111 (community-based natural resource management)

'11111111~11~1vi'-:in'111 1~'1"jufl11lJ'11..:i11cr fl'U 1 'Liv'f m~'Uijfl11lJV1ri111V1m v Lrn :::ii1 "liL u'Uer~~..:ifu v v

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Bamll'U1~ 4 n'1l.l f1la 11cilJ~V1t1.:i LU'UiJ11~a'1nurl1'U1'1f~LLri:::~VJ6Y1riv1m~'U~l.i..:ifl1B'ufl1a..:iLrn~ , , 'U d.!I 't

Lm't11::: fo'1!tl'1111~1'UVJ-r'V'lmm1 'U'lllJ'll'U ncil.l~'1a..:i 1111L u'Uertl1ml.lu11l.l'1!1~ ~ijfl11lJ'11m1t"J 1 u ~ , , 'U

1111a1'U'1qiqi1rum1L LJ~ tJ'lJbL Llri.:i LLri :::ij1111 L\il~t.1l.lm1~.:if u n~ll~'11ll 1111L U'U~tl1LJ1:::L.n'VI "1'11

n'1u h" '<il1flfl1)V!fl-:J1 LlmlJm::: LL'1tlij LL'1:::flcilJ'1~vl1 tJ fll)L U'UerL i1t.1 \il'U LB\l L U'UcrLfl11:::vi'11 VV!~B 't , '\J 'U

ertlnm:::vh ~-:JV!lJVld'1:::vlB'U 1 ~L i1t.1111t.1'1llJ'1l'UvlB-:J~'U1ll11'<il:::L U'Ufl'U'<il1fl~11U'1'l 1 'U.niimA~:W \l'U 'I 'U \I

fl11lJ BV"llJ?flJU)ru~1Bci1..:i.n1flV1 :::1'U BB mu t.1-:J L VIUB fl1) L U'U fl'U '11 fl'lJlJ'll'UU )~lJ..:J'll1 t.l~-:J'VI~ bfl ti~ fl'U , v ,

L V1ci1d~1'UiJ~ fl tJ.llTW LL fl :::'V'l1BlJ~'1~'1'1VlVl'1 V"JB B fl'11flfl11fl1 BU ~1'Vl1..:Jl \Vll'U511lJ 1 t.1 fl111JV!l.J1V"IJ B-:J ,

i~fivi fl11'11'1-:J'V'1'1-:i.niii1 runn '11flfl11111Jf'l'U El fl1)~\Vll'U1 LL fl~ 'V'l1'Bll~'1~ '1~1\l LL 'U1'V11..:J fl1) ~ B ~ L ~ e:i " "'.., 'U \I

'Vl1fl11ll'V'lm 'Vlm~TIB~ L ~muil 'llm~u1'U 1111~ l'!J'U1ffill L 5'a~ afl1111 ~ .:i V'U'lJB\l'1llJ'll'ULLri~1:::uu fl1';f '

"5'vi1111V11'Tit.11mv1a..:i~'Uvi1lJ~ Lfl v L ll'Ul.111 'UB~\ilu'VI L~t.1'U~ Lnvi'1111LJ1:::'1u 1111ru'1~-:i'lJ B.:i'1111li1'U ffi~ ?11'1-:i11ruri11 Vtl.i 11'UL~-:J'U1vu1t.11111"5'~1111'VJ~'l"jt.11m151111'1!1&i LLri:::~.:iLL 1vi~al.laci1..:i~..:iv'U ~-:id

( 1) 1 'Ufl11~Vlfl1'S"Vl-rTI t.11 fl1511lJ'll1&iLviV'lllJ'1l'UvlB-:J ~'U,j'U 1111 L i.i''U fl11'1~1..:J~V1~1Ufl 1 'U fl1';f , B'U~fl,;Vt~am1l.l~-:1v'Uaci1..:iL~t.111liL U'U 1111L i1v..:iTia fl111"11il..:i'1..:i fl11lJBci1avi'lJa-:iLJ1:::'111'll'U 1 'U

' v

'lllJ'll'UVJB-:J~'U '!i1V1 ~6!111ll1'UL0Vl fl11lJli''U 1 '<i111'1:::i1LL 'Vlci-:JB1'Vl11Lbfl::: LL V!ci-!111tJ1~~'VI flfl'U'11l.J11'1 , ' L -ii'1'1-:i 1~aci1..:i L U'U51';flJLLri:::~..:iv'UviriBvi 1 Ll'1'UG-:J~'Uri n~'U'Vlfl1'U 11lJ~-:im1LL'1vi..:i 1 ~L i1'U'1..:iAruri11 mJ , \I , ,

