19th century art
TRANSCRIPT
19th Century Art
19th Century in Europe and USA
• Paris as a Cultural Center
• Industrial Revolution – the machine age
• Urbanization – larger numbers of people moving to cities (Immigration in New York)
• Science and Progress
• Freedom of Expression
New Technology in Architecture
19th Century Belief in Progress and Advancement of Civilization Through Science and Technology
Brooklyn Bridge
John Augustus Roebling and Washington Augustus Roebling, Brooklyn Bridge (New York), Completed in 1883 (started in 1870), Architecture
Brooklyn Bridge
John Augustus Roebling and Washington Augustus Roebling, Brooklyn Bridge (New York), Completed in 1883 (started in 1870), Architecture
• Used Steel to make the bridge long
• Architect designed twisted wire cable
• Bridge 2000 Meters long (longest bridge built at that time)
• Gothic style arches
Eiffel Tower
Gustave Eiffel, Eiffel Tower (Paris),1889, Architecture
Eiffel Tower
Gustave Eiffel, Eiffel Tower (Paris),1889, Architecture
• Tallest structure built at that time (used steel)
• Built for 1889 Universal Exposition
• Classical Round Arch
• Exposed steel structure (not covered by glass or walls)
• Paris is the “center” of the Art World in 19th Century
Photography and Its Effects
• Photography had a profound influence on art since its invention
• Portrait Photography became more popular than portrait painting
• Many artists were influenced by the ”realism” in the photos
• Some artists starting using photography for sources
• Some accepted photography as an art form, while others were against photography as art
First photograph Taken by Joseph Nicephone Niepce in France in 1826
- Niepce experimented with processes of reproducing still images starting in 1816
- But, the process wasn’t practical – exposure time was 8 hours for one photograph!
The Daguerreotype
• The first practical process of photography was the Daguerreotype, introduced in 1839
• Invented by Louis-Jacque-Mande Daguerre, a French painter and printmaker
The first daguerreotype (Still life of Classic Roman Objects)
Eadweard Muybridge
• First motion photography which led into “moving pictures” (movies)
• Muybridge was hired by Leland Stanford (founder of Stanford University in USA) to see if there’s a moment when all horses hooves off the ground at same time
Eadweard Muybridge, Horse Galloping, 1878, Photograph (collotype)
Gertrude Kasebier Blessed Art Thou Among Women Photography (Platinum Print on Japanese Paper) 1899
• Gertrude Kasebier was an American portrait painter who took up photography after raising her family
• Pictorial Style
• Scene from everyday life with a sense of the spiritual and divine
• Title refers to a phrase from The Old Testament (Bible) by angel who announced to Virgin Mary that she’ll have a baby
Impressionism
• Style that began in France in mid-19th Century (1860’s)
• Term impressionism was given to this style by an art critic who thought the art looked unfinished and too “sketchy”
• Interest in color and light
• Painted outdoors “Plein air”
• French culture
Claude Monet, Terrace at Sainte-Adresse, Oil on Canvas, 1867
Claude Monet
Terrace at Sainte-Adresse
Oil on Canvas
1867
Plein air Painting (painted outdoors)
Strong Light and Shadow
Upper class French culture
Relaxing near the Sea
Claude Monet,
The Water Lily Pond
Oil on Canvas
1899
Claude Monet
The Water Lily Pond
Oil on Canvas
1899
Water Lilies is a series of 250 oil paintings that Monet worked on for the last 30 years of his life in his garden at his home, Giverny
Tradition of Landscape Painting
Symbolism of flowers
Japanese influence, including the bridge and water lilies
Pierre-Auguste Renoir, Moulin de la Galette, Painting (oil on canvas),1876
Pierre-Auguste Renoir
Moulin de la Galette
oil on canvas
1876
• Relaxing on a Sunday afternoon in Paris
• Young, fashionable Parisians
• Light coming through the trees (color and light)
Berthe Morisot, Summer’s Day, Oil on Canvas, 1879
Berthe Morisot
Summer’s Day
Oil on Canvas
1879
• Loose, painterly technique
• Women accepted as artists in 19th Century
• Paintings of French Women
Post-Impressionism
• Later Impressionism starting in the late 1880s
• Independent styles focusing on human emotion, rather than simply optical impressions
