13physical geo 1-73.pmd ednie.lk/pdffiles/tg/s13tim12.pdfiii wmfoaykh wdpd¾h wmd,s tï fiaor uhd...
TRANSCRIPT
xvi
N+f.da, úoHdj
.=re ud¾f.damfoaY ix.%yh.=re ud¾f.damfoaY ix.%yh.=re ud¾f.damfoaY ix.%yh.=re ud¾f.damfoaY ix.%yh.=re ud¾f.damfoaY ix.%yh13 jk fY%aKsh13 jk fY%aKsh13 jk fY%aKsh13 jk fY%aKsh13 jk fY%aKsh
iudc úoHd fomd¾;fïka;=jiudc úoHd fomd¾;fïka;=jiudc úoHd fomd¾;fïka;=jiudc úoHd fomd¾;fïka;=jiudc úoHd fomd¾;fïka;=jNdId" udkj Ydia;% yd iudc úoHd mSGhNdId" udkj Ydia;% yd iudc úoHd mSGhNdId" udkj Ydia;% yd iudc úoHd mSGhNdId" udkj Ydia;% yd iudc úoHd mSGhNdId" udkj Ydia;% yd iudc úoHd mSGh
cd;sl wOHdmk wdh;khcd;sl wOHdmk wdh;khcd;sl wOHdmk wdh;khcd;sl wOHdmk wdh;khcd;sl wOHdmk wdh;khuyr.uuyr.uuyr.uuyr.uuyr.u
ii
ix{dmkh
fuu .=re ud¾f.damfoaY ix.%yh 2009 j¾Ifha isg 13 jk fY%aKsh i|yd bf.kqï -b.ekAùï l%shdj,sh ixúOdkh lr .ekSu i|yd .=re Nj;=kayg m%fhdackj;a fõ'
fuu fmd; iïmdokh lsÍug mdol lr.;a úIh ks¾foaYh fuf;la mej;s úIhks¾foaYj,g jvd fjkia jQjls' tu fjki y÷kd .ekSug fhduqjk Tng th ksmqK;dmdol úIh ks¾foaYhla nj oelsh yels h' fuys oelafjk ksmqK;djla tu fY%aKsh ;=<§ uidlaId;a lr .; hq;= hehs wfmalaId fkdflf¾' we;eïúg ta i|yd fndfyda l,la .;úhyels h' tfy;a ksmqK;d uÜgï yd tla tla ksmqK;d uÜgï hgf;a oelafjk bf.kqï M,tu fY%aKsh ;=<§ u w;am;a lr .; hq;= fõ' tneúka Tng fY%aKshg wod< mdvï ie,iqïlr .ekSfï § tu ksmqK;d uÜgï yd bf.kqïM, fnfyúka m%fhdackj;a fõ' fuubf.kqïM, bf.kqï - b.ekaùï l%shdj,sfha § tla tla wruqKq ilid .ekSug fuka umka;s ldurfha § isÿ flfrk we.hSï WmlrK ilia lr .ekSfï § ks¾Kdhl f,ifhdod .ekSu flfrys Tnf.a wjOdkh fhduq lsÍu wfmalaId flf¾' fuu úIh yeoEÍfï§ mßYS,kh l< hq;= w;sf¾l fmd;a m;a fuka u fjí wvú ms<sn| isiqka oekqj;a lsÍug ofuu .=re ud¾f.damfoaYh Tng m%fhdackj;a fõ'
fuys fhdað; l%shdldrlï Tn ks¾udKYS,S .=rejrfhl= jYfhka l%shd lsßfï wfmalaIdiys; j wdo¾Yj;a f,i bÈßm;a l< tajd jYfhka i,lkak' .=re flakaøSh mka;s ldurl%shdj,sh fjkia lr YsIH flakaøSh njla we;s lsÍu úfYaIfhka wfmalaId flf¾' tneúkaisiqka úúO fmd;am;a mßYS,khg wka;¾cd, Ndú;h jeks .fõIKhg fhduq flfrkbf.kqï wjia:d yels yeuúg u Wod l< hq;= fõ' b.ekaùfï § idïm%odhsl f,i igykabÈßm;a lsÍu fjkqjg wdl¾IKSh f,i kj oekqu uQ,O¾u wdÈh bÈßm;a l< hq;= fõ' tai|yd ;dlaIKh yels;dla ÿrg fhdod.;a ikaksfõok Wml%u Ndú; lsÍu kj mka;sldurh;=< § Wkkaÿ úh hq;= fõ' ta i|yd kj ;dlaIKsl WmlrK yels;dla ÿrg Ndú; lsÍugks¾udKYS,Sùu wjYH fõ'
13 jk fY%aKsfha § fuu úIh bf.kSu wrUk Tnf.a isiqkag úIh ks¾foaY ukdjmeyeÈ,s lr fokak' j¾Ih mqrd l%shd;aaul lrk Tnf.a b.ekaùfï ie,eiau y÷kajdfokafka kï th isiqka ;=< fm<Uùula jkq we;' uq¿ úIh ks¾foaYh wdjrKh lr.ekSug mdi, fj; isiqka wdl¾IKh fõ' fuu úIhud,d m%;sixialrK rgg oefkkmka;s ldur bf.kqï - b.ekaùï l%shdj,sfha fjkila we;s lrkq i|yd wod< úIh ks¾foaYhfuka u fuys fhdað; l%shdj,s weiqfrka Tnf.a ks¾udKYS,S yelshd mqnqÿjd .kakd fukab,a,ñ'
fuu ud¾f.damfoaY ieliSfï § odhl jQ úoaj;a ieug" .=reNj;=kag iy cd;slwOHdmk wdh;kfha ks,Odßkag uf.a ia;=;sh ysñ fõ' fï ld¾hh i|yd uÕfmkajQ wOHlaIckrd,a uydpd¾h ,d,a fmf¾rd ue;s÷ka fuka u uqøK lghq;= isÿlr mdi,aj,g ,nd§fïj.lSu Ndrf.k lghq;= l< wOHdmk m%ldYk flduidßia ckrd,a we;=¿ ld¾hh uKav,hguf.a úfYaI ia;=;sh mqo lrñ' fuys we;=<;a lreKq ms<sn| j ixj¾Okd;aul fhdackdwef;d;a ud fj; ,ndfokafka kï lD;{ fjñ'
úu,a ishU,df.dvúu,a ishU,df.dvúu,a ishU,df.dvúu,a ishU,df.dvúu,a ishU,df.dviydldr wOHlaI ckrd,aiydldr wOHlaI ckrd,aiydldr wOHlaI ckrd,aiydldr wOHlaI ckrd,aiydldr wOHlaI ckrd,aNdId" udkj Ydia;% yd iudðh úoHd mSGh'NdId" udkj Ydia;% yd iudðh úoHd mSGh'NdId" udkj Ydia;% yd iudðh úoHd mSGh'NdId" udkj Ydia;% yd iudðh úoHd mSGh'NdId" udkj Ydia;% yd iudðh úoHd mSGh'
iii
WmfoaYkhWmfoaYkhWmfoaYkhWmfoaYkhWmfoaYkhwdpd¾h Wmd,s tï fiaor uhd wOHlaI ckrd,a " cd;sl wOHdmk wdh;khúu,a ishU,df.dv uhd iyldr wOHlaI ckrd,a
NdId udkj Ydia;% yd iudc úoHd mSGhcd;sl wOHdmk wdh;kh
iïnkaëlrKhiïnkaëlrKhiïnkaëlrKhiïnkaëlrKhiïnkaëlrKh,ika;s .S;dks llaf.dv wdrÉÑ fukúh iyldr jHdmD;s ks,OdÍ"iudc úoHd fomd¾;fïka;=j
cd;sl wOHdmk wdh;kh
úIhud,d WmfoaYkhúIhud,d WmfoaYkhúIhud,d WmfoaYkhúIhud,d WmfoaYkhúIhud,d WmfoaYkhiïudks; uydpd¾h tï' tï' lreKdkdhl uhd Y%S chj¾Okmqr úYaj úoHd,huydpd¾h tï'ã'iS'wNhr;ak uhd YS%S chj¾Okmqr úYaj úoHd,huydpd¾h Wmd,S ùrlafldä uhd reyqK úYaj úoHd,huydpd¾h ù'kkaol=ud¾ uhd fmardfoaKsh úYaj úoHd,h
jHdmD;s lñgqjjHdmD;s lñgqjjHdmD;s lñgqjjHdmD;s lñgqjjHdmD;s lñgqj,ika;s .S;dks llaf.dv wdrÉÑ fukúh iyldr jHdmD;s ks,Odß" iudc úoHd fomd¾;fïka;=j
cd;sl wOHdmk wdh;khtï' mS' rxckS Okj¾Ok ñh m%Odk jHdmD;s ks,Odß"iudc úoHd fomd¾;fïka;=j
cd;sl wOHdmk wdh;khtia' lreKdlrka uhd iyldr jHdmD;s ks,Odß"iudc úoHd fomd¾;fïka;=j
cd;sl wOHdmk wdh;kh
f,aLl uKav,hf,aLl uKav,hf,aLl uKav,hf,aLl uKav,hf,aLl uKav,hwd¾' mS' mSßia' uhd w;sf¾l úNd. flduidßia" ^úY%dñl&t*a'tï'kjdiaÈka uhd lÓldpd¾h" újD; úYaj úoHd,htï' fla' lsxia,s' m%shka; uhd lÓldpd¾h" mq,;sismqr cd;sl wOHdmk úoHd mSGhtia' tï' ohdkkao uhd jHdmD;s ks,Odß ^úY%dñl&" iudc úoHd fomd¾;fïka;=j"
cd;sl wOHdmk wdh;khB'tï'kjr;ak nKavd uhd .=re WmfoaYl" .f,kaìÿKq jej l,dm wOHdmk
ld¾hd,hfÊ' ta' î' ySkaflkao uhd .=re WmfoaYl" uykqjr l,dm wOHdmk ld¾hd,hfla' fla' hq' .=Kr;ak uhd .=refiajh" fmd,amdf.dv kfjdaoHd mdi," hlal,uq,a,ã'ví,sõ'Ô' chka; nKavdr uhd .=re fiajh "uydud;H úoHd,h"w;=re.sßhjks;d j,amsgf.a ñh .=re WmfoaYl" u;=.u l,dm wOHdmk ld¾hd,htï'ù'ta iaj¾K,;d ñh .=re fiajh" mdof.dv uyd úoHd,h" fírej,tï' mS' rxckS Okj¾Ok ñh m%Odk jHdmD;s ks,Odß"iudc úoHd fomd¾;fïka;=j"
cd;sl wOHdmk wdh;kh,ika;s .S;dks llaf.dv wdrÉÑ fukúh iyldr jHdmD;s ks,Odß" iudc úoHd fomd¾;fïka;=j"
cd;sl wOHdmk wdh;khNdId ixialrKhNdId ixialrKhNdId ixialrKhNdId ixialrKhNdId ixialrKhví,sõ' mS'ux., .=Kr;ak uhd iyldr jHdmD;s ks,Odß" isxy, fomd¾;fïka;=j"
cd;sl wOHdmk wdh;kh
msgljr ks¾udKhmsgljr ks¾udKhmsgljr ks¾udKhmsgljr ks¾udKhmsgljr ks¾udKhtï' tka' t*a' ßydkd ñh iudc úoHd fomd¾;fïka;=j"cd;sl wOHdmk wdh;kh
mß.Kl joka ieliqumß.Kl joka ieliqumß.Kl joka ieliqumß.Kl joka ieliqumß.Kl joka ieliqutia' ã' iurlafldä ñh iudc úoHd fomd¾;fïka;=j" cd;sl wOHdmk wdh;khÈ,sks ufkdaßld úrr;ak fukúh NdId udkj Ydia;% yd iudc úoHd mSGh
cd;sl wOHdmk wdh;kh
úúO iydhúúO iydhúúO iydhúúO iydhúúO iydhta' t,a' tia' ms' w;m;a;= fukúh iudc úoHdfomd¾;fïka;=j"cd;sl wOHdmk wdh;khtï' tka' t*a' ßydkd ñh iudc úoHd fomd¾;fïka;=j"cd;sl wOHdmk wdh;khwd¾' tï' rEmisxy uhd iudc úoHd fomd¾;fïka;=j" cd;sl wOHdmk wdh;kh
iv
mgqkmgqkmgqkmgqkmgqk
msgq wxlmsgq wxlmsgq wxlmsgq wxlmsgq wxl
fmrjokfmrjokfmrjokfmrjokfmrjok i
ix{dmkhix{dmkhix{dmkhix{dmkhix{dmkh ii
iïm;a odhl;ajhiïm;a odhl;ajhiïm;a odhl;ajhiïm;a odhl;ajhiïm;a odhl;ajh iii
úIh ks¾foaYh úIh ks¾foaYh úIh ks¾foaYh úIh ks¾foaYh úIh ks¾foaYh v - xiv
úIh lreKq meyeÈ,s lr.ekSug w;aje, iy bf.kqï b.ekaùï ls%hdldrlïúIh lreKq meyeÈ,s lr.ekSug w;aje, iy bf.kqï b.ekaùï ls%hdldrlïúIh lreKq meyeÈ,s lr.ekSug w;aje, iy bf.kqï b.ekaùï ls%hdldrlïúIh lreKq meyeÈ,s lr.ekSug w;aje, iy bf.kqï b.ekaùï ls%hdldrlïúIh lreKq meyeÈ,s lr.ekSug w;aje, iy bf.kqï b.ekaùï ls%hdldrlï
fN!;sl N+f.da, úoHdj 1 - 72
udkqI N+f.da, úoHdj 73 - 193
m%dfhda.sl N+f.da, úoHdj 194 - 229
mdi, mokï lr.;a ;lafiarelrKh - ye¢kaùumdi, mokï lr.;a ;lafiarelrKh - ye¢kaùumdi, mokï lr.;a ;lafiarelrKh - ye¢kaùumdi, mokï lr.;a ;lafiarelrKh - ye¢kaùumdi, mokï lr.;a ;lafiarelrKh - ye¢kaùu 230 - 231
mdi, mokï lr.;a we.hSïmdi, mokï lr.;a we.hSïmdi, mokï lr.;a we.hSïmdi, mokï lr.;a we.hSïmdi, mokï lr.;a we.hSï 232 - 235
v
úIh wkaa;¾.;h úIh wkaa;¾.;h úIh wkaa;¾.;h úIh wkaa;¾.;h úIh wkaa;¾.;h
• YS% ,xldfõ c, iïm; - u;=msg c,h - N+.; c,h
• c, ixrlaIKh
• ìfhdau jHdma;sh - ksj¾;k jkdka;r - fi!uH l,dmsl jkdka;r - uOHOrKs jk ,eyeí - ;DK N+ñ yd iejdkd - ghs.d jkdka;r - ldka;dr - ;=kaød
