19 November 2015 19 November 2015 Social science that makes a difference

Presentation on MDG’s:MDG 3: Promote Gender Equality and Empower WomenMDG 6: Combat HIV/AIDS, malaria and other diseasesMDG 7: Ensure Environmental Sustainability

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Team: Dr E. Khalema, Dr C. Ndinda, Prof M. Makiwane, Dr Benita Moolman

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MDG 3: Promote gender equality and empower women

MDG 3: Promote gender equality and empower women

• Target 3A: Eliminate gender disparities in primary and secondary education, preferably by 2005, and in all levels of education by no later than 2015

Education Economy & Employment

Participation and

Leadership

Ratio of girls’ to boys’ enrollment in primary, secondary, and tertiary education

Share of women in wage employ-ment in the non-agricultural sector

Proportion of seats held by women in national parliament

Official MDG Indicators

Status at a GlanceStatus at a Glance

Table1: Status at a Glance

Target 4: Eliminate gender disparity in primary and secondary education, preferably by 2005, and in all levels of education no later than 2013.

Indicators 1994 baseline

(or nearest year)

2010 Status

(or nearest year)

2013 Status

(or nearest year) 2015

Current status

(2014 or nearest year) 2015

2015 Target

Target achievability

Indicator type

GER & GPI at Primary School

0.97:1 (1996)

0.98:1

(2009) 0.96:1 (2011)

0.99:1 (2013)

1:1 Achieved MDG

GPI Secondary

1.13:1 (1996)

1.01:1

(2009) 1.07:1 (2011)

1.03:1 (2013)

1:1 Achieved MDG

GPI Tertiary 0.86:1 (1996)

1.32:1

(2009) 1.38:1 (2011)

1.41:1 (2013)

1:1 Achieved MDG

Ratio of literate females to literate males 15-24 years

1.1:1 (1996)

1:1 (2009)

1.0:1 (2011)

1.05:1 (2013)

1:1 Achieved MDG

Sources: Snap Survey, DBE; HEMIS (DHET); Labor Force Surveys; Secretaries of Provincial Legislators

DefinitionsDefinitions

• The Gender Parity Index (GPI) reflects females' level of access to education compared to that of males. This is calculated for each school phase. A GPI of less than 1 indicates that there are fewer females than males in the formal education system in proportion to the appropriate school-age population.

• Gross Enrolment Rate (GER)

Limitations of the MDG3 IndicatorsLimitations of the MDG3 Indicators

• Only partially measure gender equality• Do not monitor key elements of gender

equality (GBV, health outcomes and disparities in access to productive resources such as land, credit, and technology)

• Inadequate measurement of empowerment• National-level indicators can veil inequalities

between particular subgroups

Challenges in respect of advancing Gender EqualityChallenges in respect of

advancing Gender Equality• While parity has been achieved in enrolment, there remains

substantial risks associated with girls participation in education compared to boys, particularly at secondary school level.

• These relate to drop out rates in secondary school arising socio-economic vulnerabilities and include violence against children and women and teenage pregnancies. Explicit demonstration of gender inequity

• Drivers of progress include constitutional imperatives and ratification of international human rights instruments (CEDAW, Beijing Platform etc.) which have informed legislation and the establishment of gender focussed machinery.

• Impediments to progress include societal norms, customs and cultural practices, inadequately supported govt. institutions, poor enforcement and monitoring and evaluation.

• SDG 5 attempts to address this through 6 targets• SDG’s must focus on addressing structural drivers of gender

inequality

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MDG 6: Combat HIV/AIDS, malaria and other

diseases

MDG 6: Combat HIV/AIDS, malaria and other

diseases

Prof Geoff Setswe

Overview of MDG 6Overview of MDG 6 Target 6a: Halt and begin to reverse the

spread of HIV/AIDS

Target 6b: Achieve, by 2010, universal access to treatment for HIV/AIDS for all those who need it

Target 6c: Halt and begin to reverse the incidence of malaria and other major diseases

Status at a Glance

Status at a Glance

Goal 6 Indicators 1994Baseline

Currentstatus 2015

2015target

Targetachievability

MDG6.1. HIV prevalence among population aged 15-24 years

9.3%(2002)

7.1% (2012/3)

8.7% Achieved

DOM: HIV prevalence among pregnant women aged 15 – 24 years

22.8%(2002)

21.7%(2012)

22.8% Achieved 

DOM: HIV prevalence in men and women aged 15-49 15.6%(2002)

18.8%(2012)

15.6% SDG3 & NSP 2016

MDG6.2. Condom use at last high-risk sex 27.3%(2002)

58.4%(2012/3)

75.9% SGD3 & NSP 2016

DOM: % of people that received an HIV test in the past 12 months and know their status

11.9(2005)

66.2% (2012/4)

49.1% Achieved

MDG6.3 Proportion of population aged 15-24 years with comprehensive correct knowledge of HIV/AIDS

56%(2002)

24.2% (2012)

80% SDG3

MDG6.4.Ratio of school attendance oforphans vs non-orphans aged 10-14 years

1:1(2002)

1:1(2012)

1:1 Achieved

Status at a Glance

Status at a GlanceGoal 6 Indicators 1994

BaselineCurrentstatus 2015

2015target

Targetachievability

MDG6.5. Proportion of population with advanced HIV infection with access to ART

13.9(2005)

65.5%(2012)

≈100 SDG3 & NSP 2016  

MDG6.6. Incidence of malaria Deaths from malaria

64 600 (2000) 9,874 (2013) < 64 600  

2.0 (2002) 0.6 (2013) < 2.0 Achieved

MDG6.9 Incidence of tuberculosis • Prevalence of TB • Death rates associated with TB per 100 000 population

253/100,000(2004)134,000(2004)147/100,000(2002)

860/100,000 (2013)530,000(2012)76/100,000 (2013)

< 253 < 134,000

< 147/ 100 000

 

 Achieved

MDG6.10. Proportion of TB cases detected and cured under DOTS

65.5 (2004) 

90% (2012/3)

100 Not achieved

DOM: % TB-HIV co-infected patients who have been placed on ART

26.4% (2009)

65.5% (2013)

85% SDG3 & NSP 2016

HIV Prevalence by AgeHIV Prevalence by Age

Prevalence is a good proxy indicator of the course of new infections

Drivers of Progress: • Visible political leadership since

2007 in respect of HIV/AIDS.• Establishment of SANAC • Turn around on transmission to

children – attributable to litigation and the resulting scaling up PMTCT – 75% reduction in prevalence among children.

