18341134 project report on waste water treatment
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A PROJECT REPORT ON
WASTEWATER TREATMENT
SUBMITTED TO
POLLUCON TECHNOLOGIES LIMITED, NOIDA
SUBMITTED BY
ROSHAN MISHRA
BIO CHEMICAL ENGINEERING
HARCOURT BUITLER TECHNOLOGICAL INSTITUTE
NAWABGANJ, KANPUR- 208002
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TO WHOM IT MAY CONCERN
This is to certify that ROSHAN MISHRA, studet of Harcourt But!er
Techo!o"ica! Istitute, #a$ur has co%$!eted his & 'ee(s idustria! traii"
fro% )o!!uco Techo!o"ies *i%ited, Noida uder the "uidace of Mr+ S+#+
Si"h+
Mr. S.K. Singh
Director
Pollucon Technologies Limited
D-39 Sector-!
Noid" - #$%3$%
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ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS
I 'ou!d !i(e to tha( Mr+ S+ #+ Si"h, Director, )o!!uco Techo!o"ies *td+,
Noida, for his a!ua-!e ti%e ad "uidace i co%$!eti" %y Idustria! traii"
ad $re$aratio of the )ro.ect Re$ort+
R&S'AN M(S'RA
)(& *'EM(*AL EN+(NEER(N+
'AR*&,RT ),TLER TE*'N&L&+(*AL (NST(T,TE
NAWA)+AN KANP,R
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THE CORPORATE
M*# POLLUCON TECHNOLOGIES LIMITED (PTL) is a or"ai8atio
-ac(ed -y the isio of e5$erieced E"ieers Scietists ad Maa"e%et
)rofessioa!s hai" e5$ertise i the fie!ds of Surey 6 Study of 3ater su$$!y,3ater Treat%et, Eiro%eta!ad /he%ica!s E"ieeri"'The s$ecia!ty of
the or"ai8atio is tur(ey $ro.ects i the fie!d of Air, 3ater, Se'a"e ad So!id
3aste Maa"e%et ad su$$ort serices -ei" $roided -y a tea% of dedicated,
efficiet, hi"h!y 4ua!ified, e5$erieced adisors 'ith $roe trac( records i
their res$ectie disci$!ies of co%$etece+
The co%$ay a!so has a added adata"es of hai" re4uisite i house
faci!ities such as *a-oratory forWater+ Wa#te,ater te#tin!+ R-D+ te%"ni%a
Li.rar/+ &ra0tin! Printin!+ CAD - in Ho$#e 0a.ri%ation et%'
The a-oe co%$etece su$$!e%eted -y $ro%$t res$ose ad ioatie
a$$!icatios %a(es Po$%on Te%"noo!ie# Limite& a force to rec(o 'ith,
'he it co%es to Water #$11/, Treatment - Environmenta En!ineerin!
So!utios+
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GENERAL OUTLINES O2 SEWAGE TEATMENT
Se,a!e treatment, or &ome#ti% ,a#te,ater treatment, is the $rocess of re%oi"
cota%iats fro% 'aste'ater, -oth ruoff 9eff!uets: ad do%estic+ It ic!udes $hysica!,
che%ica! ad -io!o"ica! $rocesses to re%oe $hysica!, che%ica! ad -io!o"ica! cota%iats+
Its o-.ectie is to $roduce a 'aste strea% 9or treated eff!uet: ad a so!id 'aste or s!ud"esuita-!e for dischar"e or reuse -ac( ito the eiro%et+ This %ateria! is ofte iadertet!y
cota%iated 'ith %ay to5icor"aic ad ior"aic co%$ouds+
Se'a"e is created -y resideces, istitutios, hos$ita!s ad co%%ercia! ad idustria!
esta-!ish%ets+ It ca -e treated c!ose to 'here it is created 9i se$tic ta(s, -iofi!ters or
aero-ic treat%et syste%s:, or co!!ected ad tras$orted ia a et'or( of $i$es ad $u%$
statios to a %uici$a! treat%et $!at 9see se'era"ead$i$es ad ifrastructure:+ Se'a"e
co!!ectio ad treat%et is ty$ica!!y su-.ect to !oca!, state ad federa! re"u!atios ad
stadards+ Idustria! sources of 'aste'ater ofte re4uire s$ecia!i8ed treat%et $rocesses 9see
Idustria! 'aste'ater treat%et:+
The se'a"e treat%et io!es three sta"es, ca!!edprimary,secondaryad tertiary treatment+
0irst, the so!ids are se$arated fro% the 'aste'ater strea%+ The disso!ed -io!o"ica! %atter is
$ro"ressie!y coerted ito a so!id %ass -y usi" idi"eous, 'ater7-ore %icroor"ais%s+
0ia!!y, the -io!o"ica! so!ids are eutra!i8ed the dis$osed of or re7used, ad the treated 'ater
%ay -e disifected che%ica!!y or $hysica!!y 9for e5a%$!e -y !a"oos ad %icro7fi!tratio:+
The fia! eff!uet ca -e dischar"ed ito a strea%,rier,-ay,!a"ooor 'et!ad,or it ca -e
used for the irri"atioof a "o!f course, "ree 'ay or $ar(+ If it is sufficiet!y c!ea, it ca a!so
-e used for "roud'aterrechar"e+
Ra' if!uet 9se'a"e: ic!udes househo!d 'aste!i4uid fro% toi!ets,-aths, sho'ers, (itches,si(s, ad so forth that is dis$osed of ia se'ers+ I %ay areas, se'a"e a!so ic!udes !i4uid
'aste fro% idustry ad co%%erce+ The draii" of househo!d 'aste ito "rey'ater ad
-!ac('ater is -eco%i" %ore co%%o i the dee!o$ed 'or!d, 'ith "rey'ater -ei"
$er%itted to -e used for 'ateri" $!ats or recyc!ed for f!ushi" toi!ets+ A !ot of se'a"e a!so
ic!udes so%e surface 'ater fro% roofs or hard7stadi" areas+ Muici$a! 'aste'ater
therefore ic!udes residetia!, co%%ercia!, ad idustria! !i4uid 'aste dischar"es, ad %ay
ic!ude stor%'ater ruoff+ Se'a"e syste%s ca$a-!e of had!i" stor%'ater are (o' as
co%-ied syste%s or co%-ied se'ers+ Such syste%s are usua!!y aoided sice they
co%$!icate ad there-y reduce the efficiecy of se'a"e treat%et $!ats o'i" to their
seasoa!ity+ The aria-i!ity i f!o' a!so !eads to ofte !ar"er tha ecessary, ad su-se4uet!y
%ore e5$esie, treat%et faci!ities+ I additio, heay stor%s that cotri-ute %ore f!o'stha the treat%et $!at ca had!e %ay oer'he!% the se'a"e treat%et syste%, causi" a
s$i!! or oerf!o' 9ca!!ed a co%-ied se'er oerf!o', or /SO, i the Uited States:+ It is
$refera-!e to hae a se$aratestor% draisyste% for stor%'ater i areas that are dee!o$ed
'ith se'er syste%s+
As raifa!! rus oer the surface of roofs ad the "roud, it %ay $ic( u$ arious cota%iats
ic!udi" soi!$artic!es ad othersedi%et, heay %eta!s,or"aic co%$ouds, ai%a! 'aste,
ad oi!ad "rease+ So%e.urisdictiosre4uire stor%'ater to receie so%e !ee! of treat%et
-efore -ei" dischar"ed direct!y ito 'ater'ays+ E5a%$!es of treat%et $rocesses used for
stor%'ater ic!ude sedi%etatio -asis, 'et!ads, -uried cocrete au!ts 'ith arious (idsof fi!ters, ad orte5 se$arators 9to re%oe coarse so!ids:+
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Contaminantshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Runoffhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Effluentshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Effluenthttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sludgehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Toxichttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Septic_tankhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Biofiltershttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Biofiltershttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aerobic_treatment_systemhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Seweragehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sewage_collection_and_disposalhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Industrial_wastewater_treatmenthttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Microorganismshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Microorganismshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Streamhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Riverhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Riverhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bayhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lagoonhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lagoonhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lagoonhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wetlandhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wetlandhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Irrigationhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Groundwaterhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Household_wastehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Toilethttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bathinghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Showerhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kitchenhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kitchenhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sinkhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sewerhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Greywaterhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Blackwater_(waste)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stormwaterhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stormwaterhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Combined_sewerhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_Stateshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Storm_drainhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Storm_drainhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Soilhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Soilhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sedimenthttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sedimenthttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Heavy_metalshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Organic_compoundhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Organic_compoundhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oilhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Petroleumhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jurisdictionhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jurisdictionhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Constructed_wetlandhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Runoffhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Effluentshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Effluenthttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sludgehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Toxichttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Septic_tankhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Biofiltershttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aerobic_treatment_systemhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Seweragehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sewage_collection_and_disposalhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Industrial_wastewater_treatmenthttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Microorganismshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Streamhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Riverhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bayhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lagoonhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wetlandhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Irrigationhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Groundwaterhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Household_wastehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Toilethttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bathinghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Showerhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kitchenhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sinkhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sewerhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Greywaterhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Blackwater_(waste)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stormwaterhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Combined_sewerhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_Stateshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Storm_drainhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Soilhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sedimenthttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Heavy_metalshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Organic_compoundhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oilhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Petroleumhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jurisdictionhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Constructed_wetlandhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Contaminants -
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The site 'here the ra' 'aste'ater is $rocessed -efore it is dischar"ed -ac( to the
eiro%et is ca!!ed a 'aste'ater treat%et $!at 933T):+ The order ad ty$es of
%echaica!, che%ica! ad -io!o"ica! syste%s that co%$rise the 'aste'ater treat%et $!at
are ty$ica!!y the sa%e for %ost dee!o$ed coutries1
Me%"ani%a treatmento If!u5 9If!uet:
o Re%oa! of !ar"e o-.ects
o Re%oa! of sad ad "rit
o )re7$reci$itatio
Bioo!i%a treatment
o O5idatio -ed 9o5idi8i" -ed: or aeratiosyste%
o )ost $reci$itatio
C"emi%a treatment9this ste$ is usua!!y co%-ied 'ith sett!i" ad other $rocesses
to re%oe so!ids, such as fi!tratio+ The co%-iatio is referred to i the U+S+ as
$hysic
)ri%ary treat%et re%oes the %ateria!s that ca -e easi!y co!!ected fro% the ra' 'aste'ater
ad dis$osed of+ The ty$ica! %ateria!s that are re%oed duri" $ri%ary treat%et ic!ude
fats, oi!s, ad "reases 9a!so referred to as 0O;:, sad,"rae!s ad roc(s 9a!so referred to as
"rit:, !ar"er sett!ea-!e so!ids ad f!oati" %ateria!s 9such as ra"s ad f!ushed fe%iie
hy"iee $roducts:+ This ste$ is doe etire!y 'ith %achiery+
May $!ats hae a sedi%etatio sta"e 'here the se'a"e is a!!o'ed to $ass s!o'!y throu"h
!ar"e ta(s, co%%o!y ca!!ed
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-io!o"ica! %ateria! ad ca $roide
hi"her re%oa! rates for or"aic %ateria!