• YS% ,xldfõ ìfhdau jHdma;sh - jkdka;r - <÷ le,E - ;DK N+ñ - f;;a ìï
ld,Éfþold,Éfþold,Éfþold,Éfþold,Éfþo.Kk.Kk.Kk.Kk.Kk
10
06
16
10
ksmqK;dj ksmqK;dj ksmqK;dj ksmqK;dj ksmqK;dj
8'0 YS% ,xldfõ c, ixrlaIKhg odhl fjhs'
9'0 fN!;sl yd udkqI N+ o¾Ykfhaa ixrpl" .;s ,laIK yd ls%hdj,s mÍlaId lrñka mßir ixrlaIKhg odhl fõ'
ksmqK;d uÜgu ksmqK;d uÜgu ksmqK;d uÜgu ksmqK;d uÜgu ksmqK;d uÜgu
8'1 YS% ,xldfõ c, úoHd;aul .;s ,laIK úu¾Ykh lrhs'
8'2 YS% ,xldfõ c, ixrlaIKfha jeo.;alu meyeÈ,s lrhs'
9'1 ìfhdauj, f,dal jHdma;sh yd tajdfha.;s ,laIK meyeÈ,s lrhs'
9'2 YS% ,xldfõ ìfhdauj, jHdma;sh yd.;s ,laIK meyeÈ,s lrhs'
fN!;sl N+f.da, úoHdj fN!;sl N+f.da, úoHdj fN!;sl N+f.da, úoHdj fN!;sl N+f.da, úoHdj fN!;sl N+f.da, úoHdj
vi
úIh wka;¾.;h úIh wka;¾.;h úIh wka;¾.;h úIh wka;¾.;h úIh wka;¾.;h
• f,dalfha iajdNdúl Wmøj - N+ñlïmd - kdhhEï - iq<siq<x - fgdakd¾fvda - kshÕ - .xj;=r - wl=Kq ier - ,eõ.sks - ysul÷ m%m;kh - iqkdñ
• iajdNdúl Wmøj ksid isÿjk - fN!;sl n,mEï - udkqI n,mEï
• YS% ,xldfõ iajdNdúl wdmod l<ukdlrKh iajdNdúl wdmod l<ukdlrK pl%h - wjodkug uqyqK§u - wjodku ;lafiarej - wjodku wju lsÍfï Wmdhud¾. ms<sn| oekqj;aùu - mq¾j oekqï§fï moaO;s ms<sn| oekqj;aùu
• YS% ,xldfõ f;dard.;a mßir moaO;s - f;;a ìï - jkdka;r yd jkÔù rlaIs; - fjr< - c,dY$jeõ wdYs%; ffcj moaO;s - mßir ixl,am yd wdpdr O¾u
ksmqK;d uÜguksmqK;d uÜguksmqK;d uÜguksmqK;d uÜguksmqK;d uÜgu
10'1 f,dalfha iajdNdúl Wmøj isÿjkwdldrh ksoiqka weiqßka meyeÈ,s lrhs'
10'2 f,dalfha iajdNdúl Wmøj ksidisÿjk fN!;sl yd udkj n,mEïúu¾Ykh lrhs'
11'1 YS% ,xldj ;=< we;s jk iajdNdúlwdmod l<ukdlrKhg ils%h jodhl fõ'
11'2 YS% ,xldfõ mßir moaO;s l<ukdlrKh
yd ixrlaIKh i|yd f.k we;sWmdhud¾. w.h lrhs'
ld,Éfþold,Éfþold,Éfþold,Éfþold,Éfþo
.Kk.Kk.Kk.Kk.Kk
10
06
12
08
ksmqK;djksmqK;djksmqK;djksmqK;djksmqK;dj
10'0 fN!;sl yd udkqI ls%hdj,skaf.a wka;¾ ls%hd" fN!;sl yd udkj mßirh flfrys n,mdk wdldrh mÍlaId lrhs'
11 '0 ' fN!;sl yd udkqI N + o¾YkhixrlaIKh lsÍug yd mj;ajd.ekSug Wmldr jk Okd; aulwdl,amj,ska hqla; j yeisfrhs'
vii
ksmqK;d uÜgu ksmqK;d uÜgu ksmqK;d uÜgu ksmqK;d uÜgu ksmqK;d uÜgu
11'3 mßirh yd iïnkaO j YS% ,xldjflfrys n,mdk m%ldY" iïuq;s ydflgqïm;a i|yd .súiqïj, wod< njúu¾Ykh lrhs'
12'1 mdßißl jeo.;alula olajk lreKqms<sn| j cd;Hka;r yd m%dfoaYshixúOdkj, N+ñldj mÍlaId lrhs'
ksmqK;dj ksmqK;dj ksmqK;dj ksmqK;dj ksmqK;dj
12'0 iajNdj O¾uh yd iudchw;r iqixfhda.S wka;¾iïnkaO;dj" m%j¾Okh lsÍui|yd mDÓúh yd tys jeishkams<sn| j ukd wjOdkhlskalghq;= lrhs'
ld,Éfþold,Éfþold,Éfþold,Éfþold,Éfþo.Kk.Kk.Kk.Kk.Kk
08 08 08 08 08
20
úIh wka;¾ .;húIh wka;¾ .;húIh wka;¾ .;húIh wka;¾ .;húIh wka;¾ .;h
• jkdka;r yd jk Ôúka• foaY.=K úm¾hdi• f;;a ìï laf,dafrda f*daf,dafrda ldnka (C. F. C)
• tlai;a cd;Skaf.a mßirh yd ixj¾Okhms<sn| iuq¿j ^UNCED &
• tlai;a cd;Skaf.a mßir jevigyk ^UNEP&•' foaY.=Ksl fjkiaùï ms<sn| wka;¾ wdKavq
uKav,h ^IPCC &• iajNdj O¾uh ixrlaIKh i|yd jQ wka;¾
cd;sl ix.uh ^IUCN &• wka;¾ cd;sl c, l<ukdlrK wdh;kh
^IWMI &• ol=Kq wdishd;sl iyfhda.s;d mdßißl
jevigyk ( SACEP &• cd;sl c,c iïm;a m¾fhaIK ksfhdacH
wdh;kh ^NARA &• uOHu mßir wêldßh ^ CEA &• fjr< ixrlaIK fomd¾;fïka;=j ^ CCD &
viii
N+f.da, úoHdj - 11 udkqI N=f.da, úoHdjN+f.da, úoHdj - 11 udkqI N=f.da, úoHdjN+f.da, úoHdj - 11 udkqI N=f.da, úoHdjN+f.da, úoHdj - 11 udkqI N=f.da, úoHdjN+f.da, úoHdj - 11 udkqI N=f.da, úoHdj
ld,Éfþold,Éfþold,Éfþold,Éfþold,Éfþo.Kk.Kk.Kk.Kk.Kk
14
20
ksmqK;d ksmqK;d ksmqK;d ksmqK;d ksmqK;d
7'0lDI sl¾ufh a uE; ld, Skm%jK;d yd wdk;s úu¾Ykhlrñka lDIs lghq;= i|yd M,odhswdldrfhka odhl fjhs'
ksmqK;d uÜgu ksmqK;d uÜgu ksmqK;d uÜgu ksmqK;d uÜgu ksmqK;d uÜgu
7'1 f,dal lDIsl¾ufha iajNdjh" ;dlaIKh"yd ksIamdokh wf,úlrK ls%hdj,shweiqßka meyeÈ,s lrhs'
7'2 YS% ,xld lDIsl¾ufha iajNdjh;dlaIKh yd ksIamdokh wf,úlrKls%hdj,sh weiqßka meyeÈ,s lrhs'
úIh wka;¾.;húIh wka;¾.;húIh wka;¾.;húIh wka;¾.;húIh wka;¾.;h
• f,dal lDIsl¾uh - lDIsld¾ñl ;dlaIKh
) yß; úma,jh wdYs%; ;dlaIKh ) cdk ;dlaIKh
• ksIamdokfha m%idrKh ^;sßÕ=" ù" t<j¨" m<;=re" u;aiH yd i;aj md,kh" .jhka" l=l=<ka" W!rka &
- wiajekak jeä lsÍu - ìï m%udKh jHdma; lsÍu
- flá ld,Sk wiajekak- .nvd lsÍfï yd ieliSfïls%hdj,sh
• wf<úlrK ls%hdj,sh- m%;sm;a;s- nyq cd;sl iud.ï- lDIs jHdmdr- lDIsld¾ñl ixúOdk- fjf<|fmd, f;dr;=re
• YS% ,xldfõ lDIsl¾uh - lDIsld¾ñl ;dlaIKh
) kùk hka;% Ndú;h ) yß; úma,jh ) cdk ;dlaIKh ) ftkaøsh fmdfydr Ndú;h ) jdß ;dlaIKh
ix
ksmqK;dj ksmqK;dj ksmqK;dj ksmqK;dj ksmqK;dj
8'0 wdlr yd m;,a ls%hdldrlïj,wdk;Ska mÍlaId lr Lksc iïm;aixrlaIKhg odhl fjhs'
ksmqK;d uÜgu ksmqK;d uÜgu ksmqK;d uÜgu ksmqK;d uÜgu ksmqK;d uÜgu
7'3 Y S % ,xldfõ lDI sld¾ñl N +ñmßfNda.fha uE;ld,Sk m%jK;dwOHhkh lrhs'
8'1 f,dalfha wdlr l¾udka;fha iajNdjh"jHdma;sh" wOHhkh lrhs'
8'2f,dal wdlr l¾udka;fha m%jK;d"ksIamdokh yd fjf<|du weiqßka ú.%ylrhs'
ld,ÉfÊold,ÉfÊold,ÉfÊold,ÉfÊold,ÉfÊo.Kk.Kk.Kk.Kk.Kk
03
05
05
úIh wka;¾.;húIh wka;¾.;húIh wka;¾.;húIh wka;¾.;húIh wka;¾.;h
• ksIamdokfha m%idrKh - ìï m%udKh jeä lsÍu - wiajekak jeä lsÍu - wmf;a hdï wvq lsÍu - kúk hka;% iq;% Ndú;h
• wf,úlrK ls%hdj,sh - wd¾Ól uOHia:dk - fm!oa.,sl iud.ï iuÕ .súiqï - .=Kd;aul nj ms<sn| j wjOdkh fhduq lsÍu - mdßfNda.sl reÑh iy myiqj .ek ie,ls,su;a ùu
• N+ñ mßfNda. - lDIs ìï l%ufhka .s,sySs hdu - wdfoaYl fnda. j¾. y÷kajd§u - iD;=uh jYfhka fnda. j¾. y÷kajd§u
• m%Odk wdlr yd m;,a ksIamdok yd jHdma;sh
- Lkssc f;,a - ;U - .,a wÕ=re - rka
- hmia • ksIamdokh yd ta wdYs%; l¾udka; • fjf<|du • lekSï w¾no;d • wdmod
x
ksmqK;d uÜguksmqK;d uÜguksmqK;d uÜguksmqK;d uÜguksmqK;d uÜgu
9'1 YS% ,xldfõ Lksc iïm;aj, jHdma;shmÍlaId lrhs'
9'2 YS% ,xld wd¾Ólfha Lksc iïm;aj,jeo.;alu wjOdrKh lrhs'
9'3 YS% ,xldfõ Lksc iïm;aWmfhdackfha § we;s jq mdßißln,mEï wju lsÍug lghq;= lrhs'
ld,Éfcold,Éfcold,Éfcold,Éfcold,Éfco.Kk.Kk.Kk.Kk.Kk
06
04
10
ksmqK;djksmqK;djksmqK;djksmqK;djksmqK;dj
9'0 YS% ,xldfõ wd¾Ólh ;=< Lksciïm;aj, jákdlu mÍlaIdlr M,odhs wdldrfhka Ndú;lrhs'
úIh wka;¾.;húIh wka;¾.;húIh wka;¾.;húIh wka;¾.;húIh wka;¾.;h
• YS% ,xldfõ Lksc iïm;a - ueKsla - ñksrka - Lksc je,s - wemghsÜ - hmia
• jHdma;sh " ksIamdokh" m%jK;d
• YS% ,xldfõ wd¾Ólh yd Lksc iïm;a - ld¾ñl wuqøjH f,i - Wmfhda.S;dj fjkia lsÍu weiqßka jákdlï jeä lsÍu - fiajd kshqla;sh - m%dfoaYSh ixj¾Okh i|yd - cd;sl wdodhug we;s odhl;ajh
• Lksc iïm;a Wmfhdackh yd tys mdßißl n,mEï
- c,jykhg we;s lrk n,mEï - N+ o¾Ykhg we;s jk n,mEï - fi!LHhg we;s lrk n,mEï
• mdßißl ydksh wju lsÍu - mßir ys;ldñ wdl,am j¾Okh lsÍu - wod< wK mk;a ls%hd;aul lsÍu - foaYmd,k lemùï
xi
ld,Éfþold,Éfþold,Éfþold,Éfþold,Éfþo.Kk.Kk.Kk.Kk.Kk
10
10
07
03
ksmqK;d uÜgu ksmqK;d uÜgu ksmqK;d uÜgu ksmqK;d uÜgu ksmqK;d uÜgu
10'1f,dalfha l¾udka; ia:dk.;ùugn,mdk idOl ksoiqka weiqßka mÍlaIdlrhs'
10'2 YS% ,xldfõ l¾udka; lsysmhlia:dk.;ùug n,md we;s idOlmÍlaId lrhs'
11'1 YS% ,xldfõ ixpdrl l¾udka;fha,laIK úu¾Ykh lrhs'
11'2 YS% ,xldfõ ixpdrl l¾udka;fhaj¾Okhg .;yels ls%hdud¾.fhdackd lrhs'
ksmqK;dj ksmqK;dj ksmqK;dj ksmqK;dj ksmqK;dj
10'0 l¾udka;j, ia:dk.;ùfï ls%hdj,sh mÍlaId lr YS% ,xldfõ ld¾ñl ixj¾Okhg fhdackd bÈßm;a lrhs'
11'0 ixpdrl l¾udka;h i|yd YS% ,xldj ;=< we;s úNj;d mÍlaId lr fhdackd bÈßm;a lrhs'
úIh wka;¾.;húIh wka;¾.;húIh wka;¾.;húIh wka;¾.;húIh wka;¾.;h
• f,dalfha ksIamdok l¾udka; ia:dk.;ùug n,mdk idOl - hlv yd jdfka - fudag¾ r:" keõ" .=jkahdkd - úoaHq;a l¾udka; - fmfg%da ridhk - lsß wdYs%; ksIamdok
• YS% ,xldfõ l¾udka; - idïm%odhsl yia; l¾udka; - isfuka;s - iSks - weÕ¨ï - rn¾ yd ma,diaála wdYs%; l¾udka;
^ ia:dk.;ùfï idOl"úfYaIs; jQ idOl "ld,Sk fjkialï&• l¾udka; ia:dk.;ùu iïnkaO rdcH m%;sm;a;s
• ixpdrl l¾udka;fha j¾;udk ;;a;ajh • ixpdrl l¾udka;fha n,mEu
- wd¾Ól jYfhka - ixialD;sh yd iudchSh jYfhka - mßiruh jYfhka
• ixpdrl l¾udka;fha j¾Okhg .; yels ls%hdud¾.
