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29Biology guide 29
Core Topi
c 1:
Cel
l bio
logy
15
hou
rs
Esse
ntia
l ide
a: T
he e
volu
tion
of m
ultic
ellu
lar o
rgan
ism
s al
low
ed c
ell s
peci
aliz
atio
n an
d ce
ll re
plac
emen
t.
1.1
Intr
oduc
tion
to c
ells
Nat
ure
of s
cien
ce:
Look
ing
for t
rend
s an
d di
scre
panc
ies—
alth
ough
mos
t org
anis
ms
conf
orm
to c
ell t
heor
y, th
ere
are
exce
ptio
ns. (
3.1)
Ethi
cal i
mpl
icat
ions
of r
esea
rch—
rese
arch
invo
lvin
g st
em c
ells
is g
row
ing
in im
port
ance
and
rais
es e
thic
al is
sues
. (4.
5)
Und
erst
andi
ngs:
• A
ccor
ding
to th
e ce
ll th
eory
, liv
ing
orga
nism
s ar
e co
mpo
sed
of c
ells
.
• O
rgan
ism
s co
nsis
ting
of o
nly
one
cell
carr
y ou
t all
func
tions
of l
ife in
that
cel
l.
• Su
rfac
e ar
ea to
vol
ume
ratio
is im
port
ant i
n th
e lim
itatio
n of
cel
l siz
e.
• M
ultic
ellu
lar o
rgan
ism
s ha
ve p
rope
rtie
s th
at e
mer
ge fr
om th
e in
tera
ctio
n of
th
eir c
ellu
lar c
ompo
nent
s.
• Sp
ecia
lized
tiss
ues
can
deve
lop
by c
ell d
iffer
entia
tion
in m
ultic
ellu
lar
orga
nism
s.
• D
iffer
entia
tion
invo
lves
the
expr
essi
on o
f som
e ge
nes
and
not o
ther
s in
a
cell’
s ge
nom
e.
• Th
e ca
paci
ty o
f ste
m c
ells
to d
ivid
e an
d di
ffer
entia
te a
long
diff
eren
t pa
thw
ays
is n
eces
sary
in e
mbr
yoni
c de
velo
pmen
t and
als
o m
akes
ste
m c
ells
su
itabl
e fo
r the
rape
utic
use
s.
Inte
rnat
iona
l-m
inde
dnes
s:
• St
em c
ell r
esea
rch
has
depe
nded
on
the
wor
k of
team
s of
sci
entis
ts in
man
y co
untr
ies
who
sha
re re
sults
ther
eby
spee
ding
up
the
rate
of p
rogr
ess.
H
owev
er, n
atio
nal g
over
nmen
ts a
re in
fluen
ced
by lo
cal,
cultu
ral a
nd re
ligio
us
trad
ition
s th
at im
pact
on
the
wor
k of
sci
entis
ts a
nd th
e us
e of
ste
m c
ells
in
ther
apy.
Theo
ry o
f kno
wle
dge:
• Th
ere
is a
diff
eren
ce b
etw
een
the
livin
g an
d th
e no
n-liv
ing
envi
ronm
ent.
How
are
we
able
to k
now
the
diff
eren
ce?
Uti
lizat
ion:
• Th
e us
e of
ste
m c
ells
in th
e tr
eatm
ent o
f dis
ease
is m
ostly
at t
he e
xper
imen
tal
stag
e, w
ith th
e ex
cept
ion
of b
one
mar
row
ste
m c
ells
. Sci
entis
ts, h
owev
er,
antic
ipat
e th
e us
e of
ste
m c
ell t
hera
pies
as
a st
anda
rd m
etho
d of
trea
ting
a w
hole
rang
e of
dis
ease
s in
the
near
futu
re, i
nclu
ding
hea
rt d
isea
se a
nd
diab
etes
.
Topic 1: Cell biology
Biology guide30
1.1
Intr
oduc
tion
to c
ells
App
licat
ions
and
ski
lls:
• A
pplic
atio
n: Q
uest
ioni
ng th
e ce
ll th
eory
usi
ng a
typi
cal e
xam
ples
, inc
ludi
ng
stria
ted
mus
cle,
gia
nt a
lgae
and
ase
ptat
e fu
ngal
hyp
hae.
• A
pplic
atio
n: In
vest
igat
ion
of fu
nctio
ns o
f life
in P
aram
eciu
m a
nd o
ne n
amed
ph
otos
ynth
etic
uni
cellu
lar o
rgan
ism
.
• A
pplic
atio
n: U
se o
f ste
m c
ells
to tr
eat S
targ
ardt
’s di
seas
e an
d on
e ot
her
nam
ed c
ondi
tion.
• A
pplic
atio
n: E
thic
s of
the
ther
apeu
tic u
se o
f ste
m c
ells
from
spe
cial
ly c
reat
ed
embr
yos,
from
the
umbi
lical
cor
d bl
ood
of a
new
-bor
n ba
by a
nd fr
om a
n ad
ult’s
ow
n tis
sues
.
• Sk
ill: U
se o
f a li
ght m
icro
scop
e to
inve
stig
ate
the
stru
ctur
e of
cel
ls a
nd
tissu
es, w
ith d
raw
ing
of c
ells
. Cal
cula
tion
of th
e m
agni
ficat
ion
of d
raw
ings
an
d th
e ac
tual
siz
e of
str
uctu
res
and
ultr
astr
uctu
res
show
n in
dra
win
gs o
r m
icro
grap
hs. (
Prac
tical
1)
Gui
danc
e:
• St
uden
ts a
re e
xpec
ted
to b
e ab
le to
nam
e an
d br
iefly
exp
lain
thes
e fu
nctio
ns
of li
fe: n
utrit
ion,
met
abol
ism
, gro
wth
, res
pons
e, e
xcre
tion,
hom
eost
asis
and
re
prod
uctio
n.
• Ch
lore
lla o
r Sce
nede
smus
are
sui
tabl
e ph
otos
ynth
etic
uni
cells
, but
Eug
lena
sh
ould
be
avoi
ded
as it
can
feed
het
erot
roph
ical
ly.
• Sc
ale
bars
are
use
ful a
s a
way
of i
ndic
atin
g ac
tual
siz
es in
dra
win
gs a
nd
mic
rogr
aphs
.
Aim
s:
• A
im 8
: The
re a
re e
thic
al is
sues
invo
lved
in s
tem
cel
l res
earc
h, w
heth
er
hum
ans
or o
ther
ani
mal
s ar
e us
ed. U
se o
f em
bryo
nic
stem
cel
ls in
volv
es
the
deat
h of
ear
ly-s
tage
em
bryo
s, b
ut if
ther
apeu
tic c
loni
ng is
suc
cess
fully
de
velo
ped
the
suff
erin
g of
pat
ient
s w
ith a
wid
e va
riety
of c
ondi
tions
cou
ld
be re
duce
d.
Topic 1: Cell biology
Biology guide 31
Esse
ntia
l ide
a: E
ukar
yote
s ha
ve a
muc
h m
ore
com
plex
cel
l str
uctu
re th
an p
roka
ryot
es.
1.2
Ult
rast
ruct
ure
of c
ells
Nat
ure
of s
cien
ce:
Dev
elop
men
ts in
sci
entif
ic re
sear
ch fo
llow
impr
ovem
ents
in a
ppar
atus
—th
e in
vent
ion
of e
lect
ron
mic
rosc
opes
led
to g
reat
er u
nder
stan
ding
of c
ell s
truc
ture
. (1.
8)
Und
erst
andi
ngs:
• Pr
okar
yote
s ha
ve a
sim
ple
cell
stru
ctur
e w
ithou
t com
part
men
taliz
atio
n.
• Eu
kary
otes
hav
e a
com
part
men
taliz
ed c
ell s
truc
ture
.
• El
ectr
on m
icro
scop
es h
ave
a m
uch
high
er re
solu
tion
than
ligh
t mic
rosc
opes
.
App
licat
ions
and
ski
lls:
• A
pplic
atio
n: S
truc
ture
and
func
tion
of o
rgan
elle
s w
ithin
exo
crin
e gl
and
cells
of
the
panc
reas
and
with
in p
alis
ade
mes
ophy
ll ce
lls o
f the
leaf
.
• A
pplic
atio
n: P
roka
ryot
es d
ivid
e by
bin
ary
fissi
on.
• Sk
ill: D
raw
ing
of th
e ul
tras
truc
ture
of p
roka
ryot
ic c
ells
bas
ed o
n el
ectr
on
mic
rogr
aphs
.
• Sk
ill: D
raw
ing
of th
e ul
tras
truc
ture
of e
ukar
yotic
cel
ls b
ased
on
elec
tron
m
icro
grap
hs.
• Sk
ill: I
nter
pret
atio
n of
ele
ctro
n m
icro
grap
hs to
iden
tify
orga
nelle
s an
d de
duce
the
func
tion
of s
peci
aliz
ed c
ells
.
Gui
danc
e:
• D
raw
ings
of p
roka
ryot
ic c
ells
sho
uld
show
the
cell
wal
l, pi
li an
d fla
gella
, and
pl
asm
a m
embr
ane
encl
osin
g cy
topl
asm
that
con
tain
s 70
S rib
osom
es a
nd a
nu
cleo
id w
ith n
aked
DN
A.
• D
raw
ings
of e
ukar
yotic
cel
ls s
houl
d sh
ow a
pla
sma
mem
bran
e en
clos
ing
cyto
plas
m th
at c
onta
ins
80S
ribos
omes
and
a n
ucle
us, m
itoch
ondr
ia a
nd
othe
r mem
bran
e-bo
und
orga
nelle
s ar
e pr
esen
t in
the
cyto
plas
m. S
ome
euka
ryot
ic c
ells
hav
e a
cell
wal
l.
Inte
rnat
iona
l-m
inde
dnes
s:
• M
icro
scop
es w
ere
inve
nted
sim
ulta
neou
sly
in d
iffer
ent p
arts
of t
he w
orld
at
a tim
e w
hen
info
rmat
ion
trav
elle
d sl
owly
. Mod
ern-
day
com
mun
icat
ions
hav
e al
low
ed fo
r im
prov
emen
ts in
the
abili
ty to
col
labo
rate
, enr
ichi
ng s
cien
tific
en
deav
our.
Theo
ry o
f kno
wle
dge:
• Th
e w
orld
that
we
inha
bit i
s lim
ited
by th
e w
orld
that
we
see.
Is th
ere
any
dist
inct
ion
to b
e dr
awn
betw
een
know
ledg
e cl
aim
s de
pend
ent u
pon
obse
rvat
ions
mad
e by
sen
se p
erce
ptio
n an
d kn
owle
dge
clai
ms
depe
nden
t up
on o
bser
vatio
ns a
ssis
ted
by te
chno
logy
?
Uti
lizat
ion:
Sylla
bus
and
cros
s-cu
rric
ular
link
s:Ph
ysic
s To
pic
4.4
Wav
e be
havi
our
Topi
c C
.1 In
trod
uctio
n to
imag
ing
Topi
c C
.3 F
ibre
optic
s
Aim
s:
• A
im 8
: Dev
elop
men
ts in
sci
ence
, suc
h as
ele
ctro
n m
icro
scop
y, c
an h
ave
econ
omic
ben
efits
as
they
giv
e co
mm
erci
al c
ompa
nies
opp
ortu
nitie
s to
m
ake
prof
its, b
ut th
is c
an a
ffec
t coo
pera
tion
betw
een
scie
ntis
ts.
Topic 1: Cell biology
Biology guide32
Esse
ntia
l ide
a: T
he s
truc
ture
of b
iolo
gica
l mem
bran
es m
akes
them
flui
d an
d dy
nam
ic.
1.3
Mem
bran
e st
ruct
ure
Nat
ure
of s
cien
ce:
Usi
ng m
odel
s as
repr
esen
tatio
ns o
f the
real
wor
ld—
ther
e ar
e al
tern
ativ
e m
odel
s of
mem
bran
e st
ruct
ure.
(1.11
)
Fals
ifica
tion
of th
eorie
s w
ith o
ne th
eory
bei
ng s
uper
sede
d by
ano
ther
—ev
iden
ce fa
lsifi
ed th
e D
avso
n-D
anie
lli m
odel
. (1.
9)
Und
erst
andi
ngs:
• Ph
osph
olip
ids
form
bila
yers
in w
ater
due
to th
e am
phip
athi
c pr
oper
ties
of
phos
phol
ipid
mol
ecul
es.
• M
embr
ane
prot
eins
are
div
erse
in te
rms
of s
truc
ture
, pos
ition
in th
e m
embr
ane
and
func
tion.
• Ch
oles
tero
l is
a co
mpo
nent
of a
nim
al c
ell m
embr
anes
.
App
licat
ions
and
ski
lls:
• A
pplic
atio
n: C
hole
ster
ol in
mam
mal
ian
mem
bran
es re
duce
s m
embr
ane
fluid
ity a
nd p
erm
eabi
lity
to s
ome
solu
tes.
• Sk
ill: D
raw
ing
of th
e flu
id m
osai
c m
odel
.
• Sk
ill: A
naly
sis
of e
vide
nce
from
ele
ctro
n m
icro
scop
y th
at le
d to
the
prop
osal
of
the
Dav
son-
Dan
ielli
mod
el.
• Sk
ill: A
naly
sis
of th
e fa
lsifi
catio
n of
the
Dav
son-
Dan
ielli
mod
el th
at le
d to
the
Sing
er-N
icol
son
mod
el.
Gui
danc
e:
• A
mph
ipat
hic
phos
phol
ipid
s ha
ve h
ydro
phili
c an
d hy
drop
hobi
c pr
oper
ties.
• D
raw
ings
of t
he fl
uid
mos
aic
mod
el o
f mem
bran
e st
ruct
ure
can
be tw
o di
men
sion
al ra
ther
than
thre
e di
men
sion
al. I
ndiv
idua
l pho
spho
lipid
m
olec
ules
sho
uld
be s
how
n us
ing
the
sym
bol o
f a c
ircle
with
two
para
llel
lines
att
ache
d. A
rang
e of
mem
bran
e pr
otei
ns s
houl
d be
sho
wn
incl
udin
g gl
ycop
rote
ins.
Theo
ry o
f kno
wle
dge:
• Th
e ex
plan
atio
n of
the
stru
ctur
e of
the
plas
ma
mem
bran
e ha
s ch
ange
d ov
er
the
year
s as
new
evi
denc
e an
d w
ays
of a
naly
sis
have
com
e to
ligh
t. U
nder
w
hat c
ircum
stan
ces
is it
impo
rtan
t to
lear
n ab
out t
heor
ies
that
wer
e la
ter
disc
redi
ted?
Uti
lizat
ion:
Sylla
bus
and
cros
s-cu
rric
ular
link
s:Bi
olog
yTo
pic
2.3
Carb
ohyd
rate
s an
d lip
ids
Topi
c 2.
6 St
ruct
ure
of D
NA
and
RN
A
Topic 1: Cell biology
Biology guide 33
Esse
ntia
l ide
a: M
embr
anes
con
trol
the
com
posi
tion
of c
ells
by
activ
e an
d pa
ssiv
e tr
ansp
ort.
1.4
Mem
bran
e tr
ansp
ort
Nat
ure
of s
cien
ce:
Expe
rimen
tal d
esig
n—ac
cura
te q
uant
itativ
e m
easu
rem
ent i
n os
mos
is e
xper
imen
ts a
re e
ssen
tial.
(3.1)
Und
erst
andi
ngs:
• Pa
rtic
les
mov
e ac
ross
mem
bran
es b
y si
mpl
e di
ffus
ion,
faci
litat
ed d
iffus
ion,
os
mos
is a
nd a
ctiv
e tr
ansp
ort.
• Th
e flu
idity
of m
embr
anes
allo
ws
mat
eria
ls to
be
take
n in
to c
ells
by
endo
cyto
sis
or re
leas
ed b
y ex
ocyt
osis
. Ves
icle
s m
ove
mat
eria
ls w
ithin
cel
ls.
App
licat
ions
and
ski
lls:
• A
pplic
atio
n: S
truc
ture
and
func
tion
of s
odiu
m–p
otas
sium
pum
ps fo
r act
ive
tran
spor
t and
pot
assi
um c
hann
els
for f
acili
tate
d di
ffus
ion
in a
xons
.
• A
pplic
atio
n: T
issu
es o
r org
ans
to b
e us
ed in
med
ical
pro
cedu
res
mus
t be
bath
ed in
a s
olut
ion
with
the
sam
e os
mol
arity
as
the
cyto
plas
m to
pre
vent
os
mos
is.
• Sk
ill: E
stim
atio
n of
osm
olar
ity in
tiss
ues
by b
athi
ng s
ampl
es in
hyp
oton
ic a
nd
hype
rton
ic s
olut
ions
. (Pr
actic
al 2
)
Gui
danc
e:
• O
smos
is e
xper
imen
ts a
re a
use
ful o
ppor
tuni
ty to
str
ess
the
need
for a
ccur
ate
mas
s an
d vo
lum
e m
easu
rem
ents
in s
cien
tific
exp
erim
ents
.
Uti
lizat
ion:
• Ki
dney
dia
lysi
s ar
tific
ially
mim
ics
the
func
tion
of th
e hu
man
kid
ney
by u
sing
ap
prop
riate
mem
bran
es a
nd d
iffus
ion
grad
ient
s.
Sylla
bus
and
cros
s-cu
rric
ular
link
s:Bi
olog
yTo
pic
6.5
Neu
rons
and
syn
apse
s
Aim
s:
• A
im 8
: Org
an d
onat
ion
rais
es s
ome
inte
rest
ing
ethi
cal i
ssue
s, in
clud
ing
the
altr
uist
ic n
atur
e of
org
an d
onat
ion
and
conc
erns
abo
ut s
ale
of h
uman
org
ans.
• A
im 6
: Dia
lysi
s tu
bing
exp
erim
ents
can
act
as
a m
odel
of m
embr
ane
actio
n.
Expe
rimen
ts w
ith p
otat
o, b
eetr
oot o
r sin
gle-
celle
d al
gae
can
be u
sed
to
inve
stig
ate
real
mem
bran
es.
Topic 1: Cell biology
Biology guide34
Esse
ntia
l ide
a: T
here
is a
n un
brok
en c
hain
of l
ife fr
om th
e fir
st c
ells
on
Eart
h to
all
cells
in o
rgan
ism
s al
ive
toda
y.
