1914-1914-1918:1918:

The The WorldWorldat Warat War

Chapter Chapter 1111

1914-1914-1918:1918:

The The WorldWorldat Warat War

Chapter Chapter 1111

CausesCausesof theof theWarWar

CausesCausesof theof theWarWar

1. The Alliance System1. The Alliance System

Triple EntenteTriple Entente::Triple EntenteTriple Entente:: Triple AllianceTriple Alliance::Triple AllianceTriple Alliance::

GermanyBritain

FranceAustria-Hungary

Russia Italy

Two Armed Camps!Two Armed Camps!Allied PowersAllied Powers::Allied PowersAllied Powers:: Central PowersCentral Powers::Central PowersCentral Powers::

Italy joins Allies and Ottoman Empire joins Central Powers

2. Militarism

Stronger Army= stronger empire

Increased military spending

Naval Arms race competition against Germany, France, Italy, Japan, and U.S.

3. Imperialism; Economic & Imperial Rivalries

3. Imperialism; Economic & Imperial Rivalries

Imperialist countries competing for more territory

4. Aggressive Nationalism

4. Aggressive Nationalism

Pan-Slavism: The Balkans, 1914

Pan-Slavism: The Balkans, 1914

The“Powder

Keg”of Europe

“The spark…” An assassinatio

n

The“Powder

Keg”of Europe

“The spark…” An assassinatio

n

Archduke Franz Ferdinand & His Family

Archduke Franz Ferdinand & His Family

The Assassination: Sarajevo

The Assassination: Sarajevo

The Assassin: The Assassin:

GavriloPrincipGavriloPrincip

Serbian nationalist shot the Austrian heir, immediately setting off diplomatic crisis. Many thought it would be a short war against Serbia.

July 23rd Austria Hungary Presents Serbia with an ultimatum July 28th Austria-Hungary declares war on Serbia July 29th Russia Mobilizes its troops August 1, 1914 Germany mobilizes troops. August 2nd Germany declares war on Russia Germany invades Poland

and Luxemburg, invasion of France starts August 3: Germany declares war on France August 4: Germany declares war on Belgium and invades it, August 4:England declares war on Germany August 5: Austria declares war on Russia and Great Britain

Summer of 1914

Triple Entente/Triple Alliance Actions

Who Declared War on Who?

Austria-Hungary Declares War on Serbia Russia Declares War on Austria Hungary Germany Declares War on Russia Germany Declares War on France England Declares War on Germany and

Austria Hungary

Europe in 1914Europe in 1914

MobilizationMobilization

It's a long way to Tipperary,It's a long way to Tipperary, It's a long way to go;It's a long way to go; It's a long way to Tipperary,It's a long way to Tipperary, To the sweetest girl I know!To the sweetest girl I know! Goodbye, Piccadilly,Goodbye, Piccadilly, Farewell, Leicester Square,Farewell, Leicester Square, It's a long, long way to Tipperary,It's a long, long way to Tipperary, But my heart's right there!But my heart's right there!

It's a long way to Tipperary,It's a long way to Tipperary, It's a long way to go;It's a long way to go; It's a long way to Tipperary,It's a long way to Tipperary, To the sweetest girl I know!To the sweetest girl I know! Goodbye, Piccadilly,Goodbye, Piccadilly, Farewell, Leicester Square,Farewell, Leicester Square, It's a long, long way to Tipperary,It's a long, long way to Tipperary, But my heart's right there!But my heart's right there!

Home by Christmas!Home by Christmas! No major war No major war

in 50 years!in 50 years! Nationalism!Nationalism!

Home by Christmas!Home by Christmas! No major war No major war

in 50 years!in 50 years! Nationalism!Nationalism!

Recruitment PostersRecruitment Posters

Recruits of the Central PowersRecruits of the Central Powers

Austro-Austro-HungariansHungarians

Austro-Austro-HungariansHungarians

A German A German Soldier Says Soldier Says

Farewell to His Farewell to His MotherMother

A German A German Soldier Says Soldier Says

Farewell to His Farewell to His MotherMother

New French RecruitsNew French Recruits

A German Boy Pretends to Be a Soldier

A German Boy Pretends to Be a Soldier

Soldiers Mobilized

0

2

4

6

8

10

12

14

France Germany Russia Britain

Mil

lio

ns

WomenWomenand and thetheWarWar

EffortEffort

WomenWomenand and thetheWarWar

EffortEffort

Financing the WarFinancing the War

For RecruitmentFor Recruitment

Munitions WorkersMunitions Workers

French Women Factory Workers

French Women Factory Workers

German Women Factory Workers

German Women Factory Workers

Working in the FieldsWorking in the Fields

A Woman Ambulance Driver

A Woman Ambulance Driver

Red Cross NursesRed Cross Nurses

Women in the Army Auxiliary

Women in the Army Auxiliary

Russian Women Soldiers

Russian Women Soldiers

SpiesSpies

“Mata Hari”

Real Name: Margareetha Geertruide Zelle

German Spy!