xii
úIh wka;¾.;h úIh wka;¾.;h úIh wka;¾.;h úIh wka;¾.;h úIh wka;¾.;h
• f;dr;=re ;dlaIKh hkq l=ula o@ • f.da,ShlrKh hkq l=ula o@ • f.da,ShlrKh flfrys f;dr;=re ;dlaIKfha n,mEï
• YS% ,xldfõ iudc wd¾Ól mßj¾;khg
f;dr;=re ;dlaIKfha fufyjr - wd¾Ól - foaYmd,k - ixialD;sl - idudÔh
• cd;Hka;r fjf<|du - m%d.aOk wdfhdackfha§ - ;dlaIKh mejÍfï§ - iïm;a ksYaldIKfha§ - l<ukdlrKfha§
• l,dmsh ixúOdk - l,dmSh iyfhda.S;dj i|yd jq ol=Kq wdishdkq ixúOdkh - w.aksÈ. wdishdkq ix.uh - hqfrdamd ix.uh - W;=re weußldkq ksoyia fjf<| .súiqu - wms%ldkq wd¾Ól fldñiu
ksmqK;d uÜgu ksmqK;d uÜgu ksmqK;d uÜgu ksmqK;d uÜgu ksmqK;d uÜgu
12'1 f.da,ShlrKh flfrys n,mdkidOl f,i f;dr;=re ;dlaIKhúuid n,hs'
13'1 YS% ,xldfõ iudc wd¾Ól mßj¾;kfhys,d f;dr;=re ;dlaIKh n,md we;swdldrh ;=,kd;aul j úu¾Ykh lrhs'
14'1 cd;Hka;r fjf<|dfï § nyq cd;sliud.ïj,sk a we; s jk n,meï;=,kd;aul j mÍlaId lrhs'
15'1 f;dard.;a l,dmSh ixúOdkhkaysld¾hNdrh úu¾Ykh lrhs'
ld,Éfþold,Éfþold,Éfþold,Éfþold,Éfþo.Kk.Kk.Kk.Kk.Kk
10
10
10
10
ksmqK;dj ksmqK;dj ksmqK;dj ksmqK;dj ksmqK;dj
12'0 f.da,ShlrKfha iajNdjh;=,kd;aul j úu¾Ykh lr YS%,xldjg .; yels wdo¾Y bÈßm;alrhs'
13'0 YS%,xldfõ iudc wd¾Ól mßj¾;khgf;dr;=re ;dlaIK fufyjr mÍlaIdlrñka Bg odhl fjhs'
14'0 cd;Hka;r fjf<|dfï § nyqcd;sliud.ïj, N=ñldj mÍlaId lrñkafoaYSh wd¾Ólh Yla;su;a lsÍug odhlfjhs'
15'0 l,dmSh ixúOdkhka ys N=ñldj mÍlaIdlrñka l,dmSh iyfhda.S;djg fhduqfjhs'
xiii
N+f.da, úoHdj - 111 m%fhda.sl N+f.da, úoHdj N+f.da, úoHdj - 111 m%fhda.sl N+f.da, úoHdj N+f.da, úoHdj - 111 m%fhda.sl N+f.da, úoHdj N+f.da, úoHdj - 111 m%fhda.sl N+f.da, úoHdj N+f.da, úoHdj - 111 m%fhda.sl N+f.da, úoHdj
úIh wka;¾.;h úIh wka;¾.;h úIh wka;¾.;h úIh wka;¾.;h úIh wka;¾.;h
• o;a; y÷kd.ekSu- ks¾jpkh- o;a;j, úfYaIs; ,laIK- o;a; j¾.- o;a; nexl=j- o;a; ckkh- o;a; j¾.SlrKh yd j.=.; lsÍu- o;a; ksremKh
• o;a; tla/ia lsrSu- ksheosh hkq l=ula o@- ksrSlaIKh- ñkqï- idlÉPd- m%Yakdj,s- mqia;ld, uq,dY%- mß.Kl uq,dY%- is;shï" .=jka chdrEm" pkøsld m%;sìïn" mska;=r yd PdhdrEm
• o;a; úYaf,aIKh yd újrKh- o;a; ixúOdkh yd j.=.; lsÍu- ixLHd jHdma;sh f.dvke.Su- wjldYSh o;a; i|yd ir,
ixLHdk Ys,aml%u fhdod .ekSu flakaøSh m%jK;dj
) ud;h ) uOHkHh ) uOHia:h
ksmqK;d uÜguksmqK;d uÜguksmqK;d uÜguksmqK;d uÜguksmqK;d uÜgu
4'1 o;a; uq,dY% úu¾Ykh lrhs'
4'2 o;a; tla /ia lsÍfï l%u mÍlaIdlrhs'
4'3 o;a; úYaf,aIKh yd újrKh lrhs'
ksmqK;djksmqK;djksmqK;djksmqK;djksmqK;dj
4'0 o;a; yd f;dr;=re úYaf,aIKhlsÍu w¾: ksrEmKh yd bÈßm;alsÍu i|yd ixLHdk yd m%ia;dßl l%uNdú; lrhs'
ld,Éfþo ld,Éfþo ld,Éfþo ld,Éfþo ld,Éfþo .Kk .Kk .Kk .Kk .Kk
10
15
15
xiv
5'1 msysàu yd jHdma;s f,dal wdlD;sis;shïj, ,l=Kq lr kï lrhs'
ksmqK;dj ksmqK;dj ksmqK;dj ksmqK;dj ksmqK;dj
5'0 f,dalfha fN!;sal yd udkj ixrjl, wjldYSh jHdma;Ska ksYaÑ; j m%ldY lrhs'
ie'hq (-ie'hq (-ie'hq (-ie'hq (-ie'hq (- ish¨ u tallj,g wdo< jHdma;s is;shï ta ta bf.kqï b.ekaùï wjia:dj, § u is;shï .; lsÍu yd újrKh wfmalaId lrhs'
úIh wka;¾.;h úIh wka;¾.;h úIh wka;¾.;h úIh wka;¾.;h úIh wka;¾.;h
• wmlsrKh- mrdih- p;=¾;l- wka;¾ p;=¾;l mrdih- uOHkH wm.ukh- iïu; wm.ukh
• o;a; ksrEmKh - igyka yd m%ia;dr ye¢kaùu - m%ia;dr
) cd,f¾Lh ) ixLHd; nyq wi%h
) ixLHd; jl%h ) iuqÉÑ; ixLHdk jl%h
) iuqÉÑ; m%;sY;l jl%h• igyka - talSh mßudK yd oaú;aj mßudK igyka ) ;Sre m%ia;dr ^ir,$ixlS¾K $msßóv& ) rela igyka ) f¾Ld m%ia;dr ^ir, $ ixlS¾K& - ;s%udK igyka - msx;=r igyka - iu ixLHd is;shï• f,dal wdlD;s is;shï ,l=Kq lsÍu - N+f.da, úoHd;aul jeo.;alulska hq;a
ia:dk yd m%foaY - is;shï ,l=Kq lsÍfï uq,O¾u yd ls%hdud¾.
ksmqK;d uÜgu ksmqK;d uÜgu ksmqK;d uÜgu ksmqK;d uÜgu ksmqK;d uÜgu ld,Éfþold,Éfþold,Éfþold,Éfþold,Éfþo.Kk.Kk.Kk.Kk.Kk
16
16
xv
N+f.da, úoHdj -N+f.da, úoHdj -N+f.da, úoHdj -N+f.da, úoHdj -N+f.da, úoHdj -I
fN!;sl N+f.da, úoHdjfN!;sl N+f.da, úoHdjfN!;sl N+f.da, úoHdjfN!;sl N+f.da, úoHdjfN!;sl N+f.da, úoHdj
N+f.da, úoHdj 13 jk fY%aKsh
1 .=re ud¾f.damfoaY ix.%yh
ksmqK;dj - 8ksmqK;dj - 8ksmqK;dj - 8ksmqK;dj - 8ksmqK;dj - 8
YS% ,xldfõ c, ixrlaIKhg odhl fjhsYS% ,xldfõ c, ixrlaIKhg odhl fjhsYS% ,xldfõ c, ixrlaIKhg odhl fjhsYS% ,xldfõ c, ixrlaIKhg odhl fjhsYS% ,xldfõ c, ixrlaIKhg odhl fjhs
ksmqK;d uÜguksmqK;d uÜguksmqK;d uÜguksmqK;d uÜguksmqK;d uÜgu 8'1 YS% ,xldfõ c, úoHd;aul .;s ,laIK úu¾Ykh lrhs
^ld,Éfþo 10&^ld,Éfþo 10&^ld,Éfþo 10&^ld,Éfþo 10&^ld,Éfþo 10&
bf.kqï M,bf.kqï M,bf.kqï M,bf.kqï M,bf.kqï M, • • • • • YS% ,xldfõ N+;, c, iïm; m%udKd;aul j y÷kajhs
••••• YS% ,xldfõ N+.; c,fha iajNdjh yd uq,dY% meyeos,s
lrhs
••••• YS% ,xldfõ úúO ñksia lghq;= yd c, mßfNdackh w;r
we;s in|;dj meyeos,ss lrhs
••••• c, ÿIKh isÿjk wdldr ksoiqka weiqßka olajhs
••••• wkd.; c, iïm; iq/lSfï wjYH;dj fmkajd fohs
••••• c, iïm;a iq/lSu i|yd wkq.ukh l< hq;= ls%hdud¾.
fhdackd lrhs'
ye¢kaùuye¢kaùuye¢kaùuye¢kaùuye¢kaùu
YS% ,xldj c, iïm;ska fmdfydi;a rgls' ksrka;rfhka wêl j¾Idm;khla
,efnk fudaiï iq<x u.ska o wka;¾ fudaiï iy wjmd; u.ska o ,efnk j¾Idj u.ska
o wm rfÜ c, iïm; fmdaIKh fõ' YS% ,xldfõ foaY.=K l,dm fjka jk m%Odk idOlh
jkafka o j¾Idm;khhs'
Ydl yd i;aj Ôú;j, meje;aug wjYH c,h mDÓúh i;= iïm;aj,ska jákd u
iïm; f,i ie,fla' c,h jHdma; j we;s iajNdjh wkqj th u;=msg c,h yd N+.; c,h
f,i j¾. lr oelaúh yels h' .x.d" we< "fod<" jeõ" l,mq wdÈfha we;s c,h u;=msg c,h
jYfhka o fmd<j ;=< ;ekam;a j we;s c,h N+.; c,h jYfhka o ye¢kaúh yels h'
Y%S ,xldfõ c, iïm;a m%udKh" c, iïm; jHdma; j we;s wdldrh" c, iïm;
Ndú; lrk l%u iúia;rd;aul j wOHhkh lsÍu fuu mdvfï wruqK fõ'
N+f.da, úoHdj 13 jk fY%aKsh
2 .=re ud¾f.damfoaY ix.%yh
úIh lreKq meyeÈ,s lr.ekSug w;aje,laúIh lreKq meyeÈ,s lr.ekSug w;aje,laúIh lreKq meyeÈ,s lr.ekSug w;aje,laúIh lreKq meyeÈ,s lr.ekSug w;aje,laúIh lreKq meyeÈ,s lr.ekSug w;aje,la
YS% ,xldfõ c, iïm; j¾Idm;kh u; ;SrKh fõ'
YS% ,xldfõ j¾Idm;kh YS% ,xldfõ j¾Idm;kh YS% ,xldfõ j¾Idm;kh YS% ,xldfõ j¾Idm;kh YS% ,xldfõ j¾Idm;kh
j¾Idm;kh ,efnk l%u
- wka;¾ fudaiï
- ksß; È. fudaiï
- Bidk È. fudaiï
- wjmd;
j¾Idm;kh ,efnk ld,
- wka;¾ fudaiï I ^ud¾;= - wfm%a,a&
- ksß; È. fudaiï ^uehs - iema;eïn¾&
- wka;¾ fudaiï II ^iema;eïn¾ - fkdjeïn¾&
- Bidk È. fudaiï ^ fkdjeïn¾ - fmnrjdß&
j¾Idm;k m%udKh
- uOH jd¾Isl j¾Idm;kh 2000 mm
- l÷lrfha ngysr nEjqïj, 5000 mm blaujhs' Wod ( ud,sfndv 5330 mm
- l÷lrfha kef.kysr nEjqïj, 3500 mm jvd wvqfõ'
- jhU yd .sKsfldk fjr< wdYs%; m%foaYj, wvq u jeis 935mm
Wod ( wïn,kaf;dg
j¾Idm;k l,dm
- f;;a l,dmh - > 2350mm
- wka;¾ l,dmh - 1450 - 2350mm
- úh<s l,dmh - 1000 - 1450mm
- Y=Ial l,dmh - < 1000mm
c, iïm; mj;akd ia:dk wkqj th m%Odk fldgia follg fnod oelaúh yelsh
- u;=msg c,h ^N=;, c,h&
- N+.; c,h
c,fha iajNdjh wkqj th m%Odk fldgia ;=klg fnod oelaúh yelsh'
- ñßÈh
- lrÈh
- lsjq,aÈh
N+f.da, úoHdj 13 jk fY%aKsh
3 .=re ud¾f.damfoaY ix.%yh
u;=msg ^N+;,& c,hu;=msg ^N+;,& c,hu;=msg ^N+;,& c,hu;=msg ^N+;,& c,hu;=msg ^N+;,& c,h
Y%S ,xldfõ .x.d" we<" fod<" jeõ yd l,mqj, jHdma; j we;s c,h u;=msg c,h f,i
yeÈkaúh yels h' u;=msg c,fhka jeä fldgila ñßÈh c,h fõ' l,mqj, we;af;a lrÈh
yd ñßÈh ñY% jQ lsjq,a c,hhs'
Y% S ,xldfõ .x.dY%S ,xldfõ .x.dY%S ,xldfõ .x.dY%S ,xldfõ .x.dY%S ,xldfõ .x.d
- Y%S ,xldfõ m%Odk .x.d 103la fõ' bka .x.d 80la úh<s l,dmhg wh;a h'
tjdhska fndfyduhla ks;H .x.d fkdfõ ^R;=uh .x.d&'
- b;sß .x.d ish,a, u f;;a l,dmSh .x.djka fõ' fïjd jir mqrd u .,d niakd
.x.d fia ie,lsh yels h ^ks;H .x.d&'
- uyje,s .x.dj Èjhsfka È. u .x.dj jk w;r th f;;a l,dmh yd úh<s
l,dmh hk foflka u fmdaIKh fõ' tys È. 335km la jk w;r fmdaIl
m%foaYh j¾. lsf,da óg¾ 10"327 la muK h'
N+f.da, úoHdj 13 jk fY%aKsh
4 .=re ud¾f.damfoaY ix.%yh
Y%S ,xldfõ .x.dfødaKs jHdma;sh
Source: Arjuna's atlas Sri Lanka, ( 1997 ).
8'1'1 is;shu
N+f.da, úoHdj 13 jk fY%aKsh
5 .=re ud¾f.damfoaY ix.%yh
8'1'2 j.=j ( lsf,da óg¾ 100 g jvd È. .x.dj, È. yd fmdaIl m%foaY m%udKh
uq,dY%h ( cd;sl is;shï fmd; ^2007&'
- YS% ,xldjg ,efnk j¾Idm;kfhka jeä m%udKhla .x.d u.ska uqyqog .,d hhs'
th wmOdjh f,i ye¢kafõ'
- f;;a l,dmSh .x.dj, wmOdjh jeä jk w;r úh<s l,dmSh .x.dj, wmOdjh
wvq h' ks,aj,d .x.dfõ wmOdjh >k ógr ñ,shk 1152la jk w;r m%;sY;hla
f,i 49]ls' uyje,s .f`.a wmOdjh >k ógr ñ,shk 4009la fõ' th m%;sY;hla
f,i 20]ls'
YS% ,xldfõ wNHka;r c,dY YS% ,xldfõ wNHka;r c,dY YS% ,xldfõ wNHka;r c,dY YS% ,xldfõ wNHka;r c,dY YS% ,xldfõ wNHka;r c,dY
- jeõ fmdl=Kq wNHka;r c,dYj,g .efkhs' wm rfÜ uq¿ f.dv ìï m%udKh
65610 Km2jk w;r bka wNHka;r c,dYj,g hg jQ ìï m%udKh 2905 km2 muK
fjhs'
- wNHka;r c,dYj,ska jeiqKq ìï m%udKfha jeä u w.hla .kafka W;=re ueo
m<d;hs' tys wNHka;r c,dYj,g hg jk m%udKh 731km2 ls' inr.uqj m<df;a
wNHka;r c,dYj,g hg jk m%udKh 47 km2 ls' m<d;a wkqj wvq u w.hla
.kafka inr.uq m<d; h'
.Õ
1' uyje,s2' u,aj;= Th3' l,dTh4' le<Ks .Õ5' hdkaTh6' oeÿre Th7' j,fõ .Õ8' udÿre Th9' uyTh10' l¿.Õ11' lsߢ Th12' l=Uqlalka Th13' ueKsla .Õ14' .sx .Õ15' ó Th16' .,aTh
È. ^ls' ó&
335164148145142142138135134129117116114113109108
fmdaIl m%foaYh ^j¾. ls'ó'&10327 3246 2772 2278 1520 2616 2442 1541 1510 2688 1165 1218 1272 922 1516 1792
N+f.da, úoHdj 13 jk fY%aKsh
6 .=re ud¾f.damfoaY ix.%yh
- l,mq je,s jeáj,ska fyda je,a,lska uqyqÈka fjka j we;s l,mqj mgq újrhlska
fyj;a fudahlska hqla; h' l,mqjl we;af;a lsjq,a Èhhs' we;eï l,mqj,g
flá .x.d .,d nishs' uvl,mqj" mq;a;,ï l,mqj" kdj" fnd,af.dv" fooaÿj"
l,ueáh Èjhsfka m%Odk l,mq lsysmhls'
YS% ,xldfõ N+.; c, jHdma;sh
Source: Arjuna's atlas Sir Lanka ,(1997 ).