ad sus$eded so!ids tha sus$eded
"ro'th syste%s+
Rou"hi" fi!ters are iteded to treat$articu!ar!y stro" or aria-!e or"aic
!oads, ty$ica!!y idustria!, to a!!o' the%
to the -e treated -y coetioa!
secodary treat%et $rocesses+
/haracteristics ic!ude ty$ica!!y ta!!,
circu!ar fi!ters fi!!ed 'ith o$e sythetic
fi!ter %edia to 'hich 'aste'ater is
a$$!ied at a re!atie!y hi"h rate+ They are desi"ed to a!!o' hi"h hydrau!ic !oadi" ad a hi"h
f!o'7throu"h of air+ O !ar"er ista!!atios, air is forced throu"h the %edia usi" -!o'ers+
The resu!tat 'aste'ater is usua!!y 'ithi the or%a! ra"e for coetioa! treat%et
$rocesses+
Tertiar/ treatment
Tertiary treat%et $roides a fia! sta"e to raise the eff!uet 4ua!ity -efore it is dischar"ed to
the receii" eiro%et 9sea, rier, !a(e, "roud, etc+:+ More tha oe tertiary treat%et
$rocess %ay -e used at ay treat%et $!at+ If disifectio is $racticed, it is a!'ays the fia!
$rocess+ It is a!so ca!!ed
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the additio of oe e8y%e, or ee seera! e8y%es+ E8y%es are s$ecific cata!ysts ad do
ot re$roduce+ 3hat is eeded is the additio of a e8y%e %aufacturi" syste% ri"ht i the
se'a"e that ca -e $re 7 deter%ied as to its actiity ad $erfor%ace ad 'hich has the
iitia! or cotiui" ca$acity to reduce 'aste+
At the $reset ti%e, the additio of s$ecifica!!y cu!tured -acteria see%s to -e the !easte5$esie ad %ost "eera!!y re!ia-!e 'ay to acco%$!ish desira-!e resu!ts+ 3he you add the
ri"ht -acteria i $ro$er $ro$ortios to the eiro%et, you hae esta-!ished etire!y e'
$ara%eters of $otetia! for the treat%et situatio+
WASTE WATER TREATMENT TECHNOLOGIES
The $rici$a! -io!o"ica! $rocesses used for 'aste'ater treat%et are diided ito t'o %ai
cate"ories1
?: Sus$eded "ro'th $rocesses
@: Attached "ro'th 9or -iofi!%: $rocesses+
SUSPENDED GROWTH PROCESSES
I sus$eded "ro'th $rocesses the %icroor"ais%s res$osi-!e for treat%et are %aitaied
i !i4uid sus$esio -y a$$ro$riate %i5i" %ethods+ May sus$eded "ro'th $rocesses used
i %uici$a! ad idustria! 'aste'ater treat%et are o$erated 'ith a $ositie disso!ed
o5y"e cocetratio 9aero-ic:, -ut a$$!icatios e5ist 'here sus$eded "ro'th aaero-ic
$rocesses are used, such as for hi"h or"aic cocetratio idustria! 'aste'ater ad or"aics!ud"es+ The %ost co%%o sus$eded "ro'th $rocess used for %uici$a! 'aste'ater
treat%et is the Actiated S!ud"e )rocess+
ATTACHED GROWTH PROCESSES 4I attached "ro'th $rocesses, the %icroor"ais%s
res$osi-!e for the coersio of or"aic %ateria! or utriets are attached o iert $ac(i"
%ateria!+ The or"aic %ateria! ad utriets are re%oed fro% the 'ater f!o'i" $ast the
attached "ro'th a!so (o' as the -iofi!%+ )ac(i" %ateria! i attached "ro'th $rocesses
ic!ude roc(, "rae!, sad, s!a", red'ood ad ra"e of $!astics ad other sythetic %ateria!s+
Attached "ro'th $rocesses are o$erated as aero-ic or aaero-ic $rocesses+ The $ac(i" ca
-e su-%er"ed co%$!ete!y i !i4uid or ot su-%er"ed, 'ith air or "as s$ace a-oe the -iofi!%
!i4uid !ayer+ The %ost co%%o aero-ic attached "ro'th $rocess used is the Tric(!i" fi!ter+
The %a.or %ethods for 'aste'ater treat%et are !isted -e!o'1
Actiated s!ud"e syste%s
Aerated !a"oo
Aero-ic "rau!ar reactor
Aero-ic treat%et syste%
Aaero-ic c!ari"ester
Aaero-ic di"estio
A)I oi!7'ater se$arator
Aaero-ic !a"oo Bead 0i!ter
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Activated_sludgehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aerated_lagoonhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aerobic_granular_reactorhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aerobic_treatment_systemhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anaerobic_clarigesterhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anaerobic_digestionhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/API_oil-water_separatorhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anaerobic_lagoonhttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Bead_Filter&action=edit&redlink=1http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Activated_sludgehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aerated_lagoonhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aerobic_granular_reactorhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aerobic_treatment_systemhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anaerobic_clarigesterhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anaerobic_digestionhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/API_oil-water_separatorhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anaerobic_lagoonhttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Bead_Filter&action=edit&redlink=1 -
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Be!t $ress
Biocoersio of -io%ass to %i5ed a!coho! fue!s
Bioreactor
Bioretetio
Biorotor
Bioro!! @ Bio!yti5
/ar-o fi!teri"
/ess$it
/h!orie disifectio
/o%-ied se'er
/o%$osti" toi!et
/ostructed 'et!ad
Disso!ed air f!otatio
Disti!!atio
E!ectrocoa"u!atio E!ectrodeioi8atio
E!ectro!ysis
E5$aded "rau!ar s!ud"e -ed di"estio
0aci!itatie !a"oo
0!occu!atio 6sedi%etatio
0!uidi8ed Bed Biofi!ter
0!otatio $rocess
0roth f!otatio
0u88y 0i!ter
Hu%aure 9co%$osti":
I%hoff ta( Iodie
Io e5cha"e
*ii" %achies
Me%-rae Bioreactor
Naotecho!o"y
N7Ciro
O8oe ad U!trasoud
)ara!!e! $!ate oi!7'ater se$arator
Recircu!ati" Sad 0i!ter
Reed -ed Retetio -asi
Reerse os%osis
Rotati" -io!o"ica! cotactor
Sad fi!ter
Se$tic ta(
Se4ueci" -atch reactor
Se'a"e treat%et
Su-%er"ed aerated fi!ter
Treat%et $od
Tric(!i" fi!ter
U!trafi!tratio 9idustria!: U!traio!et disifectio
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Belt_presshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bioconversion_of_biomass_to_mixed_alcohol_fuelshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bioreactorhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bioretentionhttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Biorotor&action=edit&redlink=1http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Bioroll&action=edit&redlink=1http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_waste_water_treatment_technologies#cite_note-1http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Biolytixhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carbon_filteringhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cesspithttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Chlorine_disinfection&action=edit&redlink=1http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Combined_sewerhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Composting_toilethttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Constructed_wetlandhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dissolved_air_flotationhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Distillationhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electrocoagulationhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electrodeionizationhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electrolysishttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Expanded_granular_sludge_bed_digestionhttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Facilitative_lagoon&action=edit&redlink=1http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Flocculationhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sedimentationhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sedimentationhttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Fluidized_Bed_Biofilter&action=edit&redlink=1http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Flotation_processhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Froth_flotationhttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Fuzzy_Filter&action=edit&redlink=1http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Humanurehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Imhoff_tankhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iodinehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ion_exchangehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Living_machineshttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Membrane_Bioreactor&action=edit&redlink=1http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nanotechnologyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=N-Viro&action=edit&redlink=1http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ozonehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ultrasoundhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/API_oil-water_separatorhttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Recirculating_Sand_Filter&action=edit&redlink=1http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reed_bedhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Retention_basinhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reverse_osmosishttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rotating_biological_contactorhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sand_filterhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Septic_tankhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sequencing_batch_reactorhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sewage_treatmenthttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Submerged_aerated_filter&action=edit&redlink=1http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Treatment_pondhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trickling_filterhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ultrafiltration_(industrial)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ultraviolet_disinfectionhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Belt_presshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bioconversion_of_biomass_to_mixed_alcohol_fuelshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bioreactorhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bioretentionhttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Biorotor&action=edit&redlink=1http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Bioroll&action=edit&redlink=1http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_waste_water_treatment_technologies#cite_note-1http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Biolytixhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carbon_filteringhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cesspithttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Chlorine_disinfection&action=edit&redlink=1http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Combined_sewerhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Composting_toilethttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