1

CHAPTER 1

INTRODUCTION OF THE PROJECT

1.1 Introduction

We had made a major modification of our final project, the amazing Water

Recycle System in previous entry with something which is more useful. Thus,

our current activity was set up to refining our prior project into something that

give meaningful effect to us as a students, as a designer and a human being.

The main reason of building this Water Recycle System is to encourage

young people to pay respect to environment.

1.2 Synopsis

This project shows the basic of developing a simple system recycle using

microcontroller and can be further developed for more advanced application.

This project will be use to reuse water from two source that come from rain

water and river water. And, this system also will display it on LCD display.

We used the PIC16F877A system to operate the circuit. This PIC system will

control the program. Beside that, we also using IC Clock and LCD 20x4

(LM004L) to display real time and date.

2

1.3 Objective

Objective for project subject that compulsory to be taken by all student of

Diploma in Electronic Engineering at POLYTECHNIC TUANKU

SULTANAH BAHIYAH are:

The main objective of this project can be described as:

Reuse the contaminated water.

Prevent pollution.

To reduce organisation's operating cost

To make a technology as a way for solving a human problem.

1.4 Scope of Project

This project using the PIC 16F877A that have 8-bit microcontroller with 34

I/O, that operate with 5V supply and their output baud rate is 9600 bps, LCD

(20x4character display), LED as the output for PIC microcontroller, PCB

circuit board and also related electronic circuits.

This project will use following main hardware:

PIC 16F877A

Clock IC (DS1307)

LCD Alphanumeric 20x4 (LM004L)

Water Sensor

Buzzer

Motor Pump

3

1.5 System Overview

Figure 1.1 System Overview

1.6 Problem Statement

A study was being conducted our upper project that entitled Water Recycle

System taken based on with sparked idea from our monitoring and

observation on human way of life nowadays. This project coined to ease

consumer to engage of water quickly and easy and save cost organize.

Furthermore, with the existence of this project it able facilitate more work to

carried out with long distance area perimeter and condition getting more

complicated if uncertain weathers lately. To overcome the problem with run it

at anytime is wanted.

4

CHAPTER 2

LITERATURE REVIEW

2.1 Introduction

A literature review is a body of text that aims to review the critical points of

current knowledge and or methodological approaches on a particular topic.

Literature reviews are secondary sources, and as such, do not report any new

or original experimental work.

Most often associated with academic-oriented literature, such as theses, a

literature review usually precedes a research proposal and results section. Its

ultimate goal is to bring the reader up to date with current literature on a topic

and forms the basis for another goal, such as future research that may be

needed in the area. A well-structured literature review is characterized by a

logical flow of ideas; current and relevant references with consistent,

appropriate referencing style; proper use of terminology and an unbiased and

comprehensive view of the previous research on the topic.

The report that we want to be produced needed a few factor that should be

taken consideration until that project implemented. To get a quality project

result, we need to study about the type of material, design , components that

we used, framework installation , installation method and maintenance ,level

of product safety, structural strength, project size and so on that we need

make it and consider the result that we get. This is all ensure that no any

5

problems would arise during the completion or even when presenting the

project.

Hence, systematic and detailed planning must be arranged for produce a

complete and perfect project. First step that we need made it, was design daub

(sketching) for get the real image of machine that we want to be produced.

Due to this, the work design and study that we made is a continuing process

and it involving problem solving activity creatively namely which is known

as literature study.

2.2 MOTOR DC PUMP

Description:

KNF's NMP08 miniature diaphragm pump is capable of transferring the

largest volume of water in this size range with high efficiency and

contamination-free operation. It is ideal for use in portable, battery operated

equipment where performance, power consumption, minimal weight, and size

are important. KNF's “OEM Project Pump” program provides a variety of

cost reductions and affordable modifications that will optimize our product to

match your design‟s performance requirement.

2.2.1 Pump Features:

• Oil-Free, Contamination-Free Transfer:

Retains pumped medium purity and increases system reliability as

they are maintenance-free and have no sliding seals to wear away.

• Patented, Multi-Port Valves:

KNF‟s multi-port valve system maximize flow rate for high

6

efficiency. An integral sealing-ridge reduces back flow to

negligible levels.

• Fits Into The Smallest Devices:

KNF's engineers combined high performance with precision

miniature packaging to produce an efficient, compact unit.

Portable instruments can be made smaller and lighter, and run

longer between recharges. A brushless DC model is available as

standard product for high reliability and continuous-duty

applications.

• Excellent Mechanical Stability and Chemical Resistance:

Ryton® heads exhibit consistent performance throughout the life

of the pump. Ryton® also has excellent chemical resistance.

Other diaphragm and valve materials are available.

• Flexible Mounting Options:

Optimally placed mounting holes in the compressor housing

enable you to mount this pump in any position.

• Low Noise Level

An enclosed compressor housing minimizes noise transmission

and keeps dirty away from critical components.

2.2.2 Applications:

• Asbestos Particle

Counters

• Portable Dosimeters

• Gas or Odor Leak

Detectors

• Gas Chromatography

• Portable Analytical • Portable Analytical

7

Table 2.1: Applications of motor

2.2.3 Electric Usage

Motor

Voltage

6 VDC, 12 VDC 6 VDC, 12 VDC,

24 VDC

6 VDC

Motor

Current @

Free-Flow

85 mA, 40 mA 50 mA, 40 mA,

20 mA

175 mA

Motor

Type

Brushless:

DC/Integrated

driver

Brushless:

Type DC

Brushless:

Type DC

Table 2.2: Electric Usage

Instruments

Instruments

• Blood Pressure Monitors • Medical Diagnostic

Equipment

8

2.2.4 Performance Characteristic

Figure 2.1: Performance Characteristic

2.3 PIC16F877A

Microcontroller PIC16F877A is one of the PIC Micro Family microcontroller

which is popular at this moment, start from beginner until all professionals.

Because it is very easy using PIC16F877A and use FLASH memory

technology so that can be write-erase until thousand times. The superiority

this Risc Microcontroller compared to with other microcontroller 8-bit

especially at a speed of and his code compression. PIC16F877A have 40 pin

by 33 path of I/O.

9

PIC16F877A perfectly fits many uses, from automotive industries and

controlling home appliances to industrial instruments, remote sensors,

electrical door locks and safety devices. It is also ideal for smart cards as well

as for battery supplied devices because of its low consumption. EEPROM

memory makes it easier to apply microcontrollers to devices where

permanent storage of various parameters is needed (codes for transmitters,

motor speed, receiver frequencies, etc.). Low cost, low consumption, easy

handling and flexibility make PIC16F877A applicable even in areas where

microcontrollers had not previously been considered (example: timer

functions, interface replacement in larger systems, coprocessor applications,

etc.).In System Programmability of this chip (along with using only two pins

in data transfer) makes possible the flexibility of a product, after assembling

and testing have been completed. This capability can be used to create

assembly-line production, to store calibration data available only after final

testing, or it can be used to improve programs on finished product.

Figure 2.2: PIC16F877A

10

Figure 2.3: PIC16F877A Pin Diagram

Figure 2.4: Schematic Diagram Of Microcontroller Connections

11

2.3.1 Benefit of PIC

Lower Cost:

Pic were originally create to decrease the cost of the user of it

compare with the plc that weremore expensive that pic. Therefore

in this project we choose pic as the brain in this project.

Sizes:

The pic is the smallest that other programming control that has

many types of input and output pin such as 16 pin to 40 pin.

Communication Capability:

A pic can read and program all the input that has to program

with it and easy to to program with any programmer and

software.