1.5
The
orig
in o
f cel
ls
Nat
ure
of s
cien
ce:
Test
ing
the
gene
ral p
rinci
ples
that
und
erlie
the
natu
ral w
orld
—th
e pr
inci
ple
that
cel
ls o
nly
com
e fr
om p
re-e
xist
ing
cells
nee
ds to
be
verif
ied.
(1.9
)
Und
erst
andi
ngs:
• Ce
lls c
an o
nly
be fo
rmed
by
divi
sion
of p
re-e
xist
ing
cells
.
• Th
e fir
st c
ells
mus
t hav
e ar
isen
from
non
-livi
ng m
ater
ial.
• Th
e or
igin
of e
ukar
yotic
cel
ls c
an b
e ex
plai
ned
by th
e en
dosy
mbi
otic
theo
ry.
App
licat
ions
and
ski
lls:
• A
pplic
atio
n: E
vide
nce
from
Pas
teur
’s ex
perim
ents
that
spo
ntan
eous
ge
nera
tion
of c
ells
and
org
anis
ms
does
not
now
occ
ur o
n Ea
rth.
Gui
danc
e:
• Ev
iden
ce fo
r the
end
osym
biot
ic th
eory
is e
xpec
ted.
The
orig
in o
f euk
aryo
te
cilia
and
flag
ella
doe
s no
t nee
d to
be
incl
uded
.
• St
uden
ts s
houl
d be
aw
are
that
the
64 c
odon
s in
the
gene
tic c
ode
have
th
e sa
me
mea
ning
s in
nea
rly a
ll or
gani
sms,
but
that
ther
e ar
e so
me
min
or
varia
tions
that
are
like
ly to
hav
e ac
crue
d si
nce
the
com
mon
orig
in o
f life
on
Eart
h.
Theo
ry o
f kno
wle
dge:
• Bi
olog
y is
the
stud
y of
life
, yet
life
is a
n em
erge
nt p
rope
rty.
Und
er w
hat
circ
umst
ance
s is
a s
yste
ms
appr
oach
pro
duct
ive
in b
iolo
gy a
nd u
nder
w
hat c
ircum
stan
ces
is a
redu
ctio
nist
app
roac
h m
ore
appr
opria
te?
How
do
scie
ntis
ts d
ecid
e be
twee
n co
mpe
ting
appr
oach
es?
Uti
lizat
ion:
Sylla
bus
and
cros
s-cu
rric
ular
link
s:Bi
olog
y To
pic
5.1
Evid
ence
for e
volu
tion
Aim
s:
• A
im 6
: Pas
teur
’s ex
perim
ent c
an b
e re
peat
ed u
sing
mod
ern
appa
ratu
s.
Topic 1: Cell biology
Biology guide 35
Esse
ntia
l ide
a: C
ell d
ivis
ion
is e
ssen
tial b
ut m
ust b
e co
ntro
lled.
1.6
Cell
divi
sion
Nat
ure
of s
cien
ce:
Sere
ndip
ity a
nd s
cien
tific
dis
cove
ries—
the
disc
over
y of
cyc
lins
was
acc
iden
tal.
(1.4
)
Und
erst
andi
ngs:
• M
itosi
s is d
ivis
ion
of th
e nu
cleu
s int
o tw
o ge
netic
ally
iden
tical
dau
ghte
r nuc
lei.
• Ch
rom
osom
es c
onde
nse
by s
uper
coili
ng d
urin
g m
itosi
s.
• Cy
toki
nesi
s oc
curs
aft
er m
itosi
s an
d is
diff
eren
t in
plan
t and
ani
mal
cel
ls.
• In
terp
hase
is a
ver
y ac
tive
phas
e of
the
cell
cycl
e w
ith m
any
proc
esse
s oc
curr
ing
in th
e nu
cleu
s an
d cy
topl
asm
.
• Cy
clin
s ar
e in
volv
ed in
the
cont
rol o
f the
cel
l cyc
le.
• M
utag
ens,
onc
ogen
es a
nd m
etas
tasi
s ar
e in
volv
ed in
the
deve
lopm
ent o
f pr
imar
y an
d se
cond
ary
tum
ours
.
App
licat
ions
and
ski
lls:
• A
pplic
atio
n: T
he c
orre
latio
n be
twee
n sm
okin
g an
d in
cide
nce
of c
ance
rs.
• Sk
ill: I
dent
ifica
tion
of p
hase
s of
mito
sis
in c
ells
vie
wed
with
a m
icro
scop
e or
in
a m
icro
grap
h.
• Sk
ill: D
eter
min
atio
n of
a m
itotic
inde
x fr
om a
mic
rogr
aph.
Gui
danc
e:
• Th
e se
quen
ce o
f eve
nts
in th
e fo
ur p
hase
s of
mito
sis
shou
ld b
e kn
own.
• Pr
epar
atio
n of
tem
pora
ry m
ount
s of
root
squ
ashe
s is
reco
mm
ende
d bu
t ph
ases
in m
itosi
s ca
n al
so b
e vi
ewed
usi
ng p
erm
anen
t slid
es.
• To
avo
id c
onfu
sion
in te
rmin
olog
y, te
ache
rs a
re e
ncou
rage
d to
refe
r to
the
two
part
s of
a c
hrom
osom
e as
sis
ter c
hrom
atid
s, w
hile
they
are
att
ache
d to
ea
ch o
ther
by
a ce
ntro
mer
e in
the
early
sta
ges
of m
itosi
s. F
rom
ana
phas
e on
war
ds, w
hen
sist
er c
hrom
atid
s ha
ve s
epar
ated
to fo
rm in
divi
dual
st
ruct
ures
, the
y sh
ould
be
refe
rred
to a
s ch
rom
osom
es.
Inte
rnat
iona
l-m
inde
dnes
s:
• Bi
olog
ists
in la
bora
torie
s th
roug
hout
the
wor
ld a
re re
sear
chin
g in
to th
e ca
uses
and
trea
tmen
t of c
ance
r.
Theo
ry o
f kno
wle
dge:
• A
num
ber o
f sci
entif
ic d
isco
verie
s ar
e cl
aim
ed to
be
inci
dent
al o
r se
rend
ipito
us. T
o w
hat e
xten
t mig
ht s
ome
of th
ese
scie
ntifi
c di
scov
erie
s be
th
e re
sult
of in
tuiti
on ra
ther
than
luck
?
Uti
lizat
ion:
• Th
e m
itotic
inde
x is
an
impo
rtan
t pro
gnos
tic to
ol fo
r pre
dict
ing
the
resp
onse
of
can
cer c
ells
to c
hem
othe
rapy
.
Aim
s:
• A
im 8
: The
toba
cco
indu
stry
cou
ld b
e di
scus
sed.
Sup
pres
sion
of t
he re
sults
of
rese
arch
by
toba
cco
com
pani
es in
to th
e he
alth
eff
ects
of s
mok
ing
toba
cco
was
une
thic
al. S
mok
ing
caus
es c
onsi
dera
ble
soci
al h
arm
, but
, with
the
exce
ptio
n of
law
s on
pro
duct
ion
and
supp
ly in
Bhu
tan,
has
nev
er b
een
mad
e ill
egal
.
Biology guide36
Core Topi
c 2:
Mol
ecul
ar b
iolo
gy
21 h
ours
Esse
ntia
l ide
a: L
ivin
g or
gani
sms
cont
rol t
heir
com
posi
tion
by a
com
plex
web
of c
hem
ical
reac
tions
.
2.1
Mol
ecul
es to
met
abol
ism
Nat
ure
of s
cien
ce:
Fals
ifica
tion
of th
eorie
s—th
e ar
tific
ial s
ynth
esis
of u
rea
help
ed to
fals
ify v
italis
m. (
1.9)
Und
erst
andi
ngs:
• M
olec
ular
bio
logy
exp
lain
s liv
ing
proc
esse
s in
term
s of
the
chem
ical
su
bsta
nces
invo
lved
.
• Ca
rbon
ato
ms
can
form
four
cov
alen
t bon
ds a
llow
ing
a di
vers
ity o
f sta
ble
com
poun
ds to
exi
st.
• Li
fe is
bas
ed o
n ca
rbon
com
poun
ds in
clud
ing
carb
ohyd
rate
s, li
pids
, pro
tein
s an
d nu
clei
c ac
ids.
• M
etab
olis
m is
the
web
of a
ll th
e en
zym
e-ca
taly
sed
reac
tions
in a
cel
l or
orga
nism
.
• A
nabo
lism
is th
e sy
nthe
sis
of c
ompl
ex m
olec
ules
from
sim
pler
mol
ecul
es
incl
udin
g th
e fo
rmat
ion
of m
acro
mol
ecul
es fr
om m
onom
ers
by c
onde
nsat
ion
reac
tions
.
• Ca
tabo
lism
is th
e br
eakd
own
of c
ompl
ex m
olec
ules
into
sim
pler
mol
ecul
es
incl
udin
g th
e hy
drol
ysis
of m
acro
mol
ecul
es in
to m
onom
ers.
Uti
lizat
ion:
Sylla
bus
and
cros
s-cu
rric
ular
link
s: Ch
emis
try
To
pic
4 Ch
emic
al b
ondi
ng a
nd s
truc
ture
O
ptio
n B
Bioc
hem
istr
y
Aim
s:
• A
im 7
: IC
T ca
n be
use
d fo
r mol
ecul
ar v
isua
lizat
ion
of c
arbo
hydr
ates
, lip
ids
and
prot
eins
in th
is s
ub-t
opic
and
in 2
.3 a
nd 2
.4.
• A
im 6
: Foo
d te
sts
such
as
the
use
of io
dine
to id
entif
y st
arch
or B
ened
ict’s
re
agen
t to
iden
tify
redu
cing
sug
ars
coul
d be
car
ried
out.
Topic 2: Molecular biology
Biology guide 37
2.1
Mol
ecul
es to
met
abol
ism
App
licat
ions
and
ski
lls:
• A
pplic
atio
n: U
rea
as a
n ex
ampl
e of
a c
ompo
und
that
is p
rodu
ced
by li
ving
or
gani
sms
but c
an a
lso
be a
rtifi
cial
ly s
ynth
esiz
ed.
• Sk
ill: D
raw
ing
mol
ecul
ar d
iagr
ams
of g
luco
se, r
ibos
e, a
sat
urat
ed fa
tty
acid
an
d a
gene
raliz
ed a
min
o ac
id.
• Sk
ill: I
dent
ifica
tion
of b
ioch
emic
als
such
as
suga
rs, l
ipid
s or
am
ino
acid
s fr
om
mol
ecul
ar d
iagr
ams.
Gui
danc
e:
• O
nly
the
ring
form
s of
D-r
ibos
e, a
lpha
–D-g
luco
se a
nd b
eta-
D-g
luco
se a
re
expe
cted
in d
raw
ings
.
• Su
gars
incl
ude
mon
osac
char
ides
and
dis
acch
arid
es.
• O
nly
one
satu
rate
d fa
t is
expe
cted
and
its
spec
ific
nam
e is
not
nec
essa
ry.
• Th
e va
riabl
e ra
dica
l of a
min
o ac
ids
can
be s
how
n as
R. T
he s
truc
ture
of
indi
vidu
al R
-gro
ups
does
not
nee
d to
be
mem
oriz
ed.
• St
uden
ts s
houl
d be
abl
e to
reco
gniz
e fr
om m
olec
ular
dia
gram
s th
at
trig
lyce
rides
, pho
spho
lipid
s an
d st
eroi
ds a
re li
pids
. Dra
win
gs o
f ste
roid
s ar
e no
t exp
ecte
d.
• Pr
otei
ns o
r par
ts o
f pol
ypep
tides
sho
uld
be re
cogn
ized
from
mol
ecul
ar
diag
ram
s sh
owin
g am
ino
acid
s lin
ked
by p
eptid
e bo
nds.
Topic 2: Molecular biology
Biology guide38
Esse
ntia
l ide
a: W
ater
is th
e m
ediu
m o
f life
.
2.2
Wat
er
Nat
ure
of s
cien
ce:
Use
theo
ries
to e
xpla
in n
atur
al p
heno
men
a—th
e th
eory
that
hyd
roge
n bo
nds
form
bet
wee
n w
ater
mol
ecul
es e
xpla
ins
the
prop
ertie
s of
wat
er. (
2.2)
Und
erst
andi
ngs:
• W
ater
mol
ecul
es a
re p
olar
and
hyd
roge
n bo
nds
form
bet
wee
n th
em.
• H
ydro
gen
bond
ing
and
dipo
larit
y ex
plai
n th
e co
hesi
ve, a
dhes
ive,
ther
mal
an
d so
lven
t pro
pert
ies
of w
ater
.
• Su
bsta
nces
can
be
hydr
ophi
lic o
r hyd
roph
obic
.
App
licat
ions
and
ski
lls:
• A
pplic
atio
n: C
ompa
rison
of t
he th
erm
al p
rope
rtie
s of
wat
er w
ith th
ose
of
met
hane
.
• A
pplic
atio
n: U
se o
f wat
er a
s a
cool
ant i
n sw
eat.
• A
pplic
atio
n: M
odes
of t
rans
port
of g
luco
se, a
min
o ac
ids,
cho
lest
erol
, fat
s,
oxyg
en a
nd s
odiu
m c
hlor
ide
in b
lood
in re
latio
n to
thei
r sol
ubili
ty in
wat
er.
Gui
danc
e:
• St
uden
ts s
houl
d kn
ow a
t lea
st o
ne e
xam
ple
of a
ben
efit
to li
ving
org
anis
ms
of e
ach
prop
erty
of w
ater
.
• Tr
ansp
aren
cy o
f wat
er a
nd m
axim
um d
ensi
ty a
t 4°C
do
not n
eed
to b
e in
clud
ed.
• Co
mpa
rison
of t
he th
erm
al p
rope
rtie
s of
wat
er a
nd m
etha
ne a
ssis
ts in
the
unde
rsta
ndin
g of
the
sign
ifica
nce
of h
ydro
gen
bond
ing
in w
ater
.
Inte
rnat
iona
l-m
inde
dnes
s:
• Th
ere
are
chal
leng
es fo
r the
incr
easi
ng h
uman
pop
ulat
ion
in s
harin
g w
ater
re
sour
ces
equi
tabl
y fo
r drin
king
and
irrig
atio
n, e
lect
ricity
gen
erat
ion
and
a ra
nge
of in
dust
rial a
nd d
omes
tic p
roce
sses
.
Theo
ry o
f kno
wle
dge:
• Cl
aim
s ab
out t
he “m
emor
y of
wat
er” h
ave
been
cat
egor
ized
as
pseu
dosc
ient
ific.
Wha
t are
the
crite
ria th
at c
an b
e us
ed to
dis
tingu
ish
scie
ntifi
c cl
aim
s fr
om p
seud
osci
entif
ic c
laim
s?
Uti
lizat
ion:
Sylla
bus
and
cros
s-cu
rric
ular
link
s:Bi
olog
y To
pic
4.3
Carb
on c
yclin
gTo
pic
4.4
Clim
ate
chan
gePh
ysic
s To
pic
3.1
Ther
mal
con
cept
s
Aim
s:
• A
im 6
: Pro
bes
can
be u
sed
to d
eter
min
e th
e ef
fect
of d
iffer
ent f
acto
rs li
kely
to
influ
ence
coo
ling
with
wat
er.
Topic 2: Molecular biology
Biology guide 39
Esse
ntia
l ide
a: C
ompo
unds
of c
arbo
n, h
ydro
gen
and
oxyg
en a
re u
sed
to s
uppl
y an
d st
ore
ener
gy.
2.3
Carb
ohyd
rate
s an
d lip
ids
Nat
ure
of s
cien
ce:
Eval
uatin
g cl
aim
s—he
alth
cla
ims
mad
e ab
out l
ipid
s in
die
ts n
eed
to b
e as
sess
ed. (
5.2)
Und
erst
andi
ngs:
• M
onos
acch
arid
e m
onom
ers
are
linke
d to
geth
er b
y co
nden
satio
n re
actio
ns to
fo
rm d
isac
char
ides
and
pol
ysac
char
ide
poly
mer
s.
• Fa
tty
acid
s ca
n be
sat
urat
ed, m
onou
nsat
urat
ed o
r pol
yuns
atur
ated
.
• U
nsat
urat
ed fa
tty
acid
s ca
n be
cis
or t
rans
isom
ers.
• Tr
igly
cerid
es a
re fo
rmed
by
cond
ensa
tion
from
thre
e fa
tty
acid
s and
one
gly
cero
l.
App
licat
ions
and
ski
lls:
• A
pplic
atio
n: S
truc
ture
and
func
tion
of c
ellu
lose
and
sta
rch
in p
lant
s an
d gl
ycog
en in
hum
ans.
• A
pplic
atio
n: S
cien
tific
evi
denc
e fo
r hea
lth ri
sks
of tr
ans
fats
and
sat
urat
ed
fatt
y ac
ids.
• A
pplic
atio
n: L
ipid
s ar
e m
ore
suita
ble
for l
ong-
term
ene
rgy
stor
age
in h
uman
s th
an c
arbo
hydr
ates
.
• A
pplic
atio
n: E
valu
atio
n of
evi
denc
e an
d th
e m
etho
ds u
sed
to o
btai
n th
e ev
iden
ce fo
r hea
lth c
laim
s m
ade
abou
t lip
ids.
• Sk
ill: U
se o
f mol
ecul
ar v
isua
lizat
ion
soft
war
e to
com
pare
cel
lulo
se, s
tarc
h an
d gl
ycog
en.
• Sk
ill: D
eter
min
atio
n of
bod
y m
ass
inde
x by
cal
cula
tion
or u
se o
f a n
omog
ram
.
Gui
danc
e:
• Th
e st
ruct
ure
of s
tarc
h sh
ould
incl
ude
amyl
ose
and
amyl
opec
tin.
• N
amed
exa
mpl
es o
f fat
ty a
cids
are
not
requ
ired.
• Su
cros
e, la
ctos
e an
d m
alto
se s
houl
d be
incl
uded
as
exam
ples
of
disa
ccha
rides
pro
duce
d by
com
bini
ng m
onos
acch
arid
es.
Inte
rnat
iona
l-m
inde
dnes
s:
• Va
riatio
n in
the
prev
alen
ce o
f diff
eren
t hea
lth p
robl
ems
arou
nd th
e w
orld
co
uld
be d
iscu
ssed
incl
udin
g ob
esity
, die
tary
ene
rgy
defic
ienc
y, k
was
hior
kor,
anor
exia
ner
vosa
and
cor
onar
y he
art d
isea
se.
