1Chapter 22, 23, 24

Biodiversity

Key Concepts Ch. 22

Human effects on biodiversity

Importance of biodiversity

How human activities affect wildlife

Management of wildlife

Human Impacts on Biodiversity

Fig. 22-2 p. 561

Increasing Biodiversity

Physically diverse habitat

Moderate environmental disturbance

Small variations in conditions

Middle stages of ecological succession

Decreasing Biodiversity

Environmental stress

Large environmental disturbance

Extreme environmental conditions

Severe limiting factors

Introduction of alien species

Geographic isolation

US Diversity

Fig. 22-3 p. 562

Strategies for Protecting Biodiversity

Species approach

Ecosystem approach

Fig. 22-5 p. 563

Species Extinction

Local extinction

Ecological extinction

Biological extinction

Endangered and Threatened Species

Endangered species

Threatened (vulnerable) species

Rare species Fig. 22-7 p. 564

Florida manatee

Northern spotted owl (threatened)

Gray wolf Florida panther Bannerman's turaco (Africa)

© 2004 Brooks/Cole-Thomson Learning

Extinction Risks

Factors: population size, habitat, and genetics

Population viability analysis

Minimum viable population

Minimum dynamic area

Characteristics of extinction-prone species (refer to Fig. 22-8 p. 566)

Extinction Rates

Background (natural) rate of extinction

Massextinction

Adaptiveradiations

Why Should We Care About Biodiversity?

Instrumental value

Intrinsic value

See Spotlight p. 571

Fig. 22-10p. 569

Causes of Depletion of Wild Species

Human population growth

Failure to value the environment or ecological services

Increasing per capita resource use

Increasing use of Earth’s primary productivity

Poverty

Causes of Premature Extinction of Wild Species

Habitat degradation

Introduction of non-native species

Fig. 22-12p. 572

Threats from Nonnative Species

Arrival

Roles of non-native species

Examples(p. 576)

See Connections p. 577 and Case Study p. 579 Fig. 22-19 p. 579

Other Extinction Threats

Hunting and Poaching

Predators and Pest Control

Exotic Pets and Decorative Plants

Climate Change and Pollution

Protecting Wild Species: The Research and Legal Approaches

Bioinformatics

International Treaties: CITES

National Laws: Lacey ActEndangered Species

Act Habitat conservation plans

Protecting Wild Species: The Sanctuary Approach

Wildlife refuges and protected areas

Zoos and Aquariums

Gene banks, botanical gardens, and farms

Wildlife Management

Laws regulating hunting and fishing

Harvest quotas

Population management plants

Improving habitat

Treaties and laws for migrating species

Key Concepts Ch. 23

Human land use

Types and uses of US public lands

Forests and forest management

Implications of deforestation

Management of parks

Establishment and management of nature preserves

Importance of ecological restoration

Land Use in the World

Fig. 23-2p. 595

Land Use in the United States

Fig. 23-3 p. 595Fig. 23-3 p. 595

Rangeland and pasture 29%

Types of US Public Lands

Multiple-use lands: National Forests; National Resource Lands

Moderately-restricted use lands: National Wildlife Refuges

Restricted-use lands: National Park System; National Wilderness Preservation System

US Public Lands

Fig. 23-4p. 596

Managing US Public Land

Biodiversity and ecological function

No subsidies or tax breaks for use

Public should get fair compensation

Users held responsible for actions

Takings and property rights

Managing and Sustaining Forests

Ecological Importance of Forests

Food webs and energy flow

Water regulation

Local and regional climate

Numerous habitats and niches

Air purification

Managing and Sustaining Forests

Economic Importance of Forests

Fuelwood (50% of global forest use)

Industrial timber and lumber

Pulp and paper

Medicines

Mineral extraction and recreation

Forest Structure

Fig. 23-9 p. 601

Types of Forests

Old-growth (frontier) forestsSecond-growth forestsTree farms/plantation Fig. 23-18 p. 609

