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19th Century to Early 20th Centuryhttp://www.healthguideinfo.com/health-testing-

technology/p7398/One of the first medical devices was the ophthalmoscope invented by aGerman scientist, Hermann von Helmholz, in 1850. The

ophthalmoscope allows the interior of the eye to be viewed.

In 1855, Manuel Garca invented the laryngoscope, which uses a mirrorto see the inside of the throat and the larynx.

At about the same time, Willhelm Roentgen, a professor of physics inBavaria, discovered that radiation can penetrate solid objects of lowdensity. This led to the invention of x-ray, which allowed physicians toview the inside of the body without surgery. X-rays became popular inWorld War II. They were used to diagnose pneumonia, pleurisy,tuberculosis, and to help doctors before surgery. The biochemical

assay was also developed during this period to be used as a diagnostictool for diabetes, kidney disease, anemia, diphtheria, and tuberculosis.

Technology also made a great impact on medical procedures andallowed for complex surgical procedures to be developed. In 1927, therespirator was introduced. In 1939, the first heart-lung bypass machinewas introduced.

The origin of physical therapy can be traced back to Elizabeth Kenny,an Australia nurse, who used hot packs for treament of polio andmuscle rehabilitation in the early 20th century. Hot pack procedures

were shown to reduce residual polio paralysis from 85% to 15%.

20th Century to PresentThe use of technology in medical applications has expandedtremendously in the last 50 years. The growth of medical technology inthe past 50 years has exceeded all advances made during the previous2000 years.

For instance, microscopic devices have evolved from an opticmicroscope to an electron microscope which allows three-dimensionalvisualization of intracellular space.

In the 1970s computer technology merged with medical technology.Medical researchers now use computers in all activities, ranging fromperforming complex calculations, storing medical records, tocontrolling instruments. Computers can now be programmed toperform robotic surgeries with great precision.

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A key contribution to the growth of medical technology is theapplication of basic science and engineering. For instance, magneticresonance imaging (MRI) is an amazing engineering feat that bringsphysics principles into reality. MRI is now widely used for medicalimaging.

Technology also makes great breakthroughs in improving quality of lifeof patients by providing prosthetic body parts such as artificial heartvalves, blood vessels, limbs, and reconstructive skeletal joints.

150018001543 Andreas Vesalius publishes De Fabrica Corporis Humani whichcorrects Greek medical errors and revolutionizes European medicine1546 Girolamo Fracastoro proposes that epidemic diseases are

caused by transferable seedlike entities1553 Miguel Serveto describes the circulation of blood through thelungs. He is accused of heresy and burned at the stake1556 Amato Lusitano describes venous valves in the zigos vein1559 Realdo Colombo describes the circulation of blood through thelungs in detail1563 Garcia de Orta founds tropical medicine with his treatise onIndian diseases and treatments1596 Li Shizhen publishes Bnco Gngm or Compendium of MateriaMedica1603 Girolamo Fabrici studies leg veins and notices that they have

valves which allow blood to flow only toward the heart1628 William Harvey explains the circulatory system in ExercitatioAnatomica de Motu Cordis et Sanguinis in Animalibus1701 Giacomo Pylarini gives the first smallpox innoculations inEurope. They were widely practised in the east before then.1736 Claudius Aymand performs the first successful appendectomy1747 James Lind discovers that citrus fruits prevent scurvy1774 Joseph Priestley discovers nitrous oxide, nitric oxide, ammonia,hydrogen chloride and oxygen1785 William Withering publishes "An Account of the Foxglove" thefirst systematic description of digitalis in treating dropsy

1790 Samuel Hahnemann rages against the prevalent practice ofbloodletting as a universal cure and founds homeopathy1796 Edward Jenner develops a smallpox vaccination method1799 Humphry Davy discovers the anesthetic properties of nitrousoxide

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180018991800 Humphry Davy announces the anaestheticproperties of nitrous oxide1816 Rene Laennec invents the stethoscope1818 James Blundell performs the first successful human bloodtransfusion.