Theo
ry o
f kno
wle
dge:
• Th
ere
are
conf
lictin
g vi
ews
as to
the
harm
s an
d be
nefit
s of
fats
in d
iets
. How
do
we
deci
de b
etw
een
com
petin
g vi
ews?
Uti
lizat
ion:
• Po
tato
es h
ave
been
gen
etic
ally
mod
ified
to re
duce
the
leve
l of a
myl
ose
to
prod
uce
a m
ore
effe
ctiv
e ad
hesi
ve.
Sylla
bus
and
cros
s-cu
rric
ular
link
s:Bi
olog
yO
ptio
n B:
Bio
tech
nolo
gy a
nd b
ioin
form
atic
s
Aim
s:
• A
im 8
: The
re a
re s
ocia
l im
plic
atio
ns o
f obe
sity
.
Topic 2: Molecular biology
Biology guide40
Esse
ntia
l ide
a: P
rote
ins
have
a v
ery
wid
e ra
nge
of fu
nctio
ns in
livi
ng o
rgan
ism
s.
2.4
Prot
eins
Nat
ure
of s
cien
ce:
Look
ing
for p
atte
rns,
tren
ds a
nd d
iscr
epan
cies
—m
ost b
ut n
ot a
ll or
gani
sms
asse
mbl
e pr
otei
ns fr
om th
e sa
me
amin
o ac
ids.
(3.1)
Und
erst
andi
ngs:
• A
min
o ac
ids
are
linke
d to
geth
er b
y co
nden
satio
n to
form
pol
ypep
tides
.
• Th
ere
are
20 d
iffer
ent a
min
o ac
ids
in p
olyp
eptid
es s
ynth
esiz
ed o
n rib
osom
es.
• A
min
o ac
ids
can
be li
nked
toge
ther
in a
ny s
eque
nce
givi
ng a
hug
e ra
nge
of
poss
ible
pol
ypep
tides
.
• Th
e am
ino
acid
seq
uenc
e of
pol
ypep
tides
is c
oded
for b
y ge
nes.
• A
pro
tein
may
con
sist
of a
sin
gle
poly
pept
ide
or m
ore
than
one
pol
ypep
tide
linke
d to
geth
er.
• Th
e am
ino
acid
seq
uenc
e de
term
ines
the
thre
e-di
men
sion
al c
onfo
rmat
ion
of
a pr
otei
n.
• Li
ving
org
anis
ms
synt
hesi
ze m
any
diff
eren
t pro
tein
s w
ith a
wid
e ra
nge
of
func
tions
.
• Ev
ery
indi
vidu
al h
as a
uni
que
prot
eom
e.
App
licat
ions
and
ski
lls:
• A
pplic
atio
n: R
ubis
co, i
nsul
in, i
mm
unog
lobu
lins,
rhod
opsi
n, c
olla
gen
and
spid
er s
ilk a
s ex
ampl
es o
f the
rang
e of
pro
tein
func
tions
.
• A
pplic
atio
n: D
enat
urat
ion
of p
rote
ins
by h
eat o
r by
devi
atio
n of
pH
from
the
optim
um.
• Sk
ill: D
raw
ing
mol
ecul
ar d
iagr
ams
to s
how
the
form
atio
n of
a p
eptid
e bo
nd.
Uti
lizat
ion:
• Pr
oteo
mic
s an
d th
e pr
oduc
tion
of p
rote
ins
by c
ells
cul
ture
d in
ferm
ente
rs
offe
r man
y op
port
uniti
es fo
r the
food
, pha
rmac
eutic
al a
nd o
ther
indu
strie
s.
Aim
s:
• A
im 7
: IC
T ca
n be
use
d fo
r mol
ecul
ar v
isua
lizat
ion
of th
e st
ruct
ure
of
prot
eins
.
• A
im 8
: Obt
aini
ng s
ampl
es o
f hum
an b
lood
for i
mm
unol
ogic
al,
phar
mac
eutic
al a
nd a
nthr
opol
ogic
al s
tudi
es is
an
inte
rnat
iona
l end
eavo
ur
with
man
y et
hica
l iss
ues.
Topic 2: Molecular biology
Biology guide 41
2.4
Prot
eins
Gui
danc
e:
• Th
e de
taile
d st
ruct
ure
of th
e si
x pr
otei
ns s
elec
ted
to il
lust
rate
the
func
tions
of
pro
tein
s is
not
nee
ded.
• Eg
g w
hite
or a
lbum
in s
olut
ions
can
be
used
in d
enat
urat
ion
expe
rimen
ts.
• St
uden
ts s
houl
d kn
ow th
at m
ost o
rgan
ism
s us
e th
e sa
me
20 a
min
o ac
ids
in th
e sa
me
gene
tic c
ode
alth
ough
ther
e ar
e so
me
exce
ptio
ns. S
peci
fic
exam
ples
cou
ld b
e us
ed fo
r illu
stra
tion.
Topic 2: Molecular biology
Biology guide42
Esse
ntia
l ide
a: E
nzym
es c
ontr
ol th
e m
etab
olis
m o
f the
cel
l.
2.5
Enzy
mes
Nat
ure
of s
cien
ce:
Expe
rimen
tal d
esig
n—ac
cura
te, q
uant
itativ
e m
easu
rem
ents
in e
nzym
e ex
perim
ents
requ
ire re
plic
ates
to e
nsur
e re
liabi
lity.
(3.2
)
Und
erst
andi
ngs:
• En
zym
es h
ave
an a
ctiv
e si
te to
whi
ch s
peci
fic s
ubst
rate
s bi
nd.
• En
zym
e ca
taly
sis
invo
lves
mol
ecul
ar m
otio
n an
d th
e co
llisi
on o
f sub
stra
tes
with
the
activ
e si
te.
• Te
mpe
ratu
re, p
H a
nd s
ubst
rate
con
cent
ratio
n af
fect
the
rate
of a
ctiv
ity o
f en
zym
es.
• En
zym
es c
an b
e de
natu
red.
• Im
mob
ilize
d en
zym
es a
re w
idel
y us
ed in
indu
stry
.
App
licat
ions
and
ski
lls:
• A
pplic
atio
n: M
etho
ds o
f pro
duct
ion
of la
ctos
e-fr
ee m
ilk a
nd it
s ad
vant
ages
.
• Sk
ill: D
esig
n of
exp
erim
ents
to te
st th
e ef
fect
of t
empe
ratu
re, p
H a
nd
subs
trat
e co
ncen
trat
ion
on th
e ac
tivity
of e
nzym
es.
• Sk
ill: E
xper
imen
tal i
nves
tigat
ion
of a
fact
or a
ffec
ting
enzy
me
activ
ity.
(Pra
ctic
al 3
)
Gui
danc
e:
• La
ctas
e ca
n be
imm
obili
zed
in a
lgin
ate
bead
s an
d ex
perim
ents
can
then
be
carr
ied
out i
n w
hich
the
lact
ose
in m
ilk is
hyd
roly
sed.
• St
uden
ts s
houl
d be
abl
e to
ske
tch
grap
hs to
sho
w th
e ex
pect
ed e
ffec
ts o
f te
mpe
ratu
re, p
H a
nd s
ubst
rate
con
cent
ratio
n on
the
activ
ity o
f enz
ymes
. Th
ey s
houl
d be
abl
e to
exp
lain
the
patt
erns
or t
rend
s ap
pare
nt in
thes
e gr
aphs
.
Theo
ry o
f kno
wle
dge:
• D
evel
opm
ent o
f som
e te
chni
ques
ben
efits
par
ticul
ar h
uman
pop
ulat
ions
m
ore
than
oth
ers.
For
exa
mpl
e, th
e de
velo
pmen
t of l
acto
se-f
ree
milk
av
aila
ble
in E
urop
e an
d N
orth
Am
eric
a w
ould
hav
e gr
eate
r ben
efit
in A
fric
a/A
sia
whe
re la
ctos
e in
tole
ranc
e is
mor
e pr
eval
ent.
The
deve
lopm
ent o
f te
chni
ques
requ
ires
finan
cial
inve
stm
ent.
Shou
ld k
now
ledg
e be
sha
red
whe
n te
chni
ques
dev
elop
ed in
one
par
t of t
he w
orld
are
mor
e ap
plic
able
in
anot
her?
Uti
lizat
ion:
• En
zym
es a
re e
xten
sive
ly u
sed
in in
dust
ry fo
r the
pro
duct
ion
of it
ems
from
fr
uit j
uice
to w
ashi
ng p
owde
r.
Sylla
bus
and
cros
s-cu
rric
ular
link
s:Bi
olog
y To
pic
8 A
HL
Met
abol
ism
, cel
l res
pira
tion
and
phot
osyn
thes
is
Topic 2: Molecular biology
Biology guide 43
Esse
ntia
l ide
a: T
he s
truc
ture
of D
NA
allo
ws
effic
ient
sto
rage
of g
enet
ic in
form
atio
n.
2.6
Stru
ctur
e of
DN
A a
nd R
NA
Nat
ure
of s
cien
ce:
Usi
ng m
odel
s as
repr
esen
tatio
n of
the
real
wor
ld—
Cric
k an
d W
atso
n us
ed m
odel
mak
ing
to d
isco
ver t
he s
truc
ture
of D
NA
. (1.
10)
Und
erst
andi
ngs:
• Th
e nu
clei
c ac
ids
DN
A a
nd R
NA
are
pol
ymer
s of
nuc
leot
ides
.
• D
NA
diff
ers
from
RN
A in
the
num
ber o
f str
ands
pre
sent
, the
bas
e co
mpo
sitio
n an
d th
e ty
pe o
f pen
tose
.
• D
NA
is a
dou
ble
helix
mad
e of
two
antip
aral
lel s
tran
ds o
f nuc
leot
ides
link
ed
by h
ydro
gen
bond
ing
betw
een
com
plem
enta
ry b
ase
pairs
.
App
licat
ions
and
ski
lls:
• A
pplic
atio
n: C
rick
and
Wat
son’
s el
ucid
atio
n of
the
stru
ctur
e of
DN
A u
sing
m
odel
mak
ing.
• Sk
ill: D
raw
ing
sim
ple
diag
ram
s of
the
stru
ctur
e of
sin
gle
nucl
eotid
es a
nd
of D
NA
and
RN
A, u
sing
circ
les,
pen
tago
ns a
nd re
ctan
gles
to re
pres
ent
phos
phat
es, p
ento
ses
and
base
s.
Gui
danc
e:
• In
dia
gram
s of
DN
A s
truc
ture
, the
hel
ical
sha
pe d
oes
not n
eed
to b
e sh
own,
bu
t the
two
stra
nds
shou
ld b
e sh
own
antip
aral
lel.
Ade
nine
sho
uld
be s
how
n pa
ired
with
thym
ine
and
guan
ine
with
cyt
osin
e, b
ut th
e re
lativ
e le
ngth
s of
th
e pu
rine
and
pyrim
idin
e ba
ses
do n
ot n
eed
to b
e re
calle
d, n
or th
e nu
mbe
rs
of h
ydro
gen
bond
s be
twee
n th
e ba
se p
airs
.
Theo
ry o
f kno
wle
dge:
• Th
e st
ory
of th
e el
ucid
atio
n of
the
stru
ctur
e of
DN
A il
lust
rate
s th
at
coop
erat
ion
and
colla
bora
tion
amon
g sc
ient
ists
exi
sts
alon
gsid
e co
mpe
titio
n be
twee
n re
sear
ch g
roup
s. T
o w
hat e
xten
t is
rese
arch
in s
ecre
t ‘an
ti-sc
ient
ific’
? W
hat i
s th
e re
latio
nshi
p be
twee
n sh
ared
and
per
sona
l kno
wle
dge
in th
e na
tura
l sci
ence
s?
Uti
lizat
ion:
Sylla
bus
and
cros
s-cu
rric
ular
link
s:Bi
olog
y To
pic
2.2
Wat
er
Topi
c 3.
5 G
enet
ic m
odifi
catio
n an
d bi
otec
hnol
ogy
Topi
c 7
Nuc
leic
aci
ds
Topic 2: Molecular biology
Biology guide44
Esse
ntia
l Ide
a: G
enet
ic in
form
atio
n in
DN
A c
an b
e ac
cura
tely
cop
ied
and
can
be tr
ansl
ated
to m
ake
the
prot
eins
nee
ded
by th
e ce
ll.
2.7
DN
A re
plic
atio
n, tr
ansc
ript
ion
and
tran
slat
ion
Nat
ure
of s
cien
ce:
Obt
aini
ng e
vide
nce
for s
cien
tific
theo
ries—
Mes
elso
n an
d St
ahl o
btai
ned
evid
ence
for t
he s
emi-c
onse
rvat
ive
repl
icat
ion
of D
NA
. (1.
8)
Und
erst
andi
ngs:
• Th
e re
plic
atio
n of
DN
A is
sem
i-con
serv
ativ
e an
d de
pend
s on
com
plem
enta
ry
base
pai
ring.
• H
elic
ase
unw
inds
the
doub
le h
elix
and
sep
arat
es th
e tw
o st
rand
s by
bre
akin
g hy
drog
en b
onds
.
• D
NA
pol
ymer
ase
links
nuc
leot
ides
toge
ther
to fo
rm a
new
str
and,
usi
ng th
e pr
e-ex
istin
g st
rand
as
a te
mpl
ate.
• Tr
ansc
riptio
n is
the
synt
hesi
s of
mRN
A c
opie
d fr
om th
e D
NA
bas
e se
quen
ces
by R
NA
pol
ymer
ase.
• Tr
ansl
atio
n is
the
synt
hesi
s of
pol
ypep
tides
on
ribos
omes
.
• Th
e am
ino
acid
seq
uenc
e of
pol
ypep
tides
is d
eter
min
ed b
y m
RNA
acc
ordi
ng
to th
e ge
netic
cod
e.
• Co
dons
of t
hree
bas
es o
n m
RNA
cor
resp
ond
to o
ne a
min
o ac
id in
a
poly
pept
ide.
• Tr
ansl
atio
n de
pend
s on
com
plem
enta
ry b
ase
pairi
ng b
etw
een
codo
ns o
n m
RNA
and
ant
icod
ons
on tR
NA
.
App
licat
ions
and
ski
lls:
• A
pplic
atio
n: U
se o
f Taq
DN
A p
olym
eras
e to
pro
duce
mul
tiple
cop
ies
of D
NA
ra
pidl
y by
the
poly
mer
ase
chai
n re
actio
n (P
CR).
• A
pplic
atio
n: P
rodu
ctio
n of
hum
an in
sulin
in b
acte
ria a
s an
exa
mpl
e of
the
univ
ersa
lity
of th
e ge
netic
cod
e al
low
ing
gene
tran
sfer
bet
wee
n sp
ecie
s.
• Sk
ill: U
se a
tabl
e of
the
gene
tic c
ode
to d
educ
e w
hich
cod
on(s
) cor
resp
onds
to
whi
ch a
min
o ac
id.
Uti
lizat
ion:
Sylla
bus
and
cros
s-cu
rric
ular
link
s:Bi
olog
y To
pic
3.5
Gen
etic
mod
ifica
tion
and
biot
echn
olog
yTo
pic
7.2
Tran
scrip
tion
and
gene
exp
ress
ion
Topi
c 7.
3 Tr
ansl
atio
n
Aim
s:
• A
im 8
: The
re a
re e
thic
al im
plic
atio
ns in
alte
ring
the
geno
me
of a
n or
gani
sm
in o
rder
to p
rodu
ce p
rote
ins
for m
edic
al u
se in
hum
ans.
Topic 2: Molecular biology
Biology guide 45
2.7
DN
A re
plic
atio
n, tr
ansc
ript
ion
and
tran
slat
ion
• Sk
ill: A
naly
sis
of M
esel
son
and
Stah
l’s re
sults
to o
btai
n su
ppor
t for
the
theo
ry
of s
emi-c
onse
rvat
ive
repl
icat
ion
of D
NA
.
• Sk
ill: U
se a
tabl
e of
mRN
A c
odon
s an
d th
eir c
orre
spon
ding
am
ino
acid
s to
ded
uce
the
sequ
ence
of a
min
o ac
ids
code
d by
a s
hort
mRN
A s
tran
d of
kn
own
base
seq
uenc
e.
• Sk
ill: D
educ
ing
the
DN
A b
ase
sequ
ence
for t
he m
RNA
str
and.
Gui
danc
e:
• Th
e di
ffer
ent t
ypes
of D
NA
pol
ymer
ase
do n
ot n
eed
to b
e di
stin
guis
hed.
Topic 2: Molecular biology
Biology guide46
Esse
ntia
l ide
a: C
ell r
espi
ratio
n su
pplie
s en
ergy
for t
he fu
nctio
ns o
f life
.
2.8
Cell
resp
irat
ion
Nat
ure
of s
cien
ce:
Ass
essi
ng th
e et
hics
of s
cien
tific
rese
arch
—th
e us
e of
inve
rteb
rate
s in
resp
irom
eter
exp
erim
ents
has
eth
ical
impl
icat
ions
. (4.
5)
Und
erst
andi
ngs:
• Ce
ll re
spira
tion
is th
e co
ntro
lled
rele
ase
of e
nerg
y fr
om o
rgan
ic c
ompo
unds
to
pro
duce
ATP
.
• AT
P fr
om c
ell r
espi
ratio
n is
imm
edia
tely
ava
ilabl
e as
a s
ourc
e of
ene
rgy
in th
e ce
ll.
• A
naer
obic
cel
l res
pira
tion
give
s a
smal
l yie
ld o
f ATP
from
glu
cose
.
• A
erob
ic c
ell r
espi
ratio
n re
quire
s ox
ygen
and
giv
es a
larg
e yi
eld
of A
TP fr
om
gluc
ose.
App
licat
ions
and
ski
lls:
• A
pplic
atio
n: U
se o
f ana
erob
ic c
ell r
espi
ratio
n in
yea
sts
to p
rodu
ce e
than
ol
and
carb
on d
ioxi
de in
bak
ing.
• A
pplic
atio
n: L
acta
te p
rodu
ctio
n in
hum
ans
whe
n an
aero
bic
resp
iratio
n is
us
ed to
max
imiz
e th
e po
wer
of m
uscl
e co
ntra
ctio
ns.