8'1'3 is;shu
N+f.da, úoHdj 13 jk fY%aKsh
7 .=re ud¾f.damfoaY ix.%yh
N+.; c,hN+.; c,hN+.; c,hN+.; c,hN+.; c,h
- fmd<j ;=<g jEiafik c,h N+ñfha iújr;dj yd mdr.uH;dj u; r|d mj;shs'
iújr;dj hkq mdIdKfha we;s isÿre m%udKhhs
mdr.uH;dj hkq l=ia;+r yd újrj,ska ldkaÿùfï yelshdjhs
- wm rfÜ N+ .; c,h ms<sn| uq,sl idOlh jkafka j¾Idm;khhs' N+.; c,fha
jHdma;sh N+ jHqyh yd ne£ mj;shs'
- N+ .; c,h yd iïnkaOfhka Èjhsk N+ úoHd l,dm 3 lg fnod oelaúh yels h'
1' mq;a;,u isg hdmkh olajd;a" t;eka isg uq,;sõ olajd;a úysÈ ufhdaiSk
yqKq.,a ;Srh' fuu ;Srfha ;ekam;a j we;s N+ .; c, ksê wd`ähd ,sx u.ska
,nd .efkhs'
2' kef.kysr" .sKsfldk yd ngysr fjr< m%foaY 3-5m m%udKhl N+.; c,h
;ekam;a j we;s w;r tajd fkd .eUqre <sx u.ska ,nd .kshs'
3' Èjhsfka b;sß m%foaYj, m;=,a mdIdK oeäh' YS% ,xldfõ 80]la muK fuu
l,dmhg we;=<;a h' tajdfha l=ia;=r wdYs%; j N+ .; c,h ;ekam;a j we;'
N=.; c,h ,nd.kakd úúO l%uN=.; c,h ,nd.kakd úúO l%uN=.; c,h ,nd.kakd úúO l%uN=.; c,h ,nd.kakd úúO l%uN=.; c,h ,nd.kakd úúO l%u
- fkd.eUqre <s x u.ska
Èjhsfka jeä jYfhka jHdma; j we;s l%uh fuh fõ' khsia" .%ekhsÜ jeks
m;=,a mdIdK msysá m%foaYj, .x.d ksïk yd msgdr ;eks;,d wdYs%; m%foaYj,"
fjr<nv m%foaYj, "fkd.eUqre ,sx u.ska ñßÈh ,nd .efka'
- k, <sx u.ska
;o mdIdK we;s m%foaYj, l=ia;+r "me¨ï yd újr ;=< N+ .; c,h úYd, f,i
rod mj;shs' úh<s l,dmfha k, ,sx u.ska ,nd.kafka tu c,hhs'
- wdàishdkq <sx u.ska
YS% ,xldfõ we;eï m%foaYj, mj;akd c, fødaKs mSvkhg ,la j mj;shs' fujka
;ekaj, c,Orh olajd yEÍu ksid iajdNdúlj u c,h u;=msgg .,d ths' tajd
wdàishdkq <sx jYfhka ye¢kafõ Wod ( m,dú" uq,;sõ" uqreka.ka
- .eUqre <ssx u.ska
yqKq.,a m%foaYj, u;=msg c,jykhla isÿ fkdfõ' ta ksid N+.; c,h úYd,
jYfhka tys .nvd ù we;' jhU yd W;=re m%foaYj, .eUqre <ssx u.ska N+.; c,h
,nd .efkhs' fuhska iuyrla m;=,la fkdue;s <sx f,i o ye¢kafõ'
- W,am;a u.ska
lÿlr m%foaYj, N+ úIu;dj wkqj iEu ;ek u mdfyaa W,am;a olakg we;' tu
m%foaYj, jdih lrkakkaf.a c, m%Njh fuu W,am;a h'
N+f.da, úoHdj 13 jk fY%aKsh
8 .=re ud¾f.damfoaY ix.%yh
- WKqÈh W,am;a u.ska
lskakshd" uyTh" j,fõ .Õg kef.kysßka msysá uyme,eiai jeks m%foaYj,
WKqÈh ,efnk úfYaIs; W,am;a olakg we;'
YS% ,xldfõ c, mßfNdackhYS% ,xldfõ c, mßfNdackhYS% ,xldfõ c, mßfNdackhYS% ,xldfõ c, mßfNdackhYS% ,xldfõ c, mßfNdackh
- úúO ld¾hhka i|yd c,h fhdod .efkhs
) mdkSh c,h
) .DyH lghq;=
) lDIsld¾ñl lghq;=
) c, úÿ,sh ksmoùu
) úúO l¾udka; i|yd
) ëjr lghq;= ^ñßÈh yd l,mq wdYs%; &
) ixpdrl lghq;= ^iq¿ jYfhks&
) mßjykh ^iq¿ jYfhks&
- mßfNdack m%;sY;h
) lDIsld¾ñl lghq;= 85]
) .DyH 6]
) fjk;a 9]
^uq,dY%h ( c, iïm; kj oelaulska" c, iïm;a l<ukdlrK wu;HdxYh&
- YS% ,xldfõ oekg tal mqoa., c, mßfNdackh Èklg ,Sg¾ 31 ls' kuq;a wjYH
m%udKh Èklg ,Sgr 50 ls'
N+f.da, úoHdj 13 jk fY%aKsh
9 .=re ud¾f.damfoaY ix.%yh
ksmqK;d uÜguksmqK;d uÜguksmqK;d uÜguksmqK;d uÜguksmqK;d uÜgu 8'2 YS% ,xldfõ c, ixrlaIKfha jeo.;alu meyeÈ,s lrhs8'2 YS% ,xldfõ c, ixrlaIKfha jeo.;alu meyeÈ,s lrhs8'2 YS% ,xldfõ c, ixrlaIKfha jeo.;alu meyeÈ,s lrhs8'2 YS% ,xldfõ c, ixrlaIKfha jeo.;alu meyeÈ,s lrhs8'2 YS% ,xldfõ c, ixrlaIKfha jeo.;alu meyeÈ,s lrhs
^ld,Éfþo 06& ^ld,Éfþo 06& ^ld,Éfþo 06& ^ld,Éfþo 06& ^ld,Éfþo 06&
bf.kqï M,bf.kqï M,bf.kqï M,bf.kqï M,bf.kqï M, • • • • • wm rfÜ c, ÿIKh isÿjk wdldrh f;areï .kshs
••••• wkd.; c, iïm; iq/lSfï wjYH;dj y÷kd .kshs
••••• YS% ,xldfõ c, iïm; iq/lSu i|yd wkq.ukh l< hq;=
iqÿiq l%shdud¾. fhdackd lrhs'
ye¢kaùuye¢kaùuye¢kaùuye¢kaùuye¢kaùu
oekg oYl lsysmhlg fmr Y%S ,xldfõ c, iïm; Rcq j mßfNdackhg .; yels
jQ fyhska th ixrlaIKh lsÍu ms<sn| .eg¨ olakg fkdúh' tfy;a j¾;udkfha u;= msg
c,h fukau N+.; c,h o úúO fya;= u; ¥IKh fjñka mj;S' ñksia l%shdldrlï ixlS¾K
ùu;a iu`. u c, iïm; ¥IKh ùfï l%shdj,sh o fõ.j;a j we;'
c, ¥IKh iajdNdúl f,i o" ñksia l%shdldrlï ksid o isÿ fõ' c, ÿIKhg wu;r
j wê mßfNdackh;a" c,h wksis f,i Ndú; lsÍu;a ksid wm rfÜ c,h úYd, f,i wmf;a
hdula isÿfõ' tksid j¾;udk Y%S ,xldfõ c, iïm; ixrlaIKh lsÍfï wjYH;dj oeä
f,i biau;= j we;'
wm rfÜ c, iïm; iq?lSfï wjYH;dj yd ta i|yd úúO l%shdud¾. wkq.ukh
lsÍfï jeo.;alu wOHhkh lsÍu Y%S ,xldfõ c, ixrlaIKh hgf;a wjOdkhg ,la
flfrhs'
c, ÿIKh c, ÿIKh c, ÿIKh c, ÿIKh c, ÿIKh
- óg oYl lsysmhlg fmr Èjhsfka N+;, c,h yd N+.; c,h ñksia lghq;= i|yd
m%fhdackhg .ekSug uq¿ukska u yelshdj ;sìK' kuq;a j¾;udkfha § .x.d
we<" fod< yd újD; c, W,am;ays c,h tfia m%fhdackhkag .; fkdyels h'
Wod ( fíf¾ jej " uykqjr ueo we<
- c, ÿIKh ksid c,h wmsßisÿ ùu fuka u c,fha .=Kd;aul nj wvqùu o isÿfõ'
j¾;udk YS% ,xldfõ c, ÿIKh isÿjk m%Odk fya;= idOl folls'
) iajdNdúl f,i isÿjk c,fha .=Kd;aul nj wvqùu
) ñksia ls%hdldrlï ksid isÿjk c, ÿIKh
N+f.da, úoHdj 13 jk fY%aKsh
10 .=re ud¾f.damfoaY ix.%yh
iajdNdúl f,i isÿjk c,fha .=Kd;aul nj wvqùuiajdNdúl f,i isÿjk c,fha .=Kd;aul nj wvqùuiajdNdúl f,i isÿjk c,fha .=Kd;aul nj wvqùuiajdNdúl f,i isÿjk c,fha .=Kd;aul nj wvqùuiajdNdúl f,i isÿjk c,fha .=Kd;aul nj wvqùu
- uqyqÿ c,h ñY%ùu - fjr<nv ;ekafkaa ydrd we;s fkd.eUqre <sx u.ska ñßÈh c,h
,nd .efkhs' tfy;a j¾Idj wvq ld,hg N+ .; c, uÜgu my; neiSu ksid
,jK c,h tajd ;=<g .,d ths' mq;a;,u yd l,amsáh m%foaYj, fkd.eUqre <sx
;=<g ,jK c,h .,d ths'
- úúO wmøjH c,hg tl;=ùu ^iajdNdúl j&
) i;aj wmøjH
) Lksc ,jK
) Èrdhk øjH ^Ydl fldgia&
) laIqø Ôúka
c,h" fmd<j u;=msáka iy fmd<j ;=<ska .,d hk úg by; wmøjH tl;= fõ'
- ñksia ls%hdldrlï ksid isÿjk c, ÿIKh
) lD;s%u fmdfydr Ndú;h
) lDñ kdYl Ndú;h
) j,a kdYl Ndú;h
) l¾udka; wmøjH neyer lsÍu
) ridhk øjH ñY% ùu
) .DyH lghq;= ksid neyer lrk wmøjH
) je,s f.dv oeóu
) ueá yeÍu
) wmsßisÿ jdhq j¾. c,hg tl;=ùu ^fudag¾ r: yd lïy,aj,ska msgjk jdhq&
c, iïm;a ixrlaIKfha wjYH;djc, iïm;a ixrlaIKfha wjYH;djc, iïm;a ixrlaIKfha wjYH;djc, iïm;a ixrlaIKfha wjYH;djc, iïm;a ixrlaIKfha wjYH;dj
- j¾;udk f,dal ck;djf.ka 33]la u muK wju wjYH;djkag iß,k
msßisÿ c,h fkd ,efí' 2025 jir jk úg 60] lg muK msßisÿ c,h ,nd
.ekSu ms<sn| .eg¨ mek k.skq we;'
- wm rfÜ mdkSh c,h .eg¨jla njg m;a fjñka ;sfí' we;eï m%foaYj,
u;=msg c,h fuka u N+.; c,h o mdkh i|yd fhdod .; fkdyels
;;a;ajhl mj;shs hdmkh" wkqrdOmqrh&'
- wmøjH c,hg ñY% ùu ksid c,c Ôùka yd me,Eá joùhdfï ;¾ckhg
uqyqK md we;'
- le,Ks .fÕa je,s f.dv oeóu ksid .x m;a, .eUqre ùfuka" úh<s ld,hg
wU;f,a fmdïmd.drh olajd u uqyqÿ c,h .,d ths' tu ksid uy fld<U
m%foaYfha mdkSh c,h fnod yeÍfï § .eg¨ mek k.shs'
N+f.da, úoHdj 13 jk fY%aKsh
11 .=re ud¾f.damfoaY ix.%yh
wmú;% øjH c,hg tl;= ùu je<elaùu i|yd .; yels ls%hdud¾.wmú;% øjH c,hg tl;= ùu je<elaùu i|yd .; yels ls%hdud¾.wmú;% øjH c,hg tl;= ùu je<elaùu i|yd .; yels ls%hdud¾.wmú;% øjH c,hg tl;= ùu je<elaùu i|yd .; yels ls%hdud¾.wmú;% øjH c,hg tl;= ùu je<elaùu i|yd .; yels ls%hdud¾.
- ck;dj oekqj;a lsÍu
- kS;sÍ;s ls%hd;aul lsÍu
- je,s f.dv oeóu" ueá lemSu" ;jÿrg;a iSud flfrk kS;s mekùu yd
ls%hdlsÍu'
c, ixrlaIKhc, ixrlaIKhc, ixrlaIKhc, ixrlaIKhc, ixrlaIKh
- c, ixrlaIK ls%hdj,shl uq,sl ,laIK folla ;sìh hq;=h'
1' c,h wkjYH f,i Ndú; fkdlsÍu
2' c,h ÿIKh ùu j<lajd .ekSu
- c, ixrlaIKh wxY lsysmhlska isÿúh hq;= h'
) .DyH lghq;= i|yd fhfok c, ixrlaIKh
ÈhkEu" frÈ fia§u"jeisls<s Ndú;h jeks lghq;= i|yd c,h wmf;a
fkdhk l%u Ndú; lsÍu
Ndú; lrk ,o c,h m%;spls%lrKfhka miq kej; Ndú;hg .ekSu
) lDIsl¾ufha § ukd c, l<ukdlrKhla mj;ajd .ekSu
j.d lrk fnda. j¾.h wkqj Bg wjYH jk c, m%udKh muKla
Ndú; lsÍu
) l¾udka; i|yd Ndú; lrk c,h wmf;a fkdhk mßÈ
Ndú; lsÍu
- c, ÿIKh j<lajd .ekSu o c, ixrlaIKfha § jeo.;a fõ'
• • • • • kd.ßl m%foaYj, jdyk" frÈ jeks foa msßisÿ lsÍfï uOHia:dk
j,ska c, ÿIKh je<elaùu
• • • • • lDIsl¾uh yd l¾udka; ksid isÿjk c, ÿIKh je<elaùu
- jeis c,h tl;= lr Ndú;hg .ekSu i|yd YS% ,xldfõ úh<s l,dmSh
m%foaYj, jeis c, gexls Ndú; flf¾' fuu l%uh jHdma; lsÍu c,
ixrlaIKh i|yd jeo.;a fõ'
N+f.da, úoHdj 13 jk fY%aKsh
12 .=re ud¾f.damfoaY ix.%yh
wkd.; oelauwkd.; oelauwkd.; oelauwkd.; oelauwkd.; oelau
- wêl ck ixLHdjla jik wdishd;sl rgj, c,h ÿIKh ùu fmdÿ .eg¨jla
njg m;aj we;'
Wod ( bkaÈhdj" u,hdishdj" bkaÿkSishdj" isx.mamqrej
- fuu rgj, .x.d fødaKs mú;% lsÍfï jHdmD;s u.ska N+;, c,h ixrlaIKh
lsÍfï lghq;= id¾:l j bgqlr f.k we;'
Wod ( 1977 wdrïN fldg jir 10 lska wjika l< isx.mamqre .x.dj yd
l,d;a fødaKsh mú;% lsÍfï jHdmdrh' bkaÈhdfõ .x.d kï .Õ wdYs%; j
mú;% .x.d jHdmD;sh ^1986&
- YS% ,xldfõ N+;, yd N+.; c, iïm;a iq/lSfï jHdmD;s blaukska u ls%hdjg
kexúh hq;= fõ'
wdY%s; .%ka:wdY%s; .%ka:wdY%s; .%ka:wdY%s; .%ka:wdY%s; .%ka:
- l=f¾"mS'Ô'rEmisxy" uyskao"^2003&'wm wjg ñys;,h"tia'f.dvf.a iy ifydaorfhda'
- wd¾Ól úuiqu" ^1998&' ud¾;= l,dmh'
- w;a m;%sld" c, iïm; kj oelaulska " c, iïm;a l<ukdlrK wud;HdxYh'
- fidnd i`.rdj" .x.d fodaKs ixj¾Okh ms<sn| kj ixl,amhla
- Y%S ,xld cd;sl is;shï fmd;" ^2007&'
- Arjuna's atlas SirLanka ,(1997 ).Arjuna consulting Co Ltd.