'lJB-:Jfl11~\Vll'U1~'1:::~a-:ii1m1lJ~-:JV'UU'U_21'Uf111lJLU'U511lJ (Equitable sustainability)

(2) LL V1ci-:1B1V111u11lJ6!11&i'lJa-:1'1!116!1'UvlB-:J~'Ufl111~1'ufl11l.lf'i'11A1B-:i L TI11:::~m lJ'Ui1'1"5't.1'lJB-:J , , fl11lJBtj1BV1LLfl:::fl11lJ'V'IBL vfo..:i 1 'Ufl1)~1 L'Ll'U:Sivi fl1)L Ll~tJ'ULL Ufl..:JLLfl:::~\Vll'U11vi I B'Ui1i:rnm:::'VIU~B ~1'U'Vl~'V'lt.11mu11l.l'!11&i~-:imh1~a L U'Ufl11Aflfl1lJ~ Bfl11l.laci1avi'lJB-:J'1llJ6!1'UJ'U., nci11 a.:il"lmLLri::: ~ , " , I ,

'lllJ'll'U m~~1l.ltl'Uvl1fl1)~'U~ LI.fl::: B'U-rn,;a ci1..:iL U'U1:::UU'1'U'Vl~\l~ m Ll~tJU~-!11111 LL01 i11"111lJL oUlJLL ~-!! , v ,

1'U1111~vi1111~ LLrivi-r'V'lv1 m'lJa-:i-q11'll'U m 11~-ru1111~l.lmB.:i~1t.1ll!JV!l.11t.l'Vl~B'U1t.1u1imci1-:1L U'U

1LJ511l.I v

(3) fl11l.l-r ~i1'V'l'1-:i-D'tJLfl~B'U'lll.16!1'U~B..:JLU'Ul"l11l.l-r~ "ci1..:ioU'1l.I" (transcend) fl11l.ILU'Ui1'1L'1n v , v

1 LJ~~'U vi'LI 11111~1l.I '11i1n~1l.IV1~m t11V1mt.1 B'U ~..:i 1'Vlru1 'U1::: t.1:::t.111~1l.I n'U'lJ a-:i ncil.la..:il"lm ~..:iJ'U v ., '

1111 fl1)ruL iJ'Ucrtl1 Vfl L 'Vlli ~ B-:J L U'Ucr~'11l.11)tl~Vlfl11l.IG1'l.l~'UITT 'Vl111:::V111-:i ncil.ll"l'U~ij~1'U 1~ L~ tJ 'U , '\I ,

(stakeholders) ~LJ1:::nau ~1 vu flflfl~..:i L 'UvlB-:J~'U LLri:::~l.11'111l'VltJ1 t.1..:i1'U LLfl:::cMR m.n1 t.l'U an 1 ~ , ?f 1m';f m i11 '1i1 {\!V11v'f m ~'U 1~a ci 1..:iri a-:i LL v1 LLri :::~ '11 Fi' qi~-:i n~ l.I LLri:::a-:i A m'1 :::~ a..:ii1 fl11l.I '11l.111 t1'1-r1-:i

i1'Y{\!1~1l.ln'U Lfl11TI~n~Pl~LLri:::1"111l.l?t1m1t"J'lla..:in'ULL'1:::n'U 1viv 11l~mmm1l.ILLvin~1-:iV1'11nV1'11t.1 'Vl1\ll\Vll'Uli)';il.J '!11&i't1'U~ fl11Plfl~1 vl1LL'Vli1-:i ;m~v-:i Lflt.11&itJP!LL'1t~'UI l.11LU'UL1a'U1 'lJ

B?f1 ?f'Vl5'11fl) (2551) 1~Pin~1~1'U-ii't1l.1'1 l~l'VltJ1 fl1)L~E.J'U-rLrn:::1111"5'vi11111"111lJ~ '<i11fl 'I , \I " \I

-!11'\Jl~ t.1~1'\J 1111"5' Vl fl11'Vlf 'V'I V 1 fl1li11l.1'!11&i .niii1 ruruTVJ eN ~'U'lJ B..:J6!11J'll'U '11 fl-!11'\Jl~ t.1~ L~t.11oU tl-:J tlU \I v v ,