• Sk
ill: A
naly
sis
of re
sults
from
exp
erim
ents
invo
lvin
g m
easu
rem
ent o
f re
spira
tion
rate
s in
ger
min
atin
g se
eds
or in
vert
ebra
tes
usin
g a
resp
irom
eter
.
Gui
danc
e:
• D
etai
ls o
f the
met
abol
ic p
athw
ays
of c
ell r
espi
ratio
n ar
e no
t nee
ded
but t
he
subs
trat
es a
nd fi
nal w
aste
pro
duct
s sh
ould
be
know
n.
• Th
ere
are
man
y si
mpl
e re
spiro
met
ers
whi
ch c
ould
be
used
. Stu
dent
s ar
e ex
pect
ed to
kno
w th
at a
n al
kali
is u
sed
to a
bsor
b CO
2, so
redu
ctio
ns in
vo
lum
e ar
e du
e to
oxy
gen
use.
Tem
pera
ture
sho
uld
be k
ept c
onst
ant t
o av
oid
volu
me
chan
ges
due
to te
mpe
ratu
re fl
uctu
atio
ns.
Aim
s:
• A
im 8
: The
eth
ics
of th
e us
e of
ani
mal
s in
exp
erim
ents
cou
ld b
e di
scus
sed
in re
latio
n to
resp
irom
eter
exp
erim
ents
. Lar
ge-s
cale
use
of f
ood
plan
ts fo
r bi
ofue
ls a
nd th
e re
sulti
ng im
pact
on
food
pric
es h
as e
thic
al im
plic
atio
ns.
Topic 2: Molecular biology
Biology guide 47
Esse
ntia
l ide
a: P
hoto
synt
hesi
s us
es th
e en
ergy
in s
unlig
ht to
pro
duce
the
chem
ical
ene
rgy
need
ed fo
r life
.
2.9
Phot
osyn
thes
is
Nat
ure
of s
cien
ce:
Expe
rimen
tal d
esig
n—co
ntro
lling
rele
vant
var
iabl
es in
pho
tosy
nthe
sis
expe
rimen
ts is
ess
entia
l. (3
.1)
Und
erst
andi
ngs:
• Ph
otos
ynth
esis
is th
e pr
oduc
tion
of c
arbo
n co
mpo
unds
in c
ells
usi
ng li
ght
ener
gy.
• Vi
sibl
e lig
ht h
as a
rang
e of
wav
elen
gths
with
vio
let t
he s
hort
est w
avel
engt
h an
d re
d th
e lo
nges
t.
• Ch
loro
phyl
l abs
orbs
red
and
blue
ligh
t mos
t eff
ectiv
ely
and
refle
cts
gree
n lig
ht m
ore
than
oth
er c
olou
rs.
• O
xyge
n is
pro
duce
d in
pho
tosy
nthe
sis
from
the
phot
olys
is o
f wat
er.
• En
ergy
is n
eede
d to
pro
duce
car
bohy
drat
es a
nd o
ther
car
bon
com
poun
ds
from
car
bon
diox
ide.
• Te
mpe
ratu
re, l
ight
inte
nsity
and
car
bon
diox
ide
conc
entr
atio
n ar
e po
ssib
le
limiti
ng fa
ctor
s on
the
rate
of p
hoto
synt
hesi
s.
App
licat
ions
and
ski
lls:
• A
pplic
atio
n: C
hang
es to
the
Eart
h’s
atm
osph
ere,
oce
ans
and
rock
dep
ositi
on
due
to p
hoto
synt
hesi
s.
• Sk
ill: D
raw
ing
an a
bsor
ptio
n sp
ectr
um fo
r chl
orop
hyll
and
an a
ctio
n sp
ectr
um fo
r pho
tosy
nthe
sis.
• Sk
ill: D
esig
n of
exp
erim
ents
to in
vest
igat
e th
e ef
fect
of l
imiti
ng fa
ctor
s on
ph
otos
ynth
esis
.
• Sk
ill: S
epar
atio
n of
pho
tosy
nthe
tic p
igm
ents
by
chro
mat
ogra
ph. (
Prac
tical
4)
Uti
lizat
ion:
Sylla
bus
and
cros
s-cu
rric
ular
link
s:Bi
olog
y To
pic
2.5
Enzy
mes
Topic 2: Molecular biology
Biology guide48
2.9
Phot
osyn
thes
is
Gui
danc
e:
• St
uden
ts s
houl
d kn
ow th
at v
isib
le li
ght h
as w
avel
engt
hs b
etw
een
400
and
700
nano
met
res,
but
they
are
not
exp
ecte
d to
reca
ll th
e w
avel
engt
hs o
f sp
ecifi
c co
lour
s of
ligh
t.
• W
ater
free
of d
isso
lved
car
bon
diox
ide
for p
hoto
synt
hesi
s ex
perim
ents
can
be
pro
duce
d by
boi
ling
and
cool
ing
wat
er.
• Pa
per c
hrom
atog
raph
y ca
n be
use
d to
sep
arat
e ph
otos
ynth
etic
pig
men
ts b
ut
thin
laye
r chr
omat
ogra
phy
give
s be
tter
resu
lts.
49Biology guide 49
Core Topi
c 3:
Gen
etic
s 15
hou
rs
Esse
ntia
l ide
a: E
very
livi
ng o
rgan
ism
inhe
rits
a bl
uepr
int f
or li
fe fr
om it
s pa
rent
s.
3.1
Gen
es
Nat
ure
of s
cien
ce:
Dev
elop
men
ts in
sci
entif
ic re
sear
ch fo
llow
impr
ovem
ents
in te
chno
logy
—ge
ne s
eque
ncer
s ar
e us
ed fo
r the
seq
uenc
ing
of g
enes
. (1.
8)
Und
erst
andi
ngs:
• A
gen
e is
a h
erita
ble
fact
or th
at c
onsi
sts
of a
leng
th o
f DN
A a
nd in
fluen
ces
a sp
ecifi
c ch
arac
teris
tic.
• A
gen
e oc
cupi
es a
spe
cific
pos
ition
on
a ch
rom
osom
e.
• Th
e va
rious
spe
cific
form
s of
a g
ene
are
alle
les.
• A
llele
s di
ffer
from
eac
h ot
her b
y on
e or
onl
y a
few
bas
es.
• N
ew a
llele
s ar
e fo
rmed
by
mut
atio
n.
• Th
e ge
nom
e is
the
who
le o
f the
gen
etic
info
rmat
ion
of a
n or
gani
sm.
• Th
e en
tire
base
seq
uenc
e of
hum
an g
enes
was
seq
uenc
ed in
the
Hum
an
Gen
ome
Proj
ect.
App
licat
ions
and
ski
lls:
• A
pplic
atio
n: T
he c
ause
s of
sic
kle
cell
anem
ia, i
nclu
ding
a b
ase
subs
titut
ion
mut
atio
n, a
cha
nge
to th
e ba
se s
eque
nce
of m
RNA
tran
scrib
ed fr
om it
and
a
chan
ge to
the
sequ
ence
of a
pol
ypep
tide
in h
emog
lobi
n.
• A
pplic
atio
n: C
ompa
rison
of t
he n
umbe
r of g
enes
in h
uman
s w
ith o
ther
sp
ecie
s.
• Sk
ill: U
se o
f a d
atab
ase
to d
eter
min
e di
ffer
ence
s in
the
base
seq
uenc
e of
a
gene
in tw
o sp
ecie
s.
Inte
rnat
iona
l-m
inde
dnes
s:
• Se
quen
cing
of t
he h
uman
gen
ome
show
s th
at a
ll hu
man
s sh
are
the
vast
m
ajor
ity o
f the
ir ba
se s
eque
nces
but
als
o th
at th
ere
are
man
y si
ngle
nu
cleo
tide
poly
mor
phis
ms
that
con
trib
ute
to h
uman
div
ersi
ty.
Theo
ry o
f kno
wle
dge:
• Th
ere
is a
link
bet
wee
n si
ckle
cel
l ane
mia
and
pre
vale
nce
of m
alar
ia. H
ow c
an
we
know
whe
ther
ther
e is
a c
ausa
l lin
k in
suc
h ca
ses
or s
impl
y a
corr
elat
ion?
Aim
s:
• A
im 7
: The
use
of a
dat
abas
e to
com
pare
DN
A b
ase
sequ
ence
s.
• A
im 8
: Eth
ics
of p
aten
ting
hum
an g
enes
.
Topic 3: Genetics
Biology guide50
3.1
Gen
es
Gui
danc
e:
• St
uden
ts s
houl
d be
abl
e to
reca
ll on
e sp
ecifi
c ba
se s
ubst
itutio
n th
at c
ause
s gl
utam
ic a
cid
to b
e su
bstit
uted
by
valin
e as
the
sixt
h am
ino
acid
in th
e he
mog
lobi
n po
lype
ptid
e.
• Th
e nu
mbe
r of g
enes
in a
spe
cies
sho
uld
not b
e re
ferr
ed to
as
geno
me
size
as
this
term
is u
sed
for t
he to
tal a
mou
nt o
f DN
A. A
t lea
st o
ne p
lant
and
one
ba
cter
ium
sho
uld
be in
clud
ed in
the
com
paris
on a
nd a
t lea
st o
ne s
peci
es
with
mor
e ge
nes
and
one
with
few
er g
enes
than
a h
uman
.
• Th
e G
enba
nk®
data
base
can
be
used
to s
earc
h fo
r DN
A b
ase
sequ
ence
s. T
he
cyto
chro
me
C ge
ne s
eque
nce
is a
vaila
ble
for m
any
diff
eren
t org
anis
ms
and
is o
f par
ticul
ar in
tere
st b
ecau
se o
f its
use
in re
clas
sify
ing
orga
nism
s in
to th
ree
dom
ains
.
• D
elet
ions
, ins
ertio
ns a
nd fr
ame
shift
mut
atio
ns d
o no
t nee
d to
be
incl
uded
.
Topic 3: Genetics
Biology guide 51
Esse
ntia
l ide
a: C
hrom
osom
es c
arry
gen
es in
a li
near
seq
uenc
e th
at is
sha
red
by m
embe
rs o
f a s
peci
es.
3.2
Chro
mos
omes
Nat
ure
of s
cien
ce:
Dev
elop
men
ts in
rese
arch
follo
w im
prov
emen
ts in
tech
niqu
es—
auto
radi
ogra
phy
was
use
d to
est
ablis
h th
e le
ngth
of D
NA
mol
ecul
es in
chr
omos
omes
. (1.
8)
Und
erst
andi
ngs:
• Pr
okar
yote
s ha
ve o
ne c
hrom
osom
e co
nsis
ting
of a
circ
ular
DN
A m
olec
ule.
• So
me
prok
aryo
tes
also
hav
e pl
asm
ids
but e
ukar
yote
s do
not
.
• Eu
kary
ote
chro
mos
omes
are
line
ar D
NA
mol
ecul
es a
ssoc
iate
d w
ith h
isto
ne
prot
eins
.
• In
a e
ukar
yote
spe
cies
ther
e ar
e di
ffer
ent c
hrom
osom
es th
at c
arry
diff
eren
t ge
nes.
• H
omol
ogou
s ch
rom
osom
es c
arry
the
sam
e se
quen
ce o
f gen
es b
ut n
ot
nece
ssar
ily th
e sa
me
alle
les
of th
ose
gene
s.
• D
iplo
id n
ucle
i hav
e pa
irs o
f hom
olog
ous
chro
mos
omes
.
• H
aplo
id n
ucle
i hav
e on
e ch
rom
osom
e of
eac
h pa
ir.
• Th
e nu
mbe
r of c
hrom
osom
es is
a c
hara
cter
istic
feat
ure
of m
embe
rs o
f a
spec
ies.
• A
kar
yogr
am s
how
s th
e ch
rom
osom
es o
f an
orga
nism
in h
omol
ogou
s pa
irs o
f de
crea
sing
leng
th.
• Se
x is
det
erm
ined
by
sex
chro
mos
omes
and
aut
osom
es a
re c
hrom
osom
es
that
do
not d
eter
min
e se
x.
App
licat
ions
and
ski
lls:
• A
pplic
atio
n: C
airn
s’ te
chni
que
for m
easu
ring
the
leng
th o
f DN
A m
olec
ules
by
auto
radi
ogra
phy.
• A
pplic
atio
n: C
ompa
rison
of g
enom
e si
ze in
T2
phag
e, E
sche
richi
a co
li,
Dro
soph
ila m
elan
ogas
ter,
Hom
o sa
pien
s and
Par
is ja
poni
ca.
Inte
rnat
iona
l-m
inde
dnes
s:
• Se
quen
cing
of t
he ri
ce g
enom
e in
volv
ed c
oope
ratio
n be
twee
n bi
olog
ists
in
10 c
ount
ries.
Uti
lizat
ion:
Sylla
bus
and
cros
s-cu
rric
ular
link
s:Bi
olog
y To
pic
1.6
Cell
divi
sion
Aim
s:
• A
im 6
: Sta
inin
g ro
ot ti
p sq
uash
es a
nd m
icro
scop
e ex
amin
atio
n of
ch
rom
osom
es is
reco
mm
ende
d bu
t not
obl
igat
ory.
• A
im 7
: Use
of d
atab
ases
to id
entif
y ge
ne lo
ci a
nd p
rote
in p
rodu
cts
of g
enes
.
Topic 3: Genetics
Biology guide52
3.2
Chro
mos
omes
• A
pplic
atio
n: C
ompa
rison
of d
iplo
id c
hrom
osom
e nu
mbe
rs o
f Hom
o sa
pien
s, Pa
n tr
oglo
dyte
s, Ca
nis f
amili
aris,
Ory
za sa
tiva,
Par
asca
ris e
quor
um.
• A
pplic
atio
n: U
se o
f kar
yogr
ams
to d
educ
e se
x an
d di
agno
se D
own
synd
rom
e in
hum
ans.
• Sk
ill: U
se o
f dat
abas
es to
iden
tify
the
locu
s of
a h
uman
gen
e an
d its
po
lype
ptid
e pr
oduc
t.
Gui
danc
e:
• Th
e te
rms
kary
otyp
e an
d ka
ryog
ram
hav
e di
ffer
ent m
eani
ngs.
Kar
yoty
pe is
a
prop
erty
of a
cel
l—th
e nu
mbe
r and
type
of c
hrom
osom
es p
rese
nt in
the
nucl
eus,
not
a p
hoto
grap
h or
dia
gram
of t
hem
.
• G
enom
e si
ze is
the
tota
l len
gth
of D
NA
in a
n or
gani
sm. T
he e
xam
ples
of
geno
me
and
chro
mos
ome
num
ber h
ave
been
sel
ecte
d to
allo
w p
oint
s of
in
tere
st to
be
rais
ed.
• Th
e tw
o D
NA
mol
ecul
es fo
rmed
by
DN
A re
plic
atio
n pr
ior t
o ce
ll di
visi
on a
re
cons
ider
ed to
be
sist
er c
hrom
atid
s un
til th
e sp
littin
g of
the
cent
rom
ere
at th
e st
art o
f ana
phas
e. A
fter
this
, the
y ar
e in
divi
dual
chr
omos
omes
.
Topic 3: Genetics
Biology guide 53
Esse
ntia
l ide
a: A
llele
s se
greg
ate
durin
g m
eios
is a
llow
ing
new
com
bina
tions
to b
e fo
rmed
by
the
fusi
on o
f gam
etes
.
3.3
Mei
osis
Nat
ure
of s
cien
ce:
Mak
ing
care
ful o
bser
vatio
ns—
mei
osis
was
dis
cove
red
by m
icro
scop
e ex
amin
atio
n of
div
idin
g ge
rm-li
ne c
ells
. (1.
8)
Und
erst
andi
ngs:
• O
ne d
iplo
id n
ucle
us d
ivid
es b
y m
eios
is to
pro
duce
four
hap
loid
nuc
lei.
• Th
e ha
lvin
g of
the
chro
mos
ome
num
ber a
llow
s a
sexu
al li
fe c
ycle
with
fusi
on
of g
amet
es.
• D
NA
is re
plic
ated
bef
ore
mei
osis
so
that
all
chro
mos
omes
con
sist
of t
wo
sist
er c
hrom
atid
s.
• Th
e ea
rly s
tage
s of
mei
osis
invo
lve
pairi
ng o
f hom
olog
ous
chro
mos
omes
and
cr
ossi
ng o
ver f
ollo
wed
by
cond
ensa
tion.
• O
rient
atio
n of
pai
rs o
f hom
olog
ous
chro
mos
omes
prio
r to
sepa
ratio
n is
ra
ndom
.
• Se
para
tion
of p
airs
of h
omol
ogou
s ch
rom
osom
es in
the
first
div
isio
n of
m
eios
is h
alve
s th
e ch
rom
osom
e nu
mbe
r.
• Cr
ossi
ng o
ver a
nd ra
ndom
orie
ntat
ion
prom
otes
gen
etic
var
iatio
n.
• Fu
sion
of g
amet
es fr
om d
iffer
ent p
aren
ts p
rom
otes
gen
etic
var
iatio
n.
App
licat
ions
and
ski
lls:
• A
pplic
atio
n: N
on-d
isju
nctio
n ca
n ca
use
Dow
n sy
ndro
me
and
othe
r ch
rom
osom
e ab
norm
aliti
es.
• A
pplic
atio
n: S
tudi
es s
how
ing
age
of p
aren
ts in
fluen
ces
chan
ces
of n
on-
disj
unct
ion.
Theo
ry o
f kno
wle
dge:
• In
192
2 th
e nu
mbe
r of c
hrom
osom
es c
ount
ed in
a h
uman
cel
l was
48.
Thi
s re
mai
ned
the
esta
blis
hed
num
ber f
or 3
0 ye
ars,
eve
n th
ough
a re
view
of
phot
ogra
phic
evi
denc
e fr
om th
e tim
e cl
early
sho
wed
that
ther
e w
ere
46. F
or
wha
t rea
sons
do
exis
ting
belie
fs c
arry
a c
erta
in in
ertia
?
Uti
lizat
ion:
• A
n un
ders
tand
ing
of k
aryo
type
s ha
s al
low
ed d
iagn
oses
to b
e m
ade
for t
he
purp
oses
of g
enet
ic c
ouns
ellin
g.
Sylla
bus
and
cros
s-cu
rric
ular
link
s: Bi
olog
y
Topi
c 1.