N+f.da, úoHdj 13 jk fY%aKsh
13 .=re ud¾f.damfoaY ix.%yh
bf.kqï - b.ekaùï ls%hdldrlïbf.kqï - b.ekaùï ls%hdldrlïbf.kqï - b.ekaùï ls%hdldrlïbf.kqï - b.ekaùï ls%hdldrlïbf.kqï - b.ekaùï ls%hdldrlïls%hdldrlu - 1ls%hdldrlu - 1ls%hdldrlu - 1ls%hdldrlu - 1ls%hdldrlu - 1
YS% ,xldfõ c, iïm; ms<sn| j mq¾K woyila f.dv kef.k mßÈ yd c, iïm;
ixrlaIKh lsÍfï jeo.;alu meyeÈ,s jk mßÈ m%o¾Yk m;s%ldjla ilia lrkak'
ls%hdldrlu - 2ls%hdldrlu - 2ls%hdldrlu - 2ls%hdldrlu - 2ls%hdldrlu - 2
----- Tn m%foaYfha N+.; c, uÜgu fjkiaùu ms<sn| j f;dr;=re igykla
ilia lrkak'
- fï i|yd j¾Id yd úh<s ld, yiqjk mßÈ jßka jr igyka ;nd
.kak'
- j¾Idj fjkiajk úg <sxj, c, uÜgu wvq jeä jk whqre ld,Sk
igyka ;nd ta wkqj m%ia;dr igyka weiqßka f;dr;=re igykl
ilia lrkak'
N+f.da, úoHdj 13 jk fY%aKsh
14 .=re ud¾f.damfoaY ix.%yh
ksmqK;dj - 9ksmqK;dj - 9ksmqK;dj - 9ksmqK;dj - 9ksmqK;dj - 9
fN!;sl yd udkqI N+ o¾Ykfha ixrpl" .;s ,laIKfN!;sl yd udkqI N+ o¾Ykfha ixrpl" .;s ,laIKfN!;sl yd udkqI N+ o¾Ykfha ixrpl" .;s ,laIKfN!;sl yd udkqI N+ o¾Ykfha ixrpl" .;s ,laIKfN!;sl yd udkqI N+ o¾Ykfha ixrpl" .;s ,laIKyd ls%hdj,s mÍlaId lrñka mßir ixrlaIKhg odhl fõyd ls%hdj,s mÍlaId lrñka mßir ixrlaIKhg odhl fõyd ls%hdj,s mÍlaId lrñka mßir ixrlaIKhg odhl fõyd ls%hdj,s mÍlaId lrñka mßir ixrlaIKhg odhl fõyd ls%hdj,s mÍlaId lrñka mßir ixrlaIKhg odhl fõ
ksmqK;d uÜguksmqK;d uÜguksmqK;d uÜguksmqK;d uÜguksmqK;d uÜgu 9'1 ìfhdauj, f,dal jHdma;sh yd .;s ,laIK meyeÈ,s lrhs
^ld,Éfþo 16&^ld,Éfþo 16&^ld,Éfþo 16&^ld,Éfþo 16&^ld,Éfþo 16&
bf.kqï M, bf.kqï M, bf.kqï M, bf.kqï M, bf.kqï M, ••••• ìfhdauhla hkq l=ulaoehs ks¾jpkh lrhs'
• • • • • ìfhdau j¾. kï lrhs'
• • • • • ìfhdauj, f,dal jHdma;sh is;shulska bÈßm;a lrhs'
• • • • • ìfhdauj, ,laIK yd foaY.=Kh ms<sn| j f;dr;=re
.fõIKh lrhs'
• • • • • f,dalfha ìfhdauj, ,laIK YS% ,xldj wdY%fhka ixikaokhl
fhfohs'
ye¢kaùuye¢kaùuye¢kaùuye¢kaùuye¢kaùu
ffcj f.da,fha ixúOdk uÜgï wkq ms<sfjf<ys mßir moaO;shg miqj y÷kd .;
yels by< fY%aKsh jkqfha ìfhdauh hs' f,dalfha mßir moaO;s úYd, m%udKhla olakg
,efnk w;r tjeks iudk jq moaO;s tl;= ùfuka ks¾udKh jq ìfhdau o rdYshlaa olakg
,efí' ìfhdauj, f,dal jHdma;sh yd .;s ,laIK y÷kd .ekSfï § ìfhdau j¾. o y÷kd.;
yels fõ' fï wkqj úYd," uOHu iy iq¿ m%udKfha ìfhdau j¾. mj;shs'
úYd, m%foaYhl jHdma; jq jkdka;r o tl ìfhdauhla f,i y÷kd.; yels h' fï
wkqj f,dalfha ìfhdau jHdma;sh y÷kd .efkk m%Odk idOlh f,i foaY.=Kh oelaúh
yelsh' WIaK;ajh yd j¾Idm;kh uq,sl jq fuu n,mEï u.ska ñksidf.a fuka u fN!;sl
mßirfha o meje;au yd .;s ,laIK ;SrKh flfrhs'
ìfhdauh ye¢kaùu" .;s ,laIK fuka u f,dal jHdma;sh ms<sn| j isiqkag wjfndaOhla
,nd§u fuu mßÉfþofhka wfmalaIs;h'
N+f.da, úoHdj 13 jk fY%aKsh
15 .=re ud¾f.damfoaY ix.%yh
úIh lreKq meyeÈ,s lr.eksug w;aje,laúIh lreKq meyeÈ,s lr.eksug w;aje,laúIh lreKq meyeÈ,s lr.eksug w;aje,laúIh lreKq meyeÈ,s lr.eksug w;aje,laúIh lreKq meyeÈ,s lr.eksug w;aje,la
• • • • • ìfhdau j¾.ìfhdau j¾.ìfhdau j¾.ìfhdau j¾.ìfhdau j¾.
- ksj¾;k jkdka;r
- fi!uH l,dmSh jkdka;r
- uOHOrKs jk ,eyeí
- ;DK N+ñ yd iejdkd
- ghs.d jkdka;r
- ldka;dr
- ;=kaød
ìfhdauh yeÈkaùuìfhdauh yeÈkaùuìfhdauh yeÈkaùuìfhdauh yeÈkaùuìfhdauh yeÈkaùu
- ksYaÑ; i;a;aj yd Ydl úfYaI ixLHdjla iys; yd jDlaI,;djkays
lsishï ksYaÑ; jHqyhla mj;sk ldKavhls'
- ffcj N+f.da,Sh l,dmhla fkdj mdßißl tallhls ^mdßißl úoHd Yío
fldaIh&'
- iudc úoHd;aul tallhla f,i jdih lrk Ydl yd i;a;aj ixlS¾Khhs
ksj¾;k jkdka;rksj¾;k jkdka;rksj¾;k jkdka;rksj¾;k jkdka;rksj¾;k jkdka;r
jHdma;shjHdma;shjHdma;shjHdma;shjHdma;sh
weuika" ihf¾" ngysr wms%ldj" uef,aishdj" ldïfndach" ñhkaudrh" ,d´ih"
;dhs,ka;h" W;=re úhÜkduh" W;=re iafÜ%,shdj" ksõ.skshdj" uOHu bkaÈhdj
foaY.=KhfoaY.=KhfoaY.=KhfoaY.=KhfoaY.=Kh
- jd¾Isl j¾Idm;kh 2500 mm - 5000 mm w;r by< uÜgul mj;shs'
- jir mqrd jHdma; jq j¾Idm;khla ,efnhs'
- idfmalaI wd¾ø;dj 75-90] w;r by< w.hla .ksshs'
- j¾Ih mqrdu me;sreKq 27 - 30 CO w;r WIaK;ajhlska hqla;h'
jDlaI,;djDlaI,;djDlaI,;djDlaI,;djDlaI,;d
- ffcj úúO;ajh b;d by<h
- Ydl iodyß;h
N+f.da, úoHdj 13 jk fY%aKsh
16 .=re ud¾f.damfoaY ix.%yh
- Ydl úYd, ixLHdjla <Õska msysgd we;s w;r b;d Wig jefvhs'
- Ydl Rcq l|ka j,ska hqla; jk w;r my< fl<jr m<, h'
- imqIam yd M, we;s jk Ydlj,ska hqla;h'
- ialkaO mqIamdNh iys;h ^lf|ys u,a yd M, yg .ekSu&
- wmsYdl yd wdfrdayl Ydl nyq, h'
- Ydl ia;ÍlrKhlaa olakg ,efí'
) fkre ia;rh 35 m - 45m w;r Wi .ia ;ekska ;ek we;'
) úhka ia;rh 25 m - 30 m w;r Ydl b;d <.ska msysghs'
) Wmúhka ia;rh 10 m - 15 m w;r Wi h'
) m÷re Ydl ia;rh 5 m la muK fõ'
- wdf,dalh fkdue;s ùfuka há frdamKh ÿ¾j, h'
by; ,laIK fmdÿ tajd jk w;r" m%dfoaYSh fjkialï wkqj Wm fn§ï o mj;shs'
- ksj¾;k j¾Id jkdka;r $ ksj¾;k fudaiï jkdka;r
m%Odk Ydl w;r uefyda.ks" l¿jr" kd" ;d, j¾.fha .ia" f;alal" WK" i÷ka"
weflaIshd" hqle,smagia yd wmsYdl j¾.
i;a;aj úfYaI i;a;aj úfYaI i;a;aj úfYaI i;a;aj úfYaI i;a;aj úfYaI
- jdkr j¾." Wr. j¾." lDñ úfYaI yd l=re¿ úfYaI
ksj¾;k jkdka;r foaY.=Kh iy jDlaI,;d u; kej; fldgia 2g fnfoa
1' ksj¾;k iodyß; jkdka;r
2' ksj¾;k fudaiï jkdka;r
fi!uH l,dmSh jkdka;rfi!uH l,dmSh jkdka;rfi!uH l,dmSh jkdka;rfi!uH l,dmSh jkdka;rfi!uH l,dmSh jkdka;r
jHdma;shjHdma;shjHdma;shjHdma;shjHdma;sh
´iafÜ%,shdj" ol=Kq wm%sldj" le,sfmdakshdj" ol=Kq Ökh" W;=re kjis,ka;h
wdYs%; j yÿkd.; yelsh'
foaY.=KhfoaY.=KhfoaY.=KhfoaY.=KhfoaY.=Kh
- 150 mm - 750 mm w;r jir mqrd me;sr fkdhk j¾Idm;khla ,efí'
- WIaK;ajh wvq w;r th jir mqrd taldldr fkd jqjls'
- jir mqrd WIaK;ajh úp,kh jk w;r .sïydk R;=fõ oS WIaK;ajh
jeäh'
N+f.da, úoHdj 13 jk fY%aKsh
17 .=re ud¾f.damfoaY ix.%yh
jDlaI,;djDlaI,;djDlaI,;djDlaI,;djDlaI,;d
- ksj¾;k jkdka;r ;rï úúO;ajhla ke;' Ydl >k;ajh wvq h'
- iodyß; yd m;kYS,s Ydl o we;'
- .iaj, Wi wvq w;r ia:rslrKhla m%lg fkd fõ' Wia Ydl m÷re Ydl"
;DK j¾. fuka u mdis o olakg ,efí'
- Ydl j¾. w;r ´la" ue.afkda,shd" hqle,smagia" mhska jeks Ydl jeo.;a
fõ'
fi!uH l,dmSh jkdka;r foaY.=Kfha iy jDlaI,;dj, iq`M fjkialï ksid
kej; fldgia 2 g fnfoa'
1' fi!uH l,dmSh m;kYS,S jkdka;r
2' fi!uH l,dmSh iodyß; jkdka;r
i;aj úfYaIi;aj úfYaIi;aj úfYaIi;aj úfYaIi;aj úfYaI
uqj j¾." l=re¿ j¾." c,c ðùka
uOHOrKs jkdka;ruOHOrKs jkdka;ruOHOrKs jkdka;ruOHOrKs jkdka;ruOHOrKs jkdka;r
jHdma;sh jHdma;sh jHdma;sh jHdma;sh jHdma;sh
hqfrdamh" wms%ldj yd ueo fmrÈ. m%foaYhkays uOHOrKs uqyqo jgd my;a ìï"
flamagjqka" le,sfmdakshd" uOHu Ñ,S" ksß; yd ol=Kq iafÜ%,shdfõ fjr<nv m%foaY
foaY.=Kh foaY.=Kh foaY.=Kh foaY.=Kh foaY.=Kh
- oeä lgql .sïydk ld,hla iy b;d uDÿ jq YsYsrhla olakg ,efí'
- .S%Iau ld,fha 26'6 - 32'20 c la muK WIaK;ajhla o YsYsrfha 12'2 - 100 c la
muK WIaK;ajhla o fõ'
- YsYsrfha § jeis ,efnk w;r jd¾Isl j¾Idm;kh 762mm g wvq fõ'
jDlaI,;djDlaI,;djDlaI,;djDlaI,;djDlaI,;d
- iodyß; Ydl we;s w;r úh<s .S%Iauhg wkqj¾;kh jq Ydl fõ'
- W;aiafõokh wvq lsÍug isyska fld< fyda báj,ska jeiqKq l=vd m;% iys;
Y=IalrEmS Ydl fõ'
- Ydl" .eg iys; l|ka yd >klï fmd;=j,ska hqla;h'
- N+.; c,h we| .ekSug fndfyda Ydlj, È.= uq,a we;s fõ'
Ydl j¾. w;r mhska" iSv¾" ´la" frdaiauß" ,ejekav¾" áhq,sma" hqle,smagia" foajodr
y÷kd.; yelsh'
i;a;aj úfYaI i;a;aj úfYaI i;a;aj úfYaI i;a;aj úfYaI i;a;aj úfYaI
- w,xldr l=re¿ j¾." uqj úfYaI
N+f.da, úoHdj 13 jk fY%aKsh
18 .=re ud¾f.damfoaY ix.%yh
