19th century art

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19 th Century Art

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Page 1: 19th Century Art

19th Century Art

Page 2: 19th Century Art

19th Century in Europe and USA

• Paris as a Cultural Center

• Industrial Revolution – the machine age

• Urbanization – larger numbers of people moving to cities (Immigration in New York)

• Science and Progress

• Freedom of Expression

Page 3: 19th Century Art

New Technology in Architecture

19th Century Belief in Progress and Advancement of Civilization Through Science and Technology

Page 4: 19th Century Art

Brooklyn Bridge

John Augustus Roebling and Washington Augustus Roebling, Brooklyn Bridge (New York), Completed in 1883 (started in 1870), Architecture

Page 5: 19th Century Art

Brooklyn Bridge

John Augustus Roebling and Washington Augustus Roebling, Brooklyn Bridge (New York), Completed in 1883 (started in 1870), Architecture

• Used Steel to make the bridge long

• Architect designed twisted wire cable

• Bridge 2000 Meters long (longest bridge built at that time)

• Gothic style arches

Page 6: 19th Century Art

Eiffel Tower

Gustave Eiffel, Eiffel Tower (Paris),1889, Architecture

Page 7: 19th Century Art

Eiffel Tower

Gustave Eiffel, Eiffel Tower (Paris),1889, Architecture

• Tallest structure built at that time (used steel)

• Built for 1889 Universal Exposition

• Classical Round Arch

• Exposed steel structure (not covered by glass or walls)

• Paris is the “center” of the Art World in 19th Century

Page 8: 19th Century Art

Photography and Its Effects

• Photography had a profound influence on art since its invention

• Portrait Photography became more popular than portrait painting

• Many artists were influenced by the ”realism” in the photos

• Some artists starting using photography for sources

• Some accepted photography as an art form, while others were against photography as art

Page 9: 19th Century Art

First photograph Taken by Joseph Nicephone Niepce in France in 1826

- Niepce experimented with processes of reproducing still images starting in 1816

- But, the process wasn’t practical – exposure time was 8 hours for one photograph!

Page 10: 19th Century Art

The Daguerreotype

• The first practical process of photography was the Daguerreotype, introduced in 1839

• Invented by Louis-Jacque-Mande Daguerre, a French painter and printmaker

Page 11: 19th Century Art

The first daguerreotype (Still life of Classic Roman Objects)

Page 12: 19th Century Art

Eadweard Muybridge

• First motion photography which led into “moving pictures” (movies)

• Muybridge was hired by Leland Stanford (founder of Stanford University in USA) to see if there’s a moment when all horses hooves off the ground at same time

Page 13: 19th Century Art

Eadweard Muybridge, Horse Galloping, 1878, Photograph (collotype)

Page 14: 19th Century Art

Gertrude Kasebier Blessed Art Thou Among Women Photography (Platinum Print on Japanese Paper) 1899

Page 15: 19th Century Art

• Gertrude Kasebier was an American portrait painter who took up photography after raising her family

• Pictorial Style

• Scene from everyday life with a sense of the spiritual and divine

• Title refers to a phrase from The Old Testament (Bible) by angel who announced to Virgin Mary that she’ll have a baby

Page 16: 19th Century Art

Impressionism

• Style that began in France in mid-19th Century (1860’s)

• Term impressionism was given to this style by an art critic who thought the art looked unfinished and too “sketchy”

• Interest in color and light

• Painted outdoors “Plein air”

• French culture

Page 17: 19th Century Art

Claude Monet, Terrace at Sainte-Adresse, Oil on Canvas, 1867

Page 18: 19th Century Art

Claude Monet

Terrace at Sainte-Adresse

Oil on Canvas

1867

Plein air Painting (painted outdoors)

Strong Light and Shadow

Upper class French culture

Relaxing near the Sea

Page 19: 19th Century Art

Claude Monet,

The Water Lily Pond

Oil on Canvas

1899

Page 20: 19th Century Art

Claude Monet

The Water Lily Pond

Oil on Canvas

1899

Water Lilies is a series of 250 oil paintings that Monet worked on for the last 30 years of his life in his garden at his home, Giverny

Tradition of Landscape Painting

Symbolism of flowers

Japanese influence, including the bridge and water lilies

Page 21: 19th Century Art

Pierre-Auguste Renoir, Moulin de la Galette, Painting (oil on canvas),1876

Page 22: 19th Century Art

Pierre-Auguste Renoir

Moulin de la Galette

oil on canvas

1876

• Relaxing on a Sunday afternoon in Paris

• Young, fashionable Parisians

• Light coming through the trees (color and light)

Page 23: 19th Century Art

Berthe Morisot, Summer’s Day, Oil on Canvas, 1879

Page 24: 19th Century Art

Berthe Morisot

Summer’s Day

Oil on Canvas

1879

• Loose, painterly technique

• Women accepted as artists in 19th Century

• Paintings of French Women

Page 25: 19th Century Art

Post-Impressionism

• Later Impressionism starting in the late 1880s

• Independent styles focusing on human emotion, rather than simply optical impressions