6 Ce
ll di
visi
on
Topi
c 10
.1 M
eios
is
Topi
c 11
.4 S
exua
l rep
rodu
ctio
n
Aim
s:
• A
im 8
: Pre
-nat
al s
cree
ning
for c
hrom
osom
e ab
norm
aliti
es g
ives
an
indi
catio
n of
the
sex
of th
e fe
tus
and
rais
es e
thic
al is
sues
ove
r sel
ectiv
e ab
ortio
n of
fe
mal
e fe
tuse
s in
som
e co
untr
ies.
Topic 3: Genetics
Biology guide54
3.3
Mei
osis
• A
pplic
atio
n: D
escr
iptio
n of
met
hods
use
d to
obt
ain
cells
for k
aryo
type
an
alys
is e
.g. c
horio
nic
villu
s sa
mpl
ing
and
amni
ocen
tesi
s an
d th
e as
soci
ated
ris
ks.
• Sk
ill: D
raw
ing
diag
ram
s to
sho
w th
e st
ages
of m
eios
is re
sulti
ng in
the
form
atio
n of
four
hap
loid
cel
ls.
Gui
danc
e:
• Pr
epar
atio
n of
mic
rosc
ope
slid
es s
how
ing
mei
osis
is c
halle
ngin
g an
d pe
rman
ent s
lides
sho
uld
be a
vaila
ble
in c
ase
no c
ells
in m
eios
is a
re v
isib
le in
te
mpo
rary
mou
nts.
• D
raw
ings
of t
he s
tage
s of
mei
osis
do
not n
eed
to in
clud
e ch
iasm
ata.
• Th
e pr
oces
s of
chi
asm
ata
form
atio
n ne
ed n
ot b
e ex
plai
ned.
Topic 3: Genetics
Biology guide 55
Esse
ntia
l ide
a: T
he in
herit
ance
of g
enes
follo
ws
patt
erns
.
3.4
Inhe
rita
nce
Nat
ure
of s
cien
ce:
Mak
ing
quan
titat
ive
mea
sure
men
ts w
ith re
plic
ates
to e
nsur
e re
liabi
lity.
Men
del’s
gen
etic
cro
sses
with
pea
pla
nts
gene
rate
d nu
mer
ical
dat
a. (3
.2)
Und
erst
andi
ngs:
• M
ende
l dis
cove
red
the
prin
cipl
es o
f inh
erita
nce
with
exp
erim
ents
in w
hich
la
rge
num
bers
of p
ea p
lant
s w
ere
cros
sed.
• G
amet
es a
re h
aplo
id s
o co
ntai
n on
ly o
ne a
llele
of e
ach
gene
.
• Th
e tw
o al
lele
s of
eac
h ge
ne s
epar
ate
into
diff
eren
t hap
loid
dau
ghte
r nuc
lei
durin
g m
eios
is.
• Fu
sion
of g
amet
es re
sults
in d
iplo
id z
ygot
es w
ith tw
o al
lele
s of
eac
h ge
ne
that
may
be
the
sam
e al
lele
or d
iffer
ent a
llele
s.
• D
omin
ant a
llele
s m
ask
the
effe
cts
of re
cess
ive
alle
les
but c
o-do
min
ant a
llele
s ha
ve jo
int e
ffec
ts.
• M
any
gene
tic d
isea
ses
in h
uman
s ar
e du
e to
rece
ssiv
e al
lele
s of
aut
osom
al
gene
s, a
lthou
gh s
ome
gene
tic d
isea
ses
are
due
to d
omin
ant o
r co-
dom
inan
t al
lele
s.
• So
me
gene
tic d
isea
ses
are
sex-
linke
d. T
he p
atte
rn o
f inh
erita
nce
is d
iffer
ent
with
sex
-link
ed g
enes
due
to th
eir l
ocat
ion
on s
ex c
hrom
osom
es.
• M
any
gene
tic d
isea
ses
have
bee
n id
entif
ied
in h
uman
s bu
t mos
t are
ver
y ra
re.
• Ra
diat
ion
and
mut
agen
ic c
hem
ical
s in
crea
se th
e m
utat
ion
rate
and
can
cau
se
gene
tic d
isea
ses
and
canc
er.
Theo
ry o
f kno
wle
dge:
• M
ende
l’s th
eorie
s w
ere
not a
ccep
ted
by th
e sc
ient
ific
com
mun
ity fo
r a lo
ng
time.
Wha
t fac
tors
wou
ld e
ncou
rage
the
acce
ptan
ce o
f new
idea
s by
the
scie
ntifi
c co
mm
unity
?
Uti
lizat
ion:
Sylla
bus
and
cros
s-cu
rric
ular
link
s:Bi
olog
y To
pic
1.6
Cell
divi
sion
Aim
s:
• A
im 8
: Soc
ial i
mpl
icat
ions
of d
iagn
osis
of m
utat
ions
, inc
ludi
ng th
e ef
fect
s on
th
e fa
mily
and
stig
mat
izat
ion.
Topic 3: Genetics
Biology guide56
3.4
Inhe
rita
nce
App
licat
ions
and
ski
lls:
• A
pplic
atio
n: In
herit
ance
of A
BO b
lood
gro
ups.
• A
pplic
atio
n: R
ed-g
reen
col
our b
lindn
ess
and
hem
ophi
lia a
s ex
ampl
es o
f sex
-lin
ked
inhe
ritan
ce.
• A
pplic
atio
n: In
herit
ance
of c
ystic
fibr
osis
and
Hun
tingt
on’s
dise
ase.
• A
pplic
atio
n: C
onse
quen
ces
of ra
diat
ion
afte
r nuc
lear
bom
bing
of H
irosh
ima
and
acci
dent
at C
hern
obyl
.
• Sk
ill: C
onst
ruct
ion
of P
unne
tt g
rids
for p
redi
ctin
g th
e ou
tcom
es o
f m
onoh
ybrid
gen
etic
cro
sses
.
• Sk
ill: C
ompa
rison
of p
redi
cted
and
act
ual o
utco
mes
of g
enet
ic c
ross
es u
sing
re
al d
ata.
• Sk
ill: A
naly
sis
of p
edig
ree
char
ts to
ded
uce
the
patt
ern
of in
herit
ance
of
gene
tic d
isea
ses.
Gui
danc
e:
• A
llele
s ca
rrie
d on
X c
hrom
osom
es s
houl
d be
sho
wn
as s
uper
scrip
t let
ters
on
an u
pper
cas
e X,
suc
h as
Xh .
• Th
e ex
pect
ed n
otat
ion
for A
BO b
lood
gro
up a
llele
s is
:
Phen
otyp
eO A B A
B
Gen
otyp
eii IA
IA o
r IAi
IB IB or I
B iIA
IB
Topic 3: Genetics
Biology guide 57
Esse
ntia
l ide
a: B
iolo
gist
s ha
ve d
evel
oped
tech
niqu
es fo
r art
ifici
al m
anip
ulat
ion
of D
NA
, cel
ls a
nd o
rgan
ism
s.
3.5
Gen
etic
mod
ific
atio
n an
d bi
otec
hnol
ogy
Nat
ure
of s
cien
ce:
Ass
essi
ng ri
sks
asso
ciat
ed w
ith s
cien
tific
rese
arch
—sc
ient
ists
att
empt
to a
sses
s th
e ris
ks a
ssoc
iate
d w
ith g
enet
ical
ly m
odifi
ed c
rops
or l
ives
tock
. (4.
8)
Und
erst
andi
ngs:
• G
el e
lect
roph
ores
is is
use
d to
sep
arat
e pr
otei
ns o
r fra
gmen
ts o
f DN
A
acco
rdin
g to
siz
e.
• PC
R ca
n be
use
d to
am
plify
sm
all a
mou
nts
of D
NA
.
• D
NA
pro
filin
g in
volv
es c
ompa
rison
of D
NA
.
• G
enet
ic m
odifi
catio
n is
car
ried
out b
y ge
ne tr
ansf
er b
etw
een
spec
ies.
• Cl
ones
are
gro
ups
of g
enet
ical
ly id
entic
al o
rgan
ism
s, d
eriv
ed fr
om a
sin
gle
orig
inal
par
ent c
ell.
• M
any
plan
t spe
cies
and
som
e an
imal
spe
cies
hav
e na
tura
l met
hods
of
clon
ing.
• A
nim
als
can
be c
lone
d at
the
embr
yo s
tage
by
brea
king
up
the
embr
yo in
to
mor
e th
an o
ne g
roup
of c
ells
.
• M
etho
ds h
ave
been
dev
elop
ed fo
r clo
ning
adu
lt an
imal
s us
ing
diff
eren
tiate
d ce
lls.
App
licat
ions
and
ski
lls:
• A
pplic
atio
n: U
se o
f DN
A p
rofil
ing
in p
ater
nity
and
fore
nsic
inve
stig
atio
ns.
• A
pplic
atio
n: G
ene
tran
sfer
to b
acte
ria u
sing
pla
smid
s m
akes
use
of r
estr
ictio
n en
donu
clea
ses
and
DN
A li
gase
.
• A
pplic
atio
n: A
sses
smen
t of t
he p
oten
tial r
isks
and
ben
efits
ass
ocia
ted
with
ge
netic
mod
ifica
tion
of c
rops
.
• A
pplic
atio
n: P
rodu
ctio
n of
clo
ned
embr
yos
prod
uced
by
som
atic
-cel
l nuc
lear
tr
ansf
er.
Theo
ry o
f kno
wle
dge:
• Th
e us
e of
DN
A fo
r sec
urin
g co
nvic
tions
in le
gal c
ases
is w
ell e
stab
lishe
d,
yet e
ven
univ
ersa
lly a
ccep
ted
theo
ries
are
over
turn
ed in
the
light
of n
ew
evid
ence
in s
cien
ce. W
hat c
riter
ia a
re n
eces
sary
for a
sses
sing
the
relia
bilit
y of
ev
iden
ce?
Uti
lizat
ion:
Sylla
bus
and
cros
s-cu
rric
ular
link
s:Bi
olog
yTo
pic
2.7
DN
A re
plic
atio
n, tr
ansc
riptio
n an
d tr
ansl
atio
n
Aim
s:
• A
im 6
: The
des
ign
of a
root
ing
expe
rimen
t sho
uld
idea
lly le
ad to
the
expe
rimen
t act
ually
bei
ng c
arrie
d ou
t by
stud
ents
.
• A
im 8
: The
eth
ics
of g
enet
ic m
odifi
catio
n co
uld
be d
iscu
ssed
.
Topic 3: Genetics
Biology guide58
3.5
Gen
etic
mod
ific
atio
n an
d bi
otec
hnol
ogy
• Sk
ill: D
esig
n of
an
expe
rimen
t to
asse
ss o
ne fa
ctor
aff
ectin
g th
e ro
otin
g of
st
em-c
uttin
gs.
• Sk
ill: A
naly
sis
of e
xam
ples
of D
NA
pro
files
.
• Sk
ill: A
naly
sis
of d
ata
on ri
sks
to m
onar
ch b
utte
rflie
s of
Bt c
rops
.
Gui
danc
e:
• St
uden
ts s
houl
d be
abl
e to
ded
uce
whe
ther
or n
ot a
man
cou
ld b
e th
e fa
ther
of
a c
hild
from
the
patt
ern
of b
ands
on
a D
NA
pro
file.
• D
olly
can
be
used
as
an e
xam
ple
of s
omat
ic-c
ell t
rans
fer.
• A
pla
nt s
peci
es s
houl
d be
cho
sen
for r
ootin
g ex
perim
ents
that
form
s ro
ots
read
ily in
wat
er o
r a s
olid
med
ium
.
59Biology guide 59
Core Topi
c 4:
Eco
logy
12
hou
rs
Esse
ntia
l ide
a: T
he c
ontin
ued
surv
ival
of l
ivin
g or
gani
sms
incl
udin
g hu
man
s de
pend
s on
sus
tain
able
com
mun
ities
.
4.1
Spec
ies,
com
mun
itie
s an
d ec
osys
tem
s
Nat
ure
of s
cien
ce:
Look
ing
for p
atte
rns,
tren
ds a
nd d
iscr
epan
cies
—pl
ants
and
alg
ae a
re m
ostly
aut
otro
phic
but
som
e ar
e no
t. (3
.1)
Und
erst
andi
ngs:
• Sp
ecie
s ar
e gr
oups
of o
rgan
ism
s th
at c
an p
oten
tially
inte
rbre
ed to
pro
duce
fe
rtile
off
sprin
g.
• M
embe
rs o
f a sp
ecie
s may
be
repr
oduc
tivel
y is
olat
ed in
sepa
rate
pop
ulat
ions
.
• Sp
ecie
s ha
ve e
ither
an
auto
trop
hic
or h
eter
otro
phic
met
hod
of n
utrit
ion
(a
few
spe
cies
hav
e bo
th m
etho
ds).
• Co
nsum
ers
are
hete
rotr
ophs
that
feed
on
livin
g or
gani
sms
by in
gest
ion.
• D
etrit
ivor
es a
re h
eter
otro
phs
that
obt
ain
orga
nic
nut
rient
s fr
om d
etrit
us b
y in
tern
al d
iges
tion.
• Sa
prot
roph
s ar
e he
tero
trop
hs th
at o
btai
n or
gani
c n
utrie
nts
from
dea
d or
gani
sms
by e
xter
nal d
iges
tion.
• A
com
mun
ity is
form
ed b
y po
pula
tions
of d
iffer
ent s
peci
es li
ving
toge
ther
an
d in
tera
ctin
g w
ith e
ach
othe
r.
• A
com
mun
ity fo
rms
an e
cosy
stem
by
its in
tera
ctio
ns w
ith th
e ab
iotic
en
viro
nmen
t.
• Au
totr
ophs
obt
ain
inor
gani
c n
utrie
nts
from
the
abio
tic e
nviro
nmen
t.
• Th
e su
pply
of i
norg
anic
nut
rient
s is
mai
ntai
ned
by n
utrie
nt c
yclin
g.
• Ec
osys
tem
s ha
ve th
e po
tent
ial t
o be
sus
tain
able
ove
r lon
g pe
riods
of t
ime.
Inte
rnat
iona
l-m
inde
dnes
s:
• Th
e ne
ed fo
r sus
tain
abili
ty in
hum
an a
ctiv
ities
cou
ld b
e di
scus
sed
and
the
met
hods
nee
ded
to p
rom
ote
this
.
Uti
lizat
ion:
Sylla
bus
and
cros
s-cu
rric
ular
link
s:G
eogr
aphy
Part
2A
: Fre
sh w
ater
-issu
es a
nd c
onfli
cts
Envi
ronm
enta
l sys
tem
s an
d so
ciet
ies
Topi
c 2.
1 Sp
ecie
s an
d po
pula
tions
Aim
s:
• A
im 6
: It w
ould
be
best
for s
tude
nts
to o
btai
n da
ta fo
r the
chi
-squ
ared
test
th
emse
lves
, to
give
firs
t-ha
nd e
xper
ienc
e of
fiel
d w
ork
tech
niqu
es.
Topic 4: Ecology
Biology guide60
4.1
Spec
ies,
com
mun
itie
s an
d ec
osys
tem
s
App
licat
ions
and
ski
lls:
• Sk
ill: C
lass
ifyin
g sp
ecie
s as
aut
otro
phs,
con
sum
ers,
det
ritiv
ores
or s
apro
trop
hs
from
a k
now
ledg
e of
thei
r mod
e of
nut
ritio
n.
• Sk
ill: S
ettin
g up
seal
ed m
esoc
osm
s to
try
to e
stab
lish
sust
aina
bilit
y. (P
ract
ical
5)
• Sk
ill: T
estin
g fo
r ass
ocia
tion
betw
een
two
spec
ies
usin
g th
e ch
i-squ
ared
test
w
ith d
ata
obta
ined
by
quad
rat s
ampl
ing.
• Sk
ill: R
ecog
nizi
ng a
nd in
terp
retin
g st
atis
tical
sig
nific
ance
.
Gui
danc
e:
• M
esoc
osm
s ca
n be
set
up
in o
pen
tank
s, b
ut s
eale
d gl
ass
vess
els
are
pref
erab
le b
ecau
se e
ntry
and
exi
t of m
atte
r can
be
prev
ente
d bu
t lig
ht c
an
ente
r and
hea
t can
leav
e. A
quat
ic s
yste
ms
are
likel
y to
be
mor
e su
cces
sful
th
an te
rres
tria
l one
s.
• To
obt
ain
data
for t
he c
hi-s
quar
ed te
st, a
n ec
osys
tem
sho
uld
be c
hose
n in
w
hich
one
or m
ore
fact
ors
affe
ctin
g th
e di
strib
utio
n of
the
chos
en s
peci
es
varie
s. S
ampl
ing
shou
ld b
e ba
sed
on ra
ndom
num
bers
. In
each
qua
drat
the
pres
ence
or a
bsen
ce o
f the
cho
sen
spec
ies
shou
ld b
e re
cord
ed.
Topic 4: Ecology
Biology guide 61
Esse
ntia
l ide
a: E
cosy
stem
s re
quire
a c
ontin
uous
sup
ply
of e
nerg
y to
fuel
life
pro
cess
es a
nd to
repl
ace
ener
gy lo
st a
s he
at.
4.2
Ener
gy fl
ow
Nat
ure
of s
cien
ce:
Use
theo
ries
to e
xpla
in n
atur
al p
heno
men
a—th
e co
ncep
t of e
nerg
y flo
w e
xpla
ins
the
limite
d le
ngth
of f
ood
chai
ns. (
2.2)
Und
erst
andi
ngs:
• M
ost e
cosy
stem
s re
ly o
n a
supp
ly o
f ene
rgy
from
sun
light
.
• Li
ght e
nerg
y is
con
vert
ed to
che
mic
al e
nerg
y in
car
bon
com
poun
ds b
y ph
otos
ynth
esis
.
• Ch
emic
al e
nerg
y in
car
bon
com
poun
ds fl
ows
thro
ugh
food
cha
ins
by m
eans
of
feed
ing.
• En
ergy
rele
ased
from
car
bon
com
poun
ds b
y re
spira
tion
is u
sed
in li
ving
or
gani
sms
and
conv
erte
d to
hea
t.
• Li
ving
org
anis
ms
cann
ot c
onve
rt h
eat t
o ot
her f
orm
s of
ene
rgy.
• H
eat i
s lo
st fr
om e
cosy
stem
s.
• En
ergy
loss
es b
etw
een
trop
hic
leve
ls re
stric
t the
leng
th o
f foo
d ch
ains
and
th
e bi
omas
s of
hig
her t
roph
ic le
vels
.
