1866, he bred garden peas in his monastery garden and
TRANSCRIPT
MendelianGenetics
GregorMendel(1822-1884)wasanAustrianmonkwhodiscoveredthebasicrulesofinheritance.From1858to1866,hebredgardenpeasinhismonasterygardenandanalyzedtheoffspringofthesemating’s.
LawofDominance
WhenMendelcrossedtwotrue-breedingpeaplantsthatshowedcontrastingtraits,onlyoneofthetraitswereevidentintheoffspring.Forexample,ifhecrossedapurplefloweredpeaplantwithawhitefloweredplant,alltheoffspringwerepurple.Thispurpletraitwasdescribedasdominant.Thewhitetraitwasdescribedasrecessive.Thelawofdominancestatesthatwhendominantandrecessiveallelesexisttogetherthedominanttraitisexpressedwhiletherecessiveismaskedandnotexpressed.
Thepure-breedingparentgenerationiscallthePgeneration.TheoffspringofthecrossesbetweenmembersofthePgenerationarecalledthefirstfilialorF1generation.CrossesbetweentheF1generationsproducetheF2generationandsoon.
Dominantalleles(genes)ofatraitareusuallysymbolizedbyacapitalitalicizedletter(P=purple)andrecessiveallelesofthesametraitaresymbolizedbyalowercaseitalicletter(p=white).Inapreviouslessonwelearnedthatfertilizationbringstogethertwohomologouschromosomesthatwereseparatedduringmeiosis.Theresultingzygotewillusuallyhavetwoalleles(genes)foragiventrait.Whenthetwoinheritedallelesarealike(PPorpp)theyaredescribedashomozygous.Whenthetwomembersofanallelicpairaredifferent(Pp)theyaretermedhybridorheterozygous.Thephysicalappearanceoftheoffspringisreferredtoasthephenotypeandthegenecombinationsarereferredtoasthegenotype.
Usethefollowingcrosstoanswerthequestionsthatfollow.
{PPxpp}
a. WhyisthiscrossreferredtoasthePgeneration?
b. Thegenotypeoftheplantswithpurpleflowersmaybe_______________
c. Thegenotypeofthewhiteflowersis_______________________
d. Theoffspringofthecrossmakeupthe_______________generation.
e. ThephenotypeandgenotypeoftheF1generationis___________________________and_____________
f. Theoffspringinthiscrossarealsoreferredtoas____________________________.
g. Ifallthemonohybridoffspringhavepurpleflowers,howdoesillustratethelawof
dominance?________________________________________________________________________________________________
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LawofSegregation
Inanotherexperiment,MendelallowedthehybridmembersoftheF1generationofpurple(Pp)flowerstoundergoself-fertilization(PpxPp).Thisisalsoknownasamonohybridcross.TheoffspringofthecrossarereferredtoastheF2generation.
1. PerformtheF1crossandprovidethephenotypesandgenotypesoftheF2offspring.Determinegenotypicandphenotypicratios.PhenotypicRatio
GenotypicRation
Hopefullyyourealizedthatinamonohybridcross,75%oftheF2generationshowedthedominanttrait(purpleflowers)and25%showedtherecessivetrait(whiteflowers).ThisillustratesthatalthoughtheF1generationexpressedthedominanttrait,theystillcarriedtherecessiveallele.Thelawofsegregationstatesthatthetwoallelesforaheritabletraitseparate(segregate)duringgameteformationandendupindifferentingametes.Thereforetheeggandspermreceiveonlyonealleleforagiventrait.
Questions
1.Howdoesthelawofsegregationrelatetohomologouschromosomes?
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F1generation(GgxGg)
G=Good
g=Bad
Questions
1. Whatisthephenotypeandgenotypeoftheaboveoffspring?
2. Whichgenerationdoestheoffspringbelongto?
3. Whatisthenamegiventothiscross?
4. UseaPunnettsquaretocrossthefollowing(TTxTt)T=Tall,t=short.Givethephenotypeandgenotypeoftheoffspring.
(TTxTt)
5. WhydoestherecessivetraitNOTshowupintheoffspring?
TestCross
Atestcrossisamethodfordeterminingwhetheranorganismthatshowsadominanttraitishomozygousorheterozygous.Inatestcross,theorganismwiththeunknowngenotypeiscrossedwithapurerecessiveforthattrait.Thecrossisdonewithapurerecessivebecauseweknowthatgenotypeforsure.Ifnoneoftheoffspringexpresstherecessivetraitthentheunknownorganismwashomozygous.
Questions
1.Inguineapigs,blackcoatcolorisdominantoverwhite.Yourfriendgivesyouablackguineapigforyourbirthday.Howcouldyoudiscoverwhethertheguineapigishomozygous(BB)orheterozygous(Bb)?
UsethePunnettsquaresbelowtoillustratehoweachtestcrossmaydiffer.Whichistheheterozygousguineapig?
