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Page 1: 18 September 20151 The Literature Review What literature and where?

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The Literature The Literature ReviewReview

The Literature The Literature ReviewReview

What literature and where?What literature and where?

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What is a literature review?

• In the terms of a literature review, "the literature" means the works you consult in order to understand and investigate your research problem.

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What literature should you review? 1.

Journal articles: these are good, especially for up-to-date information. They are frequently used in literature reviews because they offer a relatively concise, up-to-date format for research.

• Depending on the publication, these materials may be refereed or non-refereed materials.

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What are refereed journals?

• Refereed materials are publications reviewed by "expert readers" or referees before publication.

• Refereed materials are also referred to as Peer Reviewed.

• Refereed materials assure readers that the information conveyed is reliable and timely.

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What about non-refereed journals?

• Non-refereed materials such as Trade Journals or Magazines use less rigorous standards of screening prior to publication.

• Non-refereed materials may not by checked as intensely as refereed materials, but many can still be considered scholarly.

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What literature should you review? 2.

Books:  remember that books tend to be less up-to-date, as it takes longer for a book to be published than for a journal article.

• They are still likely to be useful for including in your literature review as they offer a good starting point from which to find more detailed and up-to-date sources of information. 

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What literature should you review? 3.

Conference proceedings: these can be useful in providing the latest research, or research that has not been published.

• They are also helpful in providing information about people in different research areas, and so can be helpful in tracking down other work by the same researchers.

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What literature should you review? 4.

Government/corporate reports: many government departments and corporations commission or carry out research. Their published findings can provide a useful source of information, depending on your field of study.

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What literature should you review? 5.

Newspapers: since newspapers are generally intended for a general (not specialised) audience, the information they provide will be of very limited use for your literature review.

• Newspapers are more helpful as providers of information about recent trends, discoveries or changes, e.g. announcing changes in government policy.

• Newspapers do not give unbiased opinions.

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What literature should you review? 6.

Theses and dissertations: these can be useful sources of information. However there are disadvantages:

• they can be difficult to obtain since they are not published, but are generally only available from the library or interlibrary loan

• the student who carried out the research may not be an experienced researcher and therefore you might have to treat their findings with more caution than published research. 

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What literature should you review? 7.

Internet: the fastest-growing source of information is on the Internet.

• bear in mind that anyone can post information on the Internet so the quality may not be reliable

• the information you find may be intended for a general audience and so not be suitable for inclusion in your literature review (information for a general audience is usually less detailed)

 

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Why write a review?• The literature review is a critical look at

the existing research that is significant to your project.  

• You should evaluate what has already been done, show the relationships between different work, and show how it relates to your project.

• It is not supposed to be just a summary of other people's work.

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What sort of questions should the review

answer?• What do we already know in the area

concerned? • What are the existing theories? • Are there any inconsistencies or other

shortcomings? • What views need to be (further) tested? • What evidence is lacking, inconclusive,

contradictory or too limited? • Why study (further) the research

problem?

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Learning Objective 1

• Determine the purposes for the literature review

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The Literature Review

• To determine what is already known about the topic

• Help to refine study topic• Narrow the study topic

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Recommendations for Research

• Research topics• Replication ideas• Another aspect of the topic

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Frameworks of Research

• Find theoretical or conceptual frameworks

• See how these frameworks are used

• Helps guide the study as the research unfolds

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Other Helpful Aspects

• Helps plan study methodology• Locates study instruments• Suggests ways to analyze data• Capitalizes on successes in the past• Prevents errors of other researchers

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Learning Objective 2

• Recognize the need for becoming familiar with the library’s services

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The Library and its Staff

• Contain a wealth of information• Are familiar with resources• Will help in search techniques• Policies and interlibrary loans

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Collaboration Ideas

• Helps with evidence based searches

• Finds high level of evidenceo Meta analysiso Systematic reviewso Randomized clinical trial

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Learning Objective 3

• Distinguish between primary and secondary sources in research literature

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Primary Sources• Is a description of a research study written by

the original investigator/s• Location: generally found in journal articles [e.g.

Clinical Nursing Research, Advance in Nursing Science]

• Rationale for using: to check study findings and to draw conclusions about research study.

• It contains Reference citation for earlier research

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Secondary Sources

• Is a summary or description of research study written by someone other than the study investigator/s.

• Rationale for using: may provide valuable insight into the material.

• The author of 2ndary sources may misinterpret information that might be valuable to the reader.

• Use in conjunction with primary sources

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Learning Objective 4

• Discuss print resources that may be used in locating literature references

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Types of Print Sources

• Indexeso Periodicalso Books

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Types of Print Sources

• Abstractso Brief summaries of articleso Purpose, methods, and major

findingso Helpful to see if entire study needs to

be read

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Indexes

• CINAHL o Nursing Journals from 1961 to 1977o Nursing and Allied Health Journals 1977 till

present dayo Covers nursing and allied health journals,

including dental hygiene, medical records, nutrition and dietetics, occupational therapy, physical therapy, physician’s assistant, respiratory therapy.