36

1'11'11'1le.J'ltl".i::: b 'Vl~1 vm ~1nni111tJ".i1lJA1rl1lJ'lJe.J'l'l1'Lii~CJlii'Ttm11~(;)n1".i'Vlfvrn1mtl11JJ 'WtJ11

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'Vlfvrn1miiri11mmL 1 '!~'LI '1JlJ'1J'LI'1'1~ B'lfl(;)fl'U Lb'1:::~w.J'U11tl Lb tJtJ n 11~(;) n 11~iieiv L~lJ 1-H'L i1'LIL liu , , \I 'U

~tl 5".i".ilJ LL'1::: hWtJ niw BlJ1'tJ~1 n-4 Flfl'1.fl1 CJ'UB n L(;) CJ ni1~ (;) ~,:iei,:ifi' m~lJ'1J'U ?1~1,:in!J".i::: L UCJU

ial'ln'1'1~1lJtl'U 11lJfi,:in~m1lJl'Um1ei'Lifn,;~m'iL~B?1~1,:i~1J1'1111n1'Lim".i(;)LL'1fmn iim1n1vt'Ul'1 , " "

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'\I ..., .., .. \.I

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LL 1..JtJB'lrl".i1lJ t:-.J?flJ~?f1'UB'lrlfl11lJ~ LMCJ1tltJ".i:::tJtJUL1~LL'1:::Fl11lJ L ~B L ~B11'1LL~tJn1".i1itJ1::: LCJ'ljU " ~1n'Vlf'VlCJ1n".i n~n".i".ilJ\;)1'11 L'!i'U n1WltJ'Vl1'lJB'IU1 n1".iL~Bn~'U.y1Lb'1:::".i:::tJtJn1".ib'r41:::tJ~n n1".itl'U

L 'lJl'l~'U~lJ1e:i'4fn,;v1-H1uvi'1n~m1lJ 1(;) 1 ~1tJm'U1:::tJuuL1~ m1-;i'(;)m11 vlu1 m1;u,:ibm m1'U1'1J

th LU'U~'U

m1Pin~m~B'l?fmU'U".i:::~'UYJB'l~'U 1 'Utl".i:::L~'U'lJB'ln!J oLJBIJln'1'1LL'1:::flrurl1'lJB'ln1".i 1 iu1 hl ~'Uvl l'lB'UnG'l1'1'lJB'ILiiB'l'1G'l1L1~ tl".i:::L'Vl~B'UL(;)i1b~CJ (Mehring et. al., 2011) 1imB'U'lJB'ln1".ilLFl".i1:::~

L :S'l?lmu'U m1-;i'~m1~t.1~'1.'J 11m t.1~t.1vlv'Vl CJ 1t.1 LL vi,:i'1J1~ L ~ei m1?1~1,:iiei 1J1 n'1'1m1e:it.11'n,;'Vlfvm1m . , tJ11JJ~1lJnt.11:::vt11,:if~nu'!JlJ'!J'U 1 t.11:::~'1.JYJB'l~'U (local level) L llt.1ni1i:5'm ~,:iriru.n1w Pin~1(i,:i ... . , -.1'~t.1ri~v1LL\Jl n\;)1,:in'U'lJB'lrn otl'Vl-r'VlCJ1n".i 1 t.11:::~'UYJB'l~'ULL'1::: ".itl LL 'U'U'lJB'I n1".i:il(;)n11tJ11JJ L~CJ1 i

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37

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41

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structured Interview) b iJBPinw1v11Fl111J b .LJ1 h fi.:i'U ~'U'Vl bbrt::: m:::'U'J'U n11~~n11U1'1J1J'1J'U bbrt::: , ~tJ bb 'U'U"'mum vJ e:i ni1~ ~ ni1ll1"1l1J'1J'U 1 iX ~.:i V'U 1 'U~'U~Pl nw1 .fl1v1~ me:i'U ni11bFl11:::-Mnri 1m :il.:i

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42

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47

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2528 b l11vt:1.J1v611fi'qifim~el-rfl't11~u~u11m vt'1~mh,:ii!elv~elvn~ 40 'llel\l~u~tJ1~b 'Vll'f '11bb umtlu

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-d1\lbb~'\J~l1ll'\J1bP11't1~ii'1bbn~'1,:iflmb'IA\l'll1~ ou'U~ 6 ('V'l.l'f. 2530-2534) bi!un111-U "'

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1~uufa 1l'fll1 hl ti 'V'l.l'f. 2536 1'~u1n 1vivlJ~'llel.:iflru~1'~lJ'Ul'l~ i.1m:1.Ju11l!tl1~~'Uu1a\l1'Ubb "1.:i'll1&i~ "' ...

