19. appendiks c

7/25/2019 19. Appendiks c

1/102

C-1

APPENDIKS C

PERHITUNGAN SPESIFIKASI ALAT

1. HAMMER MILL (C-110)

Fungsi :Memperkecil ukuran batubara (50 mm menjadi 1 mm)

Konisi !"#$%si :

Tekanan total = Tekanan operasi

= 1 bar = 14.50 psi

Tekanan desain = 1.1 x Tekanan total

= 1.0 psi

Temperatur = !." #C = $0.0 #%

K%"%si&%s :

Mass rate = &5000 k'jam = &5 tonjam

P#$'i&ung%n D%% :

Bond Postulate

(War

= &5 tonjam

= 1&

= 50 mm

= 1 mm

Power = 1!&.5! k* = 15.5 +p

S"#sii*%si A+%& :

%un'si = Memperkecil ukuran batubara (50 mm menjadi 1Tipe =

,apasitas maksimum = 40 - 0 tonjam

= &0 x &0 in

= 1!00 rpm

= ! in

Power = 15.5 +p

,. !PEN ARD C!AL (F-111)

Fungsi : eba'ai tempat pen/impanan atau penampun'an batubara

di'unakan seba'ai ba+an baku proses

Konisi !"#$%si :


= 1 bar = 14.50 psi


= 1.0 psi

Temperatur = !." #C = $0.0 #%

%ng %*%n i'i&ung :

Reversible Haer Mill odel no.505

kuran rotor

,ecepatan ills

Maksimum!eed si"e

olume2 tin''i2 diameter2 dan jumla+ o#en $ard/an' dibutu+kan untuk konstruksi

=0.316 (1/ )1/ ))/ 2_ (_ (_

_

_

_


2/102

C-!

P#$'i&ung%n :

Massa batubara masuk = &5000 k'jam = $40000 k'+

3ensitas batubara = 1&4

eriode pen/impanan = &0 +ariolume batubara masuk = !4.0"

,apasitas pen/impanan = 1$"!!.1&"

,apasitas maksimum = !00000

den'an se+in''a

= 1$"!!.1&"

= 1"$$"&.

3 = 5.&4 m

= 1!0 m

6 = !!.54 m

= 50 m

S"#sii*%si A+%& :

%un'si = eba'ai tempat pen/impanan atau penampun'an batubara /an'

di'unakan seba'ai ba+an baku proses

Tipe =

olume = 1$"!!.1&"

Tin''i = !!.54 m

3iameter = 5.&4 m

6uas = $&0."0

7umla+ = 1 unit

. /ELT C!NE!R I (-11,)

Fungsi :

Konisi !"#$%si :


= 1 bar = 14.50 psi


= 1.0 psi

Temperatur = !." #C = $0.0 #%

K%"%si&%s :


S"#sii*%si A+%& :

%un'si =

Buc%et &levator 'Tipe =

k'm&

m&+ari

m&

m&

m&

3& m&

3maks

6maks

Pile #en ard2 den'an tutup berbentuk kerucut

m&

m!

Men'an'kut batubara dari #en ardmenujuBuc%et &leva

Men'an'kut batubara dari #en ard Coalmenuj

*rou+et Belt on -oidler

= ^2/12 =0.4

=0.4 ^3/12


3/102

C-&

,apasitas maksimum = 40 tonjam

= 1 in

6uas pen'an'kutan = 0.14

= 100 8tmin

Power otor = 0.5 +p100 8t,emirin'an =

= &&." in

9a+an = Carbon steel

2. /UCKET ELEAT!R I (-11)

Fungsi :

Konisi !"#$%si :


= 1 bar = 14.50 psi


= 1.0 psi

Temperatur = !." #C = $0.0 #%

K%"%si&%s :


S"#sii*%si A+%& :

%un'si =

Haer Mill.

Tipe = Continuous Buc%et &levator,apasitas maksimum = 45 tonjam

= 10 x x : in

Buc%et s#acin+ = 1 in

= !!5 8tmin

Tin''i ele;ator = !5 8t

Power otor = & +p


3. /ALL MILL (C-1,0)

Fungsi : Memperkecil ukuran batubara (1 mm menjadi 021 mm)

Konisi !"#$%si :


= 1 bar = 14.50 psi


= 1.0 psi

Temperatur = !." #C = $0.0 #%

K%"%si&%s :

Mass rate = "0000 k'jam = 1$0 ton+ari

6ebar belt

8t!