• – over 9 million reached • 2.3 million adults and children on

ARV’s – largest in the world (2013)

HCT campaign

Impediments to Progress Impediments to Progress

• Risky behaviour e.g. Early sexual debut, multiple partners

• Effectiveness of prevention education – low knowledge of HIV/AIDS transmission – perceptions of low risk

• Patriarchy – condom usage• Levels of violence against women and children

SDG 3: Ensure healthy lives and promote well being for all at all ages: Key actions to fast track

attainment of SDGs

SDG 3: Ensure healthy lives and promote well being for all at all ages: Key actions to fast track

attainment of SDGs• Reduce new infections among young women and girls between the

ages of 15 and 24 through, delivery of tailored combination prevention packages and comprehensive condom programming, among others. Reduce intergenerational and transactional sex

• Effective promotion to encourage South Africans to take up early HCT and TB screening as entry points to HIV (and TB) care.

• Male medical circumcision intervention be accelerated to have the greatest public health impact.

• Need for PLHIV to begin to receive treatment before they become sick.

• Develop a more aggressive post-2015 TB strategy and targets• The national malaria programme should be redirected towards

malaria elimination.• Focus on integrated health systems approach

MDG 7: ENSURE ENVIRONMENTAL SUSTAINABILITYDR SELMA KARUAIHE

MDG 7: ENSURE ENVIRONMENTAL SUSTAINABILITYDR SELMA KARUAIHE

MDG 7 has four broad targets MDG 7 has four broad targets

Target 7A: Integrate the principles of sustainable development into country policies and programs and reverse the loss of environmental resources

Target 7B: Reduce biodiversity loss, achieving, by 2010, a significant reduction in the rate of loss

Target 7C: Halve, by 2015, the proportion of people without sustainable access to safe drinking water and Sanitation

Target 7D: By 2020, to have achieved a significant improvement in the lives of at least 100 million slum dwellers.

Target 7C: Halve, by 2015, the proportion of people without sustainable access to safe drinking water and basic sanitation

Target 7C: Halve, by 2015, the proportion of people without sustainable access to safe drinking water and basic sanitation

Indicator 7.8: Proportion of population using an improved drinking water source (%) – target of 88.3%

The MDG target was achieved in 2005, with 89.1% of the population having access to improved water sources. This is supported by the 2011 Census data, where the target has been exceeded with 90.8% of the population having access to safe drinking water

Indicator 7.9: Proportion of population using an improved sanitation facility (%) – target of 74.7%

The sanitation target was achieved in 2012 with 75.2% of the population having access to improved sanitation facilities.

Achieved Indicator(s) under Targets 7C MDG 7.8: Halve, by 2015, the water backlog to achieve a target of 88.3% to safe water access for all South Africans by 2015. MDG 7.9: Halve, by 2015, the sanitation backlog to achieve a target of 74.7% access to safe sanitation facilities for all South Africans by 2015.

Target 7D: By 2020, to have achieved a significant improvement in the lives of at least 100 million slum dwellers

Target 7D: By 2020, to have achieved a significant improvement in the lives of at least 100 million slum dwellers

• Indicator 7.10: The proportion of urban population living in slums.DMI 12: Number of households in informal settlements upgraded with access to basic services and secure tenure – 447 480 households had access by 2014

Achieved Indicator(s) under Targets 7D No indicator achieved under Target 7D. No data on slums, therefore, the indicator on having a proportion of the population living in informal settlements with improved access to services has been domesticated to comply with the South African situation. The domesticated indicator has been achieved by 2014.

ChallengesChallenges Resource constraints to ensure effective implementation include:

Financial constraints – including donor funding Technical capacity constraints Lack of Infrastructure maintenance Uneven budgetary allocations across provinces Technological levels of infrastructure in the provinces

Supply-side constraints – e.g. energy generation capacity versus the demand

Scarcity of limited resources like water for a semi-arid country Leading to inadequacy of service provision at local level

Increasing population especially in informal settlements - leading to increasing demand for resources – putting pressures on big metros

Rural-urban migration dynamics affecting access to services

KEY MESSAGESKEY MESSAGES South Africa made significant progress on integrating the principles

of sustainable development into its policies and programs to address the loss of environmental resources Environmental sustainability is embraced in the constitution, supported by an

integrated policy approach

South Africa met the targets of halving the backlogs on water and sanitation access by 2015 and developed an indicator addressing sustainable water use However, reliability of scarce water resources needs to be factored into

planning

Although South Africa achieved the target of improving access to services for its population living in informal settlements, clear targets and benchmarking is required to monitor progress on improved services to those populations

SDG Agenda: Environment Goals directly relevant for children

SDG Agenda: Environment Goals directly relevant for children

• SDG 6 – Water and Sanitation• SDG 7 – Sustainable Energy • SDG 11 – Inclusive Human Settlements • SDG 13 – Combat Climate Change

THANK YOUTHANK YOU

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