Faster Respond Time:

Pic are design for high-speed and real-time applications. It can

operate in real times, which mean that an even taking place in

the field will result in the execution of an operation or output.

2.3.2 Characteristic of PIC

NO. FEATURES PIC16F877A

1. Operating Frequency DC – 20 MHz

2. Resets and delays POR, BOR (PWRT,

OST)

3. Flash Program Memory (14-bit words) 8K

4. Data Memory (bytes) 368

12

5. EEPROM Data Memory (bytes) 256

6. Interrupts 15

7. I/O Ports Ports A, B, C, D, E

No. features Pic16f877a

8. Timers 3

9. Capture/Compare/PWM modules 2

10. Serial Communications MSSP, USART

11. Parallel Communications PSP

12. 10-bit Analog-to-Digital Module 8 input channels

13. Analog Comparators 2

14. Instruction Set 35 Instructions40-pin

PDIP

15. Packages 44-pin PLCC

44-pin TQFP

44-pin QFN

Table 2.3: Features of PIC16F877A

2.4 LCD (4 x 20 Character)

Recently, a number of projects using intelligent Liquid Crystal Display

(LCD) modules have been featured in EPE. Their ability to display not just

numbers, but also letters, words and all manner of symbol, makes them a

good deal more versatile than the familiar 7-segment light emitting diode

(LED) display.

13

Figure 2.5: LCD (2 x 20 Characters)

2.4.1 Connections of LCD

Most LCD modules conform to a standard interface specification. A

14-pin access is provided (14 holes for solder pin insertion or for an

IDC connector) having eight data lines, three control lines and three

power lines. The connections are laid out in one of two common

configurations, either two rows of seven pins, or a single row of 14

pins. The two layout alternatives are displayed in figure 2.5.

Figure 2.6: Two Layout Alternatives

14

Table 2.4: Pin Outs Functions for All the LCD Types

Pins 1 and 2 are the power supply lines, Vss and Vdd .The Vdd pin

should be connected to the positive supply, and Vss to the 0V supply

or ground. Although the LCD module data sheet specify a 5V DC

supply (at only a few milliamps), supplies of 6V and 4.5 both work

well, and even 3V is sufficient for some modules. Consequently,

these modules can be effectively, and economically, powered by

batteries. Pin 3 is a control pin, Vee, which is used to alter the

contrast of the display. Ideally, this pin should be connected to a

variable voltage supply.

A preset potentiometer connected between the power supply lines,

with its wiper connected to the contrast pin is suitable in many

cases, but be aware that some modules may required a negative

potential; as low as 7V in some cases. For absolute simplicity,

connecting this pin to 0V will often suffice. Pin 4 is the Register

Select (RS) line, the first of the three command control inputs. When

this line is low, data bytes transferred to the display are treated as

commands, and data bytes read from the display indicate its status.

15

By setting the RS line high, character data can be transferred to and

from the module.

Pin 5 is the Read/ Write (R/W) line. This line is pulled low in order

to write commands or character data to the module, or pulled high to

read character data or status information from its registers.

Pin 6 is the Enable (E) line. This input is used to initiate the actual

transfer of commands or character data between the module and the

data lines. When writing to the display, data is transferred only on the

high to low transition of this signal. However, when reading from the

display, data will become available shortly after the low to high

transition and remain available until the signal falls low again.

Pins 7 to 14 are the eight data bus lines (D0 to D7). Data can be

transferred to and from the display, either as a single 8-bit byte or as

two 4-bit “nibbles”. In the latter case, only the upper four data lines

(D4 to D7) are used. This 4-bit mode is beneficial when using a

microcontroller, as fewer input/output lines are required.

2.5 Diode

In electronics a diode is a two-terminal electronic component which conducts

electric current asymmetrically or unidirectional; that is, it conducts current

more easily in one direction than in the opposite direction. The term usually

refers to a semiconductor diode, the most common type today, which is a

crystal of semiconductor connected to two electrical terminals, a P-N

junction. A vacuum tube diode, which was the first type of diode invented but

is now little used, is a vacuum tube with two electrodes; a plate and a

cathode.

16

The most common function of a diode is to allow an electric current in one

direction (called the forward direction) while blocking current in the opposite

direction (the reverse direction). Thus, the diode can be thought of as an

electronic version of a check valve. This unidirectional behavior is called

rectification, and is used to convert alternating current to direct current, and

remove modulation from radio signals in radio receivers.

Figure 2.7: Diode

Figure 2.8: Diode Symbols

17

2.6 Crystal

A crystal is an electronic circuit that uses the mechanical resonance of a

vibrating crystal of piezoelectric material to create an electrical signal with a

very precise frequency.

This frequency is commonly used to keep track of time (as in quartz

wristwatches), to provide a stable clock signal for digital integrated circuits,

and to stabilize frequencies for radio transmitters and receivers. The most

common type of piezoelectric resonator used is the quartz crystal, so

oscillator circuits designed around them were called "crystal oscillators".

Standard frequency crystals - use these crystals to provide a clock input to our

microprocessor. Rated at 20pF capacitance and +/- 50ppm stability.

Figure 2.9: Crystal

18

CHAPTER 3

METHODOLOGY

3.1 Introduction

Methodology can be the „analysis of the principles of methods, rules, and

postulates employed by a discipline‟, „the systematic study of methods that

are, can be, or have been applied within a discipline‟ or „a particular

procedure or set of procedures‟.

Methodology includes a philosophically coherent collection of theories,

concepts or ideas as they relate to a particular discipline or field of inquiry.

Methodology refers to more than a simple set of methods, rather it refers to

the rationale and the philosophical assumptions that underlie a particular

study relative to the scientific method. This is why scholarly literature often

includes a section on the methodology of the researchers.

Each step of project is a process to complete the project. Every step must be

followed one by one and must be done carefully. If some error occurs it can

make

a project probably could not operate or do not look neat and perfect.

Before the project finish, various process needs to be done according to

proper procedures to ensure that projects do not have any problems. Among

the measures the work done in preparing this project are:

19

Process of designing circuits

Circuit board trace

Soldering process in circuit board.

Programming process in programes and so on

3.1.1 Flow Chart Plan Of Project Of E4006 And E5006

20

Flow Chart 1.0: Plan Of Project For E4006 And E5006

21

3.1.2 Flow Chart Preparation Of E4006

22

Flow Chart 1.1: Flow Chart Preparation Of E4006

23

3.1.3 Flow Chart Of Water Recycle System

Flow Chart 1.2: Flow Chart Of Water Recycle System

24

3.2 Gantt Chart

SEMESTER 5

WEEK / ACTIVITY

W

e

e

k

1

W

e

e

k

2

W

e

e

k

3

W

e

e

k

4

W

e

e

k

5

W

e

e

k

6

W

e

e

k

7

W

e

e

k

8

W

e

e

k

9

W

e

e

k

1

0

W

e

e

k

1

1

W

e

e

k

1

2

W

e

e

k

1

3

W

e

e

k

1

4

W

e

e

k

1

5

W

e

e

k

1

6

W

e

e

k

1

7

W

e

e

k

1

8

Students Registration

Project Briefing

Submission of Project

Title

Submission of Proposal

Assistance and Discussion

Progress The Project and

First Draft of The Report

50%

Progress The Project and

Second Draft of The

Report 75%

Preparation for

presentation

Submission of Final

Report

Presentation

Table 3.1: Gantt Chart

3.3 Draw Schematic Diagram Of Water Recycle System Using Proteus

PROTEUS VSM 6.9 allows professional engineers to run interactive

simulations of real designs, and to reap the rewards of this approach to circuit

simulation. And then, a range of simulator models for popular micro-

controllers and a set of animated models for related peripheral devices such as

PIC and LCD displays, resistor, and more. It is possible to simulate complete

micro-controller systems and thus to develop the software for them without

access to a physical prototype. In a world where time to market is becoming

25

more and more important this is a real advantage. Structurally, Proteus 6

Professional separated into two main components, which are ISIS 6

Professional and ARES 6 Professional. ISIS 6 Professional mainly involved

on circuit designing and simulation. In our project we use Proteus to design a

schematic diagram.