,ecepatan belt

!0o

anjan' belt

Men'an'kut batubara dariBelt Conve$or 'menuju

Men'an'kut batubara dariBelt Conve$or'menuj

kuran buc%et

,ecepatan buc%et


4/102

C-4

P#$'i&ung%n D%% :

Bond Postulate (War

= "0 tonjam

= 1&

= 1 mm

= 0.1 mm

Power = !!.1$ k* = $&4.&5 +p

S"#sii*%si A+%& :

%un'si = Memperkecil ukuran batubara (1 mm menjadi 021

Tipe = Marc$ Ball Mill /o. 0 2ieve

,apasitas maksimum = 1"00 ton+ari

= 10 x 10 8t

9eban bola = 5.5 ton

= 1$ rpmPower = $&4.&5 +p

4. SCREENER (H-1,1)

Fungsi : Mendapatkan ukuran sera'am (021 mm) dari serbuk batuba

Konisi !"#$%si :


= 1 bar = 14.50 psi

Tekanan desain = 1.1 x Tekanan total= 1.0 psi

Temperatur = !." #C = $0.0 #%

K%"%si&%s :

Mass rate = "0000 k'jam = "0 tonjam

:

3iameter ka


5/102

C-5

= 1

= 41."

S"#sii*%si A+%& :

%un'si = Mendapatkan ukuran sera'am (021 mm) s

Tipe = Hi+ 2#eed ibratin+ 2creenskuran = 1"0 mes+

3iameter ka


6/102

C-

Temperatur = !." #C = $0.0 #%

K%"%si&%s :


S"#sii*%si A+%& :

%un'si =

Tipe =

,apasitas maksimum = 40 tonjam

= 1 in

6uas pen'an'kutan = 0.14

= 100 8tmin

o


7/102

C-"

.

L56 ratio = 4." (memenu+i s/arat)

P#$'i&ung%n D%% :

= 0.!5 - 0.5 ms

Peri#eral s#eed = 0.4 ms = "$."4 8tmin

= = !."!! rpm

3a/a motor = &".& k*

P#$'i&ung%n 9%*&u Tingg%+ :

= 10@

= &04.$$

= &04.

Mass rate = 1510$.5 k'jam

3ensitas = 1&4.00

8eed rate = !.00 = 1$.!

*aktu tin''al = = 0.&&! jam

P#n#n&u%n K#5i$ing%n :

=


8/102

C-$

3iameter = .!1 8t

anjan' = 45." 8t

utaran = !."!! rpm

,emirin'an = &.1 derajat

*aktu tin''al = 0.&&! jam

= !!

= 0."" 8t


Power = 50.0! +p

7umla+ = 1 unit

10. SCRE9 C!NE!R I (-11)

Fungsi :

Konisi !"#$%si :


= 1 bar = 14.50 psiTekanan desain = 1.1 x Tekanan total

= 1.0 psi

Temperatur = !." #C = $0.0 #%

K%"%si&%s :

Mass rate = &5000 k'jam

3ensitas batubara = 1&4

,apasitas = !.00 = 1$.!

S"#sii*%si A+%& :

%un'si =Bin Pulveri"ed Coal

Tipe = Loadin+ o! Material in *rou+t Class '':7/@


36/102

C-&

= ".! 8t = 1.41 in


= !" bar = &1.0 psi


= 4&0.$ psi

Temperatur = 1".$ #C = &$$.04 #%

9a+an konstruksi = 2=:10G 4rade 11 *$#e 310

=llowable stress = 1"500 psi

Corrosion !actor = 0.1!5 in

Welded !actor = 0.$0

a). Tebal dan Tin''i ilinder

Tebal silinder = = 1.5 in = 1.

3iameter luar = 4. in = .00 in (standarisasi)

3iameter dalam = !."5 in

Tin''i silinder = 1&.1& in

b). Tebal dan Tin''i Tutup 9a


37/102

C-&"

3iameter = .00 in

Tin''i total = 1"0.4" in

Tebal silinder = 1.& in

Tipe tutup atas = 2tandard dised ead

Tebal tutup atas = 1.&$ in

Tipe tutup ba


38/102

C-&$

aD = 0.!1$

aE = 0.&

Clearance = 0.!5 in

Pitc = 1.!5 in (trian+ular #itc)

Passes = !K%"%si&%s :

2$n+as = $!"50.$4 k'jam = 1$!4&4.1"$ lbjam

Boiler 8eed Water = !1!1$.5$&5 k'jam = 4""$.1$& lbjam

= 4&0 #%

= 1."4

= 0.&

= 0.50

= 40$ #%

Caloric Temperature $

= = "1."! #%= = !"!.!1 #%

&erall !eat Transfer Coefficient $

= 0.01

= 40

= 5."0Q0" k7 = 5.40Q0" 9tu

= &&0".4 = 4"!"&.