Constructed_wetlandhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dissolved_air_flotationhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Distillationhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electrocoagulationhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electrodeionizationhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electrolysishttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Expanded_granular_sludge_bed_digestionhttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Facilitative_lagoon&action=edit&redlink=1http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Flocculationhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sedimentationhttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Fluidized_Bed_Biofilter&action=edit&redlink=1http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Flotation_processhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Froth_flotationhttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Fuzzy_Filter&action=edit&redlink=1http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Humanurehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Imhoff_tankhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iodinehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ion_exchangehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Living_machineshttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Membrane_Bioreactor&action=edit&redlink=1http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nanotechnologyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=N-Viro&action=edit&redlink=1http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ozonehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ultrasoundhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/API_oil-water_separatorhttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Recirculating_Sand_Filter&action=edit&redlink=1http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reed_bedhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Retention_basinhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reverse_osmosishttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rotating_biological_contactorhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sand_filterhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Septic_tankhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sequencing_batch_reactorhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sewage_treatmenthttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Submerged_aerated_filter&action=edit&redlink=1http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Treatment_pondhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trickling_filterhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ultrafiltration_(industrial)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ultraviolet_disinfection 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U$f!o' aaero-ic s!ud"e -!a(et di"estio
3et o5idatio
CLASSI2ICATION O2 WASTEWER TREATMENT TECHNOLOGIES
The 'aste'ater treat%et techo!o"ies ca -e -road!y c!assified o the -asis of %ode ofo$eratio as1
?: Aero-ic 9i $resece of o5y"e:
@: Aaero-ic 9i a-sece of o5y"e:
THE RATIONALE 2OR ANAEROBIC TREATMENT
The ratioa!e for ad iterest i the use of aaero-ic treat%et $rocess ca -e e5$!aied -y
cosideri" the adata"es ad disadata"es of this $rocess+ The $rici$a! adata"es ad
disadata"es of aaero-ic treat%et are !isted as fo!!o's1
A&vanta!e#4
*ess eer"y re4uire%et sice aeratio is ot re4uired+
*ess -io!o"ica! s!ud"e $roductio
0e'er utriets re4uired
Methae $roductio, a $otetia! eer"y source
S%a!!er reactor o!u%e re4uired
E!i%iatio of off7"as air $o!!utio
Ra$id res$ose to su-strate additio after !o" $eriods 'ithout feedi"+
Di#a&vanta!e#4
*o"er start7u$ ti%e to dee!o$ ecessary -io%ass ietory
May re4uire a!(a!iity additio
May re4uire further treat%et 'ith a aero-ic treat%et $rocess to %eet dischar"e
re4uire%ets
Bio!o"ica! itro"e ad $hos$horus re%oa! is ot $ossi-!e
Much %ore sesitie to the aderse effects of !o'er te%$eratures o reactio rates+
May -e %ore susce$ti-!e to u$sets due to to5ic su-staces
)otetia! for $roductio of odors ad corrosie "ases+
AEROBIC TREATMENT PROCESSES
ACTI5ATED SLUDGE PROCESS (ASP)
The actiated s!ud"e $rocess is a 'aste'ater treat%et %ethod i 'hich the car-oaceous
or"aic %atter of 'aste'ater $roides a eer"y source for the $roductio of e' ce!!s for a
%i5ed $o$u!atio of %icroor"ais%s i a a4uatic aero-ic eiro%et+ The %icro-es
coert car-o ito ce!! tissue ad o5idi8ed ed $roducts that ic!ude car-o dio5ide ad
'ater+ I additio, a !i%ited u%-er of %icroor"ais%s %ay e5ist i actiated s!ud"e that
o-tai eer"y -y o5idi8i" a%%oia itro"e to itrate itro"e i the $rocess (o' as
itrificatio+
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Upflow_anaerobic_sludge_blanket_digestionhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wet_oxidationhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Upflow_anaerobic_sludge_blanket_digestionhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wet_oxidation -
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Bacteria costitute the %a.ority of
%icroor"ais%s $reset i actiated
s!ud"e+ Bacteria that re4uire or"aic
co%$ouds for their su$$!y of car-o
ad eer"y 9heterotro$hic -acteria:
$redo%iate, 'hereas -acteria that useior"aic co%$ouds for ce!! "ro'th
9autotro$hic -acteria: occur i
$ro$ortio to cocetratios of car-o
ad itro"e+ Both aero-ic ad
aaero-ic -acteria %ay e5ist i the actiated s!ud"e, -ut the $re$oderace of s$ecies are
facu!tatie, a-!e to !ie i either the $resece of or !ac( of disso!ed o5y"e+
0u"i, rotifers, ad $roto8oa are a!so residets of actiated s!ud"e+ The !atter
%icroor"ais%s are re$reseted !ar"e!y -y ci!iated s$ecies, -ut f!a"e!!ated $roto8oa ad
a%oe-ae %ay a!so -e $reset+ )roto8oa sere as idicators of the actiated s!ud"e coditio,
ad ci!iated s$ecies are istru%eta! i re%oi" Escherichia co!i fro% se'a"e+ Additioa!!y,iruses of hu%a ori"i %ay -e foud i ra' se'a"e if!uet, -ut a !ar"e $erceta"e a$$ears
to -e re%oed -y the actiated7s!ud"e $rocess+
The success of the actiated7s!ud"e $rocess is de$edet u$o esta-!ishi" a %i5ed
co%%uity of %icroor"ais%s that 'i!! re%oe ad cosu%e or"aic 'aste %ateria!, that
'i!! a""re"ate ad adhere i a $rocess (o' as -io f!occu!atio, ad that 'i!! sett!e i such a
%aer as to $roduce a cocetrated s!ud"e 9retur actiated s!ud"e, or RAS: for recyc!i"+
Ay of seera! ty$es of actiated s!ud"e so!ids se$aratios $ro-!e%s idicate a i%-a!ace i
the -io!o"ica! co%$oet of this $rocess+ I the idea!
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Xe cocetratio of -io%ass i eff!uet " CSS2%
The actiated7s!ud"e $rocess is a -io!o"ica! %ethod of 'aste'ater treat%et that is
$erfor%ed -y a aria-!e ad %i5ed co%%uity of %icroor"ais%s i a aero-ic a4uatic
eiro%et+ These %icroor"ais%s derie eer"y fro% car-oaceous or"aic %atter iaerated 'aste'ater for the $roductio of e' ce!!s i a $rocess (o' as sythesis, 'hi!e
si%u!taeous!y re!easi" eer"y throu"h the coersio of this or"aic %atter ito
co%$ouds that cotai !o'er eer"y, such as car-o dio5ide ad 'ater, i a $rocess ca!!ed
res$iratio+ As 'e!!, a aria-!e u%-er of %icroor"ais%s i the syste% o-tai eer"y -y
coerti" a%%oia itro"e to itrate itro"e i a $rocess ter%ed itrificatio+ This
cosortiu% of %icroor"ais%s, the -io!o"ica! co%$oet of the $rocess, is (o'
co!!ectie!y as actiated s!ud"e+
The oera!! "oa! of the actiated7s!ud"e $rocess is to re%oe su-staces that hae a de%ad
for o5y"e fro% the syste%+ This is acco%$!ished -y the %eta-o!ic reactios 9sythesis7
res$iratio ad itrificatio: of the %icroor"ais%s, the se$aratio ad sett!i" of actiated7s!ud"e so!ids to create a acce$ta-!e 4ua!ity of secodary 'aste'ater eff!uet, ad the
co!!ectio ad recyc!i" of %icroor"ais%s -ac( ito the syste% or re%oa! of e5cess
%icroor"ais%s fro% the syste%+
THE PHYSICAL COMPONENTS O2
THE ACTI5ATED6SLUDGE PROCESS
Accordi" to A%tivate& S$&!e+ Man$a o0 Pra%ti%e 78 93ater Eiro%et Associatio,?FG:, the actiated7s!ud"e $rocess cotais fie essetia! iterre!ated e4ui$%et
co%$oets+ The first is a aeratio ta( or ta(s i 'hich air or o5y"e is itroduced ito
the syste% to create a aero-ic eiro%et that %eets the eeds of the -io!o"ica! co%%uity
ad that (ee$s the actiated s!ud"e $ro$er!y %i5ed+ At !east see %odificatios i the sha$e
ad u%-er of ta(s e5ist to $roduce ariatios i the $atter of f!o'+
Secod, a aeratio source is re4uired to esure that ade4uate o5y"e is fed ito the ta(9s:
ad that the a$$ro$riate %i5i" ta(es $!ace+ This source %ay -e $roided -y $ure o5y"e,
co%$ressed air or %echaica! aeratio+ ust as there are %odificatios i the sha$e ad
u%-er of aeratio ta(s that ca -e used i the actiated7s!ud"e $rocess, differet e4ui$%et
syste%s e5ist to de!ier air or o5y"e ito aeratio ta(s+
Third, i the actiated7s!ud"e $rocess, aeratio ta(s are fo!!o'ed -y secodary c!arifiers+ I
secodary c!arifiers, actiated7s!ud"e so!ids se$arate fro% the surroudi" 'ater'ater -y the
$rocess of f!occu!atio 9the for%atio of !ar"e $artic!e a""re"ates, or f!ocs, -y the adherece
of f!oc7for%i" or"ais%s to fi!a%etous or"ais%s: ad "raity sedi%etatio, i 'hich
f!ocs sett!e to'ard the -otto% of the c!arifier i a 4uiescet eiro%et+ This se$aratio
!eads idea!!y to the for%atio of a secodary eff!uet 9'aste'ater hai" a !o' !ee! of
actiated7s!ud"e so!ids i sus$esio: i the u$$er $ortio of the c!arifier ad a thic(eed
s!ud"e co%$rised of f!ocs, ter%ed retur actiated s!ud"e, or RAS, i the -otto% $ortio of
the c!arifier+
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Ne5t, retur actiated s!ud"e %ust -e co!!ected fro% the secodary c!arifiers ad $u%$ed
-ac( to the aeratio ta(9s: -efore disso!ed o5y"e is de$!eted+ I this 'ay, the -io!o"ica!
co%%uity eeded to %eta-o!i8e if!uet or"aic or ior"aic %atter i the 'aste'ater
strea% is re$!eished+
0ia!!y, actiated s!ud"e cotaii" a oera-udace of %icroor"ais%s %ust -e re%oed,or 'asted 9'aste actiated s!ud"e, or 3AS:, fro% the syste%+ This is acco%$!ished 'ith the
use of $u%$s ad is doe i $art to cotro! the food7to7%icroor"ais% ratio i the aeratio
ta(9s:+
THE BIOLOGICAL COMPONENT
O2 THE ACTI5ATED6SLUDGE SYSTEM
The -io!o"ica! co%$oet of the actiated s!ud"e syste% is co%$rised of %icroor"ais%s+
The co%$ositio of these %icroor"ais%s is J to FJ $ercet or"aic %atter ad ?J to J$ercet or"aic %atter+ /e!! %a(eu$ de$eds o -oth the che%ica! co%$ositio of the
'aste'ater ad the s$ecific characteristics of the or"ais%s i the -io!o"ica! co%%uity+
Bacteria, fu"i, $roto8oa, ad rotifers costitute the -io!o"ica! co%$oet, or -io!o"ica!