Figure 3.1: ISIS 6 Professional User Interface

3.3.1 Simulate The Circuit Using Proteus

After completing the circuit assembly and configuration, now its time

to verify whether the source code compiled is virtually accurate or not.

Proteus offer a whole lot of variety virtual devices. In fact, simulation

using oscilloscope and function generator can be done using Proteus.

Even virtual hyperterminal is provided to demonstrate how your code

performs in real world without really doing the hardware section yet.

Figure 3.2 : Toolbar Of Proteus Simulation

26

3.4 Process Of The Circuit Designing

3.4.1 Design The Circuit Diagram

After decide what kind of project that we want to build. We need to

make a research about the circuit, electronic component that we need

to used, hardware and so on. These things actually can help us to

make a better in designing circuit. For example, we need to know the

size, foot of component, polarity of the component, the component

method compilation and etc to make a circuit diagram.

In the first step in Circuit Designing process is make a circuit diagram

that can be use in the next process. Among steps in the circuit diagram

are:-

i. Before the circuit is produced, the things that we need to be

emphasized are the position of symbols and components used in the

Schematic circuit. Once we know the entire production circuit, the

circuit can be drawn using special software, namely Proteus ISIS

Professional.

ii. Then, make sure that the connection of the component is correct.

27

Figure 3.3: Water Recycle System Circuit Diagram

3.5 Etching

Etching is a "subtractive" method used for the production of printed circuit

boards. Acid is used to remove unwanted copper from a prefabricated

laminate. This is done by applying a temporary mask that protects parts of the

laminate from the acid and leaves the desired copper layer

untouched. Etching is where the excess copper is removed to leave the

individual tracks or traces as they are sometimes called. Buckets, bubble

tanks, and spray machines lots of different ways to etch, but most firms

currently use high pressure conveyerised spray equipment. Many different

chemical solutions can be used to etch circuit boards. Ranging from slow

controlled speed etches used for surface preparation to the faster etches used

for etching the tracks. Some are best used in horizontal spray process

equipment while others are best used in tanks.

28

3.5.1 Risk Of Etching

i. There is a risk of injuries due to the chemicals involved.

ii. The quality of the results depends on several factors which you

won't be able to master completely the first time. This can be

somewhat compensated by using good machinery.

iii. There is the problem of waste disposal. Toxic chemicals require a

proper disposal service.

3.5.2 Safety

Since the work involves dangerous chemicals and power tools, we

will need to take the necessary safety precautions:

i. Wear safety equipment during the whole process - gloves,

protection glasses, and an apron

ii. Work near an emergency eyewash station, a first aid box and a

phone

iii. Familiarize yourself with the proper use of all equipment and tools

in the lab - if you are unsure of anything, ask a supervisor of the

project.

3.5.3 Etching Process

Etching is the process of using acid to remove coppers that not need

on the PCB (PRITED CIRCUIT BOARD). This acid is Acid Ferric

Chloride III. Acid Ferric Chloride III is used to remove that coppers.

The steps of the etching process are:

i. Print the schematic onto transparent paper and cut it with the

same size of PCB board.

29

Figure 3.4 Transparent Paper That Have Cut

ii. Stick the schematic diagram on PCB board.

iii. Paste the etching circuit onto transparent paper with UV Board

using expose machine. It‟s to make PCB paper joined with

board.

iv. This process takes about 30 second.

Figure 3.5. UV Expose Process

v. Dilute the acid with a little hot water and make sure that the

mixture is not too liquid and too concentrated.

vi. Then, put the board into the mixed (Acid Ferric Chloride III +

Hot water) to remove the useless copper.

Figure 3.6: Process To Remove Unused Chopper

30

vii. When PCB was soaked into this mix, we must always shake

the container with the acid so that the unwanted copper will

remove.

viii. After Acid remove unused copper, take the PCB to wash with

clean water.

ix. Then, use sand paper to rub the lines colors. In addition,

detergent powder can also be used to remove the ink. Next,

just leave only the desired circuit PCB only.

3.6 Drilling Process

3.6.1 Material and Equipments :

Bench clamp or support

Dot punch or sharp tool

Drilling machine or hand drill

1mm bits

3.6.2 Introduction of Drilling Process

After the etching process finished, the PCB will be punched using hand

drilling machine. Hole is necessary to mount component (example:

resistor, capacitor, inductor, tip 122, crystal, PIC base and etc). Before

drilling, a dot punch is used to mark the hole position. This serves as a

shallow guide for the drill bit to align easily while drilling. Any other

sharp pointed tool can be use to do the marking. Points/eye drill used

must be appropriate to the hole to be punched between 0.75 to 1.0 mm.

The purpose of this process is to facilitate the installation work on the

circuit components of the PCB. During drilling, do not be pressed too

strong because it may cause eye drill broken up and dangerous for the

31

people around. Hold the drill steady and drill in straight slowly. The

hole will be drilled with little force applied.

3.7 Insert the Component

Foot of component was inserted into the drilled hole that has been completed.

It is easier if started with the low component first. Components that are

installed must be inspected prior to use multimeter to find out whether these

components are in good condition or not. This process is quite important

because we should insert the component correctly to avoid from circuit

failure. Besides, some components have their own pole like diode, capacitor

and other else. After finished the inserting process, we check it once again

with the schematic to make sure all the component were at the position or

holes.

3.8 Soldering Process

Soldering is defined as "the joining of metals by a fusion of alloys which

have relatively low melting points". In other words, we use a metal that

has a low melting point to adhere the surfaces to be soldered together.

Soldering is more like gluing with molten metal than anything else.

Soldering is also a must have skill for all sorts of electrical and electronics

work. It is also a skill that must be taught correctly and developed with

practice.

Steps to Solder :

i. Quickly remove the tip of the soldering iron from Heat up the

soldering iron for five to 10 minutes, allowing the iron to reach

maximum operating temperature. If the soldering iron has two

32

temperature settings selectable with a switch, select lower temperature

when soldering small electronic components to a board and select the

higher temperature when soldering heavier wires. Apply a small

amount of solder to the tip and rotate so the entire tip becomes lightly

covered with a thin layer of solder. This is called "tinning" the tip.

ii. Connect the two surfaces to be soldered together so the metal parts are

touching. If soldering wires, simply twist the two wire ends together

so they don't pull apart while being soldered. If soldering electronic

components, simply seat the component wires into the holes of the

circuit board where the component is to be placed.

iii. Touch the hot tip of the soldering iron to all metal parts touching

together so they are evenly heated. Allow the surface to heat for just

three to five seconds, then touch the tip of the solder to the heated

metal objects, not directly to the tip of the soldering iron. Allow a

small amount of solder to flow onto the metal components or wires

until just enough solder has been applied to cover the entire surface of

the wires or components.

iv. the soldered surface and wipe the tip of the iron on a wet sponge

immediately to remove solder. Wiping the solder off the tip will

prevent it from burning and forming a black coat on the soldering iron

tip.

v. Allow the solder joint to cool for several minutes before applying

power to the wires or the device soldered.

