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General Sensory Pathways of the Trunk and Limbs

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Page 1: 15-General Sensory Pathways of the Trunk and Limbs...Microsoft PowerPoint - 15-General Sensory Pathways of the Trunk and Limbs Author user Created Date 2/14/2019 11:24:22 AM

General Sensory Pathways of the Trunk and Limbs

Page 2: 15-General Sensory Pathways of the Trunk and Limbs...Microsoft PowerPoint - 15-General Sensory Pathways of the Trunk and Limbs Author user Created Date 2/14/2019 11:24:22 AM

Lecture Objectives

• Describe gracile and cuneate tracts and pathways for conscious proprioception, touch, pressure and vibration from the limbs and trunk.

• Describe dorsal and ventral spinocerebellar tracts and pathways for unconscious proprioception from the limbs and trunk.

• Describe lateral spinothalamic tract and pathways for pain and temperature from the limbs and trunk.

• Describe ventral spinothalamic tract and pathways for simple touch from the limbs and trunk.

Page 3: 15-General Sensory Pathways of the Trunk and Limbs...Microsoft PowerPoint - 15-General Sensory Pathways of the Trunk and Limbs Author user Created Date 2/14/2019 11:24:22 AM

Ascending Tracts

Page 4: 15-General Sensory Pathways of the Trunk and Limbs...Microsoft PowerPoint - 15-General Sensory Pathways of the Trunk and Limbs Author user Created Date 2/14/2019 11:24:22 AM

Dorsal ColumnMedial Lemniscal System

• Functions• Touch 

• Discriminative touch (calipers)• Fine touch (cotton ball)

• Vibration (tuning fork)• Conscious proprioception (with eyes closed, patient reports position of limbs as they are moved by examiner)

Page 5: 15-General Sensory Pathways of the Trunk and Limbs...Microsoft PowerPoint - 15-General Sensory Pathways of the Trunk and Limbs Author user Created Date 2/14/2019 11:24:22 AM

Dorsal ColumnMedial Lemniscal System

• Neural components• Receptors – encapsulated receptors & hair shafts

• 1st order neuron• Cell body – DRG• Central Axon

• Lower body – fasciculus gracilis• Upper body (above T6) – fasciculus 

cuneatus

Page 6: 15-General Sensory Pathways of the Trunk and Limbs...Microsoft PowerPoint - 15-General Sensory Pathways of the Trunk and Limbs Author user Created Date 2/14/2019 11:24:22 AM

Dorsal ColumnMedial Lemniscal System

• Neural components• 2nd order neuron

• Cell body – Posterior column nuclei (gracilis & cuneatus)

• Axons • Decussate – internal arcuate

fibers• Ascend – medial lemniscus

Page 7: 15-General Sensory Pathways of the Trunk and Limbs...Microsoft PowerPoint - 15-General Sensory Pathways of the Trunk and Limbs Author user Created Date 2/14/2019 11:24:22 AM

Dorsal ColumnMedial Lemniscal System

• 3rd order neuron• Cell body – ventral posterolateralnucleus of the thalamus (VPL)

• Axon• Internal capsule (posterior limb) • Corona radiata • Somatosensory cortex – Postcentral 

gyrus 

• Lesions • In the posterior column?• Above the decussation?

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Anterolateral (spinothalamic) System

• FunctionFree nerve ending

• Pain• Aδ fibers (small myelinated)

• Fast pain (sharp, will localized stabbing pain)

• C fibers (unmyelinated)• Slow pain (dull aching or burning pain)• Via spinoreticular tract

• Temperature• Crude touch

• Poorly localized & poorly identified• DO NOT compensate damage to dorsal column

Page 9: 15-General Sensory Pathways of the Trunk and Limbs...Microsoft PowerPoint - 15-General Sensory Pathways of the Trunk and Limbs Author user Created Date 2/14/2019 11:24:22 AM

Anterolateral System• Neural components

• 1st• Cell body – DRG • Axon 

• Branches ascend & descend in the Lissauer’s tract for 1‐2 segments

• 2nd• Cell body – posterior horn (substantiagelatinosa) 