;DKN+ñ yd iejkd;DKN+ñ yd iejkd;DKN+ñ yd iejkd;DKN+ñ yd iejkd;DKN+ñ yd iejkd
jHdma;sh jHdma;sh jHdma;sh jHdma;sh jHdma;sh
wms%ldj fj,aâ" khsðßhdj" .skshdj" khsc¾" n%is,fha leïfmdaia"
fjksishq,dj yd fldf<dïìhdfõ ,dfkdaia" reishdfõ iafgmaia" wdckaákdfõ
meïmdia" ´iafÜ%,shdfõ vjqkaia
foaY.=KhfoaY.=KhfoaY.=KhfoaY.=KhfoaY.=Kh
- YS; udifha jeä u WIaK;ajh 180 c ls'
- jdIamSlrKh ;rula by< h'
- jd¾Isl j¾Idm;kh fndfyda úg 1016mm - 1524mm w;r fõ'
- úh<s RD;=j È.= w;r j¾Id iD;=j fláh'
- ;o iq<x yuhs'
jDlaI,;d jDlaI,;d jDlaI,;d jDlaI,;d jDlaI,;d
- úYd, fuka u l=vd ;DK j¾. o m%Odk Ydl w;r fõ'
- jkdka;r wi< Wia ;DK fuka u ldka;dr wdikakfha l=vd ;DK o olakg
,efí' ;ekska ;ek .ia ^ Tree) fuka u m÷re( bush plants) Ydl
jHdma; we;'
- úúO m;% iys; Ydl mj;shs'
- úúO rEmdldr iys; m;%j,ska hq;a Ydl olakg ,efí'
Ydl j¾. w;r ;DK j¾." weflaIshd" nfhdneí jeks Ydl y÷kd .; yelsh'
i;a;aj úfYaI i;a;aj úfYaI i;a;aj úfYaI i;a;aj úfYaI i;a;aj úfYaI
- - - - - nhsika" osúhd"Ögd"ðrd*a".ei,a "iSn%d
ghs.d jkdka;rghs.d jkdka;rghs.d jkdka;rghs.d jkdka;rghs.d jkdka;r
jHdma;sh jHdma;sh jHdma;sh jHdma;sh jHdma;sh
W;=re weußlfõ ngysr fjrf<a isg kef.kysr fjr< olajd;a" W;=re hqfrdamfha
ngysr fjrf<a isg kef.kysr wdishdfõ fjr< olajd;a È.= máhla fia jHdma;
fõ' ngysr hqfrdamfha W;=re wlaIdxY 600 olajd ol=Kg o" kef.kysr wdishdfõ
W;=re wlaIdxY 500 olajd ol=Kg o kef.kysr weußldfõ W;=re wlaIdxY 450 olajd
ol=Kg o jHdma; fõ'
N+f.da, úoHdj 13 jk fY%aKsh
19 .=re ud¾f.damfoaY ix.%yh
foaY.=Kh foaY.=Kh foaY.=Kh foaY.=Kh foaY.=Kh
- j¾Ih mqrd jHdma; jq j¾Idm;khla olakg ,efí'
- §¾> YS; R;=jla iy flá .sïydkhla mj;shs'
- WIaK;ajh wvq jk w;r .sïydkfha § WIaK;ajh 20 C0 la iy YsYsrfha § 6 C0
ls'
jDlaI,;djDlaI,;djDlaI,;djDlaI,;djDlaI,;d
- ;o bÈlgq jeks m;% iys; Ydl we;
- Ydl iDcq jk w;r ,S uDÿh
- iodyß; Ydl o we;
Ydl j¾. w;r mhskia" iamDDia" ,d¾É" *¾" n¾É" ihsm%ia" iSv¾" fmdma,¾ jeks Ydl
yÿkd .; yelsh'
ldka;drldka;drldka;drldka;drldka;dr
ldka;dr m%Odk j¾. 2 ls'
1' WIaK ldka;dr
2' YS; ldka;dr
jHdma;sh jHdma;sh jHdma;sh jHdma;sh jHdma;sh
weußld tlai;a ckmofha le,sf*dakshd" weßfidakd" ol=Kq weußldfõ wegldud"
wms%ldfõ iyrd" l,ydß" keïìhdkq " wrdì" ;d¾ " ´iafÜ%,shdfõ ngysr m%foaY"
f.daì" weußld tlai;a ckmofha fkjdvd";=¾lsia:dka hk m%foaYj, jHdma;j mj;S'
foaY.=KhfoaY.=KhfoaY.=KhfoaY.=KhfoaY.=Kh
- WIaK;ajh b;d by< h'
- j¾Idm;kh b;d wvq h'
jDlaI,;djDlaI,;djDlaI,;djDlaI,;djDlaI,;d
- úYd, Ydl olakg ke;' fm| mdis" jeks l=vd Ydl úfYaI olakg we;'
Wod ( fldaudßld" fm|
- lafIau N+ñ iy laIKsl jeis jefgk ;ekaj, iq¿ Ydl jeiaula we;'
- ñá m÷re ;ekska ;ek msysghs'
- Ydl Y=IalrEmS núka hqla; h'
1' l| udxi, .=Kh iys; h'
2' m;% b;d l=vd h'
3' Ydl m;% báj,ska jeiS we;'
4' Ydl hqI iys; h'
- È.= uq,a moaO;shla we;
Ydl j¾. w;r mf;dla j¾." lgq m÷re jeks j¾. yÿkd.; yelsh'
N+f.da, úoHdj 13 jk fY%aKsh
20 .=re ud¾f.damfoaY ix.%yh
i;a;aj úfYaIi;a;aj úfYaIi;a;aj úfYaIi;a;aj úfYaIi;a;aj úfYaI
Tgqjd" leka.re" uqj úfYaI" jDlhka" lgqiq úfYaI
;=kaød;=kaød;=kaød;=kaød;=kaød
jHdma;shjHdma;shjHdma;shjHdma;shjHdma;sh
O%ejdikak m%foaY ^wdlaála jD;a;fhka W;=rg&iy Wia l÷ m%foaY Wod( tjriaÜ
foaY.=KhfoaY.=KhfoaY.=KhfoaY.=KhfoaY.=Kh
- udi 2-4 olajd b;d flá .sïydkhla mj;shs'
- .sïydkfha ;=ysk yg.kshs'
- jd¾Isl j¾Idm;kh 250mm - 300mm w;r fõ'
jDlaI,;djDlaI,;djDlaI,;djDlaI,;djDlaI,;d
- ysu jeiau ksid úYd, jDlaI,;d jeiaula olakg fkd ,efí'
- fm|" mdis jeks Ydl muKla yg .kshs'
i;a;aj úfYaIi;a;aj úfYaIi;a;aj úfYaIi;a;aj úfYaIi;a;aj úfYaI
- f,ñx" msksuqjka" iageka.a" fmka.=hska
by; m%Odk ìfhdau j¾.j,g wu;r j f,dalfha fndfyda m%foaYj, jHdma; jQ
f;;aìï ìfhdau o mj;shs' weußldfõ mekagk,a" wefïika fødaKsh" iqkao¾ndkaia wdÈh
ksoiqkah' f,dalfha ish¨ foaY.=Ksl l,dmhkays fïjd jHdma;h' tfuka u fjr< f;;aìï
o we;'
wdY%s; .%ka: wdY%s; .%ka: wdY%s; .%ka: wdY%s; .%ka: wdY%s; .%ka:
- mdßißl N+f.da, úoHdj" ^1997&' wOHdmk m%ldYk fomd¾;fïka;=j'
bf.kqï - b.ekaùï ls%hdldrlïbf.kqï - b.ekaùï ls%hdldrlïbf.kqï - b.ekaùï ls%hdldrlïbf.kqï - b.ekaùï ls%hdldrlïbf.kqï - b.ekaùï ls%hdldrlï
ls%hdldrlï -1 ls%hdldrlï -1 ls%hdldrlï -1 ls%hdldrlï -1 ls%hdldrlï -1
tla tla lKavdhug tla tla ìfhdauh ne.ska ,nd § ta ms<sno j f;dr;=re /ia lr
ks¾udKd;aul j bÈßm;a lsÍug Wmfoia fokak'
N+f.da, úoHdj 13 jk fY%aKsh
21 .=re ud¾f.damfoaY ix.%yh
ksmqK;d uÜgu ksmqK;d uÜgu ksmqK;d uÜgu ksmqK;d uÜgu ksmqK;d uÜgu 9'2 YS% ,xldfõ ìfhdauj, jHdma;sh yd .;s ,laIK 9'2 YS% ,xldfõ ìfhdauj, jHdma;sh yd .;s ,laIK 9'2 YS% ,xldfõ ìfhdauj, jHdma;sh yd .;s ,laIK 9'2 YS% ,xldfõ ìfhdauj, jHdma;sh yd .;s ,laIK 9'2 YS% ,xldfõ ìfhdauj, jHdma;sh yd .;s ,laIK
meyeÈ,s lrhs meyeÈ,s lrhs meyeÈ,s lrhs meyeÈ,s lrhs meyeÈ,s lrhs
^ld,Éfþo 10& ^ld,Éfþo 10& ^ld,Éfþo 10& ^ld,Éfþo 10& ^ld,Éfþo 10&
bf.kqï M, bf.kqï M, bf.kqï M, bf.kqï M, bf.kqï M, ••••• YS% ,xldfõ we;s ìfhdau j¾. y÷kajhs'
••••• YS% ,xldfõ ìfhdau j¾.j, jHdma;sh j.= .; lrhs'
••••• YS% ,xldfõ ìfhdauj, ,laIK úu¾Yk lrhs'
••••• ìfhdauj, Ydl úúO;ajhla we;s njg f;dr;=re bÈßm;aa
lrhs'
••••• ìfhdauhkays mdßißl jeo.;alu wjfndaO lr .ksñka
mßir ixrlaIKh i|yd fhdackd bÈßm;a lrhs'
ye¢kaùuye¢kaùuye¢kaùuye¢kaùuye¢kaùu
ksj¾;k l,dmSh rgla jk YS% ,xldfõ tu foaY.=Khg wh;a ìfhdau jHdma; j
we;' Y%S ,xldfõ we;af;a iq`M mrsudK ìfhdau f,i ye¢kaúh yelsh' foaY.=Ksl jYfhka
oeä úIu;djla olakg ke;;a YS% ,xldj ÿm;la ùu yd WÉp;ajh wd§ fya;= u; jkdka;r
j¾. lsysmhla y÷kd f.k we;'
YS% ,xldfõ ìfhdau jHdma;sh ksoiqka iuÕ fuys § wjOdkhg ,la flfrhs' tfuka
u tajdfha foaY.=Ksl ,laIK"jDlaI,;d jHdma;sh fuu tallh u.ska wjOdkh flfrhs'
úIh lreKq meyeÈ,s lr.eksug w;aje,laúIh lreKq meyeÈ,s lr.eksug w;aje,laúIh lreKq meyeÈ,s lr.eksug w;aje,laúIh lreKq meyeÈ,s lr.eksug w;aje,laúIh lreKq meyeÈ,s lr.eksug w;aje,la
••••• YS% ,xldfõ ìfhdau jHdma;shYS% ,xldfõ ìfhdau jHdma;shYS% ,xldfõ ìfhdau jHdma;shYS% ,xldfõ ìfhdau jHdma;shYS% ,xldfõ ìfhdau jHdma;sh
- jkdka;r
- <÷le,E
- ;DK N+ñ
- f;;a ìï
jkdka;rjkdka;rjkdka;rjkdka;rjkdka;r
YS% ,xldfõ m%Odk jkdka;r ìfhdauj, m%fNao 3 ls
1' ksj¾;k j¾Id jkdka;r
2' úh<s ñY% iodyß; jkdka;r
3' l÷lr jkdka;r
N+f.da, úoHdj 13 jk fY%aKsh
22 .=re ud¾f.damfoaY ix.%yh
ksj¾;k j¾Id jkdka;rksj¾;k j¾Id jkdka;rksj¾;k j¾Id jkdka;rksj¾;k j¾Id jkdka;rksj¾;k j¾Id jkdka;r
jHdma;shjHdma;shjHdma;shjHdma;shjHdma;sh
my;rg f;;a l,dmh" ueo rg f;;a l,dmh Wod ( isxyrdch" lkafk,sh"
oEÈh.," kdlshdfoKsh'
foaY.=KhfoaY.=KhfoaY.=KhfoaY.=KhfoaY.=Kh
- 2500 mm - 5000 mm la w;r by< jd¾Isl j¾Idm;khla ,efí'
- uehs - iema;eïn¾ olajd ksß; È. fudaifuka wêl j¾Idjla ,efnk w;r
j¾Ih mqrd u jHdma; jq j¾Idm;khla ,efí'
jDlaI,;djDlaI,;djDlaI,;djDlaI,;djDlaI,;d
- ffcj úúO;ajh wêl w;r Ydl úfYaI 100-140 olajd m%udKhla we;'
- tal foaYsh Ydl nyq, h'
- iodyß; Ydl nyq, h'
- ìï tallh ;=< úYd, Ydl ixLHdjla b;d <.ska yd Wig jeä we;'
- Ydl ia;ÍlrKhlaa olakg ,efí'
- >Dcq l|ka iys; by< § w;= fnfok jDlaI" m<,a m;% yd ;=vq iys; m;%
we;s Ydl nyq, h'
- wmsYdl nyq, h'
- M, iys; Ydl we;'
- wdf,dalh jeàu wvq ksid ìï ia;rfha m;% úYd, fõ'
Ydl j¾. w;r fydr" nÿ,a," fodrK" j,afo,a" kd" wegU" lSk" Èhmr" f.dvmr"
ls;=,a" tkid,a" fjila u,a" fõje,a jeks Ydl yÿkd.; yelsh'
i;a;aj úfYaIi;a;aj úfYaIi;a;aj úfYaIi;a;aj úfYaIi;a;aj úfYaI
- Èúhd" Wr. j¾." lDñ úfYaI" l=re¿ j¾." f.d¨fn,s j¾.