33

3.9 Circuit Testing

For testing and improvement process, we took almost four weeks to make it

work. In the calendar project activities, we were given four weeks to settle all

the testing and improvement process. The purpose of testing the electric was

to determined and located any of the following conditions :

1) An open circuit

2) A short circuit with another conductor in the same circuit.

3) A ground, which is a short circuit between the conductor and

circuit.

4) Leakage ( a high resistance path across a portion of the circuit, to

another circuit, or to ground ).

5) A cross ( a short circuit or leakage between conductors of different

circuit )

As a first step, we have done the short circuit testing using an analog

multimeter. Before used the multimeter, we set up the multimeter to zero. To

pointer the meter exactly on the zero line, we rotate the adjusting screw, Then

we connect the multimeter probes to the circuit being tested. After that, we

observed the meter needle movement. Luckily the needle does not move, this

means circuit was not short.

Then we move on the second step, which is testing an open circuit. Open circuit

test, sometimes called no – load test, is one of the method in electrical

engineering order to determine a break exists in a complete conducting

pathway. Open circuit can cause by excessive current. Again, multimeter was

used to check

whether the circuits are open or in normal condition. We only gave the required

current to the circuit, so we did not face an open circuit problem. This mean our

circuits were in normal condition.

34

3.10 Troubleshooting

The most problem like the fault soldering. Check all the soldering joint

suspicious. If you discover the short track or the short soldering joint, re-

solder at that point and check other the soldering joint. Check the position of

all component on the PCB. See that there are no components missing or

inserted in the wrong places. Make sure that all the polarised components

have been soldered the right way round.

3.11 Project Designation

3.11.1 Research and Analysis Project

Research is important to ensure the project that is yet to progress can

have a good start so that it would not cost any problem during the

project development. So, the vital information such as the circuit, the

component usage ,the commercial needs and much are indeed

important . It is as the circuit, ensure the can understand more on how

important is the project. The source can be obtained from lectures,

books and also internet.

3.11.2 The Project Reformation

We must read and understand all data that we have. Data and

information have to be compiled and all information we had got had to

be arranged systematically for progress. From time all information and

data must to upgrade for information and follow the project‟s

progression.

35

3.11.3 Session Discussion and Problem Settle

Discussion session were held every week to discuss the project

development. All the problem are discussed so that it can be solved

quickly. Problem that can‟t be handled were too addressed quickly to

the project supervisor. To make the project difficult everything that is

going to be done must be planned properly (proper planning). This can

ensure the project flow is smooth without any interruptions.

3.12 Software Part

3.12.1 Identify Every Software Components Inside The Schematic

Diagram

i. Proteus VSM 6.9 to design schematic diagram

ii. Eagle to design PCB

3.13 Study About The PIC16F877A That Has Been Use

Microcontroller PIC16F877A is one of the PIC Microcontroller Family

microcontroller which is popular at this moment, start from beginner until all

professionals. Because very easy using PIC16F877A and use FLASH

memory technology so that can be write-erase until thousand times. The

superiority this Risc Microcontroller compared to with other microcontroller

8-bit especially at a speed of and his code compression. PIC16F877A have 40

pin by 33 path of I/O.

PIC16F877A is a small piece of semiconductor integrated circuits. The

package type of this integrated circuits is DIP package. DIP stand for Dual

Inline Package for semiconductor IC. This package is very easy to be

36

soldered onto the strip board. However using a DIP socket is much more

easier so that this chip can be plugged and removed from the development

board. PIC16F877A is very cheap. Apart from that it is also very easy to be

assembled. Additional components that you need to make this IC work is just

a 5V power supply adapter, a 20MHz crystal oscillator and 2 units of 22pF

capacitors. The advantage of this IC can be reprogrammed and erased up to

10,000 times. Therefore it is very good for new product development phase.

Figure 3.7: Structure and Diagram of PIC16F877A

3.13.1 PIC16F877A Microcontroller Features

Special Microcontroller Features

i. 100,000 erase/write cycle Enhanced Flash program memory typical

ii. Self-reprogrammable under software control

iii. Single-supply 5V In-Circuit Serial Programming

iv. Watchdog Timer (WDT) with its own on-chip RC oscilloscope

v. Programmable Code Protection

vi. Power-Saving Sleeping mode

37

Peripheral Features

i. Two 8-bit (TMR0, TMR2)timer/counter with Pre-scalar

ii. One 16-bit timer/counter

iii. Brown-out detection circuitry

iv. Parallel Slave Port (PSP): 40/44 pin-device only

High-Performance RISC CPU

i. Only 35 single-word instructions to learn

ii. DC-20MHz clock input

iii. Up to 8K x 14 words of Flash Program Memory

iv. Pin out Compatible to other 28-pin or 40/44-pin

Analog Features

i. 10-bit, up to 8-channel Analog-to-Digital Converter (A/D)

ii. Brown-out Reset(BOR)

iii. Two analog comparators

iv. Programmable on-chip voltage reference (VREF) module

CMOS Technology

i. Low-power, high-speed Flash/EEPROM technology

ii. Fully static design

iii. Wide operating voltage range (2.0V to 5.5V)

iv. Low-power consumption

38

3.13.2 PIC16f877A Block Diagram

Figure 3.8 : PIC16F877A block diagram

39

3.13.3 PIC16F877A Register File Map

Figure 3.9 : PIC16F877A Register File Map

40

3.13.4 Function Of PIC16f877A Pin Out

No.

Pin

Descriptions

1 MCLR / VPP Master Clear (input) or programming voltage (output).

This is an active low RESET to the device.

2 RA0 / AN0 can also be analog input 0.

3 RA1 / AN1 can also be analog input 1.

4 RA2 / AN2 / VREF – can also be analog input 2 or A/D reference

voltage ( LOW ) input.

5 RA3 / AN3 / VREF + can be also analog input 3 or A/D reference

voltage ( HIGH ) voltage.

6 RA4 / T0CK1 / C1OUT can also be timer 0 external clock input.

Comparator 1 output.

7 RA5 / AN4 / SS can also be analog input4 or the salve Select. for the

synchronous serial port

8 RE0/RD/AN5 can also be analog input4 or the salve Select.

for the synchronous parallel port5

9 RE1/WR/AN6 can also be analog input4 or the salve Select. for the

synchronous serial port6

10 RE2/CS/AN7 can also be analog input4 or the salve Select for the

synchronous serial port7

11 VSS can also be ground reference for logic and i/o pins

12 VDD can also be positive supply for logic and i/o pins.

13 OSC1/CLKIN oscillator crystal input/external clocsk source input.

14 OSC2/CLKOUT oscillator crystal output

15 RC0 / T1OSO / T1CKI can also be Timer 1 oscillator output. Timer1

external clock input

16 RC1/ T1OSI / CCP2 can also be Timer1 oscillator input. Capture2

input, Compare2 output, PWM2 output

17 RC2 / CCP1 can also be Capture1 input, Compare1 output, PWM1

41

output.

18 RC3 / SCK / SCL can also be synchronous serial clock input/output for

SPI mode. Synchronous serial clock input/output for IC mode.

19 RD0/PSP0

20 RD1/PSP1

21 RD2/PSP2

22 RD3/PSP3

23 RB3 / PGM can also be low-voltage ( single supply ) ICSP

programming enable pin.

24 RC5 / SDO can also be SPI data out

25 RC6 / TX / CK can also be USART asynchronous transmit. USART 1

synchronous clock

26 RC7 / RX / DT can also be USART asynchronous receive. USART

synchronous data.