%ass, of actiated s!ud"e+ I additio, so%e %eta8oa, such as e%atode 'or%s, %ay -e
$reset+ Ho'eer, the costat a"itatio i the aeratio ta(s ad s!ud"e recircu!atio are
deterrets to the "ro'th of hi"her or"ais%s+
The s$ecies of %icroor"ais% that do%iates a syste% de$eds o eiro%eta! coditios,
$rocess desi", the %ode of $!at o$eratio, ad the characteristics of the secodary if!uet
'aste'ater+ The %icroor"ais%s that are of "reatest u%erica! i%$ortace i actiated s!ud"e
are -acteria, 'hich occur as %icrosco$ic idiidua!s fro% oe %icro i si8e to isi-!ea""re"atios or co!oies of idiidua!s+ So%e -acteria are strict aero-es 9they ca o!y !ie i
the $resece of o5y"e:, 'hereas others are aaero-es 9they are actie o!y i the a-sece of
o5y"e:+ The $re$oderace of -acteria !ii" i actiated s!ud"e are facu!tatie=a-!e to
!ie i either the $resece or a-sece of o5y"e, a i%$ortat factor i the suria! of
actiated s!ud"e 'he disso!ed o5y"e cocetratios are !o' or $erha$s a$$roachi"
de$!etio+
3hi!e -oth heterotro$hic ad autotro$hic -acteria reside i actiated s!ud"e, the for%er
$redo%iate+ Heterotro$hic -acteria o-tai eer"y fro% car-oaceous or"aic %atter i
if!uet 'aste'ater for the sythesis of e' ce!!s+ At the sa%e ti%e, they re!ease eer"y ia
the coersio of or"aic %atter ito co%$ouds such as car-o dio5ide ad 'ater+ I%$ortat"eera of heterotro$hic -acteria ic!ude A%"romo.a%ter, A%ai!ene#, Art"ro.a%ter,
Citromona#, 2avo.a%teri$m, P#e$&omona#, ad 9oo!oea+
NITRI0I/ATION
@ NHKLL O@@NO
@7L KHLL @H@O L eer"y
!itrosomonas
@NO@ L O@@NO7
L eer"y
!itrobacter
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Nitrificatio "eera!!y occurs 'he the ti%e that the s!ud"e stays i the syste% 9ca!!ed the
%ea ce!! residece ti%e, or M/RT: is icreased+ A !o"er %ea ce!! residece ti%e,
therefore, a!!o's a ade4uate $o$u!atio of itrifyi" -acteria to -e -ui!t u$+ Ho'eer,
-ecause the o5y"e de%ad for co%$!ete itrificatio is hi"h, -oth the ecessary o5y"e
su$$!y ad $o'er re4uire%ets for the syste% 'i!! -e icreased+ Moreoer, o$ti%u% $H for
the "ro'th of itrifyi" -acteria is i the G to F ra"e, 'ith $H !ee!s -e!o' causi" asu-statia! reductio i itrificatio actiity+ I the $rocess of coerti" a%%oia to itrate,
%iera! acidity is $roduced+ I istaces 'he isufficiet a!(a!iity e5ists, the $H i the
syste% 'i!! dro$, $otetia!!y ihi-iti" itrificatio+ 0ia!!y, thou"h itrificatio occurs oer
a 'ide ra"e of te%$eratures, a reductio i te%$erature $roduces a s!o'er rate of reactio+
CALCULATION O2 THE COMMON CHARACTERISTICS O2 A
COMPLETE6MI: ACTI5ATED6SLUDGE SYSTEM WITH RECYCLE
Characteristics of Primary Sedimentation
Effluent
wastewater flow rate Q= 1000 m3/d
influent soluble substrate concentration (bsCOD) S0= 192BOD or bsCODg/m3
nb!!concentration in influent X0,i= 30 g/m3or mg/l
inert inorganic "otal !us#ended !olids (i"!!) i"!! = 10 g/m3
total $%!!concentration XT= 2&00 g/m3or mg/l
!edimentation 'etention "ime (!'") !'" = d
Kinetic Coefficients
maimum rate of soluble substrate utili*ation k= 12+& g COD/g,d
biomass -ie ld Y= 0+. g !!/g COD used
endogenous deca- coefficient kd= 0+1 g !!/g !!,d
alfelocit- constant Ks= 10 g COD/m3
fraction of biomass tat remains as cell debris fd= +1& g !!/g !!
biomass fraction 0+&
Characteristics of Complete-Mix Suspended GrowthProcess
effluent soluble substrate concentration(bsCOD) S= 0+& g bsCOD/m3
-draulic 'etention "ime('") = 0+194 d
dail- sludge #roduction PX,T,VSS= 2+2 5g !!/d
PX,T,TSS= 101+. 5g "!!/d
fraction of biomass in te$%!! X/XT= 0+& 5g/d
obsered solids -ield remoed Yobs,VSS= 0+. g !!/g bsCOD
Yobs,TSS= 0+&3 g "!!/g bsCOD
o-gen re6uirement R0= 114+. 5g/d
http://www.lenntech.com/wwtp/bsCOD.htmhttp://www.lenntech.com/wwtp/nbVSS.htmhttp://www.lenntech.com/wwtp/iTSS.htmhttp://www.lenntech.com/wwtp/MLVSS.htmhttp://www.lenntech.com/wwtp/SRT.htmhttp://www.lenntech.com/wwtp/coefficient-k.htmhttp://www.lenntech.com/wwtp/coefficient-Y.htmhttp://www.lenntech.com/wwtp/coefficient-kd.htmhttp://www.lenntech.com/wwtp/coefficient-Ks.htmhttp://www.lenntech.com/wwtp/coefficient-fd.htmhttp://www.lenntech.com/wwtp/biomass-fraction.htmhttp://www.lenntech.com/wwtp/Calculate-bsCOD.htmhttp://www.lenntech.com/wwtp/bsCOD.htmhttp://www.lenntech.com/wwtp/Calculate-HRT.htmhttp://www.lenntech.com/wwtp/HRT.htmhttp://www.lenntech.com/wwtp/Calculate-daily-sludge-production.htmhttp://www.lenntech.com/wwtp/Calculate-daily-sludge-production.htmhttp://www.lenntech.com/wwtp/Calculate-biomass.htmhttp://www.lenntech.com/wwtp/MLVSS.htmhttp://www.lenntech.com/wwtp/Calculate-observed-solids-yield.htmhttp://www.lenntech.com/wwtp/Calculate-oxygen-requirement.htmhttp://www.lenntech.com/wwtp/bsCOD.htmhttp://www.lenntech.com/wwtp/nbVSS.htmhttp://www.lenntech.com/wwtp/iTSS.htmhttp://www.lenntech.com/wwtp/MLVSS.htmhttp://www.lenntech.com/wwtp/SRT.htmhttp://www.lenntech.com/wwtp/coefficient-k.htmhttp://www.lenntech.com/wwtp/coefficient-Y.htmhttp://www.lenntech.com/wwtp/coefficient-kd.htmhttp://www.lenntech.com/wwtp/coefficient-Ks.htmhttp://www.lenntech.com/wwtp/coefficient-fd.htmhttp://www.lenntech.com/wwtp/biomass-fraction.htmhttp://www.lenntech.com/wwtp/Calculate-bsCOD.htmhttp://www.lenntech.com/wwtp/bsCOD.htmhttp://www.lenntech.com/wwtp/Calculate-HRT.htmhttp://www.lenntech.com/wwtp/HRT.htmhttp://www.lenntech.com/wwtp/Calculate-daily-sludge-production.htmhttp://www.lenntech.com/wwtp/Calculate-biomass.htmhttp://www.lenntech.com/wwtp/MLVSS.htmhttp://www.lenntech.com/wwtp/Calculate-observed-solids-yield.htmhttp://www.lenntech.com/wwtp/Calculate-oxygen-requirement.htm -
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TRICKLING 2ILTER
A sche%atic cross7sectio of the cotact face of the -ed %edia i a tric(!i" fi!ter
Tri%;in! 0itercosists of a fi5ed -ed of roc(s,"rae!, s!a",$o!yurethaefoa%, s$ha"u%
$eat %oss, or $!astic %edia oer 'hich se'a"eor other 'aste'aterf!o's do''ard ad is
cotacted 'ith a !ayer or fi!% of %icro-ia!s!i%e coeri" the -ed %edia+ Aero-iccoditios
are %aitaied either -y forced air f!o'i" throu"h the -ed or atura! coectio of air if the
fi!ter %ediu% is $orous+ The $rocess %echais% io!es adsor$tio of or"aic co%$ouds
i the se'a"e or other 'aste'ater -y the !ayer of %icro-ia! s!i%e, diffusio of air ito the
s!i%e !ayer to furish the o5y"e re4uired for the -ioche%ica! o5idatio of the or"aic
co%$ouds to re!ease car-o dio5ide"as, 'ater ad other o5idi8ed ed $roducts+ As the
s!i%e !ayer thic(es, it -eco%es %ore difficu!t for air to $eetrate the !ayer ad a ieraaero-ic !ayer is $ro-a-!y for%ed+ 0or so%e $!astic7%esh %ateria! fi!ters this s!i%e !ayer
'i!! -ui!d ad eetua!!y s!ou"h off the s%ooth $!astic 'a!!s ito the treated eff!uetas a
s!ud"e that re4uires su-se4uet re%oa! ad dis$osa!+ Other fi!ters uti!i8i" hi"her7desity
%edia such as sad, foa% ad $eat %oss do ot $roduce a s!ud"e that %ust -e re%oed+
The ter%s tri%;e 0iter, tri%;in! .io0iter, .io0iter, .ioo!i%a 0iter ad .ioo!i%a
tri%;in! 0iterare ofte used to refer to a tri%;in! 0iter+
These syste%s hae a!so -ee descri-ed as iter%ittet fi!ters, $ac(ed %edia -ed fi!ters,
a!teratie se$tic syste%s, $erco!ati" fi!ters, attached "ro'th $rocesses, ad fi5ed fi!%
$rocesses+
Types
T'o of the -asic ty$es of tric(!e fi!ters are those a$$!ied to the treat%et of se'a"e ad those
a$$!ied to the treat%et of idustria! 'aste'ater+
Se,a!e treatment tri%;e 0iter#
Osite se'a"e faci!ities9OSS0: are reco"i8ed as ia-!e, !o'7cost, !o"7ter%, decetra!i8ed
a$$roaches to se'a"e treat%et if they are $!aed, desi"ed, ista!!ed, o$erated ad%aitaied $ro$er!y 9USE)A, ?FF:+
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rock_(geology)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gravelhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Slaghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Polyurethanehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Foamhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peat_mosshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sewagehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wastewaterhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Microbialhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aerobichttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Adsorptionhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Organic_compoundshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oxygenhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Biochemicalhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oxidationhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carbon_dioxidehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Effluenthttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Onsite_sewage_facilitieshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Decentralizedhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rock_(geology)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gravelhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Slaghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Polyurethanehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Foamhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peat_mosshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sewagehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wastewaterhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Microbialhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aerobichttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Adsorptionhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Organic_compoundshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oxygenhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Biochemicalhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oxidationhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carbon_dioxidehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Effluenthttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Onsite_sewage_facilitieshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Decentralized -
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Se'a"e tric(!i" fi!ters are used i areas ot sericed -y %uici$a! 'aste'ater treat%et
$!ats 933T):+ They are ty$ica!!y ista!!ed i areas 'here the traditioa! se$tic ta(syste%
are fai!i", caot -e ista!!ed due to site !i%itatios, or 'here i%$roed !ee!s of treat%et
are re4uired for eiro%eta! -eefits such as $reeti" cota%iatio of"roud 'ateror
surface 'ater+
Sites 'ith a hi"h 'ater ta-!e, hi"h-edroc(, heay c!ay, s%a!! !ad area, or 'hich re4uire
%ii%a! site destructio 9for e5a%$!e, tree re%oa!: are idea!!y suited for tric(!i" fi!ters+
A!! arieties of se'a"e tric(!i" fi!ters hae a !o' ad so%eti%es iter%ittet $o'er
cosu%$tio+ They ca -e so%e'hat %ore e5$esie tha traditioa! se$tic ta(7!each fie!d
syste%s, ho'eer their use a!!o's for -etter treat%et, a reductio i si8e of dis$osa! area,
!ess e5caatio, ad hi"her desity !ad dee!o$%et+
Config!"#ion$ "n% &o'(on)n#$
A!! se'a"e tric(!i" fi!ter syste%s share the sa%e fuda%eta! co%$oets1
a se$tic ta( for fer%etatio ad $ri%ary sett!i" of so!ids
a fi!ter %ediu% u$o 'hich -eeficia! %icro-es9-io%ass,-iofi!%: are $ro%oted ad
dee!o$ed
a cotaier 'hich houses the fi!ter %ediu%
a distri-utio syste% for a$$!yi" 'aste'ater to -e treated to the fi!ter %ediu%
a distri-utio syste% for dis$osa! of the treated eff!uet.