úh<s ñY% iodyß; jkdka;rúh<s ñY% iodyß; jkdka;rúh<s ñY% iodyß; jkdka;rúh<s ñY% iodyß; jkdka;rúh<s ñY% iodyß; jkdka;r
jHdma;shjHdma;shjHdma;shjHdma;shjHdma;sh
YS% ,xldfõ jeäfhka u we;s jkdka;r j¾.h fõ' my;rg úh<s l,dmh"
reyqKq cd;sl jfkdaoHdkh" Wvj,j" hd,
N+f.da, úoHdj 13 jk fY%aKsh
23 .=re ud¾f.damfoaY ix.%yh
foaY.=KhfoaY.=KhfoaY.=KhfoaY.=KhfoaY.=Kh
- jd¾Isl j¾Idm;kh 1250 mm - 2000 mm w;r wvq uÜgul mj;shs'
- j¾Ih mqrdu taldldÍ j¾Idm;khla fkd ,efnhs'
- uehs - iema;eïn¾ olajd kshx iys; ld,hls'
- idudkH WIaK;ajh 300 - 35C0 w;r by< w.hla .kshs'
jDlaI,;djDlaI,;djDlaI,;djDlaI,;djDlaI,;d
- m%uqL Ydl úfYaI .Kk jeä ù we;s w;r úfYaI úúO;ajh f;;a jkfha
;rï ke;'
- iodyß; Ydl fuka u kshx iufha m;% yef,k Ydl o we;'
- .iaj, Wi wvqh' 15 - 20 m w;r fõ'
- jkh ;=<g wdf,dalh fyd¢ka ,efnk w;r ia;ßlrKh meyeÈ,s ke;'
- mÿre Ydl ia;rhlska hq;a;h'
Ydl j¾. w;r y,añ,a," ñ,a," m¨" lrej," ùr" nqre;" fldfydU jeks Ydl yÿkd.;
` yelsh'
i;a;aj úfYaIi;a;aj úfYaIi;a;aj úfYaIi;a;aj úfYaIi;a;aj úfYaI
- - - - - kßhd" ß<jd" ixl%uKsl l=re,a,ka" w,shd
l÷lr jkdka;rl÷lr jkdka;rl÷lr jkdka;rl÷lr jkdka;rl÷lr jkdka;r
jHdma;shjHdma;shjHdma;shjHdma;shjHdma;sh
uqyqÿ uÜgfï isg 1200 m g jvd Wia m%foaYj, jefjk jkdka;r y.a.,"
msÿre;,d.," iuk, lkao" kl,aia
foaY.=KhfoaY.=KhfoaY.=KhfoaY.=KhfoaY.=Kh
- j¾Ih mqrd jHdma; jq 3500 mm g jeä jd¾Isl j¾Idm;khla ,efí'
- ffoksl j fuka u jd¾Isl j o fjkia jk wvq WIaK;ajhla we;'
jDlaI,;djDlaI,;djDlaI,;djDlaI,;djDlaI,;d
- Ydl úúO;ajh wvq h'
- iodyß; Ydl we;s w;r m;% l=vd yd È.= fõ'
- Ydl ixLHdj wvq h' .iaj, Wi 10m - 15 m w;r fõ'
- fõ.j;a iq<Õska wdrlaId ùug l| iy w;= weUreKq fuka u .eg iys;
iajNdjhlska hqla; j we;'
- ´lsâ" mdis yd ,hslk nyq, ìï ia;rhla oelsh yelsh'
i;a;aj úfYai;a;aj úfYai;a;aj úfYai;a;aj úfYai;a;aj úfYaI ( uqjd" f.dakd" l=re¿ j¾." lgqiq úfYaI" j,a W!rka
N+f.da, úoHdj 13 jk fY%aKsh
24 .=re ud¾f.damfoaY ix.%yh
<÷ le,E<÷ le,E<÷ le,E<÷ le,E<÷ le,E
YS% ,xldfõ <÷le,E o ìfhdauhla f,i y÷kd .; yelsh'
jHdma;shjHdma;shjHdma;shjHdma;shjHdma;sh
yïnkaf;dg" ukakdru" mq;a;,u wdoS m%foaYhka ys oel.; yelsh'
foaY.=KhfoaY.=KhfoaY.=KhfoaY.=KhfoaY.=Kh- jd¾Isl j¾Idm;kh 1250 mm g wvq uÜgul mj;shs'- wêl WIaK;ajhla we;s w;r th 30 C0 g jeä fõ'- §¾> kshx iuhla we;'- mfiys lfGdar ia;rhla we;'
jDlAI,;djDlAI,;djDlAI,;djDlAI,;djDlAI,;d - lgq iys; l=vd m÷re jeä jYfhka olakg ,efí' - úh<s l,dmfha jefjk tfy;a ñá Ydl o iq`Mfjka olakg ,efí' - m;% " l|ka" uq,a wdÈfhka c,h .nvd lr.kakd" .eUqrg yd úYd, m%foaYhl me;sr .sh uQ, moaO;shla iys; Ydl oelsh yel'
Ydl j¾. w;r kjykaÈ" trñkshd"l=l=,algq " rKjrd"mf;dla jeks Ydl jeo.;a fõ'
i;a;aj úfYaIi;a;aj úfYaIi;a;aj úfYaIi;a;aj úfYaIi;a;aj úfYaI
- fudKrd" l=re¿ j¾." W!rka" l=¿óuka
;DK N+ñ;DK N+ñ;DK N+ñ;DK N+ñ;DK N+ñ
;DK N+ñ o ,xldfõ ìfhdauhla f,i y÷kd .; yels h' m%dfoaYSh úIu;d yd
foaY.=Kh u; YS% ,xldfõ ;DK N+ñ ìfhdau m%Odk fldgia 4 ls'
1' f;;a m;k - fndam;a;,dj" fydagka ;ekak" i|;ekak" wd.rm;k" wfòfj, ^wä 5000g by<&
2' úh<s m;k - rlajdk l÷" je,suv ^wä 1500 - 3000 w;r&
3' ouk ^;,dj& - .,aTh" fmdf<dkakrej
4' ú,a¨ - fidaudj;sh" ukïmsáh
foaY.=KhfoaY.=KhfoaY.=KhfoaY.=KhfoaY.=Kh
j¾Idm;kh wvqh' f;;a m;k ;K ìïj, j¾Idm;kh jeä jqj o Ydl jeãug
wjYHh idOl t;rï m%n, ke;'
jDlaI,;djDlaI,;djDlaI,;djDlaI,;djDlaI,;d
- ;DK j¾. m%uqL Ydl fõ'
- m÷re yd l=vd ñá .ia o oelsh yelsh'
- Ydl j¾. w;r uyr;au,a" iS; fmar" fndaúáhd úfYaI" lSSk" lsâ úfYaI"
mdis fuka u me`.sß udkd jeks Ydl úfYaI y÷kd.; yelsh'
i;a;aj úfYaI i;a;aj úfYaI i;a;aj úfYaI i;a;aj úfYaI i;a;aj úfYaI ( j÷rka" Wr. úfYaI" l=re¿ úfYaI" f.dakqka" j,aW!rka
N+f.da, úoHdj 13 jk fY%aKsh
25 .=re ud¾f.damfoaY ix.%yh
f;;aìïf;;aìïf;;aìïf;;aìïf;;aìï
YS% ,xldfõ f;;a ìï o ìfhdauhla f,i y÷kd.; yels h'
/ïid¾ iïuq;shg wkqj f;;a ìula hkq j.=re m%foaY" f.dfydre" c,fhka
msß.sh .ia fnk iys; m%foaY" iajdNdúl fyda ;djld,sl j" ksYap, j" ia;r j c,h /¢
;sfnk fyda .,d hk ñßÈh" lsjq,a fyda ,jK fyda lrÈh iys; m%foaY o we;=<;a jkakd jq
ndÈh wjia:dfõ § .eUqr óg¾ 06 fkd blau jk m%foaYhka h'
m%Odk f;;a ìï j¾.SlrKh
f;;a ìï
iajdNdúl lD;%Su
ñßÈh lsjq,a Èh
f,ajdh
wNHka;r c,dY fv,agd bÈlrk ,o c,dY yd jeõ
.x.d" we<" fod< lfvd,dk N+ñ lDIs ìï
ñßÈh j.=re msgdr;eks lekSï j<j,a ^ueKsla"ñksrka
msgdr ;eks" ú,a¨ l,mq wd§&
uqyqÿ wdYs%; f;;aìï
lsjq,a Èh iys; f;;aìï
fldr,amr
Y%S ,xldfõ f;;a ìï o by; j¾.SlrKhg wkqj m%Odk j¾. follg yd h<s tajd
j¾. lsÍulg ,la lr we;' fuys § iuia;hla f,i f;;aìï ms<sn| wjOdkh lsÍu
m%udKj;a h'
jHdma;sh - fn,a,kaú, w;a;säh" uq;=rdcfj, yd Y%S ,xldfõ fndfyda fjr<
wdY%s; m%foaYj, ó.uqj" ;%sl=Kdu,h" .d,a," ud;r" yïnkaf;dg"
hdmkh" .xfudahj,a yd fldr,a m%foaY
,laIK - úúO j¾.fha c,c Ydl iy c,c Ôùka olakg ,efnk by< ffcj
úúO;ajhlska hqla;h'
,xldfõ f;;a ìïj, f,dj we;s lfvd,dk úfYaI 55ka 23 la
muK olakg ,efí uy lfvd,a" lsr,& úúO Ôúka úfYaI ixLHdjla
o we;s w;r ksj¾;k j¾Id jkdkak;r Ôj úfYaI ixLHdjg jvd
jeäfõ ^weyegq,a,d" rcishlaldrhd" lsß bínd&'
N+f.da, úoHdj 13 jk fY%aKsh
26 .=re ud¾f.damfoaY ix.%yh
- fkajdisl yd idxl%uKsl mlaIska úYd, ixLHdjlf.a jdi N+ñhls'
fkajdisl mlaISka w;r w¿fldld" fmdare lEoe;a;d" mqxÑ Èhldjd
wd§ka o ixl%uKsl mlaISka f,i rcishlaldrhd yd leiamshka uqyqÿ
,sysKs wdoS mlaISka o jeo.;a h'
- fjr< f;;a ìïj, lreuq,a" lhsreuq,a iys; Ydl fndfyda fihska
we;s w;r lfvd,dk m%foaYj, Ydl j¾Okh wvqh'
fuu m%foaYj, wêl iq<`.ska wdrlaId ùug Ydl w;= m;r by<
úhkla fia j¾Okh lr f.k we;s w;r lreuq,a yd lhsreuq,a fuys§
jeo.;a fõ' by< l,dmj,ska /f.k tk wjidÈ; rojd .ekSfï
yelshdj lre uq,a iy lhsreuq,aj,g we;'tfuka u iuyr Ydl
^lsr,& weUreKq l|ka iys; h'
- u;aiH ìï f,i jeo.;a ùu
l,mq ;=< fmdaIH øjH wêl ksid Woï m%jdy iu`. uiqka meñfKa'
Tjqka ish wNsckk ìï f,i o fuu ia:dkh fhdod .kS' wvq úhoulska
uiqka we,a,Sug fu u`.ska yelsfõ'
Ydl j¾. w;r uy lfvd,a" ySka lfvd,a" .sx fmd,a" mqkalkav"
lsr," u,a lfvd,a" lerka wd§ Ydl jeo.;a fõ'
wdYs%; .%ka: wdYs%; .%ka: wdYs%; .%ka: wdYs%; .%ka: wdYs%; .%ka:
- mdßißl N+f.da, úoHdj" ^1996&' wOHdmk m%ldYk fomd¾;fïka;=j'
- YS% ,xldfõ ffcj úúO;aj' ixrlaIKh" ^1999&' jk iïm;a yd mßir
wud;HdxYh'
- úfÊisxy" bfjdaka" ^1984&' YS% ,xldfõ foaY.=Kh jDlaI,;d iy
lD;s%u jkdka;r" ud¾. m%ldYk'
- m%kdkaÿ" tia' t,a' fÊ' ^2003&' f;;a ìï l%shdj,sh iy M,odhs;dj"
iriú m%ldYlfhda" kqf.af.dv'
N+f.da, úoHdj 13 jk fY%aKsh
27 .=re ud¾f.damfoaY ix.%yh
bf.kqï - b.ekaùï ls%hdldrlïbf.kqï - b.ekaùï ls%hdldrlïbf.kqï - b.ekaùï ls%hdldrlïbf.kqï - b.ekaùï ls%hdldrlïbf.kqï - b.ekaùï ls%hdldrlï
ls%hdldrlu - 1ls%hdldrlu - 1ls%hdldrlu - 1ls%hdldrlu - 1ls%hdldrlu - 1
YS% ,xld wdlD;s is;shul my; oelafjk ìfhdauj,g ksoiqka fol ne.ska ,l=Kq
lr kï lrkak'
- ksj¾;k j¾Id jkdka;r
- úh<s ñY% jkdka;r
- l÷lr jkdka;r
- ;DK N+ñ
- f;;a ìï
ls%hdldrlï - 2ls%hdldrlï - 2ls%hdldrlï - 2ls%hdldrlï - 2ls%hdldrlï - 2
isiqka lKavdhï lr tl lKavdhug tla ìfhdauh ne.ska ,nd § tajdfha
- jHdma;sh
- foaY.=Kh
- jDlaI,;dj, ,laIK olajk jd¾;djla ilia lrjkak'
N+f.da, úoHdj 13 jk fY%aKsh
28 .=re ud¾f.damfoaY ix.%yh
ksmqK;dj - 10ksmqK;dj - 10ksmqK;dj - 10ksmqK;dj - 10ksmqK;dj - 10
fN!;sl yd udkqI l%shdj,Skaf.a wka;¾l%shd fN!;sl ydfN!;sl yd udkqI l%shdj,Skaf.a wka;¾l%shd fN!;sl ydfN!;sl yd udkqI l%shdj,Skaf.a wka;¾l%shd fN!;sl ydfN!;sl yd udkqI l%shdj,Skaf.a wka;¾l%shd fN!;sl ydfN!;sl yd udkqI l%shdj,Skaf.a wka;¾l%shd fN!;sl ydudkj mßirh flfrys n,mdk wdldrh mÍlaId lrhs'udkj mßirh flfrys n,mdk wdldrh mÍlaId lrhs'udkj mßirh flfrys n,mdk wdldrh mÍlaId lrhs'udkj mßirh flfrys n,mdk wdldrh mÍlaId lrhs'udkj mßirh flfrys n,mdk wdldrh mÍlaId lrhs'
ksmqK;d uÜgu ksmqK;d uÜgu ksmqK;d uÜgu ksmqK;d uÜgu ksmqK;d uÜgu 10'1 f,dalfha iajNdúl Wmøj ksid isÿjk fN!;sl yd
udkj n,mEï úu¾Ykh lrhs'
^ld,Éfþo 10& ^ld,Éfþo 10& ^ld,Éfþo 10& ^ld,Éfþo 10& ^ld,Éfþo 10&
bf.kqï M,bf.kqï M,bf.kqï M,bf.kqï M,bf.kqï M, ••••• iajdNdúl Wmøj yd wdmoj w;r fjki y÷kd.kS
••••• iajdNdúl wdmodjkaa y÷kdf.k kï lrhs'
••••• Wmøjhla fya;=fjka ñksia ðú;j,g yd foam,j,g ydks
isÿùu wdmodjla jk nj m%ldY lrhs'
••••• iajdNdúl wdmodjkaf.ka we;s jk ydks wju lr .ekSug
.; yels ls%hdud¾. fhdackd lrhs'
ye¢kaùuye¢kaùuye¢kaùuye¢kaùuye¢kaùu
Wmøjhla Hazards) hkafkka woyia lrkqfha iajdNdúl fyda udkj ls%hdldrlula
fya;=fjka m%cdjg" foam,j,g fyda mßirhg ydks isÿúh yels ixisoaêhls' tfia tu
ixisoaêh ksid we;s jk ydksh wdmodj ( Disaster & f,i ye¢kafõ'
Wmøj iajdNdúl yd udkj ls%hdldrlï ksid we;s jk Wmøjhka f,i j¾.
