15

Pharmacology

2

Introduction• Pharmacology

• Drug– Side effect– Drug interaction– Addiction– Habit forming

• Medicines

3

Drug Names

Brand Names

• Capitalized

• Registered trademarks

• Bayer

Generic Names

• Not capitalized

• Unprotected

• Less expensive

• Aspirin

4

Prescriptions

• Parts of a written prescription– Heading– Superscription– Body of prescription

• Rx symbol• Inscription• Subscription

– Closing of the prescription

5

Reference Texts for Pharmacology

• Council on Dental Therapeutics

• Physician’s Desk Reference (PDR)

6

Latin Abbreviations and English Definitions Used for Prescriptions

• a.a . of each

• a.c. before meal

• b.i.d.twice a day

• t.i.d. three times a day

• q.i.d.four times a day

7

• q.h. every hour• q.4.h. every four hours• q.8.h. every eight hours• sig. take• p.c. after meals• p.r.n. when necessary or as needed

Latin Abbreviations and English Definitions Used for Prescriptions

8

Drug Laws

• Pure Food and Drug Act (1906)

• Pure Food, Drug, and Cosmetic Act (1938)

• Comprehensive Drug Abuse Prevention and Control (1970)

9

Drug Enforcement

• Food and Drug Administration (FDA)

• Drug Enforcement Agency (DEA)

10

Drug Schedule for Control Act of 1970

• Schedule I – High potential for abuse– No accepted medical use

• Heroin

11

Drug Schedule for Control Act of 1970

• Schedule II– High potential for abuse– Accepted medical use

• Morphine

12

Drug Schedule for Control Act of 1970

• Schedule III– Lower potential for abuse and medical use

• Stimulants

13

• Schedule IV– Less potential for abuse; accepted medical use

• Antianxiety drugs

• Schedule V– Least potential for abuse

• Over-the-counter

Drug Schedule for Control Act of 1970

14

Dental Assistants and the Law

• Maintain accurate records

• Phone or e-mail of prescriptions

• Maintenance of controlled substances

• Liaison with pharmaceutical representatives and the pharmacist

15

Drug Administration Routes

• Oral

• Topical

• Inhalation

• Sublingual

• Rectal

16

Drug Administration Routes

• Intravenous

• Intramuscular

• Subcutaneous

• Intradermal

• Transdermal

17

Drugs

• Know signs and symptoms of individuals under the influence of drugs

• Have knowledge of prescribed and illegal drugs and how drugs interact

18

Tobacco

• Uses– No useful

purpose

• Effects– Could lead to heart

disease– Promotes high risk of

oral and lung cancer– Causes tooth staining,

periodontal diseases, and halitosis

19

Caffeine

• Uses– No useful

purpose

• Effects– Causes heart to work

harder– Affects nervous

system– May cause or irritate

ulcers– Too much may be fatal

20

Alcohol

• Uses– No useful purpose

• Effects– Affects judgement

and coordination– Slows reactions– Causes cirrhosis– Slows down body

processes

21

Marijuana• Uses

– Derivative

– Cancer treatment to decrease nausea and regurgitation

• Effects– Increases heart rate – Causes lung tissue

damage– Causes reproductive

system disorders– Deteriorates

coordination– Decreases ability to

think and speak clearly

22

Cocaine

• Uses– Causes physical

and psychological dependency

– Medical use has been reduced

• Effects– Heart problems– Mental disorders– Violent behavior– Death

23

Narcotics

• Addictive depressants used to relieve pain– Heroin– Morphine– Codeine

24

Amphetamines

• Group of stimulant drugs (uppers)– Increases heart and respiratory rates, and

blood pressure

• Causes loss of appetite, nervousness, and restlessness

25

Amphetamines

• Medically treats narcolepsy and attention deficit disorder (ADHD) in children.

26

Hallucinogens

• Drugs that cause people to see and hear images and sounds that do not exist– Lysergic acid diethylamide (LSD)– Phencyclidine (PCP)– Mescaline

27

Barbiturates

• Sedative drugs that depress brain activity– Amobarbital– Pentobarbital– Secobarbital– Phenobarbital (given to dental patients with

severe anxiety)

28

Drugs Prescribed

• Analgesics– Loss of pain without loss of sensation– OTC drugs:

• Ibuprofen, aspirin, acetaminophen

– Prescription drugs• Codeine, morphine

29

Drugs Prescribed

• Analgesics side effects– Nausea– Vomiting– Constipation– Breathing difficulties

30

Drugs Prescribed

• Tranquilizers– Produce sedative effect– Reduce tensions and anxieties

31

Drugs Prescribed

• Antibiotics– Used to treat infection– Derived from fungi and molds or are

manufactured synthetically– Broad spectrum antibiotics treat a wide

range of bacteria

32

Drugs Prescribed

• Antibiotics– Sometimes prescribed to prevent infection– Side effects

• Nausea, diarrhea, allergic rash

33

Drugs Prescribed

• Penicillin– First group of antibiotic drugs to be

discovered was penicillin– Still used to treat tonsillitis, bronchitis, and

pneumonia– Penicillin V, Penicillin G benzathine,

Amoxicillin, Ampicillin, and Cloxacillin

34

Drugs Prescribed

• Erythromycin– Used by individuals allergic to Penicillin

and children in the place of Tetracycline– Can be taken as capsule, liquid, injection,

and ointment– Side effects are stomach pain, nausea,

vomiting, and diarrhea

35

Drugs Prescribed

• Antifungal Agents– Treat infections caused by fungi– Available as tablets, suspension, creams,

injections, and suppositories– Side effects are skin irritation, liver, and

kidney damage

36

Drugs Prescribed

• Anticholinergics– Used to reduce secretions in lungs prior to

surgery– Treats abnormally slow heart rates in

emergencies– Dilates eyes for exam

37

Herbal and Alternative Medications

• Consult dentist

• Caution patients