1842 Crawford Long performs the first surgical operation usinganaesthesia with ether1846 - First painless surgery with general anaesthetic.1847 Ignaz Semmelweis discovers how to prevent puerperal fever1849 Elizabeth Blackwell is the first woman to gain a medical degree1867 Lister publishes Antiseptic Principle of the Practice of Surgery,based partly on Pasteur's work.1870 Louis Pasteur and Robert Koch establish the germ theory ofdisease1879 First vaccine for cholera1881 Louis Pasteur develops an anthrax vaccine

1882 Louis Pasteur develops a rabies vaccine1890 Emil von Behring discovers antitoxins and uses them to developtetanus and diphtheria vaccines1895 Wilhelm Conrad Rntgen discovers medical use of X-rays inmedical imaging1897 - Asprin is invented in Germany.

190019991901 Karl Landsteiner discovers the existence of differenthuman blood types

1901 Alois Alzheimer identifies the first case of what becomes knownas Alzheimer's disease1903 - Willem Einthoven discovers electrocardiography (ECG/EKG)1906 Frederick Hopkins suggests the existence of vitamins andsuggests that a lack of vitamins causes scurvy and rickets1907 Paul Ehrlich develops a chemotherapeutic cure for sleepingsickness1908 Victor Horsley and R. Clarke invents the stereotactic method1909 First Intrauterine device described by Richard Richter.[15]1910 - Hans Christian Jacobeus performs the first laparoscopy onhumans

1917 Julius Wagner-Jauregg discovers the malarial fever shocktherapy for general paresis of the insane1921 Edward Mellanby discovers vitamin D and shows that itsabsence causes rickets1921 Frederick Banting and Charles Best discover insulin importantfor the treatment of diabetes1921 Fidel Pags pioneers epidural anesthesia1923 First vaccine for Diphtheria

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1926 First vaccine for Pertussis1927 First vaccine for Tuberculosis1927 First vaccine for Tetanus1928 Alexander Fleming discovers penicillin1929 Hans Berger discovers human electroencephalography

1932 Gerhard Domagk develops a chemotherapeutic cure forstreptococcus1933 Manfred Sakel discovers insulin shock therapy1935 Ladislas J. Meduna discovers metrazol shock therapy1935 First vaccine for Yellow Fever1936 Egas Moniz discovers prefrontal lobotomy for treating mentaldiseases1938 Ugo Cerletti and Lucio Bini discover electroconvulsive therapy1943 Willem J Kolff build the first dialysis machine1944 - Disposable Catheter - David Sheridan [18]1946 - Chemotherapy - Alfred Gilman and Louis S Goodman [18]

1947 - Defibrillator - Claude Beck [18]1948 - Acetaminophen - Julis Axelrod [18]1949 First implant of intraocular lens, by Sir Harold Ridley1949 - Ventilator - Jone Emerson [18]1952 Jonas Salk develops the first polio vaccine1952 - Cloning - Robert Briggs & Thomas King [18]1953 - Heart-Lung Machine - Dr John Heysham Gibbon [18]1953 - Medical Ultrasonography - Inge Edler [18]1954 - Joseph Murray performs the first human kidney transplant (onidentical twins)1954 - Ventouse - Tage Malmstrom [18]

1955 - Tetracycline - Lloyd Conover [18]1956 - Beta Blockers - Sir James Black [18]1956 - Metered Dose Inhaler - 3M [18]1956 - Synthetic Blood - Thomas Chan [18]1957 William Grey Walter invents the brain EEG topography(toposcope)1959 - In Vitro Fertilization - Min Chueh Chang [18]1960 Invention of Cardiopulmonary resuscitation (CPR)1960 First combined oral contraceptive approved by the FDA[15]1962 - Hip Replacement - John Charnley [18]1962 First Oral Polio Vaccine

1963 - Artificial Heart - Paul Winchell [18]1963 - Thomas Starzl performs the first human liver transplant1963 - James Hardy performs the first human lung transplant1963 - Valium (diazepam) - Leo H Sternbach [18]1964 First vaccine for Measles1965 Frank Pantridge installs the first portable defibrillator1965 - Rubella Vaccine - Harry Martin Meyer [18]1965 First commercial ultrasound

