Introduction to IMMUNOLOGY COURSENTTH-HCMIU-IM-2014OBJECTIVES OF THE COURSE Fundamental knowledge on IMMUNE SYSTEM Application of IMMUNOLOGY in everyday life: NTTH-HCMIU-IM-2014and in Sciences Critical thinking And also lab skillsCONTENTS OF THE COURSE1. Theoretical course: 45 lecture hoursHoai- YOUR TOURIST GUIDE2. Practical course: 15 lecture hoursHoai and XUANContact us at: A1. 707, School of Biotech, IU, Monitor is preferableNTTH-HCMIU-IM-2014Contactvia ntthoai@hcmiu.edu.vn,all are welcomeCOURSE ARRANGEMENT1.MONITOR2.STUDENT GROUPS: - move forward in groups!-For competing-For studying-For training group skills-For controllingEvaluationActivity ScorePractical Report* (6) 30Mid-term Exam 30 Pass the exam More important, you know better the world around, you have the knowledge necessary or beneficial for your career as a scientist, NTTH-HCMIU-IM-2014Final Exam 40Total (points) 100*: Attendance requirement- 100 %your career as a scientist, technician, worker, even farmer, businessmanHow to study effectively and successfully passthis subject? Print out the slides and bring them with you before going theclass. Pay attention during class, take notes on the print-out, reviselessons right after class.NTTH-HCMIU-IM-2014lessons right after class. Note down questions and should not hesitate to ask. Thingsrequired for exams are in the slides. Me and Textbooks, weserve to explain and help you understand, thus able toremember the information on the slides.Lesson of 2day?Will not be in the examination questions but willguide you through the courseNTTH-HCMIU-IM-2014Introduction to IMMUNOLOGY1. What is Immunology?2. What is Immune System (IS)?3. History of ImmunologyNTTH-HCMIU-IM-2014Introduction to IMMUNOLOGY1. What is Immunology?Immunology stems from L.- immunis = "exempt;"Eng. = protection from diseaseImmunology is the study of our protection from foreignNTTH-HCMIU-IM-2014Immunology is the study of our protection from foreignmacromolecules or invading organisms and our responses tothem.Foreign macromolecule/ Antigen Immunogen:e.g. virus protein, worm, parasiteEverything that should not be in my bodyIntroduction to IMMUNOLOGY2. What is Immune System (IS)?Immune System: Molecules, cells, tissues and organs which provide nonspecific and specific protection against Microorganisms; Microbial toxins andTumor cellsCrucial to human survivalNTTH-HCMIU-IM-2014Crucial to human survival- We will discuss mainly human immune system in our course- Immune system of other species?- Why do warm-blooded, long-lived animals requiredparticularly complex immune defense? (p4, DIR) Experiential Immunology period Experimental Immunology period Modern Immunology periodHistory of Immunology History of ImmunologyNTTH-HCMIU-IM-2014 Modern Immunology periodImmunology act as an independent subject (1970s)I. Experiential Immunology period(the 17th century- the middle of 19th century)In ancient times, many serious infection diseases, such as smallpox, plague and cholera etc, caused innumerable people dead. NTTH-HCMIU-IM-2014Plague !!! --- Black Death DiseaseStory of Plagueport of Weymouth.The Black Death was one of themost devastating pandemics in human history, peaking in Europe between 1348 and 1350, and killing between 75 million and 200 million people ~ 30-60% of EU population -WikipediaYersinia pestisNTTH-HCMIU-IM-2014NTTH-HCMIU-IM-2014Figure 1. Photomicrographs demonstrating the high bacterial burden of Y pestis in various organs. Top left, A: Tissue Gram stain of a lymph node reveals the profusion of neutrophils and large clumps of Gram-negative coccobacilli characteristic of Y pestis (Brown-Hopps, original 400). Large clusters of bacteria (arrows) are found in the alveolar spaces (top right, B), adrenals (bottom left, C), and kidneys (bottom right, D) [hematoxylin-eosin, original 400]. Chmura et al. 2003, CHEST, Painful Lymphadenopathy and Fulminant Sepsis in a Previously Healthy 16-Year-Old Girl~ 430 B.C: Peloponesian War, Thucydides describes plague the ones who had recovered from the disease could nurse the sick without getting the disease a second timeNTTH-HCMIU-IM-2014In 1670,Chinese medical practitioners: variolationNTTH-HCMIU-IM-2014 Edward Jennar ----An English physician He discovered that cowpox vaccination protected against smallpox (Variola) in 1796Vaccine- VaccinationVaccine: A preparation of microbial antigen, often combined with adjuvants,that is administered to individuals to induce protective immunity against microbial infections.Vaccination: A general term for immunization against infectious diseases, orginally derived from immunization NTTH-HCMIU-IM-2014infectious diseases, orginally derived from immunization against smallpox which uses the Vaccinia virus. NTTH-HCMIU-IM-2014Why do they not want to play with my kids?NTTH-HCMIU-IM-2014II. Experimental Immunology period: Basic knowledge and concepts(the middle of 19th century-the middle of 20th century)1. Active immunity2. Passive immunity3. Mechanism of protective immunityNTTH-HCMIU-IM-20144. Study on immune-pathology & immune disease5. Study on antigen6. Study on immunochemistry7. Study on immune tolerance8. Study on Ab formation and hypotheses1. Active immunityIn the