1j. m. kizza - ethical and social issues module 16: biometrics introduction and definitions...

1J. M. Kizza - Ethical And Social Issues

Module 16: Module 16: BiometricsBiometrics

Introduction Introduction and Definitions and Definitions The Biometrics Authentication The Biometrics Authentication

ProcessProcess Biometric System ComponentsBiometric System Components The Future of BiometricsThe Future of Biometrics


IntroductionIntroduction A biometric is a physical or psychological trait that A biometric is a physical or psychological trait that

can be measured, recorded, and quantified. can be measured, recorded, and quantified. Such traits are abundant in the human body and in Such traits are abundant in the human body and in

access control are used to do a biometric enrollment access control are used to do a biometric enrollment and stored in a database. and stored in a database.

Biometric Biometric technology, based on human attributes, is technology, based on human attributes, is perhaps one of the safest and most reliable and most perhaps one of the safest and most reliable and most secure form of access control so far in use. secure form of access control so far in use.

Access control technologies are based on three Access control technologies are based on three axioms: axioms: Something you know – which includes all passwords and Something you know – which includes all passwords and

pass phrasespass phrases Something you have – which include all physical security Something you have – which include all physical security

passes like pass cards, access cards, and all sorts of access passes like pass cards, access cards, and all sorts of access cards.cards.

Something you are – which includes all human attributes. Something you are – which includes all human attributes. This group is where biometrics fall.This group is where biometrics fall.


The Biometrics The Biometrics Authentication ProcessAuthentication Process

Key steps for a biometric authentication Key steps for a biometric authentication process are:process are: Image capture – using a biometric reader or Image capture – using a biometric reader or

scannerscanner Image recognition – based on a standard Image recognition – based on a standard

biometric algorithmbiometric algorithm Template creation - again using a standard Template creation - again using a standard

biometric algorithm and extracted featuresbiometric algorithm and extracted features Matching of the templates – both the live and Matching of the templates – both the live and

stored templates of the individual are compared stored templates of the individual are compared for a match using a standard biometric algorithm. for a match using a standard biometric algorithm.


A standard biometric authentication A standard biometric authentication comprises the following functional units:comprises the following functional units: Sensor device Sensor device a reader or scanner to acquire a reader or scanner to acquire

the biometric raw data from the individual. The the biometric raw data from the individual. The reader or scanner can capture images from a reader or scanner can capture images from a fingerprint, a face, an iris, or a sound from a fingerprint, a face, an iris, or a sound from a microphone. Readers or scanners at this stage microphone. Readers or scanners at this stage may do some limited preprocessing without may do some limited preprocessing without introducing foreign information or creating introducing foreign information or creating redundancyredundancy

Feature extractionFeature extraction to extract traits used in the to extract traits used in the creation of the template creation of the template

MatcherMatcher to compare the live template with the to compare the live template with the stored reference template stored reference template

Reference archiveReference archive for storing the biometric for storing the biometric reference templates reference templates


Biometric System Biometric System ComponentsComponents

The components of a biometric The components of a biometric system are:system are:

Data AcquisitionData Acquisition EnrolmentsEnrolments Signal ProcessingSignal Processing Decision PolicyDecision Policy


Types of Biometric Types of Biometric Technologies Technologies

Biometric technologies confirm a person's Biometric technologies confirm a person's identity by scanning physical identity by scanning physical characteristics. characteristics.

These traits include:These traits include: Finger BiometricsFinger Biometrics - involves taking an - involves taking an

individual’s fingerprints individual’s fingerprints Hand Geometry -Hand features are extracted Hand Geometry -Hand features are extracted

and taken as the defining feature vector of the and taken as the defining feature vector of the user's handuser's hand

Face BiometricsFace Biometrics – are – are distinctive features of the distinctive features of the subject’s facesubject’s face

Voice BiometricsVoice Biometrics - - individual voice components individual voice components called called phonemesphonemes..

Handwriting Analysis - Handwriting Analysis - a person's specific a person's specific features from his/her handwritingfeatures from his/her handwriting


Iris Biometrics - the features that exist Iris Biometrics - the features that exist in the colored tissue surrounding the in the colored tissue surrounding the pupil of the subject’s eye. pupil of the subject’s eye.

Retina - Retina - unique pattern of blood vessels unique pattern of blood vessels with distinctive traits in a human eyewith distinctive traits in a human eye


Biometric PerformanceBiometric Performance The measure of performance of a biometric is The measure of performance of a biometric is

based on three concepts:based on three concepts: false accept ratefalse accept rate (FAR) (FAR) false non match or reject ratefalse non match or reject rate (FRR), (FRR), failure to enroll ratefailure to enroll rate (FTE or FER). (FTE or FER).

Biometric performance is commonly the rate Biometric performance is commonly the rate at which both accept and reject errors are at which both accept and reject errors are equal. equal.

This rate is referred to as This rate is referred to as the equal error the equal error raterate (EER). (EER).

We want EER to be as low as possible for a We want EER to be as low as possible for a good biometric algorithm good biometric algorithm


The Future of BiometricsThe Future of Biometrics

With increasing miniaturalization, With increasing miniaturalization, price reduction, easy of use, less price reduction, easy of use, less intrusive, and more invasiveness, the intrusive, and more invasiveness, the future of biometric technology seem future of biometric technology seem bright than ever before. bright than ever before.

1j. m. kizza - ethical and social issues module 16: biometrics introduction and definitions...

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