“Mata Hari”

Real Name: Margareetha Geertruide Zelle

German Spy!

The The Western Western Front:Front:

A “War of A “War of

AttritionAttrition””

The The Western Western Front:Front:

A “War of A “War of

AttritionAttrition””

A Multi-Front WarA Multi-Front War

The Schlieffen PlanThe Schlieffen Plan

The Western FrontThe Western Front

Trench WarfareTrench Warfare

Trench WarfareTrench Warfare

““No Man’s No Man’s Land”Land”

““No Man’s No Man’s Land”Land”

The Somme – July, 1916

The Somme – July, 1916

60,000 British soldiers killed in one day.

Over 1,000,000 killed in 5 months.

60,000 British soldiers killed in one day.

Over 1,000,000 killed in 5 months.

War Is HELL !!War Is HELL !!

Sacrifices in WarSacrifices in War

Krupp’s “Big Bertha” GunKrupp’s “Big Bertha” Gun

TheTheEasternEastern

FrontFront

TheTheEasternEastern

FrontFront

The Gallipoli Disaster, 1915

The Gallipoli Disaster, 1915

TheThe“Colonial“Colonial

””FrontsFronts

TheThe“Colonial“Colonial

””FrontsFronts

Sikh British Soldiers in India

Sikh British Soldiers in India

Fighting in AfricaFighting in Africa

British Sikh Mountain Gunners

British Sikh Mountain Gunners

Black Soldiers in the German

Schutztruppen[German E. Africa]

Black Soldiers in the German

Schutztruppen[German E. Africa]

Fighting in AfricaFighting in Africa

3rd British Battalion, Nigerian Brigade3rd British Battalion, Nigerian Brigade

Fighting in Salonika, Greece

Fighting in Salonika, Greece

French colonial marine infantry fromCochin, China - 1916

French colonial marine infantry fromCochin, China - 1916

AmericAmericaa

JoinsJoinsthethe

AlliesAllies

AmericAmericaa

JoinsJoinsthethe

AlliesAllies

US claims Neutrality

“I didn’t raise my boy to be a soldier

I brought him up to be my pride and joy

Who dares to place a musket on his shoulder,

To shoot some other mother’s darling boy?”

-Song of 1915 in America

The Sinking of the Lusitania

The Sinking of the Lusitania

US Road to War, The Last Straw

Zimmerman Note

The Zimmerman Telegram

The Zimmerman TelegramAfter Germany continued

unrestricted submarine warfare, hostile or neutral ships were destroyed, Wilson tried to keep U.S. out of war until this telegram was intercepted.

Germany would support Mexico in recovering “lost territory in Texas, New Mexico, and Arizona.”

Selective Service Act

This act requires men to register with the government in order to be randomly selected for military service.

By 1918, 24 million registered and 3 million were called up.

The YanksAre

Coming!

The YanksAre

Coming!

General John J. Pershing Led the American

Expeditionary Force Led American infantrymen

“doughboys” Was made General of the

Armies, the highest rank to an officer.

Pershing believed trench warfare was too slow and made too little progress. He preferred aggressive combat. Under his leadership, American forces stopped the German advance, but at a high loss of life.

Private Alvin York Conscientious objector to

war. “Thou shalt not kill” It was okay to fight if the

cause was just. October, 1918, with a rifle

and revolver, he killed 25 Germans with 6 other “dough boys” and captured 132 German prisoners

“The greatest thing accomplished by a private soldier of all the armies of Europe.”

York was promoted to Sergeant.

Americans in the Trenches

Americans in the Trenches

The War of The War of thethe

Industrial Industrial Revolution:Revolution:

NewNewTechnologyTechnology

The War of The War of thethe

Industrial Industrial Revolution:Revolution:

NewNewTechnologyTechnology

French Renault TankFrench Renault Tank

British Tank at YpresBritish Tank at Ypres

U-BoatsU-Boats

Allied Ships Sunk by U-Boats

Allied Ships Sunk by U-Boats

The AirplaneThe Airplane

“Squadron Over the Brenta”

Max Edler von Poosch, 1917

“Squadron Over the Brenta”

Max Edler von Poosch, 1917

The Flying Aces of World War I

The Flying Aces of World War I

Eddie Rickenbacher, US

FrancescoBarraco, It.

Rene PaukFonck, Fr.

Manfred vonRichtoffen, Ger.

[The “Red Baron”]

Willy Coppens deHolthust, Belg.

Eddie “Mick”Mannoch, Br.