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L tl~V'UbL U'1\l'Vl1\lf111Lijel.:i iim1tl1~fl11'f 1 i1'~i5))lJ'UfiJLL vl\l11'lleJ1tl.11~m 1 VIV 'V'l'Vli5Plf111'll 2540 m,., cQ 'U ..,, ,

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48

1:::u 11eJv1\li~ L"il'U 1 'Ulu:rn11m1~1'U~1\lw1:::11'1lururu&ith'1l:w'll'U~m ll'Wl l'.11"HmtJ~1~ru'lleJ\lfl11 , "'II.I , "

U~'Hl';i~ ~ fl11U11JJ Ll'1:::EJ\liJfl11'1\IL'1~:W LLn:::w l'lJ'U1D1'1l:W'll'U 1 'U~'U~';itltJ LL 'U1L6U~D1eJ'Uf fliJL ~tl L ~:W , ' ~'U~tJ11 'LI~ fl'l-.fru:::"U e:i\ltl1'1l:W'll'U 1 ~m fl~'U 1~E.J L U'U fli1i1'11'LI~1:w"UeJ\ltJ1:::'1l1'1l'Ul ~tln~urumri11:w , "' -u~LL~\IUn:::fl1';itJfl';jfl~'U~U1eJ'UffliJ (u-wi L~B\l'Vl1U'll, 2548) , , ,

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"li1\ILLi:.J'Unl'lJ'U1Lf'11~!fl"ilLLn:::a\IFllJLL\-1\1'111&i OUU~ 10 (W.f'l. 2550-2554) '1Ji)U1J911:W

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49

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flt1.:ie51u1c.Jm11'mn1"111l.Jl1u1"1.:i.111CJ 1 u1161!t11ru1~m. 255 7. LLe.J'ULL1i\J'VI Luil 'llilruv11m1vi1~1a .,

V1i'vm1n-at11lij' n11umn~~'U'l.lv.:ii'~ LLa:m1u'ivi1-a'1~n1-a'Vli'Via1m511l.J'tf1~e:iv1.:i . , ~ . ' QI .:!I QJ c:i, .::ii. ti

a.:ia'U. m.:iL 'Vl 0r'l"1: m:::'Vl11\l'Vl1YW1fl1611l.J61!1(JlLL~:::'1\lLL1i;)~eJl.J. , flv'Ufl~ '11irfl~ LL~:::!"lru:::. 254 7. -a1a.:i1'Uouua1J\j1W1fl-a.:im-aff n'li1ltlLL uun1-aij~1'U~111

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Wl'lJ'U1fl11 L~1~Hin '1 Lm:::"'.:il"ll.JLL vi.:i61!1~ . ... Lnl.J~ u. Yl1fl'VleN LL~:::~'U(Jl'U1 e:im'1.:i1u~'U. 2535. "m1ll1w1 'U1:::'U'UU161!l.J61!'U". 1 'LI Le:ina11 ,

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't'l1.:i.:i111. 2553. fl111il~fl111'l'Utv.:i'llv.:i"f1J'ti'ULLa:vm.:i1:1'U. fl~'IL'Vl'W"1: 'U'Vll'ifl11Yll.Ji"I.

L~CJ.:i'Vlm. 2543. 'tf1J'tf'Unum-a~~m-a'Vli'Via1n1 : f'lnafl1ViLLa:m-a~e:ia'l.le:i.:i~e:i.:iau tu , ., Via1'i;i1.1e:i.:i'tf1J'tf'UL'Ufl1-a'1~m1V1~Via1n-aamum1w1utl-a::L'Vlfll'Vla. mil'Livi' , mru-;i'Uwu5 (tJ11ru15m1 ). m.:iL 'Vl'Vl.,: ci'1ilm1'U flv\l'Vl'U'1UtJ'1'LI'LI m11~ CJ . .., , , , ,