App
licat
ions
and
ski
lls:
• Sk
ill: Q
uant
itativ
e re
pres
enta
tions
of e
nerg
y flo
w u
sing
pyr
amid
s of
ene
rgy.
Gui
danc
e:
• Py
ram
ids
of n
umbe
r and
bio
mas
s ar
e no
t req
uire
d. S
tude
nts
shou
ld b
e cl
ear
that
bio
mas
s in
terr
estr
ial e
cosy
stem
s di
min
ishe
s w
ith e
nerg
y al
ong
food
ch
ains
due
to lo
ss o
f car
bon
diox
ide,
wat
er a
nd o
ther
was
te p
rodu
cts,
suc
h as
ur
ea.
Inte
rnat
iona
l-m
inde
dnes
s:
• Th
e en
erge
tics
of fo
od c
hain
s is
a fa
ctor
in th
e ef
ficie
ncy
of fo
od p
rodu
ctio
n fo
r the
alle
viat
ion
of w
orld
hun
ger.
Uti
lizat
ion:
Sylla
bus
and
cros
s-cu
rric
ular
link
s:Bi
olog
y To
pic
2.8
Cell
resp
iratio
nTo
pic
2.9
Phot
osyn
thes
isPh
ysic
sTo
pic
2.3
Wor
k, e
nerg
y an
d po
wer
Topi
c B.
2 Th
erm
odyn
amic
sEn
viro
nmen
tal s
yste
ms
and
soci
etie
sTo
pic
2.3
Flow
s of
ene
rgy
and
mat
ter
Topic 4: Ecology
Biology guide62
4.2
Ener
gy fl
ow
• Py
ram
ids
of e
nerg
y sh
ould
be
draw
n to
sca
le a
nd s
houl
d be
ste
pped
, not
tr
iang
ular
. The
term
s pr
oduc
er, f
irst c
onsu
mer
and
sec
ond
cons
umer
and
so
on s
houl
d be
use
d, ra
ther
than
firs
t tro
phic
leve
l, se
cond
trop
hic
leve
l and
so
on.
• Th
e di
stin
ctio
n be
twee
n en
ergy
flow
in e
cosy
stem
s an
d cy
clin
g of
inor
gani
c nu
trie
nts
shou
ld b
e st
ress
ed. S
tude
nts
shou
ld u
nder
stan
d th
at th
ere
is a
co
ntin
uous
but
var
iabl
e su
pply
of e
nerg
y in
the
form
of s
unlig
ht b
ut th
at th
e su
pply
of n
utrie
nts
in a
n ec
osys
tem
is fi
nite
and
lim
ited.
Topic 4: Ecology
Biology guide 63
Esse
ntia
l ide
a: C
ontin
ued
avai
labi
lity
of c
arbo
n in
eco
syst
ems
depe
nds
on c
arbo
n cy
clin
g.
4.3
Carb
on c
yclin
g
Nat
ure
of s
cien
ce:
Mak
ing
accu
rate
, qua
ntita
tive
mea
sure
men
ts—
it is
impo
rtan
t to
obta
in re
liabl
e da
ta o
n th
e co
ncen
trat
ion
of c
arbo
n di
oxid
e an
d m
etha
ne in
the
atm
osph
ere.
(3.1)
Und
erst
andi
ngs:
• Au
totr
ophs
con
vert
car
bon
diox
ide
into
car
bohy
drat
es a
nd o
ther
car
bon
com
poun
ds.
• In
aqu
atic
eco
syst
ems
carb
on is
pre
sent
as
diss
olve
d ca
rbon
dio
xide
and
hy
drog
enca
rbon
ate
ions
.
• Ca
rbon
dio
xide
diff
uses
from
the
atm
osph
ere
or w
ater
into
aut
otro
phs.
• Ca
rbon
dio
xide
is p
rodu
ced
by re
spira
tion
and
diff
uses
out
of o
rgan
ism
s in
to
wat
er o
r the
atm
osph
ere.
• M
etha
ne is
pro
duce
d fr
om o
rgan
ic m
atte
r in
anae
robi
c co
nditi
ons
by
met
hano
geni
c ar
chae
ans
and
som
e di
ffus
es in
to th
e at
mos
pher
e or
ac
cum
ulat
es in
the
grou
nd.
• M
etha
ne is
oxi
dize
d to
car
bon
diox
ide
and
wat
er in
the
atm
osph
ere.
• Pe
at fo
rms
whe
n or
gani
c m
atte
r is
not f
ully
dec
ompo
sed
beca
use
of a
cidi
c an
d/or
ana
erob
ic c
ondi
tions
in w
ater
logg
ed s
oils
.
• Pa
rtia
lly d
ecom
pose
d or
gani
c m
atte
r fro
m p
ast g
eolo
gica
l era
s w
as
conv
erte
d ei
ther
into
coa
l or i
nto
oil a
nd g
as th
at a
ccum
ulat
e in
por
ous
rock
s.
• Ca
rbon
dio
xide
is p
rodu
ced
by th
e co
mbu
stio
n of
bio
mas
s an
d fo
ssili
zed
orga
nic
mat
ter.
• A
nim
als
such
as
reef
-bui
ldin
g co
rals
and
mol
lusc
a ha
ve h
ard
part
s th
at a
re
com
pose
d of
cal
cium
car
bona
te a
nd c
an b
ecom
e fo
ssili
zed
in li
mes
tone
.
Uti
lizat
ion:
Sylla
bus
and
cros
s-cu
rric
ular
link
s:Ph
ysic
sTo
pic
8.1
Ener
gy s
ourc
esCh
emis
try
Topi
c C
.2 F
ossi
l fue
lsTo
pic
C.5
Env
ironm
enta
l im
pact
—gl
obal
war
min
g
Aim
s:
• A
im 8
: The
eth
ical
impl
icat
ions
of d
iver
ting
crop
s su
ch a
s m
aize
from
a fo
od
to a
fuel
cro
p co
uld
be c
onsi
dere
d.
Topic 4: Ecology
Biology guide64
4.3
Carb
on c
yclin
g
App
licat
ions
and
ski
lls:
• A
pplic
atio
n: E
stim
atio
n of
car
bon
fluxe
s du
e to
pro
cess
es in
the
carb
on c
ycle
.
• A
pplic
atio
n: A
naly
sis
of d
ata
from
air
mon
itorin
g st
atio
ns to
exp
lain
ann
ual
fluct
uatio
ns.
• Sk
ill: C
onst
ruct
a d
iagr
am o
f the
car
bon
cycl
e.
Gui
danc
e:
• Ca
rbon
flux
es s
houl
d be
mea
sure
d in
gig
aton
nes.
Topic 4: Ecology
Biology guide 65
Esse
ntia
l ide
a: C
once
ntra
tions
of g
ases
in th
e at
mos
pher
e af
fect
clim
ates
exp
erie
nced
at t
he E
arth
’s su
rfac
e.
4.4
Clim
ate
chan
ge
Nat
ure
of s
cien
ce:
Ass
essi
ng c
laim
s—as
sess
men
t of t
he c
laim
s th
at h
uman
act
iviti
es a
re p
rodu
cing
clim
ate
chan
ge. (
5.2)
Und
erst
andi
ngs:
• Ca
rbon
dio
xide
and
wat
er v
apou
r are
the
mos
t sig
nific
ant g
reen
hous
e ga
ses.
• O
ther
gas
es in
clud
ing
met
hane
and
nitr
ogen
oxi
des
have
less
impa
ct.
• Th
e im
pact
of a
gas
dep
ends
on
its a
bilit
y to
abs
orb
long
wav
e ra
diat
ion
as
wel
l as
on it
s co
ncen
trat
ion
in th
e at
mos
pher
e.
• Th
e w
arm
ed E
arth
em
its lo
nger
wav
elen
gth
radi
atio
n (h
eat).
• Lo
nger
wav
e ra
diat
ion
is a
bsor
bed
by g
reen
hous
e ga
ses
that
reta
in th
e he
at
in th
e at
mos
pher
e.
• G
loba
l tem
pera
ture
s an
d cl
imat
e pa
tter
ns a
re in
fluen
ced
by c
once
ntra
tions
of
gre
enho
use
gase
s.
• Th
ere
is a
cor
rela
tion
betw
een
risin
g at
mos
pher
ic c
once
ntra
tions
of c
arbo
n di
oxid
e si
nce
the
star
t of t
he in
dust
rial r
evol
utio
n 20
0 ye
ars
ago
and
aver
age
glob
al te
mpe
ratu
res.
• Re
cent
incr
ease
s in
atm
osph
eric
car
bon
diox
ide
are
larg
ely
due
to in
crea
ses
in th
e co
mbu
stio
n of
foss
ilize
d or
gani
c m
atte
r.
App
licat
ions
and
ski
lls:
• A
pplic
atio
n: T
hrea
ts to
cor
al re
efs
from
incr
easi
ng c
once
ntra
tions
of d
isso
lved
ca
rbon
dio
xide
.
• A
pplic
atio
n: C
orre
latio
ns b
etw
een
glob
al te
mpe
ratu
res
and
carb
on d
ioxi
de
conc
entr
atio
ns o
n Ea
rth.
• A
pplic
atio
n: E
valu
atin
g cl
aim
s th
at h
uman
act
iviti
es a
re n
ot c
ausi
ng c
limat
e ch
ange
.
Inte
rnat
iona
l-m
inde
dnes
s:
• Re
leas
e of
gre
enho
use
gase
s oc
curs
loca
lly b
ut h
as a
glo
bal i
mpa
ct, s
o in
tern
atio
nal c
oope
ratio
n to
redu
ce e
mis
sion
s is
ess
entia
l.
Theo
ry o
f kno
wle
dge:
• Th
e pr
ecau
tiona
ry p
rinci
ple
is m
eant
to g
uide
dec
isio
n-m
akin
g in
con
ditio
ns
whe
re a
lack
of c
erta
inty
exi
sts.
Is c
erta
inty
eve
r pos
sibl
e in
the
natu
ral
scie
nces
?
Uti
lizat
ion:
Sylla
bus
and
cros
s-cu
rric
ular
link
s:Ph
ysic
sTo
pic
8.2
Ther
mal
ene
rgy
tran
sfer
Geo
grap
hyPa
rt 1
.3 P
atte
rns
in e
nviro
nmen
tal q
ualit
y an
d su
stai
nabi
lity/
Atm
osph
ere
and
chan
geEn
viro
nmen
tal s
yste
ms
and
soci
etie
sTo
pic
7.2
Clim
ate
chan
ge—
caus
es a
nd im
pact
s
Aim
s:
• A
im 7
: Dat
abas
es c
an b
e us
ed to
ana
lyse
con
cent
ratio
ns o
f gre
enho
use
gase
s.
• A
im 8
: The
re a
re in
tere
stin
g pa
ralle
ls b
etw
een
hum
ans
that
are
unw
illin
g to
re
duce
thei
r car
bon
foot
prin
t and
che
atin
g in
soc
ial a
nim
als.
Whe
n th
e le
vel
of c
heat
ing
rises
abo
ve a
cer
tain
leve
l, so
cial
beh
avio
ur b
reak
s do
wn.
Topic 4: Ecology
Biology guide66
4.4
Clim
ate
chan
ge
Gui
danc
e:
• Ca
rbon
dio
xide
, met
hane
and
wat
er v
apou
r sho
uld
be in
clud
ed in
di
scus
sion
s.
• Th
e ha
rmfu
l con
sequ
ence
s of
ozo
ne d
eple
tion
do n
ot n
eed
to b
e di
scus
sed
and
it sh
ould
be
mad
e cl
ear t
hat o
zone
dep
letio
n is
not
the
caus
e of
the
enha
nced
gre
enho
use
effe
ct.
67Biology guide 67
Core Topi
c 5:
Evo
lutio
n an
d bi
odiv
ersi
ty
12 h
ours
Esse
ntia
l ide
a: T
here
is o
verw
helm
ing
evid
ence
for t
he e
volu
tion
of li
fe o
n Ea
rth.
5.1
Evi
denc
e fo
r evo
luti
on
Nat
ure
of s
cien
ce:
Look
ing
for p
atte
rns,
tren
ds a
nd d
iscr
epan
cies
—th
ere
are
com
mon
feat
ures
in th
e bo
ne s
truc
ture
of v
erte
brat
e lim
bs d
espi
te th
eir v
arie
d us
e. (3
.1)
Und
erst
andi
ngs:
• Ev
olut
ion
occu
rs w
hen
herit
able
cha
ract
eris
tics
of a
spe
cies
cha
nge.
• Th
e fo
ssil
reco
rd p
rovi
des
evid
ence
for e
volu
tion.
• Se
lect
ive
bree
ding
of d
omes
ticat
ed a
nim
als
show
s th
at a
rtifi
cial
sel
ectio
n ca
n ca
use
evol
utio
n.
• Ev
olut
ion
of h
omol
ogou
s st
ruct
ures
by
adap
tive
radi
atio
n ex
plai
ns
sim
ilarit
ies
in s
truc
ture
whe
n th
ere
are
diff
eren
ces
in fu
nctio
n.
• Po
pula
tions
of a
spe
cies
can
gra
dual
ly d
iver
ge in
to s
epar
ate
spec
ies
by
evol
utio
n.
• Co
ntin
uous
var
iatio
n ac
ross
the
geog
raph
ical
rang
e of
rela
ted
popu
latio
ns
mat
ches
the
conc
ept o
f gra
dual
div
erge
nce.
App
licat
ions
and
ski
lls:
• A
pplic
atio
n: D
evel
opm
ent o
f mel
anis
tic in
sect
s in
pol
lute
d ar
eas.
• A
pplic
atio
n: C
ompa
rison
of t
he p
enta
dact
yl li
mb
of m
amm
als,
bird
s,
amph
ibia
ns a
nd re
ptile
s w
ith d
iffer
ent m
etho
ds o
f loc
omot
ion.
Theo
ry o
f kno
wle
dge:
• Ev
olut
iona
ry h
isto
ry is
an
espe
cial
ly c
halle
ngin
g ar
ea o
f sci
ence
bec
ause
ex
perim
ents
can
not b
e pe
rfor
med
to e
stab
lish
past
eve
nts
or th
eir c
ause
s.
Ther
e ar
e no
neth
eles
s sc
ient
ific
met
hods
of e
stab
lishi
ng b
eyon
d re
ason
able
do
ubt w
hat h
appe
ned
in s
ome
case
s. H
ow d
o th
ese
met
hods
com
pare
to
thos
e us
ed b
y hi
stor
ians
to re
cons
truc
t the
pas
t?
Uti
lizat
ion:
Sylla
bus
and
cros
s-cu
rric
ular
link
s:Ph
ysic
sTo
pic
7.1 D
iscr
ete
ener
gy a
nd ra
dioa
ctiv
ityG
eogr
aphy
Pa
rt 1
.3 P
atte
rns
in e
nviro
nmen
tal q
ualit
y an
d su
stai
nabi
lity/
Biod
iver
sity
and
ch
ange
Envi
ronm
enta
l sys
tem
s an
d so
ciet
ies
Topi
c 4
Biod
iver
sity
in e
cosy
stem
s
Topic 5: Evolution and biodiversity
Biology guide68
Esse
ntia
l ide
a: T
he d
iver
sity
of l
ife h
as e
volv
ed a
nd c
ontin
ues
to e
volv
e by
nat
ural
sel
ectio
n.
5.2
Nat
ural
sel
ecti
on
Nat
ure
of s
cien
ce:
Use
theo
ries
to e
xpla
in n
atur
al p
heno
men
a—th
e th
eory
of e
volu
tion
by n
atur
al s
elec
tion
can
expl
ain
the
deve
lopm
ent o
f ant
ibio
tic re
sist
ance
in b
acte
ria. (
2.1)
Und
erst
andi
ngs:
• N
atur
al s
elec
tion
can
only
occ
ur if
ther
e is
var
iatio
n am
ong
mem
bers
of t
he
sam
e sp
ecie
s.
• M
utat
ion,
mei
osis
and
sex
ual r
epro
duct
ion
caus
e va
riatio
n be
twee
n in
divi
dual
s in
a s
peci
es.
• A
dapt
atio
ns a
re c
hara
cter
istic
s th
at m
ake
an in
divi
dual
sui
ted
to it
s en
viro
nmen
t and
way
of l
ife.
• Sp
ecie
s te
nd to
pro
duce
mor
e of
fspr
ing
than
the
envi
ronm
ent c
an s
uppo
rt.
• In
divi
dual
s th
at a
re b
ette
r ada
pted
tend
to s
urvi
ve a
nd p
rodu
ce m
ore
offs
prin
g w
hile
the
less
wel
l ada
pted
tend
to d
ie o
r pro
duce
few
er o
ffsp
ring.
• In
divi
dual
s th
at re
prod
uce
pass
on
char
acte
ristic
s to
thei
r off
sprin
g.
• N
atur
al s
elec
tion
incr
ease
s th
e fr
eque
ncy
of c
hara
cter
istic
s th
at m
ake
indi
vidu
als
bett
er a
dapt
ed a
nd d
ecre
ases
the
freq
uenc
y of
oth
er
char
acte
ristic
s le
adin
g to
cha
nges
with
in th
e sp
ecie
s.
App
licat
ions
and
ski
lls:
• A
pplic
atio
n: C
hang
es in
bea
ks o
f fin
ches
on
Dap
hne
Maj
or.
• A
pplic
atio
n: E
volu
tion
of a
ntib
iotic
resi
stan
ce in
bac
teria
.
Gui
danc
e:
• St
uden
ts s
houl
d be
cle
ar th
at c
hara
cter
istic
s ac
quire
d du
ring
the
lifet
ime
of
an in
divi
dual
are
not
her
itabl
e. T
he te
rm L
amar
ckis
m is
not
requ
ired.
Theo
ry o
f kno
wle
dge:
• N
atur
al S
elec
tion
is a
theo
ry. H
ow m
uch
evid
ence
is re
quire
d to
sup
port
a
theo
ry a
nd w
hat s
ort o
f cou
nter
evi
denc
e is
requ
ired
to re
fute
it?
Topic 5: Evolution and biodiversity
Biology guide 69
Esse
ntia
l ide
a: S
peci
es a
re n
amed
and
cla
ssifi
ed u
sing
an
inte
rnat
iona
lly a
gree
d sy
stem
.