= 505.&4 = 5&$ (standarisasi)

= &".5"

E%+u%si P#$"in%'%n P%n%s :

(oiler Feed 'ater $ Shell Side Syngas $ Tu

= 0.55 =

8t!8t

in!

P#n#n&u%n BTLMTD

:

ST!actor (%T)

ST6MT3

TC

Ta;e

tC

ta;e

,arena air dan s$n+as dapat diasumsikan seba'ai non:viscous !luid dan buk+/drocarbon2 maka perbandin'an antara (AA

(6_ ) )^(1/3)? /1

' =' )_ _ (_/_

=(' ' )/(' +' )_6 _ < _ _ _

: = __ (_6)/ (_6 <

)_

2 +1))/(5.22_ (# < 10 ^10 < _> )_

=_ ( _ ^2 )/(5.2 = 2< 10

$^2/ *25 62.5/144

= ^2/ *_ 4=/ $ 25

=_ +_

= )/(_:> (_ < _> 2.42)? _ )/( < _ 2.42)? (6_ ) )^(1/3) )^0.14? /1 (?/?_B

$=_/(3600 )

' =' )_ _ (_/_

=(' ' )/(_6 _ < _ '_+'_)

: = __ (_6)/ (_6 <

)_

2 +1))/(5.22_ (# < 10 ^10 < _> )_ =_ ( _ ^2 )/(5.2 = 2< 10

$^2/ *25 62.5/144

= ^2/ *_ 4=/ $ 25

=_ _+


47/102

C-4"

Fungsi :

Konisi !"#$%si :

Temperatur &! #C

Tekanan ! bar = &"".10 psi

C%$% K#$;% :

1) Deaktan masuk > melalui ba'ian atas

M#ng'i&ung o+u5# To&%+ Aso$=#n :

= $0$ k'jam

= !!.

6aju massa aliran produk = 44!1.&1 k'jam

= "44". k'jam

9entuk Pellet (s#ere)

50

2ur!ace area 0."

0.& mm

0.&

,apasitas pen/erapan 0.!!

= =

= $$"!.&"$$& k'

= 1&&.5

= &5!!.4&

= 0.0$ ms = !$4.40

6uas permukaan (>) = = 1!.&

3iameter adsorben = &." m = 15.&$

Tin''i adsorben = 10." m = 4!4.$4

olume ruan' koson' = 10@

olume total = 14$.50 = 5!44.!!


= ! bar = &"".10 psi

Tekanan desain = 1.1 x Tekanan total= 414.$ psi

Memisa+kan produk +idro'en dari i#urities +in''a kemurnian

!)8eedakan mele terdapat 4 bua+ vessel2 se+in''a olecular sieveuntuk tiap vesseln/a

Molecular sievetiap vessel

olume bed m&

M#ng'i&ung Di%5#$ %n TinggiPressure Swing ,dsorption:

6aju ;olumetrik!eed m&jam

2u#er!icial velocit$(;)

m!

m&

Konisi D#s%inPressure Swing ,dsorption:

)(_

)/ )(@ 5> (7 >=D>=

!/$


48/102

C-4$

Temperatur = &! #C = $. #%

9a+an konstruksi = Carbon steel 2=:-; 4rade 6 *$#e ;3




a). Tebal dan Tin''i ilinder

Tebal silinder = = !.4$ in = !.

3iameter luar = 11.&$ in = 1$.00 in (standarisasi)

3iameter dalam = 1&.00 in

Tin''i silinder = 45.40 in

b). Tebal dan Tin''i Tutup 9atas

r = 144 inicr = 10 1$ in

= = !.0! in

= = !".54" in

Tin''i total = Tin''i silinder Tin''i tutup atas Tin

= 511.4 in

S"#sii*%si A+%& :

%un'si =

Memisa+kan produk +idro'en dari impurities +in''a k

Tipe = 8ied Bed

Temperatur operasi = &! #C

Tekanan operasi = ! bar

,apasitas = 5!44.!!