By treati" se$tic ta( eff!uet -efore it is distri-uted ito the "roud, hi"her treat%et !ee!s
are o-taied ad s%a!!er dis$osa! %eas such as !each fie!d, sha!!o' $ressure trech or area-eds are re4uired+
Syste%s ca -e cofi"ured for si"!e7$ass use 'here the treated 'ater is a$$!ied to the
tric(!i" fi!ter oce -efore -ei" dis$osed of, or for %u!ti7$ass use 'here a $ortio of the
treated 'ater is cyc!ed -ac( to the se$tic ta( ad re7treated ia a c!osed7!oo$+ Mu!ti7$ass
syste%s resu!t i hi"her treat%et 4ua!ity ad assist i re%oi" Tota! Nitro"e 9TN: !ee!s
-y $ro%oti"itrificatio i the aero-ic %edia -ed ad deitrificatioi the aaero-ic se$tic
ta(+
Tric(!i" fi!ters differ $ri%ari!y i the ty$e of fi!ter %edia used to house the %icro-ia!
co!oies+ Ty$es of %edia %ost co%%o!y used ic!ude $!astic %atri5 %ateria!, o$e7ce!!$o!yurethaefoa%, s$ha"u%$eat %oss, recyc!ed tires, c!i(er, "rae!,sadad "eote5ti!es+
Idea! fi!ter %ediu% o$ti%i8es surface areafor %icro-ia! attach%et, 'aste'ater retetio
ti%e, a!!o's air f!o', resists $!u""i" ad does ot de"rade+ So%e residetia! syste%s re4uire
forced aeratio uits 'hich 'i!! icrease %aiteace ad o$eratioa! costs+
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Septic_tankhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ground_waterhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Surface_waterhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Water_tablehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bedrockhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Clayhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Componentshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Microbeshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Biofilmhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leach_fieldhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Closed-loophttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nitrificationhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Denitrificationhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Polyurethanehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Foamhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peat_mosshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tireshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sandhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Surface_areahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Septic_tankhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ground_waterhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Surface_waterhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Water_tablehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bedrockhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Clayhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Componentshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Microbeshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Biofilmhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leach_fieldhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Closed-loophttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nitrificationhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Denitrificationhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Polyurethanehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Foamhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peat_mosshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tireshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sandhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Surface_area -
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A t/ic"l com/lete tric0ling 1ilter sstem
In&$#tria ,a#te,ater treatment tri%;e 0iter#
3aste'aters fro% a ariety of idustria! $rocesses hae -ee treated i tric(!i" fi!ters+ Such
idustria! 'aste'ater tric(!i" fi!ters cosist of t'o ty$es1
*ar"e ta(s or cocrete ec!osures fi!!ed 'ith $!astic $ac(i" or other %edia+
Certica! to'ers fi!!ed 'ith $!astic $ac(i" or other %edia+
The aai!a-i!ity of ie5$esie $!astic to'er $ac(i"s has !ed to their use as tric(!i" fi!ter
-eds i ta!! to'ers, so%e as hi"h as @J %eters+
The treated 'ater eff!uet fro% idustria! 'aste'ater tric(!i" fi!ters is ery ofte
su-se4uet!y $rocessed i a c!arifier7sett!er to re%oe the s!ud"e that s!ou"hs off the
%icro-ia! s!i%e !ayer attached to the tric(!i" fi!ter %edia 9see I%a"e ? a-oe:+
/urret!y, so%e of the !atest tric(!e fi!ter techo!o"y io!es aerated -iofi!ters 'hich are
essetia!!y tric(!e fi!ters cosisti" of $!astic %edia i esse!s usi" -!o'ers to i.ect air atthe -otto% of the esse!s, 'ith either do'f!o' or u$f!o' of the 'aste'ater+
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AERATED LAGOONS
A aerated !a"oo or aerated -asi is a ho!di" ad2or treat%et $od $roided 'ith artificia!
aeratio to $ro%ote the -io!o"ica! o5idatio of 'aste'aters+ There are %ay other -io!o"ica!
$rocesses for treat%et of 'aste'aters, for e5a%$!e actiated s!ud"e, tric(!i" fi!ters, rotati"
-io!o"ica! cotactors ad -io fi!ters+ They a!! hae i co%%o the use of o5y"e 9or air: ad
%icro-ia! actio to -io treats the $o!!utats i 'aste'aters+
T/1e# o0 aerate& a!oon# or .a#in#
There are %ay %ethods for aerati" a !a"oo or -asi1
Motor7drie f!oati" surface aerators
Motor7drie su-%er"ed aerators
Motor7drie fi5ed7i7$!ace surface aerators
I.ectio of co%$ressed air throu"h su-%er"ed diffusers
0!oati" surface aerators
A Ty$ica! Surface7Aerated Basi" 9usi" %otor7drie f!oati" aerators:
)ods or -asis usi" f!oati" surface aerators achiee GJ to FJ re%oa! of BOD 'ith
retetio ti%es of ? to ?J days+ The $ods or -asis %ay ra"e i de$th fro% ?+ to +J
%etres+
I a surface7aerated syste%, the aerators $roide t'o fuctios1 they trasfer air ito the
-asis re4uired -y the -io!o"ica! o5idatio reactios, ad they $roide the %i5i" re4uired
for dis$ersi" the air ad for cotacti" the reactats 9that is, o5y"e, 'aste'ater ad
%icro-es:+ Ty$ica!!y, the f!oati" surface aerators are rated to de!ier the a%out of air
e4uia!et to ?+G to @+ (" O@2(3h+ Ho'eer, they do ot $roide as "ood %i5i" as is
or%a!!y achieed i actiated s!ud"e syste%s ad therefore aerated -asis do ot achiee the
sa%e $erfor%ace !ee! as actiated s!ud"e uits+ Bio!o"ica! o5idatio $rocesses are sesitie
to te%$erature ad, -et'ee J / ad KJ /, the rate of -io!o"ica! reactios icrease 'ith
te%$erature+ Most surface aerated esse!s o$erate at -et'ee K / ad @ /
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hydro"e, a%%oia, ad or"aic acids+ Aceto"eic -acteria the coert these resu!ti"
or"aic acids ito acetic acid, a!o" 'ith additioa! a%%oia, hydro"e, ad car-o dio5ide+
Methao"eic -acteria fia!!y are a-!e to coert these $roducts to %ethae ad car-o
dio5ide+
The techica! e5$ertise re4uired to %aitai aaero-ic di"esters cou$!ed 'ith hi"h ca$ita!costs ad !o'er $rocess efficiecies hae so far !i%ited the !ee! of its idustria! a$$!icatio
as a 'aste treat%et techo!o"y+
/arefu! cotro! of the di"estio te%$erature, $H, ad !oadi" rates is crucia! to o-taii"
efficiet -rea(do' of the %ateria!, ad distur-aces to a di"est ca !ead to $rocess fai!ure+
Esuri" that the 4ua!ity of i$ut %ateria!s to the di"esters is %aitaied ad that the $rocess
effectie!y %oitored is essetia! for esuri" that a di"esterQs $erfor%ace is re!ia-!e+
A11i%ation#
Aaero-ic di"estio is $articu!ar!y suited to 'et or"aic %ateria! ad is co%%o!y used for