middle of 19th century R. Koch----Isolated and cultured bacteria successfully Pasteur----Infectious diseases were causedby pathogens In 1880, PasteurRobert KochNTTH-HCMIU-IM-2014In 1880, Pasteur----Anti-cholera live-attenuated vaccine(old culture of Chicken V. cholera)----Artificial active immunityLouis Pasteur(1822-1895)Active immunity: The form of adaptive immunity that is induced by exposure to a foreign antigen and in which the immunized individual plays an active role in responding to the antigen.2. Passive immunity In the late eighties of 19th centuryRoux and Yersin: Diphtheria was caused by exotoxin produced by C. diphtheriaeThe discovery of diphtheriae antitoxin and bactericidins Antitoxin----Antibody (Ab); Exotoxin----Antigen(Ag)NTTH-HCMIU-IM-2014Study on reaction of Ag and Ab in vitro ----SerologyIn 1890,Von Behring and Kitasato ----diphtheriae antitoxin was applied in treatment of Diphtheria---- Artificial passive immunityPassive immunity:The form of immunity to an antigen that is established in one individual by transfer of antibody or lymphocytes from another individual who is immune to that antigen. Examples?3. Mechanism of protective immunityCell mediatedimmunity(CMI) -----1883-1884, Metchnikoff: Microorganisms were engulfed and destroyed by phagocytic cellsHumoral immunity(HI) ----1897,Ehrlich:Ab in serumplayed important roles in protective immunityBoth HI and CMI were very important for protective immunity,Ab in serum could promote the phagocytosis of phagocytic cells---- 1903,Wright & DouglasNTTH-HCMIU-IM-2014---- 1903,Wright & Douglas4. Study on immune-pathology & immune diseaseIn 1902, Richet and Portier----AnaphylaxisPirquet and Shick----HypersensitivityIn 1903, Arthus----Arthus phenomenonIn 1906, Pirquet ---- AllergyIn 1907, Donath and Landsteiner ----Autoantibody cause autoimmune disease5. Study on antigenIn the early of 20th century, Landsteiner studied on antigenic determinant (epitope)----ABO blood type6. Study on immunochemistryIn 1938,Tiselius and Kabat ---- Ab is globulin NTTH-HCMIU-IM-2014In 1938,Tiselius and Kabat ---- Ab is globulin In the fifties of 20th century, Porter and Edelmen, ----Molecular structure of Ab: 4 peptides7. Study on immune tolerance: No positive response to specific Ag In 1945, Oven found natural immune tolerance In 1953, Medawar set up animal model of acquired immune tolerance in newborn period.8. Hypotheses for Ab formationNTTH-HCMIU-IM-20148. Hypotheses for Ab formation Templates postulate (1930, Breinl and Haurowitz) Variable folding postulate (1940,Pauling) Natural selection postulate (1955,Jerne) Clonal selection theory (1959, Burnet):- Clone: a group cells that stem from identical cell Understanding specificity of antibody for antigen took years Early 1900s-Landsteiner revealed antibody could be produced vs. most any organic compoundKarl LandsteinerNTTH-HCMIU-IM-2014compound Last 20 yrs- Antibody specificity reveals unlimited range of reactivity also to newly synthesized chemicals!2 competing theories for antibody-antigen specificitySelective Theoryinteraction as "lock and key fit"induces cell to produce/release more antibodiesInstructional Theoryantigen serves as template, around which, antibody foldsdisproved in 1960's by genetic discoveries in B cellsAb-Ag specificityNTTH-HCMIU-IM-2014Paradigm of Modern Immunologybinding of Ag to specific receptor (Ab) on specific B cell stimulates that cell line1950's - selective theory changed to becomeClonal Selection TheoryIII. Modern Immunology period(the middle of 20th century-the 21th century)1. Study on immune system2. Study on monoclonal antibody3. Study on immune genetics4. Study on molecular mechanism of T/B lymphocyte activation and signal transduction5. Study on effective mechanism of immune cellsNTTH-HCMIU-IM-20145. Study on effective mechanism of immune cells6. Study on clinical immunology7. Study on applied immunology8. New techniques of modern immunology and applicationIII. Modern Immunology period(the middle of 20th century-the 21th century)1. Study on immune system In 1957, Glick Fabricius found out that Chicken without bursa can not produce Ab ----B cell In 1961, Good and Miller ---- Cell mediated immune of new born mice whose thymus were taken away are defective ----T cell2. Study on monoclonal antibodyNTTH-HCMIU-IM-2014----In 1975, Kohler and Milstein3. Study on immune genetics----In 1978, genetic control of antibody diversity ----Discovery of accurate mechanism of immune response on gene level (MHC, TCR , BCR)4. Study on molecular mechanism of T/B lymphocyte activation and signal transduction5. Study on effective mechanism of immune cells6. Study on clinical immunology Organ transplantation; Autoimmune disease; Tumor immunology; Infectious diseases7. Study on applied immunology Preparation of monoclonal antibody and genetic engineering antibody; Preparation of recombinant cytokines; Study on DNA vaccine; Study on treatment with immune cellsNTTH-HCMIU-IM-2014treatment with immune cells8. New techniques of modern immunology and application Separation of immune cells; Protein analysis technique; Phage display technique; Preparation of new animal modelNTTH-HCMIU-IM-2014NTTH-HCMIU-IM-2014