3iameter = 1$.00 in

Tin''i total = 511.4 inTebal silinder = !.50 in

P#n#n&u%n T#=%+ %n TinggiPressure Swing ,dsorption:

Tebalstandard dised ead

Tin''istandard dised ead

Tebalstandard dised ead

Tin''istandard dised ead

d). Tin''i TotalPressure 2win+ =dsor#tion

8t&

(_)/2 0,6_ (,) +C_

(0,%%5_)/2 0, ) (, ._

+C

0,169_

(0,%%5_)/2 0, ) (, ._

+C

0,169_


49/102

C-4

Tipe tutup atas = 2tandard dised ead

Tebal tutup atas = !.!5 in

Tipe tutup ba


50/102

C-50

Tekanan operasi = !5.& bar

,apasitas = 1$05."&

3iameter = 54.00 in

Tebal = 4.00 in

9a+an konstruksi = Hi+ =llo$ 2teel 2=:-; 4rade BTipe pen'elasan = 6ouble Welded Butt >oint

7umla+ alat = $ bua+

Fungsi :

Konisi !"#$%si :


= 0.&4 bar = 4.& psi

Tekanan desain = 1.1 x Tekanan total= 5.4 psi

Temperatur = !5.1 #C = "".1$ #%

K%"%si&%s :

Mass rate = "44". k'jam = 1$5&$.&0$ lbjam

P produk = 5!.4

Residence tie = 1! jam

olume produk = 1"4"".0

7umla+ tan'ki = $

2a!et$ !actor = 10@

= !40&.10

= = 0.5!

3iameter dalam = 14. m = 5$$.4 in

Material ba+an = Hi+ =llo$ 2teel 2=:-; 4rade B




Trial tebal tan'ki = 0.$$ in

3iameter luar = 50. in

= = !5.&5 in

= &.&$ in

9 = = 5000.00

= 14.$1 psi

8t&

0. C!,-RICH ST!RAGE TANK (F-,,)

Menampun' sementara produk CH!-ric

k'm&

m&

,apasitasstora+e m&

olumes#erical m&

,arena tekanan dalam tan'ki lebi+ kecil dari tekanan atmos8ir2 perlu didetekanan eksternal.

rc

3en'an ?ra8ik $.$ (9rollo


51/102

C-51

= .!$ psi

3iameter luar = 5!.44 in = 00.00 in (standarisasi)

3iameter dalam = 5$.!5 in

S"#sii*%si A+%& :

%un'si =

Tipe = 2#erical *an%

Temperatur operasi = !5.1 #C

Tekanan operasi = 0.&4 bar

,apasitas = !40&.10

3iameter = 00.00 in

Tebal = 0.$$ in

9a+an konstruksi = Hi+ =llo$ 2teel 2=:-; 4rade BTipe pen'elasan = 6ouble Welded Butt >oint

7umla+ alat = $ bua+

>ctual

7ika dibandin'kan antara >lloctual

2 maka tebal tan'kis#ericalmemenu+i.

Menampun' sementara produk CH!-ric

8t&


52/102

C-5!

ren L. Mc Cabe, 1993)

m)

(Perr$, 199G)

an'

.


53/102

C-5&

ari

(www.sietric.co.u%)

(Ilric, 197;)

(Ilric, 197;)

(Ilric, 197;)

(Ilric, 197;)

(Ilric, 197;)

tor '


54/102

C-54

(Perr$, 199G)

(Perr$, 199G)

Haer Mill


55/102

C-55


mm)

(Perr$,199G)

a

(Perr$,199G)

(Perr$,199G)

(Perr$,199G)

(Perr$,199G)


56/102

C-5

(Perr$,199G)

rbuk batubara

(Perr$,199G)

''

ill untuk di-rec$cle


57/102

C-5"

(Perr$,199G)




uju

n'

T!


58/102

C-5$

(Ilric, 197;)

(Perr$,199G)

(Robert *re$bal, 1971)

(Perr$,199G)

ri 11! sampai den'anmpai den'an ti'a kali

oisture


59/102

C-5

(www.sietric.co.u%)

ull

(2tanle$ Walas, 199)

Coal

m

r


60/102

C-0

(www.sietric.co.u%)

(Ilric, 197;)

(=2M& 190)

$$15.55

$$15.55

$$15.55

(Ilric, 197;)

(Brownell, 19G9)

(=2M& 190)

1 in (standarisasi)

1 in (standarisasi)

8t&

8t&

8t&

si!ier


61/102

C-1

(www.sietric.co.u%)

ull

(2tanle$ Walas, 199)

r$er

m

l

s

a+ +asi!ier,sedan'kan


62/102

C-!