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LLvia.:ii.h Yll.J~f11'.:iYi 3. m'IL'Vl'Vl"1: uYlmm1Yl11'1. , L~l.liai'fl~ tl'U'VleNLL~:::l"lru:::. 2535. 11w.iu1m-aumun~~'Uvi1n'UL'UL'll\PIU1. fl1\lb'Vl'W"1: mnu'U . ,

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0~1~61!1CJ 1ll1Jl1'U'Uvl. 2528. tl1lilnua.:if11J. mnu'Ui~CJ"'\lfll.l: l.JVl11'VlCJ1~tJ;gCJ\l 1Vlli c:t. ' CV ' Cl.I ' U c:t. IV tf Q.CV 4

ti~1~61!1CJ 1l.JIJ11'U'UVI, mu'U'Vl mru-;i'U't'l'Ul'i bb~:::'1ru;im mru-;i'UVfUl'i. 2536. -a1a.:i1u11ilm 1e:i.:i "' , cQ .., ,

tl1'tf,1J'tfutut11::L 'Vlfll'Vla : LL u1V11.:in11ww.iu1, La1J 2. m.:ib 'Vl'W"1: '1mU'U"IJl.J61!'U ' .

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'1lii1 tJ'U'U1fl. 2554. LL 'U1fii;i-;i1~1£Jm~'1i;inT'i'Vl~~El1mfu1 : tl~~aum~nh11n~h'1tl~::L'VlflbL~:: , LL'U1fii;i L 'U tl~::L'Vlf1L 'V1El. '1JVIV!iT-:i~a m"jci'1"j1"iJB'lf'ifl11lJ~b YlanTaHhth.h::L 'Vlf'lL 'VICJ.

, '\J d.J\I

'U'U'VltJ~: '11i!n-:i1'U'lJn1tJ (?t'\.J"j_). ' ~'IJ

' '1J~n~ 1VICJ1Jlfl. 2538. "V!l.iU1'UtlU~nCJmw 1 'Un1"j~Vln11'Vl-rwCJ1m : mruPimnn1"j~Vln11~lJ " 'IJ ,

tl1'1JlJ'1J'U.fl1CJ 1\il"j::uum"jlJ~V1~~1lJ 1'LimflLwua", 1'LI U'Vlfl1111tl~::nm.JnT~a:uin..11 , ' ' c::ir, 4 I.Id QJ 11/ CV dCV.c:::t

V11'111nm~ eMflfl1111·nntnnuvi:uu1'U flru~a'1fl11f11a(;I~ 1'U'VI 12-13 ~q'limfl11 'IJ "

2538. b~CJ-:i1mi: lJV111'Vlcn~m;gCJ'l1vili

'11m~ u~n;;:i. 2552. ~~1V1m~iia1'U~111"1JeHtl~::"l11"ll'U. m-:iLVJW'1: LB -W m1YJn~1"1li1LLii1:: , , , C> ' n11W11W.

'Vl'll6111w.JlJ LVl~1~'J"j"jUJ, 1~'V15 '11-r?l~'Uq bbii1::U1~'U5 W"j'VflJ~n'W'I. 2555. "'IJ~i1l.l'W''U5L;a'I

el1'U1"iJ"j::'Vf'J1'1-r~ Vl'Ubbii1::'1JlJ'1J'U 1 'Un1'j~t'ln1TU1'1JlJ'1J'Ut'l'IL~'I B1L.flBW'UlJ1W'j ~wt1t'l ctlS , , ,

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'U.fl1.fl'HU V1::11'U'U...1. 2550. 'Vlq'lin~1'U~1n L'UL~v.:ifl1111L<tf11Lt .V.:i"llv.:i"ll11"ll'U. m-:iL 'VIWi: dJd.I • ,

'11iTn·:n'U?ti!u?t'U'UnT~1~CJ. ' -u-w; b~a-:iw1u'1J. 2548. u1tL~~m~'l'.11lm'Llt1~~L'Vlf1L'VIEl.

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'IJ<j::.fl1w~ f'l~lJVl1'1'41VllJ. 2547. "m1l.li1lJ~'U6V11-:ii1-:ifllJ 1 'Un"ilm1lJ?t1511ru~ : 'V!~'l'1J1CJti'tm11

'1t'lm"jlJ1'1JlJ611'U ", 11~a1~11'U'liElf11aV1{ a'1fl11f11a\;I{ 21(2): 52-92; llm1fllJ -' . ii'U1fllJ, 2547.