5.3
Clas
sifi
cati
on o
f bio
dive
rsit
y
Nat
ure
of s
cien
ce:
Coop
erat
ion
and
colla
bora
tion
betw
een
grou
ps o
f sci
entis
ts—
scie
ntis
ts u
se th
e bi
nom
ial s
yste
m to
iden
tify
a sp
ecie
s ra
ther
than
the
man
y di
ffer
ent l
ocal
nam
es. (
4.3)
Und
erst
andi
ngs:
• Th
e bi
nom
ial s
yste
m o
f nam
es fo
r spe
cies
is u
nive
rsal
am
ong
biol
ogis
ts a
nd
has
been
agr
eed
and
deve
lope
d at
a s
erie
s of
con
gres
ses.
• W
hen
spec
ies
are
disc
over
ed th
ey a
re g
iven
sci
entif
ic n
ames
usi
ng th
e bi
nom
ial s
yste
m.
• Ta
xono
mis
ts c
lass
ify s
peci
es u
sing
a h
iera
rchy
of t
axa.
• A
ll or
gani
sms
are
clas
sifie
d in
to th
ree
dom
ains
.
• Th
e pr
inci
pal t
axa
for c
lass
ifyin
g eu
kary
otes
are
kin
gdom
, phy
lum
, cla
ss,
orde
r, fa
mily
, gen
us a
nd s
peci
es.
• In
a n
atur
al c
lass
ifica
tion,
the
genu
s an
d ac
com
pany
ing
high
er ta
xa c
onsi
st o
f al
l the
spe
cies
that
hav
e ev
olve
d fr
om o
ne c
omm
on a
nces
tral
spe
cies
.
• Ta
xono
mis
ts s
omet
imes
recl
assi
fy g
roup
s of
spe
cies
whe
n ne
w e
vide
nce
show
s th
at a
pre
viou
s ta
xon
cont
ains
spe
cies
that
hav
e ev
olve
d fr
om
diff
eren
t anc
estr
al s
peci
es.
• N
atur
al c
lass
ifica
tions
hel
p in
iden
tific
atio
n of
spe
cies
and
allo
w th
e pr
edic
tion
of c
hara
cter
istic
s sh
ared
by
spec
ies
with
in a
gro
up.
App
licat
ions
and
ski
lls:
• A
pplic
atio
n: C
lass
ifica
tion
of o
ne p
lant
and
one
ani
mal
spe
cies
from
dom
ain
to s
peci
es le
vel.
• A
pplic
atio
n: R
ecog
nitio
n fe
atur
es o
f bry
ophy
ta, f
ilici
noph
yta,
con
ifero
phyt
a an
d an
gios
perm
ophy
ta.
Inte
rnat
iona
l-m
inde
dnes
s:
• Th
ere
are
inte
rnat
iona
l cod
es o
f nom
encl
atur
e an
d ag
reem
ents
as
to th
e pr
inci
ples
to b
e fo
llow
ed in
the
clas
sific
atio
n of
livi
ng o
rgan
ism
s.
Theo
ry o
f kno
wle
dge:
• Th
e ad
optio
n of
a s
yste
m o
f bin
omia
l nom
encl
atur
e is
larg
ely
due
to S
wed
ish
bota
nist
and
phy
sici
an C
arol
us L
inna
eus
(170
7–17
78).
Linn
aeus
als
o de
fined
fo
ur g
roup
s of
hum
ans,
and
the
divi
sion
s w
ere
base
d on
bot
h ph
ysic
al a
nd
soci
al tr
aits
. By
21st
-cen
tury
sta
ndar
ds, h
is d
escr
iptio
ns c
an b
e re
gard
ed a
s ra
cist
. How
doe
s th
e so
cial
con
text
of s
cien
tific
wor
k af
fect
the
met
hods
an
d fin
ding
s of
rese
arch
? Is
it n
eces
sary
to c
onsi
der t
he s
ocia
l con
text
whe
n ev
alua
ting
ethi
cal a
spec
ts o
f kno
wle
dge
clai
ms?
Topic 5: Evolution and biodiversity
Biology guide70
5.3
Clas
sifi
cati
on o
f bio
dive
rsit
y
• A
pplic
atio
n: R
ecog
nitio
n fe
atur
es o
f por
ifera
, cni
daria
, pla
tyhe
lmin
tha,
an
nelid
a, m
ollu
sca,
art
hrop
oda
and
chor
data
.
• A
pplic
atio
n: R
ecog
nitio
n of
feat
ures
of b
irds,
mam
mal
s, a
mph
ibia
ns, r
eptil
es
and
fish.
• Sk
ill: C
onst
ruct
ion
of d
icho
tom
ous
keys
for u
se in
iden
tifyi
ng s
peci
men
s.
Gui
danc
e:
• A
rcha
ea, e
ubac
teria
and
euk
aryo
te s
houl
d be
use
d fo
r the
thre
e do
mai
ns.
• M
embe
rs o
f the
se d
omai
ns s
houl
d be
refe
rred
to a
s ar
chae
ans,
bac
teria
and
eu
kary
otes
.
• St
uden
ts s
houl
d kn
ow w
hich
pla
nt p
hyla
hav
e va
scul
ar ti
ssue
, but
oth
er
inte
rnal
det
ails
are
not
requ
ired.
• Re
cogn
ition
feat
ures
exp
ecte
d fo
r the
sel
ecte
d an
imal
phy
la a
re th
ose
that
are
mos
t use
ful i
n di
stin
guis
hing
the
grou
ps fr
om e
ach
othe
r and
full
desc
riptio
ns o
f the
cha
ract
eris
tics
of e
ach
phyl
um a
re n
ot n
eede
d.
• Vi
ruse
s ar
e no
t cla
ssifi
ed a
s liv
ing
orga
nism
s.
Topic 5: Evolution and biodiversity
Biology guide 71
Esse
ntia
l ide
a: T
he a
nces
try
of g
roup
s of
spe
cies
can
be
dedu
ced
by c
ompa
ring
thei
r bas
e or
am
ino
acid
seq
uenc
es.
5.4
Clad
isti
cs
Nat
ure
of s
cien
ce:
Fals
ifica
tion
of th
eorie
s w
ith o
ne th
eory
bei
ng s
uper
sede
d by
ano
ther
—pl
ant f
amili
es h
ave
been
recl
assi
fied
as a
resu
lt of
evi
denc
e fr
om c
ladi
stic
s. (1
.9)
Und
erst
andi
ngs:
• A
cla
de is
a g
roup
of o
rgan
ism
s th
at h
ave
evol
ved
from
a c
omm
on a
nces
tor.
• Ev
iden
ce fo
r whi
ch s
peci
es a
re p
art o
f a c
lade
can
be
obta
ined
from
the
base
se
quen
ces
of a
gen
e or
the
corr
espo
ndin
g am
ino
acid
seq
uenc
e of
a p
rote
in.
• Se
quen
ce d
iffer
ence
s ac
cum
ulat
e gr
adua
lly s
o th
ere
is a
pos
itive
cor
rela
tion
betw
een
the
num
ber o
f diff
eren
ces
betw
een
two
spec
ies
and
the
time
sinc
e th
ey d
iver
ged
from
a c
omm
on a
nces
tor.
• Tr
aits
can
be
anal
ogou
s or
hom
olog
ous.
• Cl
adog
ram
s ar
e tr
ee d
iagr
ams
that
sho
w th
e m
ost p
roba
ble
sequ
ence
of
dive
rgen
ce in
cla
des.
• Ev
iden
ce fr
om c
ladi
stic
s ha
s sh
own
that
cla
ssifi
catio
ns o
f som
e gr
oups
bas
ed
on s
truc
ture
did
not
cor
resp
ond
with
the
evol
utio
nary
orig
ins
of a
gro
up o
r sp
ecie
s.
App
licat
ions
and
ski
lls:
• A
pplic
atio
n: C
lado
gram
s in
clud
ing
hum
ans
and
othe
r prim
ates
.
• A
pplic
atio
n: R
ecla
ssifi
catio
n of
the
figw
ort f
amily
usi
ng e
vide
nce
from
cl
adis
tics.
• Sk
ill: A
naly
sis
of c
lado
gram
s to
ded
uce
evol
utio
nary
rela
tions
hips
.
Theo
ry o
f kno
wle
dge:
• A
maj
or s
tep
forw
ard
in th
e st
udy
of b
acte
ria w
as th
e re
cogn
ition
in 1
977
by
Carl
Woe
se th
at A
rcha
ea h
ave
a se
para
te li
ne o
f evo
lutio
nary
des
cent
from
ba
cter
ia. F
amou
s sc
ient
ists
, inc
ludi
ng L
uria
and
May
r, ob
ject
ed to
his
div
isio
n of
the
prok
aryo
tes.
To
wha
t ext
ent i
s co
nser
vatis
m in
sci
ence
des
irabl
e?
Biology guide72
Core Topi
c 6:
Hum
an p
hysi
olog
y 20
hou
rs
Esse
ntia
l ide
a: T
he s
truc
ture
of t
he w
all o
f the
sm
all i
ntes
tine
allo
ws
it to
mov
e, d
iges
t and
abs
orb
food
.
6.1
Dig
esti
on a
nd a
bsor
ptio
n
Nat
ure
of s
cien
ce:
Use
mod
els
as re
pres
enta
tions
of t
he re
al w
orld
—di
alys
is tu
bing
can
be
used
to m
odel
abs
orpt
ion
in th
e in
test
ine.
(1.1
0)
Und
erst
andi
ngs:
• Th
e co
ntra
ctio
n of
circ
ular
and
long
itudi
nal m
uscl
e of
the
smal
l int
estin
e m
ixes
the
food
with
enz
ymes
and
mov
es it
alo
ng th
e gu
t.
• Th
e pa
ncre
as s
ecre
tes
enzy
mes
into
the
lum
en o
f the
sm
all i
ntes
tine.
• En
zym
es d
iges
t mos
t mac
rom
olec
ules
in fo
od in
to m
onom
ers
in th
e sm
all
inte
stin
e.
• Vi
lli in
crea
se th
e su
rfac
e ar
ea o
f epi
thel
ium
ove
r whi
ch a
bsor
ptio
n is
car
ried
out.
• Vi
lli a
bsor
b m
onom
ers
form
ed b
y di
gest
ion
as w
ell a
s m
iner
al io
ns a
nd
vita
min
s.
• D
iffer
ent m
etho
ds o
f mem
bran
e tr
ansp
ort a
re re
quire
d to
abs
orb
diff
eren
t nu
trie
nts.
App
licat
ions
and
ski
lls:
• A
pplic
atio
n: P
roce
sses
occ
urrin
g in
the
smal
l int
estin
e th
at re
sult
in th
e di
gest
ion
of s
tarc
h an
d tr
ansp
ort o
f the
pro
duct
s of
dig
estio
n to
the
liver
.
• A
pplic
atio
n: U
se o
f dia
lysi
s tu
bing
to m
odel
abs
orpt
ion
of d
iges
ted
food
in
the
inte
stin
e.
Uti
lizat
ion:
• So
me
hydr
olyt
ic e
nzym
es h
ave
econ
omic
impo
rtan
ce, f
or e
xam
ple
amyl
ase
in p
rodu
ctio
n of
sug
ars
from
sta
rch
and
in th
e br
ewin
g of
bee
r.
Sylla
bus
and
cros
s-cu
rric
ular
link
s:Bi
olog
y To
pic
2.1
Mol
ecul
es to
met
abol
ism
Topi
c 2.
5 En
zym
es
Topic 6: Human physiology
Biology guide 73
6.1
Dig
esti
on a
nd a
bsor
ptio
n
• Sk
ill: P
rodu
ctio
n of
an
anno
tate
d di
agra
m o
f the
dig
estiv
e sy
stem
.
• Sk
ill: I
dent
ifica
tion
of ti
ssue
laye
rs in
tran
sver
se s
ectio
ns o
f the
sm
all i
ntes
tine
view
ed w
ith a
mic
rosc
ope
or in
a m
icro
grap
h.
Gui
danc
e:
• St
uden
ts s
houl
d kn
ow th
at a
myl
ase,
lipa
se a
nd a
n en
dope
ptid
ase
are
secr
eted
by
the
panc
reas
. The
nam
e tr
ypsi
n an
d th
e m
etho
d us
ed to
act
ivat
e it
are
not r
equi
red.
• St
uden
ts s
houl
d kn
ow th
at s
tarc
h, g
lyco
gen,
lipi
ds a
nd n
ucle
ic a
cids
are
di
gest
ed in
to m
onom
ers
and
that
cel
lulo
se re
mai
ns u
ndig
este
d.
• Ti
ssue
laye
rs s
houl
d in
clud
e lo
ngitu
dina
l and
circ
ular
mus
cles
, muc
osa
and
epith
eliu
m.
Topic 6: Human physiology
Biology guide74
Ess
enti
al id
ea: T
he b
lood
sys
tem
con
tinuo
usly
tran
spor
ts s
ubst
ance
s to
cel
ls a
nd s
imul
tane
ousl
y co
llect
s w
aste
pro
duct
s.
6.2
The
bloo
d sy
stem
Nat
ure
of s
cien
ce:
Theo
ries
are
rega
rded
as
unce
rtai
n—W
illia
m H
arve
y ov
ertu
rned
theo
ries
deve
lope
d by
the
anci
ent G
reek
phi
loso
pher
Gal
en o
n m
ovem
ent o
f blo
od in
the
body
. (1.
9)
Und
erst
andi
ngs:
• A
rter
ies
conv
ey b
lood
at h
igh
pres
sure
from
the
vent
ricle
s to
the
tissu
es o
f th
e bo
dy.
• A
rter
ies
have
mus
cle
cells
and
ela
stic
fibr
es in
thei
r wal
ls.
• Th
e m
uscl
e an
d el
astic
fibr
es a
ssis
t in
mai
ntai
ning
blo
od p
ress
ure
betw
een
pum
p cy
cles
.
• Bl
ood
flow
s th
roug
h tis
sues
in c
apill
arie
s. C
apill
arie
s ha
ve p
erm
eabl
e w
alls
th
at a
llow
exc
hang
e of
mat
eria
ls b
etw
een
cells
in th
e tis
sue
and
the
bloo
d in
th
e ca
pilla
ry.
• Ve
ins
colle
ct b
lood
at l
ow p
ress
ure
from
the
tissu
es o
f the
bod
y an
d re
turn
it
to th
e at
ria o
f the
hea
rt.
• Va
lves
in v
eins
and
the
hear
t ens
ure
circ
ulat
ion
of b
lood
by
prev
entin
g ba
ckflo
w.
• Th
ere
is a
sep
arat
e ci
rcul
atio
n fo
r the
lung
s.
• Th
e he
art b
eat i
s in
itiat
ed b
y a
grou
p of
spe
cial
ized
mus
cle
cells
in th
e rig
ht
atriu
m c
alle
d th
e si
noat
rial n
ode.
• Th
e si
noat
rial n
ode
acts
as
a pa
cem
aker
.
• Th
e si
noat
rial n
ode
send
s ou
t an
elec
tric
al s
igna
l tha
t stim
ulat
es c
ontr
actio
n as
it is
pro
paga
ted
thro
ugh
the
wal
ls o
f the
atr
ia a
nd th
en th
e w
alls
of t
he
vent
ricle
s.
• Th
e he
art r
ate
can
be in
crea
sed
or d
ecre
ased
by
impu
lses
bro
ught
to th
e he
art t
hrou
gh tw
o ne
rves
from
the
med
ulla
of t
he b
rain
.
• Ep
inep
hrin
e in
crea
ses
the
hear
t rat
e to
pre
pare
for v
igor
ous
phys
ical
act
ivity
.
Theo
ry o
f kno
wle
dge:
• O
ur c
urre
nt u
nder
stan
ding
is th
at e
mot
ions
are
the
prod
uct o
f act
ivity
in th
e br
ain
rath
er th
an th
e he
art.
Is k
now
ledg
e ba
sed
on s
cien
ce m
ore
valid
than
kn
owle
dge
base
d on
intu
ition
?
Uti
lizat
ion:
• U
nder
stan
ding
of t
he s
truc
ture
of t
he c
ardi
ovas
cula
r sys
tem
has
allo
wed
the
deve
lopm
ent o
f hea
rt s
urge
ry.
Sylla
bus
and
cros
s-cu
rric
ular
link
s:Bi
olog
yTo
pic
2.2
Wat
erTo
pic
2.3
Carb
ohyd
rate
s an
d lip
ids
Topi
c 6.
4 G
as e
xcha
nge
Topi
c 6.
6 H
orm
ones
, hom
eost
asis
and
repr
oduc
tion
Aim
s:
• A
im 6
: A h
eart
dis
sect
ion
is su
gges
ted
as a
mea
ns o
f stu
dyin
g he
art s
truc
ture
.
• A
im 8
: The
soc
ial i
mpl
icat
ions
of c
oron
ary
hear
t dis
ease
cou
ld b
e di
scus
sed.
Topic 6: Human physiology
Biology guide 75
6.2
The
bloo
d sy
stem
App
licat
ions
and
ski
lls:
• A
pplic
atio
n: W
illia
m H
arve
y’s
disc
over
y of
the
circ
ulat
ion
of th
e bl
ood
with
th
e he
art a
ctin
g as
the
pum
p.
• A
pplic
atio
n: P
ress
ure
chan
ges
in th
e le
ft a
triu
m, l
eft v
entr
icle
and
aor
ta
durin
g th
e ca
rdia
c cy
cle.
• A
pplic
atio
n: C
ause
s an
d co
nseq
uenc
es o
f occ
lusi
on o
f the
cor
onar
y ar
terie
s.
• Sk
ill: I
dent
ifica
tion
of b
lood
ves
sels
as
arte
ries,
cap
illar
ies
or v
eins
from
the
stru
ctur
e of
thei
r wal
ls.
• Sk
ill: R
ecog
nitio
n of
the
cham
bers
and
val
ves
of th
e he
art a
nd th
e bl
ood
vess
els
conn
ecte
d to
it in
dis
sect
ed h
eart
s or
in d
iagr
ams
of h
eart
str
uctu
re.
Topic 6: Human physiology
Biology guide76
Esse
ntia
l ide
a: T
he h
uman
bod
y ha
s st
ruct
ures
and
pro
cess
es th
at re
sist
the
cont
inuo
us th
reat
of i
nvas
ion
by p
atho
gens
.