Forest Management

Even-aged managementIndustrial forestryUneven-aged managementImproved diversitySustainable productionMultiple-use

Rotation cycle

Management Strategies

Fig. 23-11 p. 601

Fig. 23-12 p. 602

Logging Roads

Increased erosion and runoffHabitat fragmentationPathways for exotic speciesAccessibility to humans

Fig. 23-13 p. 602

Harvesting Trees

Selective cutting

High-grading

Shelterwood cutting

Seed-tree cutting

Clearcutting

Strip cutting Fig. 23-14 p. 603

Sustainable Forestry

Longer rotations

Selective or strip cutting

Minimize fragmentation

Improved road building techniques

Certified sustainable grown(See Solutions p. 598)

Pathogens

Fungal Diseases

Insect Pests

Bark beetles

Gypsy moth

Chestnut blight

Dutch elm disease

Fire

Surface fires Crown fires

Fig. 23-17 p. 607

Forest Resources and Management in the United States

Habitat for threatened and endangered species

Water purification servicesRecreation 3% of timber harvestSustainable yield and multiple useSubstitutes for tree products

Tropical Deforestation

Rapid and increasing

Loss of biodiversity

Cultural extinction

Unsustainable agriculture and ranching

Clearing for cash crop plantations

Commercial logging

Fuelwood

Degradation of Tropical Forests

Fig. 23-22p. 615

Reducing Tropical Deforestation

Identification of critical ecosystems

Reducing poverty and population growth

Sustainable tropical agriculture

Encourage protection of large tracts

Debt-for-nature swaps

Less destructive harvesting methods

The Fuelwood Crisis

Planting fast-growing fuelwood plants Burning wood more efficiently Switching to other fuels

Fig. 23-25 p. 618

Managing and Sustaining National Parks

Most parks are too small to maintain biodiversity

Invasion by exotic species Popularity a major problem Traffic jams and air pollution Visitor impact (noise) Natural regulation Better pay for park staff

Establishing, Designing, and Managing Nature Reserves

Include some moderate disturbance

Sustain natural ecological processes

Protect most important areas

Buffer zones

Gap analysis

Wilderness areas

See Solutions p. 625

Ecological Restoration

Ecological restoration

Restoration ecology

Rehabilitation

Replacement

Creating artificial ecosystems

Natural restoration

See Individuals Matter p. 630

Key Concepts Ch. 24

Economic and ecological importance

Effects of human activities

Protecting and sustaining aquatic diversity

Protecting and sustaining fisheries

Protecting and restoring wetlands

The Importance of Aquatic Biodiversity

Coral reefs

Estuaries

Deep ocean floor

Food items

Many chemicals

Medicines and drugs

Fig. 24-2 p. 636

Human Impacts on Aquatic Biodiversity

Species loss and endangerment

Marine habitat loss and degradation

Freshwater habitat loss and degradation

Overfishing

Nonnative species

Pollution and global warming

Protecting and Sustaining Marine Biodiversity

Protect endangered and threatened species

Establish protected areas

Integrated coastal management

Regulating and preventing ocean pollution

Sustainable management of marine fisheries

Managing and Sustaining the World’s Marine Fisheries

Fishery regulationsEconomic approachesBycatch reductionProtected areasNonnative speciesConsumer informationAquaculture

See Spotlight p. 650

Protecting, Sustaining, and Restoring Wetlands

Regulations

Mitigation banking

Land use planning

Wetlands restoration

Control of invasive species

See Individuals Matter p. 652

Fig. 24-12 p. 653

Protecting, Sustaining, and Restoring Lakes

Pollution

Invasive species

Water levels

Cultural eutrophication

Fig. 24-13 p. 655

Protecting, Sustaining, and Restoring Rivers

Pollution

Disruption of water flow

Loss of biodiversity

Fig. 24-14 p. 656

Invasive species