'IJ~6111 L ~CJlJw-:iP!?t1'U~. 2541. iJL 1ALf1~'li~f11aV1{LL~~iJnr11'VIEl1n1~Liiei.:i. m-:iL VIW, : ... ' ' ' 4 v

l"lU!~Lf'11~~f'11?lV11 "ilW1'1'1n1f1JlJ'V!1TVlCJ1'1CJ. "' , . 2549. 1mvr1iu~.:im~wRJ'U1: 151V1a1fin'1i1a.:ifl11l'VIEJ. ~lJwri#-:ivi 4. m-:iL'Vlv'f1:

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"' ' w1::511l.IU!Jn ('IJ. a. 'IJ<j~~~ L\;I). 2536. L~vv'U1flVl"IJv.:im~fin'li1 L'VIEJ: WRJ'Ll1m~vr~v1J~ru1n1~.

n1'1L'Vl'l'li: 511lJ?l.fl1.

w1~511lJunn. 2540. m~WRl'U1~~.:ia'U. m-:iL'Vl'l'li: l.1'1iJ51nlJ;;:ifilJ'Vla-:i. ';,J ' 'U

l.1'1iJ5~'Ul'J~1(;1LL'1~5"j1lJ"ll1~. 2548. "ll1l"ll'ULL1i11.:i 1i'itL~.:im~'1i;im~'Vli'~a1mfi111hvhim~1'1 '\J "' • •

m~Ltl~EJ'ULLtl~.:i. ~lJWl"l#-:ivi 2. fl1'1L'V1Wi: W'l,;?ll?l~n11~lJW. '

1~1 m11 iJ(;lCJ1 Li1'CJ'Uii(;11 LL'1::-r-:i?t1'jf'i Ln\;\Be:Jt'l. 2551. tl1"l11l"ll'U: n-1::u1'Um~L'ia'Llrl'Un1~ , . .. '1i;im~'Vli'~a1mm.h.:iiia1'U~111"1Je:i'1a.:if111 L 'VI a LL~'U.:i1'Uai.1ua'Ll'Ufl1111i1111ie:i 1 'LI , tl~::L 'Vlf1L 'VIEJ fl'UmJ nv\J~:U1'Uf11aVl{"ll1J"ll'ULL 1A.:i11ij111f1 LVL ;lmL ti~~ n. m 'IL 'Vl'l'l i: " . " ,

109

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'U1'U'W1~ e:Jl'Vll'l El.

~'U~1'Vltn'W~n,_; 1'1~'111\lfl 1J1f'1Pl1nri LLm~-w111ri mi{ 2551. tl1a~1.:ifl\J "IJ1l"IJ'Ufl~1.:itl1 , , . V1-tl.:1V1f11'l'l\i'l1.:i1'aan 1aniMiv1 (2542-2551). m\IL'Vl'W"1: VJ11w.itlm1'WlJ~. v ,

'11-r?t~'Ufi LLri~tl1~~'Vl5 flru-rl'ltl. 2543. "IJ1l"lf\Jnum'l:5'flm'l'Vl~Vit11 n':i5':i':i11"1J1~l u.n1fl , , , . Bfl1\J l \JVia1vi'tl t1.:J't1l'tJ\Jn1'l:5'f!m'l'Vl~Vit11n':i am\Jm':iruL \J'lh:a 'Vlf11 Viti. n~\IL 'Vl~ 1:

'11,Y n-nu n B\l'Vl'U'1i1'U?t'U'Um11 ~ t1. , , 1'11'11 B~fl\I. 2545. m':i:5'f!~.:itl1"1J11"!1\J l\Jm':i:5'f!m':itl1"1J11"1J\Jl\J:5'.:1V11'fle>Ua'l1'!151il.

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v

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?tmu'W1~t1'1\IF11J.

'1 mu'Uu ruofi l'l 'U ~"H11u1 n'1 LL vi \1'1W1ri \I n-Hu1Jm1VJ cn~ t1. 2554. ':i1tl .:11\J m'lA n\i1uuua11u':iru , , v

1R ':i.:J n 1'l fin\i11 :5' m.l ':i~ L~\J\J 1t1u1t1L;i.:i~n~1\J n1'lW w.iu 1 fl ru.n1Vi111vi R\J LL a~ • a.:JR111'Vltl.fl1tl1~ n1':ib tl~tl\Jbb tla.:J'V11.:J1~\J5':i':i11bb~~n1':i b tl~tl\Jbb tla.:i 1 u fan~fl l'Vlij

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Lbvi\16111~ (?tia\611.).