eff!uet ad se'a"e treat%et+ Aaero-ic di"estio is a si%$!e $rocess that ca "reat!y
reduce the a%out of or"aic %atter 'hich %i"ht other'ise -e destied to -e !adfi!!ed or
-urt i a icierator+
A!%ost ay or"aic %ateria! ca -e $rocessed 'ith aaero-ic di"estio+ This ic!udes
-iode"rada-!e 'aste %ateria!s such as 'aste $a$er, "rass c!i$$i"s, !eftoer food, se'a"e ad
ai%a! 'aste+ The e5ce$tio to this is 'oody 'astes that are !ar"e!y uaffected -y di"estio
as aaero-es are ua-!e to de"rade !i"i+ Aaero-ic di"esters ca a!so -e fed 'ith s$ecia!!y
"ro' eer"y cro$s such as si!a"e for dedicated -io"as $roductio+ I ;er%ay ad
cotieta! Euro$e these faci!ities are referred to as -io"as $!ats+ A co7di"estio or co7fer%etatio $!at is ty$ica!!y a a"ricu!tura! aaero-ic di"ester that acce$ts t'o or %ore
i$ut %ateria!s for si%u!taeous di"estio+
I dee!o$i" coutries si%$!e ho%e ad far%7-ased aaero-ic di"estio syste%s offer the
$otetia! for chea$, !o'7cost eer"y for coo(i" ad !i"hti"+ Aaero-ic di"estio faci!ities
hae -ee reco"ised -y the Uited Natios Dee!o$%et )ro"ra%%e as oe of the %ost
usefu! decetra!ised sources of eer"y su$$!y+
)ressure fro% eiro%eta!!y7re!ated !e"is!atio o so!id 'aste dis$osa! %ethods i
dee!o$ed coutries has icreased the a$$!icatio of aaero-ic di"estio as a $rocess for
reduci" 'aste o!u%es ad "eerati" usefu! -y7$roducts+ Aaero-ic di"estio %ay either-e used to $rocess the source se$arated fractio of %uici$a! 'aste, or a!teratie!y
co%-ied 'ith %echaica! sorti" syste%s, to $rocess residua! %i5ed %uici$a! 'aste+ These
faci!ities are ca!!ed %echaica! -io!o"ica! treat%et $!ats
Uti!isi" aaero-ic di"estio techo!o"ies ca he!$ to reduce the e%issio of "reehouse
"ases i a u%-er of (ey 'ays1
Re$!ace%et of fossi! fue!s
Reduci" %ethae e%issio fro% !adfi!!s
Dis$!aci" idustria!!y7$roduced che%ica! ferti!isers Reduci" ehic!e %oe%ets
Reduci" e!ectrica! "rid tras$ortatio !osses
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Methae ad $o'er $roduced i aaero-ic di"estio faci!ities ca -e uti!ised to re$!ace
eer"y deried fro% fossi! fue!s, ad hece reduce e%issios of "reehouse "ases +This is due
to the fact that the car-o i -iode"rada-!e %ateria! is $art of a car-o cyc!e+ The car-o
re!eased ito the at%os$here fro% the co%-ustio of -io"as has -ee re%oed -y $!ats i
order for the% to "ro' i the recet $ast+ This ca hae occurred 'ithi the !ast decade, -ut
%ore ty$ica!!y 'ithi the !ast "ro'i" seaso+ If the $!ats are re7"ro', ta(i" the car-oout of the at%os$here oce %ore, the syste% 'i!! -e car-o eutra!+This cotrasts to car-o
i fossi! fue!s that has -ee se4uestered i the earth for %ay %i!!ios of years, the
co%-ustio of 'hich icreases the oera!! !ee!s of car-o dio5ide i the at%os$here+
Di"estate !i4uor ca -e used as a ferti!iser su$$!yi" ita! utriets to soi!s+ The so!id, fi-rous
co%$oet of di"estate ca -e used as a soi! coditioer+ The !i4uor ca -e used as a
su-stitute for che%ica! ferti!isers 'hich re4uire !ar"e a%outs of eer"y to $roduce+ The use
of %aufactured ferti!isers is therefore %ore car-o itesie tha the use of aaero-ic
di"estate ferti!iser+ This so!id di"estate ca -e used to -oost the or"aic cotet of soi!s+
T"e 1ro%e##
There are a u%-er of -acteria that are io!ed i the $rocess of aaero-ic di"estio
ic!udi" acetic acid7for%i" -acteria 9aceto"es: ad %ethae7for%i" -acteria
9%ethao"es:+ These -acteria feed u$o the iitia! feedstoc(, 'hich uder"oes a u%-er of
differet $rocesses coerti" it to iter%ediate %o!ecu!es ic!udi" su"ars, hydro"e 6
acetic acid -efore fia!!y -ei" coerted to -io"as+
Differet s$ecies of -acteria are a-!e to surie at differet te%$erature ra"es+ Oes !ii"
o$ti%a!!y at te%$eratures -et'ee 7KJ/ are ca!!ed %eso$hi!es or %eso$hi!ic -acteria+
So%e of the -acteria ca surie at the hotter ad %ore hosti!e coditios of 7&J/, these
are ca!!ed ther%o$hi!es or ther%o$hi!ic -acteria+ Methao"es co%e fro% the $ri%itie
"rou$ of archaea+ This fa%i!y ic!udes s$ecies that ca "ro' i the hosti!e coditios of
hydrother%a! ets+ These s$ecies are %ore resistat to heat ad ca therefore o$erate at
ther%o$hi!ic te%$eratures, a $ro$erty that is ui4ue to -acteria! fa%i!ies+
As 'ith aero-ic syste%s the -acteria i aaero-ic syste%s the "ro'i" ad re$roduci"
%icroor"ais%s 'ithi the% re4uire a source of e!e%eta! o5y"e to surie+
I a aaero-ic syste% there is a a-sece of "aseous o5y"e+ I a aaero-ic di"ester,
"aseous o5y"e is $reeted fro% eteri" the syste% throu"h $hysica! cotai%et i sea!ed
ta(s+ Aaero-es access o5y"e fro% sources other tha the surroudi" air+ The o5y"esource for these %icroor"ais%s ca -e the or"aic %ateria! itse!f or a!teratie!y %ay -e
su$$!ied -y ior"aic o5ides fro% 'ithi the i$ut %ateria!+ 3he the o5y"e source i a
aaero-ic syste% is deried fro% the or"aic %ateria! itse!f, the the Qiter%ediateQ ed
$roducts are $ri%ari!y a!coho!s, a!dehydes, ad or"aic acids $!us car-o dio5ide+ I the
$resece of s$ecia!ised %ethao"es, the iter%ediates are coerted to the Qfia!Q ed
$roducts of %ethae, car-o dio5ide 'ith trace !ee!s of hydro"e su!fide+ I a aaero-ic
syste% the %a.ority of the che%ica! eer"y cotaied 'ithi the starti" %ateria! is re!eased
-y %ethao"eic -acteria as %ethae+
)o$u!atios of aaero-ic -acteria ty$ica!!y ta(e a si"ificat $eriod of ti%e to esta-!ish
the%se!es to -e fu!!y effectie+ It is therefore co%%o $ractice to itroduce aaero-ic%icroor"ais%s fro% %ateria!s 'ith e5isti" $o$u!atios+ This $rocess is ca!!ed Qseedi"Q the
di"esters ad ty$ica!!y ta(es $!ace 'ith the additio of se'a"e s!ud"e or catt!e s!urry+
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Sta!e#
The (ey $rocess sta"es of aaero-ic di"estio
There are four (ey -io!o"ica! ad che%ica! sta"es of aaero-ic di"estio1
?+ Hydro!ysis
@+ Acido"eesis
+ Aceto"eesis
K+ Methao"eesis
I %ost cases -io%ass is %ade u$ of !ar"e or"aic $o!y%ers+ I order for the -acteria i
aaero-ic di"esters to access the eer"y $otetia! of the %ateria!, these chais %ust first -e
-ro(e do' ito their s%a!!er costituet $arts+ These costituet $arts or %oo%ers such as
su"ars are readi!y aai!a-!e -y other -acteria+ The $rocess of -rea(i" these chais ad
disso!i" the s%a!!er %o!ecu!es ito so!utio is ca!!ed hydro!ysis+ Therefore hydro!ysis of
these hi"h %o!ecu!ar 'ei"ht $o!y%eric co%$oets is the ecessary first ste$ i aaero-ic
di"estio+ Throu"h hydro!ysis the co%$!e5 or"aic %o!ecu!es are -ro(e do' ito si%$!e
su"ars, a%io acids, ad fatty acids+
Acetate ad hydro"e $roduced i the first sta"es ca -e used direct!y -y %ethao"es+ Other
%o!ecu!es such as o!ati!e fatty acids 9C0As: 'ith a chai !e"th that is "reater tha acetate
%ust first -e cata-o!ised ito co%$ouds that ca -e direct!y uti!i8ed -y %ethao"es+ The
-io!o"ica! $rocess of acido"eesis is 'here there is further -rea(do' of the re%aii"
co%$oets -y acido"eic 9fer%etatie: -acteria+ Here C0As are created a!o" 'ith
a%%oia, car-o dio5ide ad hydro"e su!fide as 'e!! as other -y7$roducts+ The $rocess of
acido"eesis is si%i!ar to the 'ay that %i!( sours+ The third sta"e aaero-ic di"estio is
aceto"eesis+ Here si%$!e %o!ecu!es created throu"h the acido"eesis $hase are further
di"ested -y aceto"es to $roduce !ar"e!y acetic acid as 'e!! as car-o dio5ide ad hydro"e+
The ter%ia! sta"e of aaero-ic di"estio is the -io!o"ica! $rocess of %ethao"eesis+ Here
%ethao"es uti!ise the iter%ediate $roducts of the $recedi" sta"es ad coert the% ito
%ethae, car-o dio5ide ad 'ater+ It is these co%$oets that %a(es u$ the %a.ority of the