(Levens#iel, 1999)

(6avid =. Bell, -11)

1

(Rule o! tubs)

radian

2tandard dised ead)

t diasumsikan seba'aialiran solid #lu+ !low2

n

8t&


63/102

C-&

(Conical)

in

ess 'nternational, inc)

(=2M&, 190)

1 in (standarisasi)

1 in (standarisasi)

= 0.&1 in

(standarisasi)

dised ead


64/102

C-4

(*.>. Par%, -)

(6.@. Fern, 190)

(6.@. Fern, 190)


(6.@. Fern, 190)

= 0.$ m

m

iasa di'unakan untuktas renda+. edan'kan

si melalui ba+an padat

an%o#lis ;ted., -3)

_ ) ) )(1_) ()

_2 )


65/102

C-5

m

m

m

in


(=2M&, 190)

1 in (standarisasi)

m!

m!

m!

m!

'ambar di sampin'2a dalam satu vessel.tup ba


66/102

C-

= 0.&$ in

(standarisasi)

ara

toit


67/102

C-"

(Perr$, 199G)

(www.sietric.co.u%)

(=2M&, 190)

er


68/102

C-$

(Hesse and Ruston)

in

(Brownell, 19G9)

(Brownell, 19G9)

(=2M&, 190)

in (standarisasi)

sasi)

(Brownell, 19G9)

4 in (standarisasi)

0.&$ in

(standarisasi)

er

!ier


69/102

C-

(=s#en Plus)

(=2M&, 190)

(Fusnaro, -1)


70/102

C-"0

(standarisasi)

1 in

(standarisasi)

1 in

(standarisasi)

(6.@. Fern, 190)

(6.@. Fern, 190)

= 5.1$ m

m

m

m

m

an%o#lis ;ted., -3)

m!

m!

_ ) ) )(1_) ()

_2 )


71/102

C-"1

in

m!

m!

lam

si

_5 _4 )& _ ) ) )( (1_ (


72/102

C-"!

(=s#en Plus)

(6.@. Fern, 190)

'kan pipa.

,


73/102

C-"&

8t.lb8lb

m

an%o#lis ;ted., -3)


74/102

C-"4

(6.@. Fern, 190)

(6.@. Fern, 190)

tur


75/102

C-"5

(6.@. Fern, 190)

(6.@. Fern, 190)

(6.@. Fern, 190)

(6.@. Fern, 190)

(6.@. Fern, 190)

(=s#en Plus)

e Side

0.1!

an #etroleu maupun

8t!

!


76/102

C-"

.

0.01$"$ cp

(=s#en Plus)

1!10$4

e Side

1!10$4.1

0.0001&

(6.@. Fern, 190)

= 0.0001 psi

0.01 psi

(6.@. Fern, 190)

0.04 psi

0.04 psi

.

9tu+r.8t!.#%

andar desain)

8t!in!

n

10 )< _


77/102

C-""

(2.. Foarov, -;)

(Rule o! tubs)

2tandard dised ead)

2tandard dised ead)


78/102

C-"$

(Brownell, 19G9)

(=2M&, 190)

in (standarisasi)

= !.!5 in

(standarisasi)

= !.!5 in

(standarisasi)

tup ba


79/102


80/102

C-$0

(6.@. Fern, 190)

(6.@. Fern, 190)

(6.@. Fern, 190)

(6.@. Fern, 190)

(=s#enPlus)

#e Side

0."0

."

0.0& cp

(6.@. Fern, 190)

100.

an #etroleu maupun

8t!

lbjam.8t!


81/102

C-$1

(6.@. Fern, 190)

(=s#en Plus)

9tulb.#%

(=s#en Plus)

.4

e Side

100.

0.00015

(6.@. Fern, 190)

= 0.000! psi

0.0!5 psi

(6.@. Fern, 190)

0.!0 psi

0.!0 psi

9tu+r.8t!.(#%8t)

9tu+r.8t!.#%

9tu+r.8t!.#%

andar desain)

8t!in!

)^0.14?/?_B

^10 )


82/102

C-$!