• Often involved symbolism
• Paintings often made in studios, rather than outdoors
• Influenced generations of artists in 20th Century Modern Art
Georges Seurat
A Sunday Afternoon on the Island of La Grande Jatte
oil on canvas
1884 - 1886
• Used dots to create the painting (“pointilism” style
• Made many drawings of people on this island near Paris
• Upper Class French enjoying a Sunday afternoon
Georges Seurat
A Sunday Afternoon on the
Island of La Grande Jatte
oil on canvas
1884 - 1886
Charcoal drawings (studies)
Vincent van Gogh, Starry Night, 1889, Oil on Canvas
• Theme: The vastness of the universe
• Focus on Emotion
• Symbolism
• Image of church represents his conflicted feeling about religion
• Thick paint (impasto) to create texture, use of line, overall blue color represents his emotions
Paul Gauguin, Where Do We Come From? Where Are We Going? 1897, Oil on Canvas (4'6” x 12'3”)
Gauguin, French painter, moved to Tahiti, an island in the South Pacific, to paint native people in the tropical landscape (moved away from Western culture)
Fusion of East and West
Gauguin struggled with questions about life (related to philosophy)
Expressive use of color
Use of Symbolism
Edvard Munch The Scream,1893 Oil, Tempera, Pastel, and Crayon on Cardboard
• Edvard Munch (1863 - 1944) was a Norwegian artist whose work is psychologically charged
• Strange, genderless figure in the landscape. Some scholars believe he was inspired by a Peruvian mummy that he saw in an exhibition at a museum in Paris.
• Focus on the emotion of fear and agony
• Munch’s work influenced later Modern Art styles in the early 20th Century, especially Expressionism
• Munch’s work is sometimes associated with the Symbolist movement, as well
Edvard Munch The Scream,1893 Oil, Tempera, Pastel, and Crayon on Cardboard
Realism
• 19th Century Movement in France that tried to show “real” human emotion
• Artists painted indoors
• Style more “realistic” – true colors, more detailed
Gustave Courbet, The Stone Breakers, 1849, Oil on Canvas
Gustave Courbet Leading Figure of the 19th Century Realist Movement
• Image of workers
• Dreary colors convey the feeling of the labor
• Work is symbolic and political: In France in 1848, workers rebelled against the government for better working conditions
Comparison
Edouard Manet
A Bar at the Folies-Bergere
Oil on Canvas
1881
Edouard Manet
Edouard Manet, A Bar at the Folies-Bergere, Oil on Canvas,1881
• Mirror in background with reflection
• Self-absorbed and slightly depressed (not looking at the customer / bored)
• Contrast of environment (Club) with the mood of the bartender
Edouard Manet
Olympia,
oil on canvas
1863
Edouard Manet
Olympia
oil on canvas
1863
• Based on a Renaissance Painting by Titian (Venus of Urbino)
• Olympia stares out coldly at the viewer
• Prostitute
• Symbolism
Comparison
Japonisme
• Name given to French art inspired by Japanese art during the 19th Century
• Japan began to trade with Western countries in the 19th Century
• Europeans become interested in Japanese culture (collected Japanese objects and art)
Utagawa Hiroshige
One Hundred Views of Edo
Woodblock Print
1856 - 1858
Utagawa Hiroshige, One Hundred Views of Edo, Graphic Arts, 1856 - 1858
• Traditional Japanese Medium
• Flat Shapes
• Dull color with a few areas of bright color
• Looking down into the picture
• Diagonal movement
Edgar Degas
The Rehearsal on Stage
Oil on Canvas
1874
Edgar Degas, The Rehearsal on Stage, Painting (Oil on Canvas), 1874
• Inspired by Japanese Woodblock Prints
• Theme of Ballet Dancers (Movement of Dancers / French Culture)
Comparison
Henri de Toulouse Lautrec
Jane Avril
Lithograph
1893
Inspired by Japanese Woodblock Prints
Posters advertising Bars, Dancers, Musicians in Paris
Lithograph – type of printmaking using a flat stone and wax resist process
Henri de Toulouse Lautrec, Jane Avril, Graphic Arts (Lithograph), 1893
Mary Cassatt
Maternal Caress
Drypoint and Aquatint (printmaking)
1890 - 1891
Mary Cassatt
Maternal Caress
Drypoint and Aquatint
1890 - 1891
• Inspired by Japanese Woodblock Prints (Cassatt collected them)
• Universal Theme of Mother and Child
• Mary Cassatt – American woman who went to Paris to study art