-io"as e%itted fro% the syste%+ Methao"eesis is sesitie to -oth hi"h ad !o' $H ad
occurs -et'ee $H &+ ad $H G+ The re%aii", o7di"esta-!e %ateria! 'hich the
%icro-es caot feed u$o, a!o" 'ith ay dead -acteria! re%ais costitutes the di"estate+
Aaero-ic di"esters ca -e desi"ed ad e"ieered to o$erate usi" a u%-er of differet
$rocess cofi"uratios1
?+ Batch or cotiuous
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@+ Te%$erature1 Meso$hi!ic or ther%o$hi!ic
+ So!ids cotet1 Hi"h so!ids or !o' so!ids
K+ /o%$!e5ity1 Si"!e sta"e or %u!tista"e
Bat%" or %ontin$o$#
A -atch syste% is the si%$!est for% of di"estio+ Bio%ass is added to the reactor at the start
of the $rocess i a -atch ad is sea!ed for the duratio of the $rocess+ Batch reactors suffer
fro% odour issues that ca -e a seere $ro-!e% 'he they are e%$tied+ Ty$ica!!y -io"as
$roductio 'i!! -e for%ed 'ith a or%a! distri-utio $atter oer ti%e+ The o$erator ca use
this fact to deter%ie 'he they -e!iee the $rocess of di"estio of the or"aic %atter has
co%$!eted+ As the -atch di"estio is si%$!e ad re4uires !ess e4ui$%et ad !o'er !ee!s of
desi" 'or( it is ty$ica!!y a chea$er for% of di"estio+
I cotiuous di"estio $rocesses or"aic %atter is costat!y or added i sta"es to the
reactor+ Here the ed $roducts are costat!y or $eriodica!!y re%oed, resu!ti" i costat
$roductio of -io"as+ E5a%$!es of this for% of aaero-ic di"estio ic!ude, cotiuous
stirred7ta( reactors 9/STRs:, U$ f!o' aaero-ic s!ud"e -!a(et 9UASB:, E5$aded "rau!ar
s!ud"e -ed 9E;SB: ad Itera! circu!atio reactors 9I/R:+
Tem1erat$re
There are t'o coetioa! o$eratioa! te%$erature !ee!s for aaero-ic di"esters, 'hich are
deter%ied -y the s$ecies of %ethao"es i the di"esters1
Meso$hi!ic 'hich ta(es $!ace o$ti%a!!y aroud 7K?/ or at a%-iet te%$eratures-et'ee @J7K/ 'here %eso$hi!es are the $ri%ary %icroor"ais% $reset
Ther%o$hi!ic 'hich ta(es $!ace o$ti%a!!y aroud J7@ at e!eated te%$eratures u$
to J/ 'here ther%o$hi!es are the $ri%ary %icroor"ais%s $reset
There are a "reater u%-er of s$ecies of %eso$hi!es tha ther%o$hi!es+ These -acteria are
a!so %ore to!erat to cha"es eiro%eta! coditios tha ther%o$hi!es+ Meso$hi!ic
syste%s are therefore cosidered to -e %ore sta-!e tha ther%o$hi!ic di"estio syste%s+
A dra'-ac( of o$erati" at ther%o$hi!ic te%$eratures is that %ore heat eer"y i$ut is
re4uired to achiee the correct o$eratioa! te%$eratures+ This icrease i eer"y is ot -e
out'ei"hed -y the icrease i the out$uts of -io"as fro% the syste%s+ It is therefore
i%$ortat to cosider a eer"y -a!ace for these syste%s+
Soi
Ty$ica!!y there are t'o differet o$eratioa! $ara%eters associated 'ith the so!ids cotet of
the feedstoc( to the di"esters1
Hi"h7so!ids
*o'7so!ids
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Di"esters ca either -e desi"ed to o$erate i hi"h so!id cotet, 'ith a tota! sus$eded so!ids
TSS: cocetratio "reater tha @J, or a !o' so!ids cocetratio !ess tha ?+
Hi"h7so!ids di"esters $rocess thic( s!urry that re4uires %ore eer"y i$ut to %oe ad
$rocess the feedstoc(+ The thic(ess of the %ateria! %ay a!so !ead to associated $ro-!e%s
'ith a-rasio+ Hi"h7so!ids di"esters 'i!! ty$ica!!y hae a !o'er !ad re4uire%et due to the
!o'er o!u%es associated 'ith the %oisture+
*o'7so!ids di"esters ca tras$ort %ateria! throu"h the syste% usi" stadard $u%$s that
re4uire si"ificat!y !o'er eer"y i$ut+ *o'7so!ids di"esters re4uire a !ar"er a%out of !ad
tha hi"h7so!ids due to the icrease o!u%es associated 'ith the icreased !i4uid1 feedstoc(
ratio of the di"esters+ There are -eefits associated 'ith o$eratio i a !i4uid eiro%et as
it ea-!es %ore thorou"h circu!atio of %ateria!s ad cotact -et'ee the -acteria ad their
food+ This ea-!es the -acteria to %ore readi!y access the su-staces they are feedi" off ad
icreases the s$eed of "as yie!ds+
Di"estio syste%s ca -e cofi"ured 'ith differet !ee!s of co%$!e5ity1
Oe7sta"e or si"!e7sta"e
T'o7sta"e or %u!tista"e
A si"!e7sta"e di"estio syste% is oe i 'hich a!! of the -io!o"ica! reactios occur 'ithi a
si"!e sea!ed reactor or ho!di" ta(+ Uti!isi" a si"!e sta"e reduces costructio costs,
ho'eer faci!itates !ess cotro! of the reactios occurri" 'ithi the syste%+ Acido"eic
-acteria, throu"h the $roductio of acids, reduce the $H of the ta(+ Methao"eic -acteria,
as out!ied ear!ier, o$erate i a strict!y defied $H ra"e+ Therefore the -io!o"ica! reactios of
the differet s$ecies i a si"!e sta"e reactor ca -e i direct co%$etitio 'ith each other+
Aother oe7sta"e reactio syste% is a aaero-ic !a"oo+ These !a"oos are $od7!i(e
earthe -asis used for the treat%et ad !o"7ter% stora"e of %aures+ Here the aaero-ic
reactios are cotaied 'ithi the atura! aaero-ic s!ud"e cotaied i the $oo!+
I a t'o7sta"e or %u!ti7sta"e di"estio syste% differet di"estio esse!s are o$ti%ised to
-ri" %a5i%u% cotro! oer the -acteria! co%%uities !ii" 'ithi the di"esters+
Acido"eic -acteria $roduce or"aic acids ad %ore 4uic(!y "ro' ad re$roduce tha
%ethao"eic -acteria+ Methao"eic -acteria re4uire sta-!e $H ad te%$erature i order to
o$ti%ise their $erfor%ace+
Ty$ica!!y hydro!ysis, aceto"eesis ad acido"eesis occur 'ithi the first reactio esse!+
The or"aic %ateria! is the heated to the re4uired o$eratioa! te%$erature 9either %eso$hi!ic
or ther%o$hi!ic: $rior to -ei" $u%$ed ito a %ethao"eic reactor+ The iitia! hydro!ysis oracido"eesis ta(s $rior to the %ethao"eic reactor ca $roide a -uffer to the rate at 'hich
feedstoc( is added+ So%e Euro$ea coutries re4uire a de"ree of e!eated heat treat%et i
order to (i!! har%fu! -acteria i the i$ut 'aste+ I this istace their %ay -e a $asteurisatio
or steri!isatio sta"e $rior to di"estio or -et'ee the t'o di"estio ta(s+ It shou!d -e oted
that it is ot $ossi-!e to co%$!ete!y iso!ate the differet reactio $hases ad ofte there is
so%e -io"as that is $roduced i the hydro!ysis or acido"eesis ta(s+
Re#i&en%e
The residece ti%e i a di"ester aries 'ith the a%out ad ty$e of feed %ateria!, the
cofi"uratio of the di"estio syste% ad 'hether it -e oe7sta"e or t'o7sta"e+
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I the case of si"!e7sta"e ther%o$hi!ic di"estio residece ti%es %ay -e i the re"io of ?K
days, 'hich co%$aratie!y to %eso$hi!ic di"estio is re!atie!y fast+ The $!u"7f!o' ature of
so%e of these syste%s 'i!! %ea that the fu!! de"radatio of the %ateria! %ay ot hae -ee
rea!ised i this ti%esca!e+ I this eet di"estie e5iti" the syste% 'i!! -e dar(er i co!our
ad 'i!! ty$ica!!y hae %ore odour+
I t'o7sta"e %eso$hi!ic di"estio, residece ti%e %ay ary -et'ee ? ad KJ days+ I the
case of %eso$hi!ic UASB di"estio hydrau!ic residece ti%es ca -e 9?hour7?day: ad so!id
retetio ti%es ca -e u$ to FJ days+ I this %aer the UASB syste% is a-!e to se$arate
so!id i hydrau!ic retetio ti%es 'ith the uti!isatio of a s!ud"e -!a(et+
/otiuous di"esters hae %echaica! or hydrau!ic deices, de$edi" o the !ee! of so!ids
i the %ateria!, to %i5 the cotets ea-!i" the -acteria ad the food to -e i cotact+ They
a!so a!!o' e5cess %ateria! to -e cotiuous!y e5tracted to %aitai a reasoa-!y costat
o!u%e 'ithi the di"estio ta(s+
Pro&$%t#There are three $rici$a! $roducts of aaero-ic di"estio1 -io"as, di"estate ad 'ater+ Bio"as
is the u!ti%ate 'aste $roduct of the -acteria feedi" off the i$ut -iode"rada-!e feedstoc(,
ad is %ost!y %ethae ad car-o dio5ide, 'ith a s%a!! a%out hydro"e ad trace hydro"e
su!$hide+ Most of the -io"as is $roduced duri" the %idd!e of the di"estio, after the -acteria!