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1966 - Richard Lillehei performs the first human pancreas transplant1967 First vaccine for Mumps1967 Christiaan Barnard performs the first human heart transplant1968 - Powered Prothesis - Samuel Alderson [18]1968 - Controlled Drug Delivery - Alejandro Zaffaroni [18]

1969 - Internet - Advanced Research Project Agency (ARPA) [18]1969 - Balloon Catheter - Thomas Fogarty [18]1969 - Cochlear Implant - William House [18]1970 First vaccine for Rubella1970 - Cyclosporine, the first effective immunosuppressive drug isintroduced in organ transplant practice1971 - Genetically Modified Organisms - Ananda Chakrabart [18]1971 - Magnetic Resonance Imaging - Raymond Vahan Damadian [18]1971 - Computed Tomography (CT or CAT Scan) - Godfrey Hounsfield[18]1971 - Transdermal Patches - Alejandro Zaffaroni [18]

1971 Sir Godfrey Hounsfield invents the first commercial CT scanner1972 - Insulin Pump - Dean Kamen [18]1973 - Laser Eye Surgery - Mani Lai Bhaumik [18]1974 - Liposuction - Giorgio Fischer [18]1976 First commercial PET scanner1978 Last fatal case of smallpox[16]1979 Antiviral Drugs - George Hitchings & Gertrude Elion [18]1980 Raymond Damadian builds first commercial MRI scanner1980 - Lithotripter - Dornier Research Group [18]1980 First vaccine for Hepatitis B - Dr Baruch Blimberg [18]1981 - Artificial Skin - John F Burke & Ioannis V Yannas [18]

1981 - Bruce Reitz performs the first human heart-lung combinedtransplant1982 - Humulin insulin - Eli Lilly [18]Interferon Cloning - Dr Sidney Pestika [18]1985 - Automated DNA Sequencer - Leroy Hood & Lloyd Smith [18]1985 - Polymerase Chain Reaction (PCR) - Kaery Mullis [18]1985 - Surgical Robot - Dr Yik San Kwoh [18]1985 - DNA Fingerprinting - Alec Jeffreys [18]1985 - Capsule Endoscopy - Tarun Mullick [18]1986 - Fluoxetine HCl - Eli Lilly and Co [18]1987 Ben Carson, leading a 70-member medical team in Germany,

was the first to separate occipital craniopagus twins.1987 - Statins - Merck & Co. [18]1987 - Tissue Engineering - Joseph Vacanti & Robert Langer [18]1988 - Intravascular Stent - Julio Palmaz [18]1988 - Laser Cataract Surgery - Dr Patricia Bath [18]1989 - Preimplantation Genetic Diagnosis (PGD) - Alan Handyside [18]1989 - DNA Microarray - Stephen Fodor [18]1989 - World Wide Web WWW - Tim Berners-Lee [18]

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1990 - Gamow Bag - Dr Igor Gamow [18]1992 First vaccine for Hepatitis A available[17]1992 - Electroactive Polymer (Artificial Muscle) - SRI International [18]1992 - Intracytoplasmic Sperm Injection (ICSI) - Andre van Steirteghem[18]

1998 - Stem Cell Therapy - James Thomson [18]

2000 present26 June 2000 - Human Genome draft completed2001 Telesurgery - Jacques Marescaux [18]2001 Artificial Liver - Kenneth Matsumura [18]2001 Self-Healing Materials Scott White [18]2002 Chitosan Bandages by HemCon [18]2003 Carlo Urbani, of Doctors without Borders alerted the WorldHealth Organization to the threat of the SARS virus, triggering the most

effective response to an epidemic in history. Urbani succumbs to thedisease himself in less than a month.2005 Jean-Michel Dubernard performs the first partial face transplant2006 First HPV vaccine approved2006 Second rotavirus vaccine approved (first was withdrawn)2007 - Visual Prosthetic (bionic eye)Argus II [18]2008 Laurent Lantieri performs the first full face transplant