27 RD4/PSP4

28 RD5/PSP5

29 RD6/PSP6

30 RD7/PSP7

31 RC4 / SDI / SDA can also be SPI data in. IC data i/o.

32 VSS can also be ground reference for logic and i/o pin

33 VDD can also be positive supply for logic and i/o pins

34 RBO / INT can also be external interrupt

35 RB1 can also be digital i/o.

36 RB2 can also be digital i/o.

37 RB4 can also be digital i/o.

38 RB6 / PGC can also be In-circuit debugger and ICSP programming

clock.

39 RB5 can also be digital i/o.

40 RB7 / PGD can also be In-circuit debugger

Table 3.2: Function Of PIC16f877A Pin Out

42

3.14 Programming

3.14.1 Source Code

Define OSC 8 ' Core is running at 48MHz

Define LCD_DREG PORTb

Define LCD_DBIT 4

Define LCD_RSREG PORTB

Define LCD_RSBIT 1

Define LCD_EREG PORTB

Define LCD_EBIT 3

DEFINE LCD_RWREG PORTB

DEFINE LCD_RWBIT 2

DEFINE I2C_SLOW 1

' Alias pins

SDA Var PORTc.7

SCL Var PORTc.6

TRISd = %00001111

TRISC = %00101111

' Allocate variables

RTCYear Var Byte

RTCMonth Var Byte

RTCDate Var Byte

RTCDay Var Byte

RTCHour Var Byte

RTCMin Var Byte

RTCSec Var Byte

RTCCtrl Var Byte

mybcd var byte

mybyte var byte

mybcd1 var byte

mybyte1 var byte

b2 var byte

j var byte

TEMPHOUR VAR BYTE

TEMPMIN VAR BYTE

HOURBTN VAR PORTD.0

MINBTN VAR PORTD.1

ENTERBTN VAR PORTC.3

SETBTN VAR PORTC.2

buzzer var portd.5

alarmhour var byte

alarmmin var byte

portd = %00000010

sensor_water var portd.2

sensor_rain var portd.3

pump_siram var portd.7

pump_water var portd.6

sensor var portc.5

i var word

Pause 500 ' Wait for LCD to startup

sensor1 var word

43

sensor2 var word

' Set initial time to 8:00:00AM 06/21/05

RTCYear = $05

RTCMonth = $06

RTCDate = $21

RTCDay = $02

RTCHour = $08

RTCMin = 2

RTCSec = 4

RTCCtrl = 0

low pump_siram

low pump_water

low buzzer

pause 2000

Gosub settime ' Set the time

mainloop:

if sensor_water = 0 then

sensor1 = 0

low pump_water

pause 10

endif

if sensor_water = 1 then

sensor1 = 1

high pump_water

high buzzer

pause 100

low buzzer

pause 100

endif

if sensor_rain = 1 then

sensor2 = 1

endif

if sensor_rain = 0 then

sensor2 = 0

endif

if enterbtn= 0 then

high pump_siram

pause 1000

endif

if enterbtn = 1 then

low pump_siram

pause 100

endif

44

gosub set_time

Gosub gettime

gosub compare_alarm

Lcdout $fe, 1

LCDOUT $FE, 2

LCDOUT " TIME: ", hex2 RTCHour, ":", hex2 RTCMin, ":",

hex2 RTCSec

LCDOUT $FE, $C0

LCDOUT "RAIN= ",DEC SENSOR2, " WATER= ", DEC SENSOR1

Pause 200

IF SETBTN =0 THEN

GOTO SET_ALARM

ENDIF

Goto mainloop

End

SET_TIME:

IF HOURBTN = 0 THEN

GOSUB GETTIME

'MYBCD= RTCHOUR

TEMPHOUR = ((RTCHOUR >> 4 ) * 10 ) + (RTCHOUR & 15 )

TEMPHOUR = TEMPHOUR + 1

IF TEMPHOUR >=24 THEN

TEMPHOUR = 0

ENDIF

RTCHOUR = ((TEMPHOUR / 10 ) << 4 ) + (TEMPHOUR // 10 )

I2CWrite SDA, SCL, $D0, $00, [00]

I2CWrite SDA, SCL, $D0, $02, [RTCHOUR]

pause 10

gosub gettime

Lcdout $fe, 1, " TIME: ", hex2 RTCHour, ":", hex2

RTCMin, ":", hex2 RTCSec

pause 300

endif

IF MINBTN = 0 THEN

GOSUB GETTIME

' MYBCD= RTCMIN

TEMPMIN = ((RTCMIN >> 4 ) * 10 ) + (RTCMIN & 15 )

TEMPMIN = TEMPMIN + 1

IF TEMPMIN >=60 THEN

TEMPMIN = 0

ENDIF

RTCMIN = ((TEMPMIN / 10 ) << 4 ) + (TEMPMIN // 10 )

I2CWrite SDA, SCL, $D0, $00, [00]

I2CWrite SDA, SCL, $D0, $01, [RTCMIN]

pause 10

gosub gettime

Lcdout $fe, 1, " TIME: ", hex2 RTCHour, ":", hex2

RTCMin, ":", hex2 RTCSec

pause 300

endif

45

RETURN

gettime:

I2CRead SDA, SCL, $D1, $00, [RTCSec]

pause 10

I2CRead SDA, SCL, $D1, $01, [RTCMin]

pause 10

I2CRead SDA, SCL, $D1, $02, [RTCHour]

pause 10

Return

settime:

I2CRead SDA, SCL, $D0, $00, [RTCSec]

I2CRead SDA, SCL, $D0, $01, [RTCMin]

I2CRead SDA, SCL, $D0, $02, [RTCHour]

Return

SET_ALARM:

for i = 1 to 10

gosub set_alarm1

next i

RETURN

set_alarm1:

loop1:

read i,b2

temphour = b2

alarmhour = ((tempHOUR >> 4 ) * 10 ) + (tempHOUR & 15 )

read (i+20),b2

tempmin= b2

alarmmin = ((tempMIN >> 4 ) * 10 ) + (tempMIN & 15 )

IF HOURBTN=0 THEN

AlarmHOUR = AlarmHOUR +1

IF AlarmHOUR =>24 THEN

AlarmHOUR = 0

ENDIF

b2= ((alarmHOUR / 10 ) << 4 ) + (alarmHOUR // 10)

write i,b2

endif

IF minBTN=0 THEN

Alarmmin = Alarmmin +1

IF Alarmmin =>60 THEN

Alarmmin = 0

ENDIF

b2= ((alarmmin / 10 ) << 4 ) + (alarmmin // 10)

46

write (i+20),b2

endif

if enterbtn = 0 then

pause 600

goto exit_loop

endif

Lcdout $fe, 1, " ALARM",dec i,": ", DEC2

AlarmHOUR, ":", DEC2 alarmmin

pause 700

goto loop1

exit_loop:

return

compare_alarm:

if rtcsec = 05 then

gosub gettime

TEMPHOUR = ((RTCHOUR >> 4 ) * 10 ) + (RTCHOUR & 15 )

TEMPMIN = ((RTCMIN >> 4 ) * 10 ) + (RTCMIN & 15 )

for i = 1 to 20

read i,b2

alarmHOUR = ((b2 >> 4 ) * 10 ) + (b2 & 15 )

read i+20,b2

alarmmin = ((b2 >> 4 ) * 10 ) + (b2 & 15 )

if temphour = alarmhour and tempmin = alarmmin and

sensor_rain = 1 then

Lcdout $fe, 1, " ALARM ON"

high pump_siram

pause 5000

low pump_siram

pause 500

endif

next i

endif

return

47

3.14.2 Burning The PIC16F877A

1. Open the PIC programmable and chose the PIC that you want to

burn.