?t~ru m61111i1'UVJ~ri. 2554. "LB~'Ue:i{ Ostrom nLJuqiqi1tJn~"llB\l"l!lJ611'U ", 2;1ail5lanilt1it11.

http://www.greenworld.or.th/columnist/ecosaveworld/1419. 11 fl'Utl1E.l'U,

2554.

'1l1Pi'n~ '1'tn\1Pl. 2550. m':i:5'V1m':itl1"!111"!1\J : L~vfl\Jbta~L~t1tl1. m\IL'Vl°f'li: VJ11w.itlm1'WlJ~. , . , ,, '1qiqi1 '1qiqi111w.itl. 2541. n1':iW~\J1't11"lJ\JbbU\J:5'f!n1':i. n~\lb'Vll'l"1: LBi1L'V111'1~\I.

b?ti..ii.1 '111l~n. 2542. a'Vl~"lJ11"lJ\J. n1\lb 'Vl'W.,: 11\loW11~11'H1l'VltJ1~E.l511lJf'11'11'1{ ' , L?t-11"1 '111J~n LLri~E.Jf'l '1'Wl'l'11J~. 2536. tl1"!111'tJ\Jl\Jtl'l~L'Vlf1l'Vlt1 : tt\J1V11.:im':iw~\J1 ta11~ 1 •

,, ~ ., 'V1B\1'1'U'WWJ'U1.

L'1~ l'l\IPloWf'l. 2547. ~t1t1f'i1vlR1':i~. m\IL'Vll'l"1: '11i1n'W1J~l'l~.:ii:lruru1. ,, , .., ..,

'1n1.:if'l ~'U'V111il611. 2552. m'l1LR':i1~\1.Ut111al\Jm':i1:5'm;i.:iRrufl1Vi. ~11~fl~\I~ 9. , v •

0 cu C), ' 1 ' - Q.J

m.:iL 'Vll'l i: '11'Un'WlJ'VHL'H.:J'1W1ri\lmru11"H11'Vlt11'1 EJ. , , ?tlJ'U am11w.itl. 2544. V1anu'lru1m'l'V11.:im'lfin\i1vi111tl't1u vi.:iVi'V155'l':i1111. 'U'U'Vl'U~: , ... . ,

11.:i~lJ~1l'H1l'Vlfn~ fl'11 "11~ tl511111fi11611. , '11i1n~1'1m1ll16111J611'U. 25 54. tii'.ivt1.fi~.:i1\Jvi111tt \J1V11·m1-:i:5' flvi1 tR'l .:im'ltl1"1J11"!1\J'tlt1.:im11

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110

'11ii' n-n'U'U LEJ'U1t.1 bb'1::: bb~'U'Vl-rvm1 mu11:u6!!1~ brn :::~\I bb 1\91~ ti:u m:::'V111\l'Vlf "Wt.11 mn11:u"l!1~ bb'1::: ' '

~\lbb1\9l~tll.l. 2550. LL~'U:5'~n1':iflW.fl1'Via.:lbL1~~tl11 Vi.fl. 2550-2554. m\lb'Vl'W°1: • • 0 V Cit. ' CV Cil Clit.

'11'Ufl'W:U'Wfl ru:::1~:u'U (;l':ibb'1:::11"1lffil'11'Ub 'Ufl~1. ... . '151l'1~ b'1~tl':i 1 'Vlti. 2538. a'Vl5Lrn::UruV11'Vli'Vi~J1n'l5':i':i1l"ll1~U':i::L.n'Vlvi1-tt'~111n'U. n1\lb 'Vl'W °1:

• v •

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---- v ... v

t( c:I Cit. q Q..I CV Cit. Q.J .:::i.. t(

i'l'Utl l'lfl~1b1'11~~fl'1Yltlb'WEJ\I '1'11'U'U'Ut1J6YJ(;IYll'l.J'U'U1Vl111'11'1(;11. " ... fa.nru 'Vlti.:itJ1'U. 2540. Ft1111ii1'U~1trru~.:i 1 viru u'Vl fl1111to~11'Vi1:: tnt11~'Vi1::u1'Vla11L~'1