Curtis-Martin U. S. Aircraft Plant

Curtis-Martin U. S. Aircraft Plant

Looking for the “Red Baron?”

Looking for the “Red Baron?”

The ZeppelinThe Zeppelin

FlameThrowers

FlameThrowers

GrenadeLaunchersGrenade

Launchers

Poison Gas

Poison Gas

Machine Gun

Machine Gun

““Art”Art”ofof

WorldWorldWar IWar I

““Art”Art”ofof

WorldWorldWar IWar I

“A Street in Arras”John Singer Sargent, 1918

“A Street in Arras”John Singer Sargent, 1918

“Oppy Wood” – John Nash, 1917

“Oppy Wood” – John Nash, 1917

“Those Who Have Lost Their Names”

Albin Eggar-Linz, 1914

“Those Who Have Lost Their Names”

Albin Eggar-Linz, 1914

“Gassed and Wounded”Eric Kennington, 1918

“Gassed and Wounded”Eric Kennington, 1918

“Paths of Glory”C. R. W. Nevinson, 1917

“Paths of Glory”C. R. W. Nevinson, 1917

German Cartoon:“Fit for active service!”,

1918

German Cartoon:“Fit for active service!”,

1918

1918 Flu Pandemic: Depletes All Armies1918 Flu Pandemic: Depletes All Armies

50,000,000 – 50,000,000 – 100,000,000 died100,000,000 died

50,000,000 – 50,000,000 – 100,000,000 died100,000,000 died

11 a.m., November 11, 1918

11 a.m., November 11, 1918

The Armistice is Signed!

(cease-fire or truce to end the war)

22,000,00022,000,000 DeadDead22,000,00022,000,000 DeadDead

The War at Home U.S. lost 48,000 men in battle 62,000 died of disease 200,000 wounded

War Industries Board, regulated industries and production in the U.S. (Quotas and allocated resources)

“gasless Sundays” “lightless nights” Daylight-Saving time

Wilson set up Food and Drug Administration:– Food Rationing “gospel of the clean plate”– One day per week “meatless, sweetless, wheatless, and porkless”

Victory Gardens were encouraged to increase U.S. food production.

Anti-Immigrant Hysteria in U.S. Americans from Germany and Austria-Hungary were attacked. German businesses and names were targeted. Art/Education

– Stopped playing Mozart, Bach, Beethoven– Stopped teaching German language– Changed named of German Measles to Liberty measles,

Hamburger was Salisbury Steak or liberty sandwich.

Espionage and Sedition Acts- A person would be fined $10,000 for saying anything disloyal or abusive about the government or war effort. (Clearly violates 1st Amendment)– Eugene Debs (labor leader) was fined and sentenced for urging

workers to strike for better pay.

Great Migration

Large Scale movement of Southern African Americans to cities in the North

Migration began before war as African Americans were escaping Jim Crow Laws of the South.

Increased during the war due to increase job opportunities and less migration from Europe.

World War I CasualtiesWorld War I Casualties

01,000,0002,000,0003,000,0004,000,0005,000,0006,000,0007,000,0008,000,0009,000,000

10,000,000RussiaGermanyAustria-HungaryFranceGreat BritainItalyTurkeyUS

The Somme American Cemetary, France

The Somme American Cemetary, France

116,516 Americans Died116,516 Americans Died116,516 Americans Died116,516 Americans Died

Ending the WarThe Paris Peace Conference

Meeting of the “Big Four” at the Paris Peace Conference

“Big Four” create Treaty of Versailles– War Guilt Clause forcing Germany to

admit sole responsibility for war.– Break up of German, Austrian, Russian and

Ottoman Empire see pg 400 for new map.– Reparations war damages of $33 million to

the Allies.– Legacy of bitterness and betrayal

Wilson’s 14 Points Created to prevent another war.

– 1. No secret treaties among nations

– 2. Freedom of the seas for all.– 3. Lower tariffs to encourage trade.– 4. Reduce arms to levels consistent with domestic safety– 5. Consider the interests of imperialist powers and colonial

people.– 6-13 dealt with boundary changes based on distinct ethnic

identities.– 14. Create League of Nations to provide a forum for nations to

discuss grievances without going to war.

Opposition to the League of Nations

Henry Cabot Lodge, conservative senator feared the League threatened U.S. foreign policy and right to self-rule and limit American independence in international affairs.

Others feared the League would draw U.S. into international affairs.

Wilson delivered 34 speeches over 8,000 miles encouraging support of the League of Nations, but congress never approved and the United States never joined.

Legacy of War

1. America’s emergence as the world’s greatest industrial power.

2. Contributed to African Americans to northern American cities.

3. Intensified anti-immigrant sentiment among Americans.

4. Brought 1 million women into the workforce.