Figure 3.10: PIC Programmable Start Up

2. Click file and click open. Find the location of the source code that

have been compile. Then click the HEX file.

Figure 3.11: PIC programmable HEX.file

48

Figure 3.12: To Drag Source Code

3. The program will run.

Figure 3.13: Run HEX. file

49

3.14.3 Hex File

:10000000B2019A29B216B21EB212B2190B28B21559

:100010004420031832280830A3005920A20DA30B56

:100020000D28B21E3D2063205F20B21A32203720F7

:10003000220803109529B216B21EB21232192528D1

:10004000FE39B300321503109529321A2D28A60067

:10005000321644200318322826084C200318322870

:10006000B21E95293D20632032113212B21136089A

:100070008400340884178004432836088400340937

:1000800080058417800595293720632099213D201C

:100090005F203308B2190138A2000830A300A20D76

:1000A00003183720031C3D2063205F20A30B4F283B

:1000B000372063203608840034080005FF3E3708E7

:1000C0008400350940283708840035083A28040898

:1000D000A700861186100611831686118610061158

:1000E0000F30860583122708B21894283A30A100F1

:1000F00098301C213330A600A8201330A10088308E

:100100001C21A82064301B21A82064301B21223030

:10011000A600A820283093200C309320063093208E

:10012000B214270894283214A600321CA228861084

:10013000033C031CA728A7200730A100D0301C21B6

:10014000031408003214FE3C031995298614321C4E

:10015000321086150F3086052608F0398604861180

:10016000A60E3218A82832301B2103140800B3133E

:1001700029080319B3170430A800250EC420250848

:10018000C420240EC42024080F39F63E0318073E6D

:100190000A3EE728B31329080319B3170530A8004E

:1001A0002730A3001030E0200330A300E830E02027

:1001B000A3016430E020A3010A30E0202408E728EE

:1001C000A2002508A1002408A0005E212008A000AC

:1001D000A8030319B31329080319F12828020318E7

50

:1001E00008002008031DB313B31B0800303E9029FC

:1001F00003178D0083168C130C1483120C08952999

:1002000003178C0083168C130C1555308D00AA3003

:100210008D008C148C180A290C119529A301A200B9

:10022000FF30A207031CA307031C95290330A1007C

:10023000E3301C211029A101F43EA000A109FE30E9

:10024000031C2529A00703182229A0076400A10F79

:100250002229000020182C2920182E29080003101C

:10026000A00DA10DFF3E03182F292008952903108A

:10027000A10CA00CFF3E0318372920089529A101E5

:10028000A301A20002304729A20001304729A8009B

:1002900023082102031D4E292208200204300318DE

:1002A0000130031902302805031DFF30952900385D

:1002B000031DFF300405031DFF309529A501A4018E

:1002C0001030A600210DA40DA50D2208A4022308BC

:1002D000031C230FA502031874292208A40723086E

:1002E0000318230FA5070310A00DA10DA60B62296B

:1002F000200895291030A800A101A001A70CA60C88

:10030000031C88292208A00723080318230FA1072C

:10031000A10CA00CA50CA40CA80B7E2924089529DF

:10032000840031088A00300882008313031383128B

:100330006400080083160F3088002F308700831276

:10034000023088000130A300F4308A010F2105300B

:10035000D3000630D1002130CD000230CE0008306D

:10036000CF000230D0000430D200CC0188138316B5

:1003700088138312081383160813831288128316B6

:10038000881283120730A300D0308A010F218A110E

:100390000A12752464008A110A120819D829BA01B0

:1003A000BB010813831608130A3083128A010E2139

:1003B00064008A110A12081DF2290130BA00BB013B

:1003C0000817831608138312881683168812643060

:1003D00083128A010E2188128316881264308312D8

51

:1003E0008A010E2164008A110A12881DFA2901303F

:1003F000BC00BD0164008A110A128819012ABC01DF

:10040000BD0164008A110A1287190F2A8817831602

:10041000881383120330A300E8308A010F2164009F

:100420008A110A12871D1B2A8813831688136430C9

:1004300083128A010E218A110A12BD228A110A1220

:1004400038248A110A12DB25FE308A016820013027

:100450008A016820FE308A01682002308A01682003

:1004600020308A01682054308A01682049308A018E

:1004700068204D308A01682045308A0168203A3072

:100480008A01682020308A0168200230A9004F08C4

:10049000A400A5016730B000B1018A01B7203A304D

:1004A0008A0168200230A9005008A400A501673025

:1004B000B000B1018A01B7203A308A0168200230C9

:1004C000A9005208A400A5016730B000B1018A015B

:1004D000B720FE308A016820C0308A01682052307F

:1004E0008A01682041308A01682049308A016820E9

:1004F0004E308A0168203D308A01682020308A0110

:100500006820A9013C08A4003D08A5006730B000A0

:10051000B1018A01CA2020308A01682057308A013F

:10052000682041308A01682054308A0168204530B3

:100530008A01682052308A0168203D308A01682093

:1005400020308A016820A9013A08A4003B08A500D0

:100550006730B000B1018A01CA20C8308A010E217B

:1005600064008A110A120719B82A8A110A12A92CE2

:100570008A01CA2963008A01BA2A64008A110A1210

:1005800008187A2B8A110A1238244F08A000A101FA

:1005900004308A013A21BE002108BF003E08A600AF

:1005A0003F08A7000A30A200A3018A017A21BE00F9

:1005B0002508BF000F304F05C000C1013E084007AD

:1005C000D400D40A6400183054028A110A12031CA1

:1005D000EA2AD4015408A000A1010A30A200A30114

52

:1005E0008A015E21BE002108BF003E08A0003F082E

:1005F000A10004308A013221BE002108BF00540846

:10060000A000A1010A30A200A3018A015E212408F2

:10061000C0002508C1003E084007CF000730B600E3

:100620008030B4000730B7004030B500D0308A01C8

:100630001D2000308A011D2000308A011B20073058

:10064000B6008030B4000730B7004030B500D0307D

:100650008A011D2002308A011D204F088A011B20BB

:100660000A308A010E218A110A123824FE308A01CA

:10067000682001308A01682020308A0168205430C7

:100680008A01682049308A0168204D308A0168203B

:1006900045308A0168203A308A01682020308A017A

:1006A00068200230A9004F08A400A5016730B000FF

:1006B000B1018A01B7203A308A0168200230A900CE

:1006C0005008A400A5016730B000B1018A01B7202D

:1006D0003A308A0168200230A9005208A400A5011E

:1006E0006730B000B1018A01B7200130A3002C307F

:1006F0008A010F2164008A110A128818372C8A1186

:100700000A1238245008A000A10104308A013A21BD

:10071000BE002108BF003E08A6003F08A7000A301F

:10072000A200A3018A017A21BE002508BF000F3074

:100730005005C000C1013E084007D500D50A64003D

:100740003C3055028A110A12031CA72BD50155080B

:10075000A000A1010A30A200A3018A015E21BE000F

:100760002108BF003E08A0003F08A10004308A0114

:100770003221BE002108BF005508A000A1010A30A7

:10078000A200A3018A015E212408C0002508C1003F

:100790003E084007D0000730B6008030B400073074

:1007A000B7004030B500D0308A011D2000308A01EA

:1007B0001D2000308A011B200730B6008030B400B5

:1007C0000730B7004030B500D0308A011D2001301D

:1007D0008A011D2050088A011B200A308A010E213F

53

:1007E0008A110A123824FE308A01682001308A01F9

:1007F000682020308A01682054308A0168204930FE

:100800008A0168204D308A01682045308A016820BD

:100810003A308A01682020308A0168200230A9001D

:100820004F08A400A5016730B000B1018A01B720CC

:100830003A308A0168200230A9005008A400A501BE

:100840006730B000B1018A01B7203A308A016820D0