• Axons – cross midline at anterior white commissure

• 3rd – VPL – somatosensory cortex 

Page 10: 15-General Sensory Pathways of the Trunk and Limbs...Microsoft PowerPoint - 15-General Sensory Pathways of the Trunk and Limbs Author user Created Date 2/14/2019 11:24:22 AM

Somatotopic Organization of Anterolateral System

At Upper Cervical Level• Sensory modalities

• Anterior – crude touch  • Lateral

• Medial – temperature • Lateral – pain 

• Area• Lower limb – most lateral• Cervical – most medial

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Anterolateral System

• Lesions

• Segment sparing (lesion at T1 – deficit up to T2 or T3 dermatomes)?

• Partial lesion – effect of somatotopic organization?

• Lesion at anterior white commissure? 

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Spinoreticular (Spinoreticulothalamic) Tract

• Slow pain• Forms part of the  spinothalamic tract

• 1st order – DRG (C fibers)• 2nd order – substantia gelatinosa

• Project to reticular formationReticular formation (bilaterally)

Thalamus (inralaminar nuclei)

Cortex• postcentral gyrus – localization of pain• insula & anterior cingulate gyrus –affective 

(suffering) aspect of pain

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SpinocerebellarPathways

• Function• Non‐conscious proprioception• Essential for normal motor function

• Lesions lead to severe motor deficits• Ataxia (uncoordinated movements)

• Origin – muscle spindles, golgitendon organs & joint receptors

• All terminate in the cerebellum at the same side

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Posterior Spinocerebellar TractFrom trunk and leg• 1st – DRG • 2nd –

• Cell body ‐ Clarke’s nucleus C8‐L2• Below L2 – ascend in the fasciculus gracilis until Clarke’s nucleus

• Axons – ascend in the same side• Inferior cerebellar peduncle

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The CuneocerebellarTract

From the arm & neck• 1st

• Cell body – DRG • Axon – ascend in the fasciculus cuneatus

• 2nd• Cell body – external (lateral or accessory) cuneate nucleus

• Axons – inferior cerebellar peduncle

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Anterior (Ventral) Spinocerebellar Tract

• 2nd• Cell body – around  the border of the ventral horn

• axons – mostly cross the midline• Superior cerebellar peduncle• Then cross back through middle cerebellar peduncle

Rostral Spinocerebellar Tract• Same as ventral spinocerebellar tract except• From cranial region

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Other Ascending Tracts

• Spinoreticular tract (data affecting consciousness)• Mostly uncrossed • To reticular formation in medulla and pons

• Spinotectal tract• Crossed• To superior colliculus• Affect spinovisual reflexes

• Spinoolivary tract• Cross the midline• To the inferior olivary nuclei

• Then cross to the cerebellum• Inferior cerebellar peduncle

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Sensory Lesions

• In spinal cord• Anterior white commissure – loss of pain & temperature sensation bilaterally (ring of body)

• Hemisection – contralateral loss of pain and temperature & ipsilateral loss of discriminative touch

• In the medulla• Medial lesions – loss of discriminative touch for the contralateral body• Lateral lesions – loss of pain & temperature for contralateral body

• In the pons and above• All sensory modalities travel together• Small lesions – hemianasthesia for the contralateral half

Page 19: 15-General Sensory Pathways of the Trunk and Limbs...Microsoft PowerPoint - 15-General Sensory Pathways of the Trunk and Limbs Author user Created Date 2/14/2019 11:24:22 AM

Sensory Lesions

• Pain & the thalamus• Ventral posterior thalamus 

• Period (months) of analgesia followed by chronic pain (thalamic pain syndrome)

• Pain & the cortex• Somatosensory cortex

• Reduce ability to localize pain but does not eliminate the ability to feel pain

Page 20: 15-General Sensory Pathways of the Trunk and Limbs...Microsoft PowerPoint - 15-General Sensory Pathways of the Trunk and Limbs Author user Created Date 2/14/2019 11:24:22 AM

Phantom Limb

• Results from loss of a limb• Patient feels that the limb is still present• Cortical representation stay intact for a period of time?

• Limb remain associated with the mental image

• Amputation could be followed by severe pain in the site of the limb• Due pressure on the nerve stumps