LawofIndependentAssortment
Mendelderivedthelawofsegregationbyperformingbreedingexperimentsinwhichheonlyfollowedasingletraitsuchasflowercolororplantheight.AlltheF1progenyweremonohybrids,indicatingthattheywereheterozygousforasingletrait(Pp).Crossingthisgenerationisreferredtoasamonohybridcross. Mendelcontinuedhisworkbyfollowingtwotraitsatthesametime.Heinvestigatedthetraitsforseedcolorandseedshape.Peaseedsmaybeeitheryelloworgreenandtheymayberoundorwrinkled.PriorcrossesallowedMendeltoconcludethatyellow(Y)seedsweredominantovergreen(y)androundseeds(R)weredominantoverwrinkled(r).ThereforecrossingYYRRxyyrrwouldresultinalloftheoffspringwith____________________________genotypeand___________________and____________________phenotype.ThisF1generationwouldbereferredtoasdihybrid.Mendelwonderedwhetherthesetwotraitswouldbetransmittedtooffspringasa“packageddeal”.Isseedcolorandseedshapeinheritedindependentlyofoneanother?
Mendelallowedtheseheterozygousplantstoundergoself-fertilization,referredtoasa“dihybridcross”.Mendeldiscoveredthateachpairofallelessegregatesindependentlyofotherpairsofallelesduringgameteformation.*Thislawonlyappliestogenesonnon-homologouschromosomes.
Questions
1.Explainthelawofindependentassortmentinyourownwords?
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1. Roundseeds(R)aredominantoverwrinkled(r)seedsandyellowseedsaredominant(Y)overgreenseeds(y).Aplantthatishybridforbothtraitsisallowedtoundergoself-fertilization(RrYyxRrYy).Rememberthatthegametesmayonlyhave1versionofeachallele.(i.e.RY).Ifyouusetheequation2n,wheren=#heterozygoustraitineachparent.Inthisexamplethereare_________possibleoutcomes.LetsFOILtodeterminethepossibleoutcomes.a. Thefourtypesofgametesformedare_________,_________,________,________b. CompletethePunnettsquarebelow.Givethephenotypesoftheoffspringandthepercentageof
each.Rememberthateachoutcomewillgooverornexttoeachbox.Thepotentialoffspringwillbeineachbox.Iliketousesymbolsforeachoutcome.
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2.Ifthegenesforagiventraitwerelocatedonthesamechromosomes,wouldMendelhaveobservedtraitsassortingindependently?Whyorwhynot?______________________________________________________________________________________________________________________
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ComplexGeneticsProblemswithRulesofProbability
Considerthefollowingdihybridcrosswithyellowseedsthatareround.Therecessiveconditionwouldbegreenseedsthatarewrinkled.(YyRrxYyRr).
1.WhatistheprobabilitythattheF2offspringwouldexhibittherecessivecondition?(yyrr)
YY= RR=
Yy= Rr=
yy= rr=
Onceyouhavecalculatedtheprobabilityofeach,multiplytheprobabilitiesofrrxyytoobtaintheanswer.Whatresultdidyouobtain?
1b.WhatistheprobabilityofhavingaplantintheF2generationwithYyRRgenotype?
1.Whatistheprobabilitythateachofthefollowingpairsofparentswillproducetheindicatedoffspring?
Ø AABBCCxaabbcc---------àAaBbCc
Ø AABbCcxAaBbCc---------àAAbbCC
Ø aaBbCCxAABbcc---------àAaBbCc
BeyondMendelianGeneticsforaSingleGene
Codominanceoccurswhenbothallelesarebothexpressedinthephenotype.TypeABbloodisanexampleofcodominancewherebothAandBantigensareexpressed.Anotherexampleisroancoatcattlewhereblackandwhitehairsarevisible.
Incompletedominanceoccurswhenthephenotypeisablendingofbothallelesintheparentgeneration.Forexample,crossingpurered(RR)andpurewhite(WW)four-o-clockflowersproduceflowersthatarepink.
Questions
1.Showacrossbetweenapurered(RR)snapdragonandapurewhite(WW)snapdragoniftheyshowincompletedominance.
2. WhataretheresultinggenotypesandphenotypesintheF1generation?Genotype=_____________Phenotype=_______________
3.WhataretheresultinggenotypesandphenotypesintheF2generation?Genotypes:Phenotypes:4.Showacrossbetweenapureredcow(RR)andapurewhitecow(WW)iftheyshowcodominance.
5.WhataretheresultinggenotypesandphenotypesintheF1generation?
Genotype=_____________Phenotype=_______________
6.WhataretheresultinggenotypesandphenotypesintheF2generation?Genotypes:Phenotypes:7.Howarecodominanceandincompletedominancedifferent?
MultipleAlleles
Alltraitsdiscussedsofarhavebeencontrolledbyasinglepairofalleles.However,therearesometraitssuchasbloodtypeinhumansthatinvolvemorethantwogenes.Humanbloodtypeinvolvesthreegenes-A,B,andO.GenesAandBaredominantwhileOIrecessive.ThefourhumanbloodtypesareA,B,ABandO.GenotypesformultipleallelesareshownusingthecapitalletterIfordominantandlowercaseiforrecessive.
Questions
1.Whatarethealleliccombinationsforthefollowingbloodtypes?
TypeA- TypeO -
TypeB- TypeAB-
2.AmanwithtypeABbloodmarriesawomanwith typeOblood.UsingaPunnettsquare,showall possiblegenotypesoftheiroffspring.
3.CouldamotherwithtypeBbloodandafatherwithtypeObloodproduceoffspringwithtypeABblood?Whyorwhynot?
4.AwomanwithtypeBbloodwhosemotherhad typeObloodmarriesamanwhoisheterozygousfor typeB.Whatistheprobabilitythattheiroffspring willhavetypeOblood?