:100850000230A9005208A400A5016730B000B10120

:100860008A01B7200130A3002C308A010F21080033

:100870000730B6008030B4000730B7004030B50014

:10088000D1308A011D2000308A011D208A010220FA

:10089000D2000A308A010E210730B6008030B40041

:1008A0000730B7004030B500D1308A011D2001303B

:1008B0008A011D208A010220D0000A308A010E21FF

:1008C0000730B6008030B4000730B7004030B500C4

:1008D000D1308A011D2002308A011D208A010220A8

:1008E000CF000A308A010E2108000730B6008030A0

:1008F000B4000730B7004030B500D0308A011D2069

:1009000000308A011D208A010220D2000730B60083

:100910008030B4000730B7004030B500D0308A01D5

:100920001D2001308A011D208A010220D0000730DD

:10093000B6008030B4000730B7004030B500D0308A

:100940008A011D2002308A011D208A010220CF0069

:1009500008000130B800B9013808A0003908A1002A

:10096000A3010A308A0144218A110A12031DC22CF4

:100970008A110A12C324B80A0319B90A8A110A1281

:10098000031DAC2C080038088A01F820C600460870

:10099000D4005408A000A10104308A013A21BE000D

:1009A0002108BF003E08A6003F08A7000A30A200A9

:1009B000A3018A017A21BE002508BF000F3054052B

:1009C000C000C1013E084007C40014303807BE0013

:1009D00039080318013EBF003E088A01F820C6000E

54

:1009E0004608D5005508A000A10104308A013A212B

:1009F000BE002108BF003E08A6003F08A7000A303D

:100A0000A200A3018A017A21BE002508BF000F3091

:100A10005505C000C1013E084007C50064008A11A9

:100A20000A120818472DC40A6400183044028A11BB

:100A30000A12031C1C2DC4014408A000A1010A30A5

:100A4000A200A3018A015E21BE002108BF003E086A

:100A5000A0003F08A10004308A013221BE00210815

:100A6000BF004408A000A1010A30A200A3018A012E

:100A70005E212408C0002508C1003E084007C600CA

:100A8000380803178D00031346088A01002164000B

:100A90008A110A128818872DC50A64003C30450265

:100AA0008A110A12031C552DC5014508A000A10199

:100AB0000A30A200A3018A015E21BE002108BF0006

:100AC0003E08A0003F08A10004308A013221BE0088

:100AD0002108BF004508A000A1010A30A200A3011F

:100AE0008A015E212408C0002508C1003E08400795

:100AF000C60014303807BE0039080318013EBF0095

:100B00003E0803178D00031346088A010021640084

:100B10008A110A128719942D0230A30058308A01D5

:100B20000F218A110A12DA2DFE308A016820013065

:100B30008A01682020308A01682041308A016820BB

:100B40004C308A01682041308A01682052308A0185

:100B500068204D308A016820A9013808A4003908AE

:100B6000A5006730B000B1018A01CA203A308A017D

:100B7000682020308A0168200230A9004408A400BF

:100B8000A5016730B000B1018A01CA203A308A015C

:100B900068200230A9004508A400A5016730B00014

:100BA000B1018A01CA200230A300BC308A010F21A2

:100BB0008A01C32C080064005208053C8A110A12FD

:100BC000031DD62E8A0138244F08A000A10104304D

:100BD0008A013A21BE002108BF003E08A6003F0856

55

:100BE000A7000A30A200A3018A017A21BE002508CD

:100BF000BF000F304F05C000C1013E084007D400C0

:100C00005008A000A10104308A013A21BE00210849

:100C1000BF003E08A6003F08A7000A30A200A301BB

:100C20008A017A21BE002508BF000F305005C000A0

:100C3000C1013E084007D5000130B800B9013808AD

:100C4000A0003908A100A30114308A0144218A11AF

:100C50000A12031DD62E38088A01F820C60046085D

:100C6000A000A10104308A013A21BE002108BF0082

:100C70003E08A6003F08A7000A30A200A3018A018F

:100C80007A21BE002508BF000F304605C000C10113

:100C90003E084007C40014303807BE003908031866

:100CA000013EBF003E088A01F820C6004608A000A9

:100CB000A10104308A013A21BE002108BF003E088C

:100CC000A6003F08A7000A30A200A3018A017A21EA

:100CD000BE002508BF000F304605C000C1013E0818

:100CE0004007C5005408A00044088A013F21BE0007

:100CF0005508A00045088A013F21C0003E08840035

:100D000040088A015721C000C10000308819013015

:100D1000A00001308A013F21C20040084104840044

:100D200042088A015721C200C300640042084304FC

:100D30008A110A120319CF2EFE308A016820013071

:100D40008A01682020308A01682041308A016820A9

:100D50004C308A01682041308A01682052308A0173

:100D600068204D308A01682020308A0168204F3089

:100D70008A0168204E308A016820881783168813FC

:100D800083121330A30088308A010F218813831641

:100D9000881383120130A300F4308A010F21B80AAE

:0E0DA0000319B90A8A110A12031D1F2E08003A

:02400E007A3FF7

:00000001FF

56

CHAPTER 4

FINDING AND ANALYZING

4.1 Introduction

Finding and analyzing is a research to get the information about the project.

In this chapter we will discusses on the result, findings and the assessment

from the analysis conducted in this project.

After the development of the Water Recycle System, this project will be

analyzed to measure the effectiveness and to ensure the objectives of the

project successfully achieved. Throughout the analysis stage, strengths and

weakness of the Water Recycle System were identified.

Generally, there are three aspects stressed in the analysis, which are the

behavior, ability and sensitivities of the Water Recycle System.

4.2 Water Recycle System

This Water Recycle System runs off of using 12VDC plug in of power

supply. It communicates with the PIC16F877A, simplifying development.

This particular Water Recycle System use a copper plate sensor that will

transmit signal to these system to operate. We use IC LM 324 as a receiver

and as a transmitter for Water Recycle System. A water pump 12VAC used to

control and pump water from the tank.

57

In order to accomplish its designated purpose the system must meet the

following requirements:

Physical

I. It should be lighter.

II. Must be able to have microcontroller, battery(s), pump, sensors,

and other electronics mounted on it.

Electronics

I. Must be able to execute or solving commands.

II. Must process input from several devices (sensors, switches/buttons)

III. Must communicate with sensor

IV. Must output control signals to pump

Feedback/Sensors

I. Must be able to detect a presence of water.

4.2.1 The Behavior Of Water Recycle System

The first step in the analysis process is to identify the character and

functionality of the Water Recycle System. Analysis were conducted

based on the objectives of the project that have been created last

semester which is the ability to detect the presence of water, This

system will also have overrides that can be received from the base

station or from onboard switches and executed.

58

Figure 4.0: Pump Controller

Pump controller is used to manage the use of water from the main

tank in a day. The uses is depends on the individual, example he

wanted to use the water three times in the day, he just need to set the

time at the pump controller.

How to use pump controller:

i. Press „SET‟ button to set time in 24 Hour.