• Often involved symbolism

• Paintings often made in studios, rather than outdoors

• Influenced generations of artists in 20th Century Modern Art

Page 26: 19th Century Art

Georges Seurat

A Sunday Afternoon on the Island of La Grande Jatte

oil on canvas

1884 - 1886

Page 27: 19th Century Art

• Used dots to create the painting (“pointilism” style

• Made many drawings of people on this island near Paris

• Upper Class French enjoying a Sunday afternoon

Georges Seurat

A Sunday Afternoon on the

Island of La Grande Jatte

oil on canvas

1884 - 1886

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Charcoal drawings (studies)

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Vincent van Gogh, Starry Night, 1889, Oil on Canvas

Page 34: 19th Century Art

• Theme: The vastness of the universe

• Focus on Emotion

• Symbolism

• Image of church represents his conflicted feeling about religion

• Thick paint (impasto) to create texture, use of line, overall blue color represents his emotions

Page 35: 19th Century Art

Paul Gauguin, Where Do We Come From? Where Are We Going? 1897, Oil on Canvas (4'6” x 12'3”)

Page 36: 19th Century Art

Gauguin, French painter, moved to Tahiti, an island in the South Pacific, to paint native people in the tropical landscape (moved away from Western culture)

Fusion of East and West

Gauguin struggled with questions about life (related to philosophy)

Expressive use of color

Use of Symbolism

Page 37: 19th Century Art

Edvard Munch The Scream,1893 Oil, Tempera, Pastel, and Crayon on Cardboard

Page 38: 19th Century Art

• Edvard Munch (1863 - 1944) was a Norwegian artist whose work is psychologically charged

• Strange, genderless figure in the landscape. Some scholars believe he was inspired by a Peruvian mummy that he saw in an exhibition at a museum in Paris.

• Focus on the emotion of fear and agony

• Munch’s work influenced later Modern Art styles in the early 20th Century, especially Expressionism

• Munch’s work is sometimes associated with the Symbolist movement, as well

Edvard Munch The Scream,1893 Oil, Tempera, Pastel, and Crayon on Cardboard

Page 39: 19th Century Art

Realism

• 19th Century Movement in France that tried to show “real” human emotion

• Artists painted indoors

• Style more “realistic” – true colors, more detailed

Page 40: 19th Century Art

Gustave Courbet, The Stone Breakers, 1849, Oil on Canvas

Page 41: 19th Century Art

Gustave Courbet Leading Figure of the 19th Century Realist Movement

• Image of workers

• Dreary colors convey the feeling of the labor

• Work is symbolic and political: In France in 1848, workers rebelled against the government for better working conditions

Page 42: 19th Century Art

Comparison

Page 43: 19th Century Art

Edouard Manet

A Bar at the Folies-Bergere

Oil on Canvas

1881

Page 44: 19th Century Art

Edouard Manet

Edouard Manet, A Bar at the Folies-Bergere, Oil on Canvas,1881

• Mirror in background with reflection

• Self-absorbed and slightly depressed (not looking at the customer / bored)

• Contrast of environment (Club) with the mood of the bartender

Page 45: 19th Century Art

Edouard Manet

Olympia,

oil on canvas

1863

Page 46: 19th Century Art

Edouard Manet

Olympia

oil on canvas

1863

• Based on a Renaissance Painting by Titian (Venus of Urbino)

• Olympia stares out coldly at the viewer

• Prostitute

• Symbolism

Page 47: 19th Century Art

Comparison

Page 48: 19th Century Art

Japonisme

• Name given to French art inspired by Japanese art during the 19th Century

• Japan began to trade with Western countries in the 19th Century

• Europeans become interested in Japanese culture (collected Japanese objects and art)

Page 49: 19th Century Art

Utagawa Hiroshige

One Hundred Views of Edo

Woodblock Print

1856 - 1858

Page 50: 19th Century Art

Utagawa Hiroshige, One Hundred Views of Edo, Graphic Arts, 1856 - 1858

• Traditional Japanese Medium

• Flat Shapes

• Dull color with a few areas of bright color

• Looking down into the picture

• Diagonal movement

Page 51: 19th Century Art

Edgar Degas

The Rehearsal on Stage

Oil on Canvas

1874

Page 52: 19th Century Art

Edgar Degas, The Rehearsal on Stage, Painting (Oil on Canvas), 1874

• Inspired by Japanese Woodblock Prints

• Theme of Ballet Dancers (Movement of Dancers / French Culture)

Page 53: 19th Century Art

Comparison

Page 54: 19th Century Art

Henri de Toulouse Lautrec

Jane Avril

Lithograph

1893

Page 55: 19th Century Art

Inspired by Japanese Woodblock Prints

Posters advertising Bars, Dancers, Musicians in Paris

Lithograph – type of printmaking using a flat stone and wax resist process

Henri de Toulouse Lautrec, Jane Avril, Graphic Arts (Lithograph), 1893

Page 56: 19th Century Art

Mary Cassatt

Maternal Caress

Drypoint and Aquatint (printmaking)

1890 - 1891

Page 57: 19th Century Art

Mary Cassatt

Maternal Caress

Drypoint and Aquatint

1890 - 1891

• Inspired by Japanese Woodblock Prints (Cassatt collected them)

• Universal Theme of Mother and Child

• Mary Cassatt – American woman who went to Paris to study art