17- 3 major biological communities (pg. 371) climate’s effect on where species live climate –...
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17- 3 Major Biological Communities (pg. 371)
Climate’s Effect on Where Species Live
Climate – the average weather conditions in an area over a long period of time
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Biome – a large region characterized by a specific type of climate and certain types of plant and animal communities
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Tropical Rainforests - biome in which the temperatures stay warm and rain falls year round
Found: equatorial regions (0o)
Most Characteristic Abiotic factors: warm temperatures year round rainfall year round (200-400 cm/yr) ***thin, nutrient-poor soil
**Home to MORE species than all other land biomes combined!
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Dominant plants:Broad-leaf evergreens, ferns, large, woody vines, orchids, bromeliads
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Savanna - characterized by perennial grasses, spotted with isolated trees and/or small groves of trees
Found: tropical areas on either side of the equator
Abiotic factors: warm temperatures year round seasonal rainfall (wet and dry seasons)
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Animals - Herds of grazing animals (giraffes, wildebeasts, zebras, gazelles), large carnivores (lions, cheetahs)
Plants – grasses, scattered trees
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Taiga (or Boreal Forest) – biome dominated by great coniferous (cone-bearing, with needles) forests
Found: across northern N. America, N. Europe, N. Asia
Abiotic factors: long, cold winters and mild summers
moderate precipitation (50-100 cm/yr)
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Dominant plants: coniferous forests (pines, spruces, firs)
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Animals – black bears, moose, wolves, birds, etc.
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Tundra – northernmost land biome covered by mosses, lichens and grasses and characterized by permafrost
Abiotic factors
Permafrost – layer of permanently frozen subsoil
“Frozen desert” 10-15 cm/yr precipitation
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Arctic moss
Arctic willow
Reindeer lichenTundra
Dominant plants: lichens, mosses, perennial grasses, stunted shrubs
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Arctic fox Polar bear Caribou (reindeer)
Snowy Owl
Tundra swans
Mosquito larva
Lemming
Animals
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3rd T.L.
2nd T.L.
1st T.L.
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Desert – biome that receives less than 25 cm of rainfall per year
Found: 30o N & S of equator and leeward side of mountains
Abiotic factors:
LOW precipitation extreme temperature variations from day to night
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Desert life MUST adapt to very low precipitation
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Kangaroo rat
Armadillo Lizard
Kit Fox
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Grasslands – biome consisting of vast area covered with grasses and small leafy plants
Found: interior portions of continents
Abiotic factors: cold winters, warm summers
moderate rainfall (25-75 cm/yr)
* Deep, rich soils
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Dominant plants: perennial grasses, herbs and flowers
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Animals: prairie dogs, rabbits, coyotes, ferrets,antelope, birds
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Temperate Deciduous Forest – biome characterized by changing seasons and leaf fall
Found: E. U.S., SE Canada, most of Europe, parts ofJapan, China and Australia
Abiotic factors:
hot summers, cold winters
year-round precipitation (75-150 cm/yr)
fertile soils
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Dominant plants: broad leaf deciduous trees (maples, oaks), flowering ground plants, ferns and moss
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Aquatic Ecosystems (pg. 106)
Nearly 75% of Earth’s surface covered with water
Aquatic Biomes: Freshwater, Estuary, Marine
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A. Freshwater Ecosystems – only 3% of surface water on Earth is fresh water Affected more by seasonal variations
1. Flowing-Water Ecosystems
Types: rivers, streams, creeks and brooks flow over land
Yukon River, Alaska
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2. Standing-water Ecosystems
Lakes and ponds
Piseco Lake, N.Y.
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3. Freshwater Wetlands
wetlands – ecosystems in which water either covers the soil or is present at or near the surface of the soil for at least part of the year
Water may be: flowing or standing fresh, salty or brackish
Many wetlands are very productive ecosystems serving as breeding grounds for: insects, fishes and other aquatic animals, amphibians and migratory birds
3 main types of freshwater wetlands are:Bogs, Marshes, Swamps
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Great Swamp National Wildlife Refuge, New Jersey
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B. Estuaries – wetlands formed where rivers meet the ocean; contain a mixture of fresh water and salt water and are affected by ocean tides (brackish water)
Many are shallow so: sunlight reaches bottom (lots of photosynthesis)
Estuaries support an astonishing amount of biomass
Serves as spawning and nursery ground for fish, shellfish
Waterfowl use fornesting, feeding and resting migration
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Chesapeake Bay
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Florida Everglades - Mangrove Swamps
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A great egret gliding along the high grass on the Hackensack River
Hackensack Meadowlands, N.J.
Fresh-water and estuary
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De Korte Park, The Meadowlands
Tree Swallow
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C. Marine Ecosystems - Oceans Photic zone –
Typically to a depth of about 200 mAlgae and other producers can grow
Aphotic zone – Chemosynthetic autotrophs the only producers
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Lavallette, N.J.