1914-1918: the world at war different names “the war to end all wars” “the great war” ...
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1914-1918:The World
at War
Different NamesDifferent Names “ “The War to End All Wars”The War to End All Wars”
“ “The Great War”The Great War”
“ “The War to ‘Make theThe War to ‘Make the World Safe for Democracy’” World Safe for Democracy’”
““World War I” (given this only World War I” (given this only after World War II)after World War II)
The M.A.I.N.
Long-Term Causes
of the War
The M.A.I.N.
Long-Term Causes
of the War
1. Militarism & Arms Race1. Militarism & Arms Race• Militarism-- the glorification of armed
strength and the build up of military force• Naval Arms Race between Germany & Britain
1. Militarism & Arms Race1. Militarism & Arms Race
1870 1880 1890 1900 1910 1914
94 130 154 268 289 398
Total Defense Expenditures for the Great Total Defense Expenditures for the Great Powers [Ger., A-H, It., Fr., Br., Rus.] in Powers [Ger., A-H, It., Fr., Br., Rus.] in
millions of £s.millions of £s.
1910-1914 Increase in Defense Expenditures
France 10%
Britain 13%
Russia 39%
Germany 73%
2. Alliance System2. Alliance System
Triple EntenteTriple Entente::Triple EntenteTriple Entente:: Triple AllianceTriple Alliance::Triple AllianceTriple Alliance::
Triple Entente vs. Triple Alliance
Triple Entente:France, Britain, and Russia
Triple Alliance: Germany, Austria-Hungary, and Italy
Alliance: Agreement between nations to aid and protect one another
Two Armed Camps!Two Armed Camps!Allied PowersAllied Powers::Allied PowersAllied Powers:: Central PowersCentral Powers::Central PowersCentral Powers::
The Major Players: 1914-17
The Major Players: 1914-17
Nicholas II Nicholas II [Rus][Rus]
Nicholas II Nicholas II [Rus][Rus]
George V [Br]George V [Br]George V [Br]George V [Br]
Pres. Poincare Pres. Poincare [Fr][Fr]
Pres. Poincare Pres. Poincare [Fr][Fr]
Allied PowersAllied Powers::Allied PowersAllied Powers::
Franz Josef [A-H]Franz Josef [A-H]Franz Josef [A-H]Franz Josef [A-H]
Wilhelm II [Ger]Wilhelm II [Ger]Wilhelm II [Ger]Wilhelm II [Ger]
Victor Emmanuel Victor Emmanuel II [It]II [It]
Victor Emmanuel Victor Emmanuel II [It]II [It]
Central PowersCentral Powers::Central PowersCentral Powers::
Enver PashaEnver Pasha[Turkey][Turkey]
Enver PashaEnver Pasha[Turkey][Turkey]
Europe in 1914Europe in 1914
3. Imperial Rivalries3. Imperial Rivalries
4. Nationalism4. Nationalism
Pride in or devotion to one’s nation
French Nationalism
• France wanted revenge for its humiliating defeat in Franco-Prussian War of 1870-71
• Also wanted to regain Alsace-Lorraine, which it had lost in that war.
Nationalism in Austria-Hungary
All the ethnic groups in Austria-Hungary wanted their own independent nations
Pan-Slavism: Slavic Nationalism
• A movement among Slavic peoples that promoted the unity of all Slavic peoples
The Balkans, 1914The Balkans, 1914
The“Powder Keg”
of Europe
The“Powder Keg”
of Europe
The“Spark”
(The Immediate Cause)
The“Spark”
(The Immediate Cause)
Archduke Franz Ferdinand & His Family
Archduke Franz Ferdinand & His Family
The Assassination of the Archduke : Sarajevo
The Assassination of the Archduke : Sarajevo
The Assassin: The Assassin:
GavriloPrincipGavriloPrincip
Who’s To Blame?Who’s To Blame?
A Chain Reaction Leads to War
1. Austria-Hungary Declares War on Serbia, July 28, 1914
2. Germany supports Austria-Hungary
3. Russia mobilizes to defend Serbia
4. Germany gives Russia 12 hours to demobilize & demands that France
stay neutral if Russia & Germany do go to war (they refuse)
5. Germany declares war on Russia, August 1, 1914
6. Germany declares war on France, August 3, 1914 (because Germany knew they’d side with Russia and Germany’s Schlieffen Plan required that Germany
fight France first)
7. Germans cross neutral Belgium to attack France, August 4, 1914
8. Britain declares war on Germany, August 4, 1914
9. Japan enters war on the side of Great Britain & France, August 23,
1914
10. Ottoman Empire enters war on side of Austria-Hungary, October 28,
1914
11. Italy, who did not honor its treaty with Germany & Austria-Hungary, joins the Allies,May 1915
12. Bulgaria joins the Central Powers, October 1915
13. Greece & Romania join the Allies,1916
The Schlieffen PlanThe Schlieffen Plan
German Atrocities in Belgium
German Atrocities in Belgium
MobilizationMobilization
It's a long way to Tipperary,It's a long way to Tipperary, It's a long way to go;It's a long way to go; It's a long way to Tipperary,It's a long way to Tipperary, To the sweetest girl I know!To the sweetest girl I know! Goodbye, Piccadilly,Goodbye, Piccadilly, Farewell, Leicester Square,Farewell, Leicester Square, It's a long, long way to Tipperary,It's a long, long way to Tipperary, But my heart's right there!But my heart's right there!
It's a long way to Tipperary,It's a long way to Tipperary, It's a long way to go;It's a long way to go; It's a long way to Tipperary,It's a long way to Tipperary, To the sweetest girl I know!To the sweetest girl I know! Goodbye, Piccadilly,Goodbye, Piccadilly, Farewell, Leicester Square,Farewell, Leicester Square, It's a long, long way to Tipperary,It's a long, long way to Tipperary, But my heart's right there!But my heart's right there!
Home by Home by Christmas!Christmas!
No major war No major war in 50 years!in 50 years!
Nationalism!Nationalism!
Home by Home by Christmas!Christmas!
No major war No major war in 50 years!in 50 years!
Nationalism!Nationalism!
Recruitment PostersRecruitment Posters
A Young Australian Recruit
A Young Australian Recruit
Recruits of the Central PowersRecruits of the Central Powers
Austro-Austro-HungariansHungarians
Austro-Austro-HungariansHungarians
A German Soldier A German Soldier Says Farewell to His Says Farewell to His
MotherMother
A German Soldier A German Soldier Says Farewell to His Says Farewell to His
MotherMother
New French RecruitsNew French Recruits
A German Boy Pretends to Be a Soldier
A German Boy Pretends to Be a Soldier
Soldiers Mobilized
0
2
4
6
8
10
12
14
France Germany Russia Britain
Mil
lio
ns
The Western Front:
A “War of Attrition”
The Western Front:
A “War of Attrition”
A Multi-Front WarA Multi-Front War
The Western FrontThe Western Front
Trench WarfareTrench Warfare
Trench WarfareTrench Warfare
““No Man’s No Man’s Land”Land”
““No Man’s No Man’s Land”Land”
Verdun – February, 1916
Verdun – February, 1916
German offensive.
Each side had 500,000 casualties.
German offensive.
Each side had 500,000 casualties.
The Somme – July, 1916
The Somme – July, 1916
60,000 British soldiers killed in one day.
Over 1,000,000 killed in 5 months.
60,000 British soldiers killed in one day.
Over 1,000,000 killed in 5 months.
War Is HELL !!War Is HELL !!
Sacrifices in WarSacrifices in War
Krupp’s “Big Bertha” GunKrupp’s “Big Bertha” Gun