(>in+in+ ao, -1-)

(=2M&, 190)

(Rule o! tubs)

2tandard dised ead)

2tandard dised ead)

(Brownell, 19G9)

(=2M&, 190)

$ in

(standarisasi)


83/102

C-$&

= 1."5 in

(standarisasi)

= 1."5 in

(standarisasi)

'i tutup ba


84/102

C-$4

ri H. Hassan, -7)

apasitas adsorpsi 0@)

(Rule o! tubs)

2tandard dised ead)

2tandard dised ead)

in

bas dari G!

8t&


85/102

C-$5


(=2M&, 190)

in (standarisasi)

= 0.50 in

(standarisasi)

= 0.50 in

(standarisasi)

utup ba


86/102

C-$

(Haidre"a B., -7)

(Rule o! tubs)

2tandard dised ead)

2tandard dised ead)

!


87/102

C-$"

(Brownell, 19G9)

(=2M&, 190)

& in(standarisasi)

= 1.&$ in

(standarisasi)

= 1.&$ in

(standarisasi)

ba


88/102

C-$$

(6.@. Fern, 190)

(6.@. Fern, 190)

(6.@. Fern, 190)

untuk


89/102

C-$

(6.@. Fern, 190)

(6.@. Fern, 190)

(6.@. Fern, 190)

(6.@. Fern, 190)

(=s#enPlus)

#e Side

1.1

an #etroleu maupun

8t!

!


90/102

C-0

.

0.0& cp

(6.@. Fern, 190)

440$.1

(6.@. Fern, 190)

(=s#en Plus)

9tulb.#%

(=s#en Plus)

."

e Side

440$.1

0.00015

(6.@. Fern, 190)

= 0.0000! psi

0.0!5 psi

(6.@. Fern, 190)

0.!0 psi

0.!0 psi

.

9tu+r.8t!.(#%8t)

9tu+r.8t!.#%

9tu+r.8t!.#%

andar desain)

8t!in!

)^0.14?/?_B

^10 )


91/102

C-1

(Rule o! tubs)

(Brownell, 19G9)

(=2M&, 190)

5 in

(standarisasi)


92/102

C-!

= 1.1& in

(standarisasi)

= 1.1& in

(standarisasi)

ba


93/102

C-&

(6.@. Fern, 190)

(6.@. Fern, 190)

(6.@. Fern, 190)

(6.@. Fern, 190)


94/102

C-4

(6.@. Fern, 190)

(6.@. Fern, 190)

(6.@. Fern, 190)

(=s#enPlus)

e Side

0.$4

.0

0."5 cp

(6.@. Fern, 190)

!!45".

!.1"

&.&5 8ts

0.5

(6.@. Fern, 190)

$"

an #etroleu maupun

8t!

lbjam.8t!

lb8t&

9tu+r.8t!.#%

9tu+r.8t!.#%

9tu+r.8t!.#%


95/102

C-5

e Side

!!45".

0.00015

(6.@. Fern, 190)

= 0.01 psi

0. psi

(6.@. Fern, 190)

4.$0 psi

4.$1 psi

andar desain)

8t!in!

suki

^10 < _)


96/102

C-

(6.@. Fern, 190)

(6.@. Fern, 190)

(6.@. Fern, 190)

(6.@. Fern, 190)

(6.@. Fern, 190)

(6.@. Fern, 190)

(6.@. Fern, 190)

(=s#enPlus)

an #etroleu maupun


97/102

C-"

e Side

1.54

.4

0."5 cp

(6.@. Fern, 190)

115&.4

!.1"

1."! 8ts

(6.@. Fern, 190)

$"

e Side

115&.4

0.00015

(6.@. Fern, 190)

= 0.005 psi

0. psi

(6.@. Fern, 190)

4.$0

4.$1 psi

8t!

lbjam.8t!

lb8t&

9tu+r.8t!

.#%

9tu+r.8t!.#%

9tu+r.8t!.#%

andar desain)

8t!in!

^10 )


98/102

C-$

&4"4$.515& k'

mjam

in

in

2@

den'an data seba'ai

(Perr$ 0ted, 197;)

8t&


99/102

C-

(Brownell, 19G9)

(=2M&, 190)

0 in

(standarisasi)

= !.!5 in

(standarisasi)

= !.!5 in

(standarisasi)

''i tutup ba


100/102

C-100

2@

(Browneel, 199)

in (standarisasi)

2@


101/102


102/102

19. appendiks c

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