6.3
Def
ence
aga
inst
infe
ctio
us d
isea
se
Nat
ure
of s
cien
ce:
Risk
s as
soci
ated
with
sci
entif
ic re
sear
ch—
Flor
ey a
nd C
hain
’s te
sts
on th
e sa
fety
of p
enic
illin
wou
ld n
ot b
e co
mpl
iant
with
cur
rent
pro
toco
l on
test
ing.
(4.8
)
Und
erst
andi
ngs:
• Th
e sk
in a
nd m
ucou
s m
embr
anes
form
a p
rimar
y de
fenc
e ag
ains
t pat
hoge
ns
that
cau
se in
fect
ious
dis
ease
.
• Cu
ts in
the
skin
are
sea
led
by b
lood
clo
ttin
g.
• Cl
ottin
g fa
ctor
s ar
e re
leas
ed fr
om p
late
lets
.
• Th
e ca
scad
e re
sults
in th
e ra
pid
conv
ersi
on o
f fib
rinog
en to
fibr
in b
y th
rom
bin.
• In
gest
ion
of p
atho
gens
by
phag
ocyt
ic w
hite
blo
od c
ells
giv
es n
on-s
peci
fic
imm
unity
to d
isea
ses.
• Pr
oduc
tion
of a
ntib
odie
s by
lym
phoc
ytes
in re
spon
se to
par
ticul
ar p
atho
gens
gi
ves
spec
ific
imm
unity
.
• A
ntib
iotic
s bl
ock
proc
esse
s th
at o
ccur
in p
roka
ryot
ic c
ells
but
not
in
euka
ryot
ic c
ells
.
• Vi
ruse
s la
ck a
met
abol
ism
and
can
not t
here
fore
be
trea
ted
with
ant
ibio
tics.
So
me
stra
ins
of b
acte
ria h
ave
evol
ved
with
gen
es th
at c
onfe
r res
ista
nce
to
antib
iotic
s an
d so
me
stra
ins
of b
acte
ria h
ave
mul
tiple
resi
stan
ce.
App
licat
ions
and
ski
lls:
• A
pplic
atio
n: C
ause
s an
d co
nseq
uenc
es o
f blo
od c
lot f
orm
atio
n in
cor
onar
y ar
terie
s.
• A
pplic
atio
n: F
lore
y an
d Ch
ain’
s ex
perim
ents
to te
st p
enic
illin
on
bact
eria
l in
fect
ions
in m
ice.
• A
pplic
atio
n: E
ffec
ts o
f HIV
on
the
imm
une
syst
em a
nd m
etho
ds o
f tr
ansm
issi
on.
Inte
rnat
iona
l-m
inde
dnes
s:
• Th
e sp
read
and
con
tain
men
t of d
isea
ses
such
as
bird
flu
requ
ire in
tern
atio
nal
coor
dina
tion
and
com
mun
icat
ion.
Uti
lizat
ion:
• A
n un
ders
tand
ing
of im
mun
ity h
as le
d to
the
deve
lopm
ent o
f vac
cina
tions
.
Sylla
bus
and
cros
s-cu
rric
ular
link
s:Bi
olog
yTo
pic
5.2
Nat
ural
sel
ectio
nCh
emis
try
Topi
c D
2 A
spiri
n an
d pe
nici
llin
Aim
s:
• A
im 8
: The
soc
ial a
s w
ell a
s th
e ec
onom
ic b
enef
its o
f the
con
trol
of b
acte
rial
dise
ases
aro
und
the
wor
ld s
houl
d be
str
esse
d.
• A
im 9
: Sci
ence
has
lim
ited
mea
ns in
the
fight
aga
inst
pat
hoge
ns, a
s sh
own
by
the
spre
ad o
f new
dis
ease
s an
d an
tibio
tic-r
esis
tant
bac
teria
.
Topic 6: Human physiology
Biology guide 77
6.3
Def
ence
aga
inst
infe
ctio
us d
isea
se
Gui
danc
e:
• D
iagr
ams
of s
kin
are
not r
equi
red.
• Su
bgro
ups
of p
hago
cyte
and
lym
phoc
yte
are
not r
equi
red
but s
tude
nts
shou
ld b
e aw
are
that
som
e ly
mph
ocyt
es a
ct a
s m
emor
y ce
lls a
nd c
an q
uick
ly
repr
oduc
e to
form
a c
lone
of p
lasm
a ce
lls if
a p
atho
gen
carr
ying
a s
peci
fic
antig
en is
re-e
ncou
nter
ed.
• Th
e ef
fect
s of
HIV
on
the
imm
une
syst
em s
houl
d be
lim
ited
to a
redu
ctio
n in
the
num
ber o
f act
ive
lym
phoc
ytes
and
a lo
ss o
f the
abi
lity
to p
rodu
ce
antib
odie
s, le
adin
g to
the
deve
lopm
ent o
f AID
S.
Topic 6: Human physiology
Biology guide78
Esse
ntia
l ide
a: T
he lu
ngs
are
activ
ely
vent
ilate
d to
ens
ure
that
gas
exc
hang
e ca
n oc
cur p
assi
vely
.
6.4
Gas
exc
hang
e
Nat
ure
of s
cien
ce:
Obt
ain
evid
ence
for t
heor
ies—
epid
emio
logi
cal s
tudi
es h
ave
cont
ribut
ed to
our
und
erst
andi
ng o
f the
cau
ses
of lu
ng c
ance
r. (1
.8)
Und
erst
andi
ngs:
• Ve
ntila
tion
mai
ntai
ns c
once
ntra
tion
grad
ient
s of
oxy
gen
and
carb
on d
ioxi
de
betw
een
air i
n al
veol
i and
blo
od fl
owin
g in
adj
acen
t cap
illar
ies.
• Ty
pe I
pneu
moc
ytes
are
ext
rem
ely
thin
alv
eola
r cel
ls th
at a
re a
dapt
ed to
ca
rry
out g
as e
xcha
nge.
• Ty
pe II
pne
umoc
ytes
sec
rete
a s
olut
ion
cont
aini
ng s
urfa
ctan
t tha
t cre
ates
a
moi
st s
urfa
ce in
side
the
alve
oli t
o pr
even
t the
sid
es o
f the
alv
eolu
s ad
herin
g to
eac
h ot
her b
y re
duci
ng s
urfa
ce te
nsio
n.
• A
ir is
car
ried
to th
e lu
ngs
in th
e tr
ache
a an
d br
onch
i and
then
to th
e al
veol
i in
bron
chio
les.
• M
uscl
e co
ntra
ctio
ns c
ause
the
pres
sure
cha
nges
insi
de th
e th
orax
that
forc
e ai
r in
and
out o
f the
lung
s to
ven
tilat
e th
em.
• D
iffer
ent m
uscl
es a
re re
quire
d fo
r ins
pira
tion
and
expi
ratio
n be
caus
e m
uscl
es
only
do
wor
k w
hen
they
con
trac
t.
App
licat
ions
and
ski
lls:
• A
pplic
atio
n: C
ause
s an
d co
nseq
uenc
es o
f lun
g ca
ncer
.
• A
pplic
atio
n: C
ause
s an
d co
nseq
uenc
es o
f em
phys
ema.
• A
pplic
atio
n: E
xter
nal a
nd in
tern
al in
terc
osta
l mus
cles
, and
dia
phra
gm a
nd
abdo
min
al m
uscl
es a
s ex
ampl
es o
f ant
agon
istic
mus
cle
actio
n.
• Sk
ill: M
onito
ring
of v
entil
atio
n in
hum
ans
at re
st a
nd a
fter
mild
and
vig
orou
s ex
erci
se. (
Prac
tical
6)
Uti
lizat
ion:
Sylla
bus
and
cros
s-cu
rric
ular
link
s:Bi
olog
y To
pic
1.4
Mem
bran
e tr
ansp
ort
Topi
c 1.
6 Ce
ll di
visi
onTo
pic
6.2
The
bloo
d sy
stem
Phys
ics
Topi
c 3.
2 M
odel
ling
a ga
s
Aim
s:
• A
im 8
: The
soc
ial c
onse
quen
ces
of lu
ng c
ance
r and
em
phys
ema
coul
d be
di
scus
sed.
Topic 6: Human physiology
Biology guide 79
6.4
Gas
exc
hang
e
Gui
danc
e:
• Ve
ntila
tion
can
eith
er b
e m
onito
red
by s
impl
e ob
serv
atio
n an
d si
mpl
e ap
para
tus
or b
y da
ta lo
ggin
g w
ith a
spi
rom
eter
or c
hest
bel
t and
pre
ssur
e m
eter
. Ven
tilat
ion
rate
and
tida
l vol
ume
shou
ld b
e m
easu
red,
but
the
term
s vi
tal c
apac
ity a
nd re
sidu
al v
olum
e ar
e no
t exp
ecte
d.
• St
uden
ts s
houl
d be
abl
e to
dra
w a
dia
gram
to s
how
the
stru
ctur
e of
an
alve
olus
and
an
adja
cent
cap
illar
y.
Topic 6: Human physiology
Biology guide80
Esse
ntia
l ide
a: N
euro
ns tr
ansm
it th
e m
essa
ge, s
ynap
ses
mod
ulat
e th
e m
essa
ge.
6.5
Neu
rons
and
syn
apse
s
Nat
ure
of s
cien
ce:
Coop
erat
ion
and
colla
bora
tion
betw
een
grou
ps o
f sci
entis
ts—
biol
ogis
ts a
re c
ontr
ibut
ing
to re
sear
ch in
to m
emor
y an
d le
arni
ng. (
4.3)
Und
erst
andi
ngs:
• N
euro
ns tr
ansm
it el
ectr
ical
impu
lses
.
• Th
e m
yelin
atio
n of
ner
ve fi
bres
allo
ws
for s
alta
tory
con
duct
ion.
• N
euro
ns p
ump
sodi
um a
nd p
otas
sium
ions
acr
oss
thei
r mem
bran
es to
ge
nera
te a
rest
ing
pote
ntia
l.
• A
n ac
tion
pote
ntia
l con
sist
s of d
epol
ariz
atio
n an
d re
pola
rizat
ion
of th
e ne
uron
.
• N
erve
impu
lses
are
act
ion
pote
ntia
ls p
ropa
gate
d al
ong
the
axon
s of
neu
rons
.
• Pr
opag
atio
n of
ner
ve im
puls
es is
the
resu
lt of
loca
l cur
rent
s th
at c
ause
eac
h su
cces
sive
par
t of t
he a
xon
to re
ach
the
thre
shol
d po
tent
ial.
• Sy
naps
es a
re ju
nctio
ns b
etw
een
neur
ons
and
betw
een
neur
ons
and
rece
ptor
or
eff
ecto
r cel
ls.
• W
hen
pres
ynap
tic n
euro
ns a
re d
epol
ariz
ed th
ey re
leas
e a
neur
otra
nsm
itter
in
to th
e sy
naps
e.
• A
ner
ve im
puls
e is
onl
y in
itiat
ed if
the
thre
shol
d po
tent
ial i
s re
ache
d.
App
licat
ions
and
ski
lls:
• Ap
plic
atio
n: S
ecre
tion
and
reab
sorp
tion
of a
cety
lcho
line
by n
euro
ns a
t syn
apse
s.
• A
pplic
atio
n: B
lock
ing
of s
ynap
tic tr
ansm
issi
on a
t cho
liner
gic
syna
pses
in
inse
cts
by b
indi
ng o
f neo
nico
tinoi
d pe
stic
ides
to a
cety
lcho
line
rece
ptor
s.
• Sk
ill: A
naly
sis
of o
scill
osco
pe tr
aces
sho
win
g re
stin
g po
tent
ials
and
act
ion
pote
ntia
ls.
Gui
danc
e:
• Th
e de
tails
of s
truc
ture
of d
iffer
ent t
ypes
of n
euro
n ar
e no
t nee
ded.
• O
nly
chem
ical
syn
apse
s ar
e re
quire
d, n
ot e
lect
rical
, and
they
can
sim
ply
be
refe
rred
to a
s sy
naps
es.
Uti
lizat
ion:
• A
n un
ders
tand
ing
of th
e w
orki
ngs
of n
euro
tran
smitt
ers
and
syna
pses
has
le
d to
the
deve
lopm
ent o
f num
erou
s ph
arm
aceu
tical
s fo
r the
trea
tmen
t of
men
tal d
isor
ders
.
Sylla
bus
and
cros
s-cu
rric
ular
link
s:Bi
olog
y To
pic
1.4
Mem
bran
e tr
ansp
ort
Chem
istr
y To
pic
C6 E
lect
roch
emis
try,
rech
arge
able
bat
terie
s an
d fu
el c
ells
Psyc
holo
gyCo
re: B
iolo
gica
l lev
el o
f ana
lysi
s
Aim
s:
• A
im 8
: The
soc
ial e
ffec
ts o
f the
abu
se o
f psy
choa
ctiv
e dr
ugs
coul
d be
co
nsid
ered
, as
coul
d th
e us
e of
the
neur
otox
in B
otox
for c
osm
etic
trea
tmen
ts.
Topic 6: Human physiology
Biology guide 81
Esse
ntia
l ide
a: H
orm
ones
are
use
d w
hen
sign
als
need
to b
e w
idel
y di
strib
uted
.
6.6
Hor
mon
es, h
omeo
stas
is a
nd re
prod
ucti
on
Nat
ure
of s
cien
ce:
Dev
elop
men
ts in
sci
entif
ic re
sear
ch fo
llow
impr
ovem
ents
in a
ppar
atus
—W
illia
m H
arve
y w
as h
ampe
red
in h
is o
bser
vatio
nal r
esea
rch
into
repr
oduc
tion
by la
ck o
f eq
uipm
ent.
The
mic
rosc
ope
was
inve
nted
17
year
s af
ter h
is d
eath
. (1.
8)
Und
erst
andi
ngs:
• In
sulin
and
glu
cago
n ar
e se
cret
ed b
y β
and
α ce
lls o
f the
pan
crea
s re
spec
tivel
y to
con
trol
blo
od g
luco
se c
once
ntra
tion.
• Th
yrox
in is
sec
rete
d by
the
thyr
oid
glan
d to
regu
late
the
met
abol
ic ra
te a
nd
help
con
trol
bod
y te
mpe
ratu
re.
• Le
ptin
is s
ecre
ted
by c
ells
in a
dipo
se ti
ssue
and
act
s on
the
hypo
thal
amus
of
the
brai
n to
inhi
bit a
ppet
ite.
• M
elat
onin
is s
ecre
ted
by th
e pi
neal
gla
nd to
con
trol
circ
adia
n rh
ythm
s.
• A
gen
e on
the
Y ch
rom
osom
e ca
uses
em
bryo
nic
gona
ds to
dev
elop
as
test
es
and
secr
ete
test
oste
rone
.
• Te
stos
tero
ne c
ause
s pr
e-na
tal d
evel
opm
ent o
f mal
e ge
nita
lia a
nd b
oth
sper
m
prod
uctio
n an
d de
velo
pmen
t of m
ale
seco
ndar
y se
xual
cha
ract
eris
tics
durin
g pu
bert
y.
• Es
trog
en a
nd p
roge
ster
one
caus
e pr
e-na
tal d
evel
opm
ent o
f fem
ale
repr
oduc
tive
orga
ns a
nd fe
mal
e se
cond
ary
sexu
al c
hara
cter
istic
s du
ring
pube
rty.
• Th
e m
enst
rual
cyc
le is
con
trol
led
by n
egat
ive
and
posi
tive
feed
back
m
echa
nism
s in
volv
ing
ovar
ian
and
pitu
itary
hor
mon
es.
App
licat
ions
and
ski
lls:
• A
pplic
atio
n: C
ause
s an
d tr
eatm
ent o
f Typ
e I a
nd T
ype
II di
abet
es.
• A
pplic
atio
n: T
estin
g of
lept
in o
n pa
tient
s w
ith c
linic
al o
besi
ty a
nd re
ason
s fo
r th
e fa
ilure
to c
ontr
ol th
e di
seas
e.
Uti
lizat
ion:
• H
orm
ones
are
use
d in
a v
arie
ty o
f the
rapi
es s
uch
as re
plac
emen
t the
rapi
es.
Sylla
bus
and
cros
s-cu
rric
ular
link
s:Bi
olog
yTo
pic
3.2
Chro
mos
omes
Topi
c 3.
3 M
eios
isTo
pic
10.1
Mei
osis
Psyc
holo
gy
Core
: Bio
logi
cal l
evel
of a
naly
sis
Aim
s:
• A
im 8
: Sci
entis
ts a
re a
war
e th
at th
e dr
ugs
wom
en ta
ke in
fert
ility
trea
tmen
t po
se p
oten
tial r
isks
to h
ealth
. Sho
uld
scie
ntifi
c kn
owle
dge
over
ride
com
pass
iona
te c
onsi
dera
tions
in tr
eatin
g in
fert
ile c
oupl
es?
Topic 6: Human physiology
Biology guide82
6.6
Hor
mon
es, h
omeo
stas
is a
nd re
prod
ucti
on
• A
pplic
atio
n: C
ause
s of
jet l
ag a
nd u
se o
f mel
aton
in to
alle
viat
e it.
• A
pplic
atio
n: T
he u
se in
IVF
of d
rugs
to s
uspe
nd th
e no
rmal
sec
retio
n of
ho
rmon
es, f
ollo
wed
by
the
use
of a
rtifi
cial
dos
es o
f hor
mon
es to
indu
ce
supe
rovu
latio
n an
d es
tabl
ish
a pr
egna
ncy.
• A
pplic
atio
n: W
illia
m H
arve
y’s
inve
stig
atio
n of
sex
ual r
epro
duct
ion
in d
eer.
• Sk
ill: A
nnot
ate
diag
ram
s of
the
mal
e an
d fe
mal
e re
prod
uctiv
e sy
stem
to s
how
na
mes
of s
truc
ture
s an
d th
eir f
unct
ions
.
Gui
danc
e:
• Th
e ro
les
of F
SH, L
H, e
stro
gen
and
prog
este
rone
in th
e m
enst
rual
cyc
le a
re
expe
cted
.
• W
illia
m H
arve
y fa
iled
to s
olve
the
mys
tery
of s
exua
l rep
rodu
ctio
n be
caus
e ef
fect
ive
mic
rosc
opes
wer
e no
t ava
ilabl
e w
hen
he w
as w
orki
ng, s
o fu
sion
of
gam
etes
and
sub
sequ
ent e
mbr
yo d
evel
opm
ent r
emai
ned
undi
scov
ered
.