Figure 4.1: Pump Controller Setting

59

Use „HOUR‟ button and „MINUTE‟ button to adjust the time of

water uses.

ii. Press „ENTER‟ button after set the first uses to set the next uses.

Figure 4.2: Second Step Pump Controller Setting

4.2.2 The Water Recycle System Abilities

Once the system characteristics have been identified, the next step is

the analysis for identification of strengths and weakness of this system

when it‟s have been complete build. This system is tested by . From

this experiment conducted, this system will not allow the water level

in the main tank is dry, because the height of the water level will be

controlled by a sensor

60

Figure 4.3: Main Tank

4.2.3 Project’s evaluation

4.2.3.1 Problem in the Project

Through out the development of the Water Recycle System,

some problem and obstacles are encountered involving

software, hardware and mechanical parts the problems are

summarized.

Many problems that occur when we build this Water Recycle

System. There are:

I. Water pump don‟t have any respond.

II. When want to choose the types of programming

language.

III. The display panel do not function properly.

IV. When we want to design of the Water Recycle System.

V. System stuck when pump running.

61

4.2.3.2 Way to Solve the Problem

i. Water pump don‟t have any respond.

This water pump is operating at a high rate of current

flow. Either way, the motors provide plenty of power to

drive any small component. Caused by the overall state

of the problem, this system will be interrupted called

distortion. To solve the problem, a capacitor 104

(0.1uF) was placed between the positive terminal and

negative terminal of water pump. This aims to reduce

the distortion that occurs and the smooth flow of

current. Because this problem can be solved some other

problems also completed example system stuck when

pump running and the display panel do not function

properly.

Figure 4.4: Water Pump 12VDC

62

Figure 4.5: Capacitor 104 (0.1uF)

ii. Programming Language

It took a long time to choose the suitable programming

language either PIC Basic programming or assembly

language or C++ programmer. After some

consideration took place, the PIC BASIC is chosen to

program this project. PIC instruction set is limited.

4.3 Project Costing

4.3.1 Hardware Listing

ITEMS QUANTITY PRICE (RM)

Prospect 1x1 1 20

20 Foot Steel 2 28

Screws And Bolt 35 20

Span 1 1

Vessels Of The Large 1 6

Vessels Of The Small 2 10

Ex-Pam 2 6

Boards 4x2 1 13

63

Small Pipes 1 13

Small Water Divider 1 1

Large Water Divider 1 7

Big Casing Box 1 30

Small Casing Box 1 15

Power Supply 12vdc 1 20

Wire 5 15

Normally End Switch 1 10

Cable Tie 20 2

Small Binder Screws

Wire

16 12

Glue 502 1 3

Grass Carpet 1 5

Mosquito Nets 1 5

TOTAL 248

Table 4.0: Hardware Listing

4.3.2 Electronic Components Listing

COMPONENTS QUANTITY PRICE (RM)

PIC 16F877A 1 21

PLAT SENSOR 4 2

IC COMPARATOR 1 4

VARIABLE

RESISTOR

3 1.5

RESISTOR 10K 10 2

CYRSTAL (H49U) 1 2.5

IC CLOCK DS1307 1 12.5

BATERY 1 5

64

CAPACITOR 104

(O.4UF)

2 1

CERAMIC

CAPACITOR 3.3Pf

2 1

PUMP VIPER 12V 2 20

BUZZER 1 4.50

LCD DISPLAY 20X4 1 46

RESISTOR BAR

A1035

1 1.5

TIP122

TRANSISTOR

2 3

PCB BOARD 1 28

PCB CONNECTOR 2

WAY

5 2.5

PCB CONNECTOR 3

WAY

1 1

PCB CONNECTOR 4

WAY

2 2.5

PCB CONNECTOR 5

WAY

1 1.5

PCB CONNECTOR

12 WAY

1 4

TOTAL 53 167

Table 4.1: Electronic Components Listing

4.3.3 Overall Costing

= Total Hardware + Total Electronic Components

= RM 248.00 + RM 167

= RM415.00

65

CHAPTER 5

DISCUSSION

5.1 Introduction

After a long time to complete our final project, finally we have successfully

completed the project Water Recycle System followed by the schedule of

Semester 6.

All plans that have completely done with difficult and trouble what we get

during do this project. But we still patient and give full commitment to do this

project. After finding an idea to another idea of project suggestion, all the

process has done with full-commitment. For the results, full of the project of

water recycle system done successfully.

5.2 Problem Of Material

In our project we decided our project chasing must in lightweight, this is

because it‟s easy to carry over to anywhere. So we having a problem to

choose what kind of material that we need to use in our project. Solution to

this problem is that we have select plastic casings that have outstanding

shrink ability for a smooth-surfaced, tight finish and are available in a wide

range of standard colors and sizes. From stuffing to the finished package, the

multi-layered construction makes them an excellent choice for all types of

applications.

66

Figure 5.0: Plastic Casings

5.3 Problem To Wiring And Programming

The problem that we faced is to create wiring and programming that include

water pump and PIC controller because we never done it before. After we

have learned and research, finally we find the way to create the wiring with

cooperation of Electrical Department Lecture and senior.

67

CHAPTER 6

CONCLUSION

6.1 Introduction

We can conclude that this project had fulfilled and achieve our objective and

this project operated in good condition. We also learn how the hardware and

software will communicate each other. Beside that, we learn how to wiring,

how to create a program, and other hardware component.

6.2 Conclusion

This chapter will explain about conclusion and suggestion based on analyzing

and discussion chapters. We make conclusion after make some research about

our objective of creating this project. Otherwise, suggestion is about an

improvement that we had done to our project.

This final project is one of the subjects in our Diploma, we need to take this

subject to our diploma. This subject is very important to the polytechnic

student to train the student how to handle a project and how to cooperate each

others to implement this project. This will help the student can working well

or good performance in the future when they go out to the industry. For this

semester, we already done a part of our project, we already learn many thing

from beginning until now. For our experience in this few months, we think

68

that the most important thing in this project is the cooperation between the

project partner and the communication with the project supervisor.

We gained a lot of practical experience. We learned how to take ideas and

knowledge and apply them to solve problems and design real world

applications. We learned a lot about circuit design, project design, testing,

and assembly part. We also learned about working as a team, working around

people's schedules, communicating with each other, and other practical social

work skills. In addition we can see how actually software, PIC communicate

with the hardware that before this we just do practically in Polytechnic

laboratory.

This is most important experience to us. Therefore, we admit that our project

still have many weakness that must to improve. In the future, we hope us or

some one else can make the improvement to our project.

We also believe a word of thanks is due at this time. We would like to first of

all thank to our advisor and supervisor Mrs Rosmani Bt Ramli who has been

a big help to us during the whole year. Also we would like to thank to our

friends that for help and encouragement non-stop to us. Thank you very much

for all.

69

REFERENCE

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Smoke_detector

http://chemistry.about.com/cs/howthingswork/a/aa071401a.htm

http://www.systemsensor.com/pdf/A05-1003.pdf

http://sensors-transducers.globalspec.com/

http://www.safetyresource.org/fire_safety/smoke_detector_types.html

http://electrical.about.com/od/electricalsafety/a/smoke-detector.htm

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Junction_box

http://pdf1.alldatasheet.com/datasheetpdf/view/82341/MICROCHIP/PIC16F876A.ht

ml

http://www.microchip.com

http://www.cytron.com

70

APPENDIX

A. PIC 16F877A

B. LCD DISPLAY 20X4

71

C. IC COMPARATOR

D. IC CLOCK DS1307