$o$u!atio has "ro', ad ta$ers off as the $utresci-!e %ateria! is e5hausted+ The "as is
or%a!!y stored o to$ of the di"ester i a if!ata-!e "as -u--!e or e5tracted ad stored e5t
to the faci!ity i a "as ho!der+
Bio"as %ay re4uire treat%et or Qscru--i"Q to refie it for use as a fue!+ Hydro"e su!$hide
is a to5ic $roduct for%ed fro% su!$hates i the feedstoc( ad is re!eased as a trace co%$oet
of the -io"as+
Co!ati!e si!o5aes ca a!so cota%iate the -io"as> such co%$ouds are fre4uet!y foud i
househo!d 'aste ad 'aste'ater+ I di"estio faci!ities acce$ti" these %ateria!s as a
co%$oet of the feedstoc(, !o' %o!ecu!ar 'ei"ht si!o5aes o!ati!ise ito -io"as+
Di!e#tive
Di"estie is the so!id re%ats of the ori"ia! i$ut %ateria! to the di"esters that the %icro-es
caot use+ It a!so cosists of the %iera!ised re%ais of the dead -acteria fro% 'ithi thedi"esters+ Di"estie ca co%e i three for%s> fi-rous, !i4uor or a s!ud"e7-ased co%-iatio
of the t'o fractios+ I t'o7sta"e syste%s the differet for%s of di"estie co%e fro%
differet di"estio ta(s+ I si"!e sta"e di"estio syste%s the t'o fractios 'i!! -e co%-ied
ad if desired se$arated -y further $rocessi"+
Wa#te,ater
The fia! out$ut fro% aaero-ic di"estio syste%s is 'ater+ This 'ater ori"iates -oth fro%
the %oisture cotet of the ori"ia! 'aste that 'as treated -ut a!so ic!udes 'ater $roduced
duri" the %icro-ia! reactios i the di"estio syste%s+ This 'ater %ay -e re!eased fro% the
de'ateri" of the di"estate or %ay -e i%$!icit!y se$arate fro% the di"estate+
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The 'aste'ater e5iti" the aaero-ic di"estio faci!ity 'i!! ty$ica!!y hae e!eated !ee!s of
-ioche%ica! o5y"e de%ad 9BOD: ad che%ica! o5y"e de%ad 9/OD:, these are
%easures of the reactiity of the eff!uet ad sho' a a-i!ity to $o!!ute+ So%e of this %ateria!
is ter%ed Qhard /ODQ %eai" it caot -e accessed -y the aaero-ic -acteria for coersio
ito -io"as+ If this eff!uet 'as $ut direct!y ito 'atercourses it 'ou!d e"atie!y affect the%
-y causi" eutro$hicatio+ As such further treat%et of the 'aste'ater is ofte re4uired+ Thistreat%et 'i!! ty$ica!!y -e a o5idatio sta"e 'here air is $assed throu"h the 'ater i a
se4ueci" -atch reactors or reerse os%osis uit+
ANAEROBIC LAGOONS
Aaero-ic !a"oos are used to dis$ose of ai%a! 'aste, $articu!ar!y that of co's ad $i"s+
The 'aste is 'ashed ito the !a"oo -y f!ushi" the ai%a! $es 'ith 'ater+ So!id 'aste,
$articu!ar!y the fi-rous ty$e of co's, is so%eti%es se$arated -efore the 'aste'ater eters the
!a"oo to $reet the -ui!d u$ of so!id %ateria!+ Aaero-ic or"ais%s atura!!y $reset i the%aure ad the eiro%et deco%$ose the 'aste i the aaero-ic coditios of the !a"oo+
Areas 'ith co!d 'iters are ia$$ro$riate for aaero-ic !a"oos -ecause the actiity of the
%icroor"ais%s is hi"h!y de$edet o te%$erature+ It is critica! to hae the $ro$er si8e for
the !a"oo, 'ith o!u%e -ei" %ore i%$ortat tha surface area+ A %ii%u% of t'o %eters is
ecessary for aaero-ic coditios, -ut the de$th shou!d ot e5ceed & %eters+ So%eti%es a
secodary !a"oo is used to acce$t 'astes 'hi!e the $ri%ary !a"oo is uder"oi"
%aiteace or for other $ur$oses+
If the aaero-ic !a"oo syste% is -ei" used for eer"y $roductio, the $ri%ary !a"oo has a
coer f!oati" o the surface of the 'ater+ The coer ca$tures the -io"as $roduced -yaaero-ic -acteria+ The -io"as $roduced -y aaero-ic !a"oos is J to %ethae, 'ith
car-o dio5ide %a(i" u$ %ost of the rest+ The "as is usua!!y used to $roduce e!ectricity
usi" a %icrotur-ie or reci$rocati" e"ie, -ut it ca a!so -e used for 'ater or s$ace
heati"+ The "as usua!!y uder"oes $retreat%et, $articu!ar!y dehydratio, $rior to
co%-ustio+ So%eti%es the car-o dio5ide, 'hich is ico%-usti-!e, is a!so re%oed+
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?< MGD SEWAGE TREATMENT PLANT+ DELHI JAL
BOARD+ NILOTHI
S*+
NO+
UNIT UANTITY 0UN/TION
? Bar scree uit K It cosists of coeyor -e!t+ It is used
for the re%oa! of !ar"e f!oati" so!ids+
@ ;rit cha%-er uit+ K There are four "rit cha%-ers i the
$!at 'hich cosists of a -rid"e+ The
-rid"e is diided ito three $arts1 ;earBo5, Shaft, ad ru--er e4ui$%et+ ;rit
cha%-er %ashes thic( $artic!es+ Ra(e
c!assifier is a!so $reset here 'hich
ta(es u$ the $artic!es 'hich are ot
%ashed u$ -y "rit cha%-er 9!i(e $ieces
of stoes:+
Maua! -ar scree uit K It a!so re%oes f!oati" so!ids+ It is
o$erated %aua!!y+
K )ri%ary sedi%etatio
cha%-er uit
? It re%oes $ri%ary setta-!e so!ids+
0ro% here 'aste 'ater "oes to the
aeratio ta(+ I this ste$ setta-!e are
re%oed -y "raitatioa! sett!i" uder
4uiescet coditios+ The s!ud"e
for%ed at the -otto% of the ta( is
re%oed as uderf!o' ad the c!eared
!i4uid $roduced is (o' as oerf!o'+
There are "eera!!y three ty$es of
sett!i"1 Sett!i" of di!ute sus$esios
of discrete $artic!es, sett!i" of di!ute
sus$esios of f!occu!et $artic!es ad
8oe sett!i" 'hich ic!udes hidered
sett!i" ad co%$ressie sett!i"+
Ra' $u%$ house is $reset 'here ra'
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s!ud"e co%es -y "raity ad 'ater
%oes i the u$'ard directio+ There
is a!so a $u%$ 'hich is ca!!ed as retur
s!ud"e $u%$ for retur s!ud"e+
Aeratio cha%-er ?K aerators ?K aerators are ista!!ed for $roidi"
ade4uate a%out of o5y"e+ Aeratio
de$eds u$o the a%out of u$co%i"
'ater+ A!! the aerators are ot o$erated
at the sa%e ti%e+ It de$eds o the
a%out of 'ater su$$!y+ The %ai
fuctio of this uit is to cotro!M*SS 9Mi5ed *i4uor Sus$eded
So!ids: -y %i5i" o5y"e throu"h
aeratio+ The rate at 'hich disso!ed
o5y"e is used , de$eds o1
a+ uatity of or"aics+
-+ The ease 'ith 'hich they are -io7
de"raded+
c+ Di!utio ca$acity of the strea%+
& Secodary Sed%etatio
Ta(
? 0ro% the aeratio ta( the se'a"e
f!o's to the fia! sedi%etatio ta(
sice there are o f!oati" so!ids,
$roisios for the re%oa! of the scu%
or f!oata"e are ot eeded+ Thesus$eded $artic!es i the aeratio ta(
are !i"ht i 'ei"ht ad are thus
%ar(ed!y if!ueced -y currets+
Therefore i these secodary sett!i"
ta(s a cosidera-!e !e"th of
oerf!o' 'eir is desira-!e to reduce
the e!ocity of a$$roach+
S!ud"e di"estio ta( & It cosists of circu!ar ta( 'ith
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ho$$ered 'ater ad hai" a fi5ed or
f!oati" ty$e of roof oer its to$+ The
ra' s!ud"e is $u%$ed fro% ra' s!ud"e
$u%$ house ito the ta( ad 'he the
ta( is $ut ito the o$eratio it isseeded 'ith di"ested s!ud"e fro%
aother ta(+ A scre' $u%$ 'ith a
arra"e%et for circu!ati" s!ud"e
fro% -otto% to to$ of the ta( or ice7
ersa is co%%o!y used, for stirri"
the s!ud"e+
The "ases of deco%$ositio 9%ai!y
/HK ad /O@: are co!!ected i ;as
do%e or i "as ho!ders for su-se4uet
use+ The di"ested s!ud"e 'hich sett!es
do' to -otto% of the Ta( is re%oed
uder hydrostatic $ressure $eriodica!!y
oce or t'ice a 'ee(+ The su$eratat
!i4uor -ei" hi"her i BOD ad
sus$eded so!ids cotet is set -ac(
for the treat%et a!o" 'ith ra'
se'a"e i the treat%et $!at+
The di"estio ta(s are cy!idrica!
sha$ed ta(s 'ith dia ra"i" -et'ee
to ?@ %+ the -otto% ho$$ered f!oor
of the ta( is "ie a s!o$e of a-out
?1? or ?1 9?H1C: the de$th of the
di"estio ta( is usua!!y (e$t at a-out
&%+ the ca$acity of the di"estio ta(is a fuctio of s!ud"e $roductio,
di"estio $eriod, de"ree of di"estio
re4uired, !oss of %oisture ad
coersio of or"aic %atter+ If the
$ro"ress of the s!ud"e di"estio is
assu%ed to -e !iear the the ca$acity
of di"estio ta( is "ie as1
C9C?LC@:2@T
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3here C o!u%e of di"estio i %
C? ra' s!ud"e added $er day9% $er
day:
C@e4uia!et di"ested s!ud"e$roduced $er day o co%$!etio of
di"estio9% $er day:C?2
T di"estio $eriod 9days:+
0ro% the di"ester the s!ud"e is ta(e
as ferti!i8er ad %aure+ B!o'ers are
used for %i5i" ad ot for aeratio i
di"ester+
BULKING AND 2OAMING SLUDGE IN AN ASP PLANT
0oa% for%atio ad $oor!y sett!i" s!ud"e are t'o %ost co%%o $ro-!e%s of AS) $rocess+
A s!ud"e that e5hi-its $oor sett!i" characteristics is ca!!ed as -u!(i" s!ud"e+ 0i!a%etous%icro7or"ais%s 9fu"i: are foud to -e res$osi-!e for -u!(ed s!ud"e+ To cotro! these
or"ais%s ch!oriatio ad reductio of s!ud"e a"e to !ess tha & days is doe+
POWER SUPPLY IN NILOTHI PLANT
Dua! fue! e"ie is used for $o'er su$$!y i 'hich diese! ad "as are used i the ratio @J1GJ+
There are three "eerators of &JJ #CA 'hich "eerates a-out ?@JJ#Ca e!ectricity+ There are
a!so %ay ste$7do' ad ste$7u$ trasfor%ers for the e!ectricity su$$!y ad cotro!+ To coo!
the air 'ater coo!ers are $reset+
BIBLIOGRAPHY4
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Rose ;eor"e, The Bi" Necessity1 The U%etioa-!e 3or!d of Hu%a 3aste ad 3hy it
Matters
#ho$(ar, S+ M+ 9@JJK:+ Eiro%eta! )o!!utio Moitori" Ad /otro!+ Ne' A"eIteratioa!+
Beycho(, M+R+ 9?F?:+