" v v

'Vi1::L~1e:iv\11oae:i.:iITT11"lla11Uiifl1u 50 ti : 11~1mfl1'tHin'11'Vlti. m\lb'Vl'W.,: " ... '

:u'1i15'1mu'LI1:5'ti b Yiti m1'Wl'l.l'UTth::: b 'Vll'l 1 'Vl CJ. "

tii1-B'CJ TI'U5b'1'U. 2545. vi1e:ia1.:ih~.:i'1::1~i:11tta::~'Uviat:Ut11fi'U111~ VJ:u-WA~\lvi 2. m\lb'Vl'W.,: ,

fl tl\l'Vl'U '1i!U'1'1.J'U fl11l :5' ti. , , ti1111ru fl'V!b'1~UJ 'U111CJ'V15. 2545. tl1L"!llilit1'1.J. ~:u.Wri~\lvi 2. fl':i\lb'Vl'W°1: fl'UhL 'U .., , ,

ti:u11 YMl'l1Yi6!lt\1. 254 7. f11111'Vla1nvia1t1'Vl1.:i19AJ'U5':i':i11 (m::u1'Ul1fltlua::u'Vl'U1'Vl 1 uu1::"l11 ,, '

fl'.:ifl11). fo.1-Wrif\IVi 4. m\lb'VlYli: '1W1'1\lmru:uvi11'VlCJ1'1'CJ. . , mii''U'vi fl1UJ'1'1.J~'U5. 2543. Yiiil1''1t1t1.:i"ll1l"ll'Ub'l.Jn1':i:5'~m1'Vl~wt11m : m::u1'Ul1fltlLLa:: ., . .

'U 1ti'U1tl. fl':i\lb'VlYli: G11i!fl\11'1.Jfltl-:l'Vl'l.J'1ii'U'1'1.J'l.Jfl11l:5'CJ. , , , . 2544(n). il~"llll"ll'U : 16fi~..i'eH~u11~1t1a'Vlfi ei'1'U1'1ua::m1:5'~m1 ---- . 'Vl~Wt11n1. m-:iL 'VlYl°1: '11iJn-:i1'1.Jnti-:i'Vl'U'1ii''U'1'U'l.Jfl111:5't1. , , . . 2544("ll). 16f>i'1L~.:islfeiu lum11:5'ti"ll1l"ll'U : wa1~ma::R'nt1.n1w"!lt1.:i"ll11"ll'l.J ---- . . lum1w9AJ'U1. m-:iL 'V1Y1°1: '11irm1'1.J'1ii''U'1'1.J'l.Jfl111-:ijt1. , ,

J d l/4Cll. II I 4 a.I I «lo/

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" " . I.I I.I I 0 <V Cit. tf

fl1-:IL'Vl'l"l°1: V!1\IV!'U'11'1.J'11fl~i11'1"1'W:UYI. , , . 2548. fi1ut111lu m1Liit1.:itl11ii'"!lei.:i1vm t1flvi~.:ifl'11u'Vl1u. m-:ib'Vl'V'4°1: :U'1i15~'1.Jl'l

---- 1 " '\I '\.I .,,.,. .,. 6!!1(;1bL'1::511l.J'lJ1(;1.

a1'1.J1t1 'N~'1::ri1 mi::riru::. 2550. 11t1.:i1u1:5't1ouua11'1J':iW Lfl1.:im-a-1:5'EJ fin'li1ll1LLtJUm-al.U

U':i:: Lt1"lltl'11ntl1ei v1.:ifi'.:i~'U'tlv.:l"ll1l"ll'UU1'U"ll1~ ~1'UiilVl'U111LL vi.:i el1 Lfltlf'l~Liiv.:i L 'Vlij •

111

famG1 tlruru1 LLfl~ fowG1 ~~1mj. 2550. fli1.:if11111i~1nm':iW.:i th::mm1':irum':i~~m':i ., ., " 'Vl~Wf.11n':i 5':i':i11't11~l~t1'lf11"11'U\1v.:i~1JL1Jtl':i::L'Vlfl1 'Vlt1. n~~L VJ~i: u~,;'vi G1V1iJ!'l1~~'U

' ' ~~LleJ'U~oW'U~G1;a~ '1°1n~.

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