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Indexes

• Nursing Studies Indexo Yale University School of Nursingo Virginia Henderson as foundero Nursing annotated guides to English

language and reports of studies and historical and biographical materials concerning nurisng.

o Four volumes from 1972 to 1959

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Indexes

• Index Medicuso Well-known index of medical literatureo It covers all aspects of Biomedicine,

nursing and allied healtho Publications from 1879 to 1950o Journals listed in four sectionso Since 1997, free on Internet and not

printed

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Abstracts

• Nursing Research Abstracts (1960–1978)o Nov/Dec issues—subject guide to the abstracts

published during the year in Nursing Research

• Psychological Abstracts • Journals, technical reports, book chapters,

and books in the field of psychology.

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Abstracts

• Dissertation Abstracts International o Doctoral dissertationso Authors of dissertations

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Abstracts

• Masters Abstracts Internationalo Author-written 150-word abstracts of

master’s theses.o Voluntary basiso Small percentage in print

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Selection Process

• Print sources used less frequently• Current research may only be in

print• Electronic sources used more

frequently

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Learning Objective 5

• Discuss electronic sources that may be used in locating literature references

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Electronic Sources

• Online catalogso The card catalog onlineo Keyword searches o Search suggestionso WorldCato eBooks

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Electronic Sources

• CD-ROMSo Advantages: able to pick up a disc and

search a database using a computer in the library.

o Disadvantages: database is usually split over a series of discs

o Database outdated as soon as it releasedo Most databases on CD-ROMS are available

in online version

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Electronic Sources

• Online databaseso Free accounts from homeo Popular browserso Search engineso Mega search engines

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Electronic Sources

• Online databaseso URL componentso Search suggestions

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Electronic Communication

• Changes how resources are used• Impacts on the communication

process

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Learning Objective 6

• Compare electronic sources that are useful for nurses when conducting a literature review

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Online Sources for Nursing

• CINAHL and its 12,000 subject headings o Commercial Vendors

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Online Sources for Nursing

• CINAHL Plus with Full Texto Newest database for nursingo Only through librarieso Full text articleso Evidence-Based Care Sheets

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Online Sources for Nursing

• Registry of nursing researcho Sigma Theta Tau Internationalo Free access URL

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Online Sources for Nursing

• MEDLINEo Life sciences with biomedicineo Articles from USA and 70 other

countrieso URL addresses for home accesso Search completed using MeSHo Not all articles are free

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Online Sources for Nursing

• OLDMEDLINEo Covers 1950 through 1965

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Online Sources for Nursing

• MedlinePluso Consumer health informationo URL addresso Spanish versiono Easy to Read index

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Online Sources for Nursing

• Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviewso URL addresseso International network of authors and

institutionso Archie Cochrane founded in 1993o Stresses evidence-based practiceo Meta-analysis source

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Online Sources for Nursing

• ERICo Education sourceo URL addresso Free public access

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Online Sources for Nursing

• PsycINFOo Psychology and related disciplineso Founded in 1887 to presento 24-hour search

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Online Sources for Nursing

• Dissertation Abstracts Onlineo ProQuest Information and Learningo Degree-granting institutionso Monthly updateso Selected masters theses

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Online Sources for Nursing

• Other online databases

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Learning Objective 7

• Obtain references from online journals

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Online Journals

• e-journals• e-zines• Free journals• URL addresses

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Learning Objective 8

• Conduct a literature search on a given topic

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Strategic Hints for Success

• Read sources first• Record bibliographic information • Use reference citations—APA• Record references accurately• Remember dates and pages

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Source Dates

• Current dates• Older than 5 years• Questions to ask

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Paraphrases and Quotes

• Search for paraphrases• Critically appraise the information• Review concisely and to the point

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Learning Objective 9

• Extract pertinent information from literature sources

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Tips for Extraction

• Use a variety of resources• Do not copy all articles• Review articles critically• Take notes for retrieval later• Use reference format at the

beginning

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Format Suggestion

• Acquire all pertinent information

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Format Suggestions

• Write in reference format from beginningo Index cardso Spiral notebookso Loose-leaf paper

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Format Suggestions

• Add notes to your retrieval format

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Format Suggestions

• Remember to add important criteriao Problem statemento Purpose statemento Hypotheseso Methodologyo Sample type

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Format Suggestions

• Remember to add important criteriao Instrumentso Research findingso Recommendationso Conclusions

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Learning Objective 10

• Critique the literature review section of research articles

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Guidelines for Critiquing

• Is the literature review comprehensive?

• Is the literature review concise?• Does the review flow logically from

the purpose?

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Guidelines for Critiquing

• Are all sources relevant to the study topic?

• Are sources critically appraised?• Are both classic and current

sources included?

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Guidelines for Critiquing

• Are paraphrases or direct quotes used most often?

• Are both supporting and opposing theory and research presented?

• Are most of the references primary sources?

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Guidelines for Critiquing

• Can a determination be made if sources are primary or secondary?

• Are all sources that are cited in the article found on the reference list?

• Do the references appear to be free of citation errors?