folls' N+ñlïmd" .xj;=r" iqkdñ" wl=Kq l=Kdgq" iq<siq<x" ysul÷ m%m;kh hkdÈh iajdNdúl
Wmøjhka jk w;r" ñksidf.a iïm;a whym;a md,kh yd ydkslr ls%hd ksid isÿjk Wmøj
udkj Wmøj fõ' Wod ( l¾udka;Yd,d u.ska isÿjk ÿIKh" m%jdyk fyda ld¾ñl wk;=re
fuhg wu;r j wú .egqï o udkj Wmøj f,i oelaúh yelsh'
by; lS iajdNdúl ixisoaê Wmøjhla jkafka ñksidf.a úúO ls%hdldrlï ksid h'
N+ñlïmd isÿùu iajdNdúl ixisoaêhla jqj o tu m%foaY wdYs%; j ñksidf.a mÈxÑh fyda
udkj lghq;= isÿ jk úg tys n,mEfuka Ôú; yd foam, ydks isÿfõ' .sksl÷ ils%h jk
m%foaYfha ck;dj mÈxÑ ùu ksid ðú; ydks isÿjk w;r" tys n,mEu wjg rgj,g o
n,mEï t,a, lrhs' Wod ( whsia,ka;fha msmsreKq fká,d .skslkao hqfrdamfha .=jka
.ukaj,g t,a, l< n,mEu' iqkdñ" .xj;=r" wl=Kq l=Kdgq" .sksl÷ msmsßï jeks iajdNdúl
ixisoaê Wmøjhla njg m;a ù we;af;a fuu ixisoaë .ek ñksid olajk wvq ;lafiarej
ksidh' fndfyda úg øßø;dj" foaYmd,k wruqKq" ck >k;ajh" fkdoekqj;alu" wvq há;,
myiqlï jeks ;;a;ajhka o iajdNdúl ixisoaê Wmøjhla njg m;aùug fya;= fõ'
N+f.da, úoHdj 13 jk fY%aKsh
29 .=re ud¾f.damfoaY ix.%yh
fuu iajdNdúl Wmøjhka my; wdldrhg j¾.SlrKh l< yels h'
1' nyqúO Wmøj ^N+ñlïmd iuÕ iqkdñ " wjmd; iuÕ iq<siq<x yd .xj;=r&
2' ksYaÑ; l,dmj, isÿjk Wmøj ^N+ñlïmd" huy,a úodrKh" fgdakdfvda" ysul÷
m%m;kh&'
3' ´kEu l,dmhl iajdNdúl isÿúh yels Wmøj ^iq<siq<x" wl=Kq ier" .xj;=r&'
by;ska olajd we;s iajdNdúl ixisoaê ksid isÿjk Wmøj nrm;, ;;a;ajhg m;ajkafka
tays l%shdldÍ;ajfha iajrEmh wkqjh' CIKsl j isÿjk iajdNdúl Wmøj N+ñlïmd" iqkdñ"
iq<siq<x" c,.e,sï& yd fiñka isÿjkakdjq wdmodjla l<ukdlrKh lsÍug flf;la lghq;=
l< o iajdNdúl Wmøjhka j<lajd .; fkdyels h' l< hq;af;a WmøjHhkaf.ka fíßug
lghq;= lr foam, yd Ôú; iqrlaIs; lr .eksuhs' fï wkqj iajdNdúl Wmøj isÿjk
wdldrh;a" ta ksid we;sjkakdjq fN!;sl yd udkj n,meï fudkjd o hkak;a wOHhkh
lsÍu fuu tallfhka wfmalaId flf¾'
úIh lreKq meyeÈ,s lr.ekSug w;aje,laúIh lreKq meyeÈ,s lr.ekSug w;aje,laúIh lreKq meyeÈ,s lr.ekSug w;aje,laúIh lreKq meyeÈ,s lr.ekSug w;aje,laúIh lreKq meyeÈ,s lr.ekSug w;aje,la
N+ñlïmdN+ñlïmdN+ñlïmdN+ñlïmdN+ñlïmd
- mDÓú lfndf,ys ixÑ; jQ Yla;sh CIKsl j úfudapkh ùu ksid úfNaoh Tiafia
mDÓú lfnd, ,siaid hdu N+ñlïmdjls'
- N=ñlïmd f,dalfha úfYaIs; jQ m%foaYj, tkï ;eá udhsï wdYs%; j nyq, j isÿjk
iajdNdúl ixisoaêhls'
- N+ñlïmdjla lskï ia:dkhl" lskï fõ,djl § isÿjkafkaoehs m%ldY lsÍug úoHd{hska
;ju iu;a j ke;'
- N+ lïmkhl m%n,;ajh wkqj foam, yd ðú;j,g ydks isÿlrhs'
- úoHd;aul fidhd .ekSu wkqj oekg N+ñlïmd isÿjk m%foaY fidhd f.k we;;a"
ñksiqka tu m%foaYj, mÈxÑ ù isá;s' ta ksid fuu ixisoaêh wdmodjla njg m;afõ'
Wod ( cmdkh" Ökh" fulaisflda m%foaYh
- fuu wdmodfjka we;s jk ydks wju lr .ekSug my; ls%hdud¾. oeka f,dajeishka
wkq.ukh lrhs'
) N+ñlïmd nyq, j ls%hd;aul m%foaYj,ska ckhd bj;a lsÍu'
) N+ñlïmd ;sj%;djg Tfrd;a;= fok wdldrfha bÈlsÍï isÿqlsÍu ^lïmkhg
Tfrd;a;= fok ksjdi bÈlsÍu&'
) nßka wvq øjH fhdod f.dvke.s,s bÈlsÍu'
) N+ lïmk wjia:djl oS Ôú; ydks wju lr.kakd l%u .ek ck;dj oekqj;a
lsÍu'
N+f.da, úoHdj 13 jk fY%aKsh
30 .=re ud¾f.damfoaY ix.%yh
) N+ñ lïmdjl § úÿ,sh ldkaÿùu" f;,a yd .Eia k, msmsßfuka isÿjk .sks
.ekSï .ek yd tajdhska ydks we;s jk wdldrh .ek ck;dj oekqj;a lsÍu'
) N+ñlïmd isÿ jq úg yeisßh hq;= wdldrh .ek wod< m%foaYj, ckhd
oekqj;a lsÍu'
iq<s iq<xiq<s iq<xiq<s iq<xiq<s iq<xiq<s iq<x
- hïlsis ia:dkhl mej;sh hq;= idudkH ld,.=K ;;a;ajh ;djld,sl f,i fjkiaùug
;=vq fok ld,.=Ksl ixisoaêhla f,i iq<s iq<x ye¢kaúh yels h'
- ksj¾;k l,dmh ;=< wvqmSvk flakaøhlaa j¾Okh ùfuka yd tys isg lsf,daóg¾
100la olajd n,mEï we;s l< yels fuu iq<s iq<x W;=re meismsla id.rfha § ghs*qka
(Typhoon& kñka o W;=re w;a,dka;sla id.rfha § yßflaka Hurricane& kñka o ye¢kafõ'
bkaÈhka id.r l,dmfha § muKla iq<s iq<x hk ku thg fhdohs'
- idudkHfhka j¾Ihlg iq<s iq<x 80-100 w;r m%udKhla ksj¾;k m%foaYj, j¾Okh
ù udkj iy fN!;sl mßirhg wdmod ;;a;ajhla we;s lrhs'
- iq<s iq<Õ b;d úkdYldß Wmøjhla jkafka ta iuÕ ;o jeis" c,.e,Sï" ;o iq<x"
jdiq<s W;ai¾ck ^fjr<dikak m%foaYj, uqyqo f.dv .e,Su& we;s jk ksidh'
- nyqúO Wmøj .Khg jefgk iq<s iq<x ksid foam, ydks isÿjk w;r" ;o jeis ksid
kdhhEï iy c, .e,Sï ^.xj;=r& o we;s lrk úkdYldß Wmøjhls'
- iq<s iq<Õ Wmøjhla ùu j<lajd,sh fkdyelafla th o iajdNdúl ixisoaêhla fya;=fjks'
ta ksid l< hq;af;a we;s jk n,mEï wju lr .ekSug lghq;= lsÍuhs'
- fuys § mq¾j wdmod iqodku b;d jeo.;a h' ksfjia wdikakfha we;s Wia Ydlj, w;=
bj;a lsÍu" úÿ,s /yeka wdrlaIs; f,i ilia lsÍu" fjr<dikak m%foaY mßyrKfhka
bj;aùu" ikaksfõok moaO;s bÈlsÍu Yla;sula lsÍu jeks ls%hdud¾. .ekSfuka iq<s
iq<Õska isÿjk ydks wju lr.; yels h'
- iq<s iq<`.l § .xj;=r ;;a;ajhla we;s jk ksid mdkSh c,h imhd .ekSu mq¾j
iqodkuls' fï ksid we;súh yels úúO f,v frda.j,ska ñÈh yels h'
- iq<s iq<Õ Wmøjhla ùu j<lajd .ekSu i|yd ta .ek ck;dj oekqj;a ùu fuka u ta
wkqj ls%hdldßùu o w;HjYH lreKls'
N+f.da, úoHdj 13 jk fY%aKsh
31 .=re ud¾f.damfoaY ix.%yh
- iq<s iq<x wk;=re weÕùfuka miqj ta .ek CIKslj u ls%hd;aulùfuka Wmøjfhka
Ôú; wdrlaId lr.; yelsh'
- iajdNdúl ixisoaêhla jk iq<s iq<x ;;a;ajh myj .sh o mßirhg isÿ ù we;s úkdYh
fndfyda úh yelsh' iq<s iq<Õska miqj lghq;= l< hq;af;a flfia o hkak ms<sn|
wjfndaOfhka hqla; ùu ksid iq<s iq<x Wmøjh wju lr.; yels h'
Wod ( ydks jq úÿ,s /yeka" md,ï f.dvke.s,s mßyrKfhka m%fõiï ùu
wmú;% jQ c,h mdkh lsÍfuka je<lSu
iqÿiq ridhksl øjH fhdod <sx msßisÿ lr .ekSu'
kshÕkshÕkshÕkshÕkshÕ
- m%cdjl wjYH;dj iemsßug c, iemhqu m%udKj;a fkdjk úg we;s jk ;;a;ajhla
f,i kshÕh ye¢kaúh yels h'
- kshÕ fldgia folls'
1' m%udKj;a fkdjk j¾Idm;kh ksid we;s jk kshÕ fuh ld,.=Ksl kshÕhls&'
2' c, iemhqfuys W!k;dj lrKfldg f.k Woa.; jk kshÕh
- ld,.=Ksl kshÕh ck;djg uqyqK§ug isÿjk Wmøjhla jkafka thg iDcq úl,amhla
fkdue;s ksihs'
- c, iemhqfuys W!k;dj lrKfldg f.k we;s jk kshÕh wju lr .ekSug
l%ufõo wkq.ukh l< yels h'
- my; oelafjk ls%hdud¾.hkaf.a wvqmdvqlï ksid È.=ld,Sk kshÕhka Wmøjhla úh
yels h'
1' j¾Idm;kh wvqfjka ,efnk m%foaYj, c, .nvd m%udKj;a f,ig bÈlr
fkd;sìu' ^úh<s l,dmfha kgnqka ù we;ss jeõ moaO;sh&
2' kshx ld,j, § Ndú;hg .ekSug c, .nvd ksjdij, bÈ fkdlsÍu yd
ixrlaIKh fkdlsÍu'
3' N+.; c,h wêl f,i mßyrKh' k, <sx " lDIs <sx úh<s l,dmsh m%foaYj,
Ndú;h&
4' jkdka;r moaO;sh bj;alsÍu'
5' wêl f,i yd wl%uj;a f,i c, mßfNdackh lsÍu ^j.d lghq;= Wod ( ù
j.dj&
6' wêl f,i c,h Wrd.kakd fnda. j¾. j.d lsÍu' ^ÿïfld<&
kshÕhg uqyqK fokafka flfia o@
) by;ska olajk ,o ls%hdud¾.j,ska je<lSu yd wkq.ukh l< hq;= ls%hdud¾.
.ekSu'
N+f.da, úoHdj 13 jk fY%aKsh
32 .=re ud¾f.damfoaY ix.%yh
) kshx ld,j, § wdydrhg .ekSug yels jk fia wdydr ixrlaIKh lsÍu fï
i|yd ck;dj fhduq lsÍu fuys § w;HjYH ldrKhls'
) kshÕhg yels ;rï ÿrg Tfrd;a;= fok OdkH j¾. wdÈh ksIamdokh lsÍug
m¾fhaIK lghq;=j, fh§u'
) kshÕhl § úr, iïm;la jk c,h úúO l%ufõo hgf;a .nvd lr .ekSug
l%ufõo ls%hd;aul lsÍu' Wod ( jeis c, gexls
by; ioyka lrk ,o udkj lghq;= lsishï m%udKhlska fyda wkq.ukh lrkafka
kï iajdNdúl ixisoaêhla jk ksh`.h Wmøjhla njg m;a fkdjkq we;'
wl=Kq ierwl=Kq ierwl=Kq ierwl=Kq ierwl=Kq ier
f,dalfha iEu m%foaYhl u isÿúh yels iajdNdúl Wmøjhla f,i wl=Kq ier ye¢kaúh
yels w;r th YS% ,xldjg o oeä j n,mEï t,a, lrhs'
WKqiqï wia:dhs iy f;;ukh iys; jdhqf.da,sh ;;a;aj hgf;a j¾Okh jk
b;d Wi leá jeyss j,dl=¿j,ska wl=Kq iy .s.=reï we;s jk w;r YS% ,xldfõ
fuu j,dl=¿ jeä jYfhka j¾Okh jkafka ixjyk ls%hdj,sh YS>% f,i isÿjk
wka;¾ fudaiï ld,iSudfõ h'
- iajdNdúl j we;s jk wl=Kqier o ñksidg Wmøj we;slrkakla njg m;a j we;'
fkdie,ls,su;aNdjh ksid my; i|yka lreKq wl=Kqier Wmøjhla njg m;a lrhs'
) wl=Kq iys; j j¾Idj mj;sk wjia:dj, § újD; ia:dkj, .uka lsÍu" ?§
isàu'
) újD; ia:dkj, lDIs lghq;= lsÍu'
) ksjfia úoaHq;a WmlrK Ndú; lsÍu'
) Wia ìïj, /¢ isàu'
) c,fhys .uka lsÍu fyda msyskSu wd§ wkdrlaIs; ls%hdjka ksid Ôú; yd
foam, ydkshg m;alr ñka wl=Kq ier Wmøjhla njg m;a j we;'
ysul÷ m%m;khysul÷ m%m;khysul÷ m%m;khysul÷ m%m;khysul÷ m%m;kh
- È.= YS; iD;=jla mj;sk by< wCIdxYSh m%foaYj, yd b;d Wia l÷ uqÿkaj, mj;akd
wêl YS;, ksid ysu l=Üá ks¾udKh jk w;r" by< m%foaYj, isg my<g ysu l=Üá
lvd jeàu ysu l÷ m%m;kh f,i ye¢kaúh yelsh'
- f.da,Sh WKqiqï ùu ksid ysu l=Üá Èhùug ,laj úYd, whsia l=Üá by< m%foaYj,
isg my< m%foaYj,g weo yef,hs'
N+f.da, úoHdj 13 jk fY%aKsh
33 .=re ud¾f.damfoaY ix.%yh
- ysul÷ m%m;kh Wmøjhla jkafka ysu ks¾udKh jk m%foaY wdYs%; j ñksia ckdjdi
mej;Su yd ta wdYs%; j .ukd.ukh lghq;=j, fhÈu ksidh'
- úfYaIfhka u W;=re w;a,dka;sla id.rfha yd W;=re meismsla id.rfha kdúl .ukd
.ukfha § lvd jegqKq whsia l÷j, keõ .eàfuka Wmøj isÿúh yelsh'
kdhhEïkdhhEïkdhhEïkdhhEïkdhhEï
f,dj fndfyda m%foaYj, isÿjk iajdNdúl Wmøjhla f,i kdhhEï o y÷kd .; yelsh'
kdhhEula hkq .=re;aj n,h ksid l÷ nejqï fyda nqre,a miska hq;a m%md;dldr ìï
fmfoia Èf.a mia "mdIdK yd fjk;a øjH my<g p,kh ùuhs'
kdhhEu o iajdNdúl ixisoaêhla jk w;r ñksid ueÈy;a ùu ksid tys ;Sj%;dj jeä ùfuka
Wmøjhla njg mßj¾;kh ùula oelsh yelsh' kdhhEu Wmøjhla ùu i|yd n,mdk
iajdNdúl yd ñksia l%shdldrlï /ils'
iajdNdúl fya;=
- j¾Idm;k ;Sj%;dj" wêl Ô¾Kh" wl=Kq ier" N+ lïmk" N+ úIu;dj" jHqyh
udkj fya;=
- ksis ie,iqulaska f;dr j isÿlrk bvï mßyrK lghq;=
- bÈlsÍï jev j, § m%udKj;a .fõIK yd ie,iqï fkdue;slu fuka u ;dlaIKh
fkd.e<mSu
- iajdNdúl c, ud¾. wjysr lsÍu yd Wiaìïj, c,h r|jd ;eîu
- l÷lr nejqïj, ksjdi bÈlsÍï fyda uydud¾. bÈlsÍfï § Wia lKaä ks¾udKh
lsÍu Wod ( j,mfka" nÿ,a, m%foaYj, kdhhEu
- kdhhEï isÿjk m%foaYj, ck;dj bj;a ùug we;s wlue;a;
- m%foaYj, ixj¾Ok lghq;= kshñ; m%ñ;shg o isÿ fkdlsÍu
fï ksid kdhhEï ixisoaêh ;=<ska Ôú; foam, ydks lrk Wmøj ;;a;ajhla ks¾udKh ù
we;'
fgdkdfvdafgdkdfvdafgdkdfvdafgdkdfvdafgdkdfvda
- leá jeys j,dl=¿ wdYs%; j we;s jk m%n, ld,.=Ksl ixisoaêhla f,i fgdkdfvdaj
ye¢kafõ'
- fgdkdfvda ixisoaêh ksid fmdf<dj u; we;s úúO øjH by<g weo .kshs' c,;,djl
ks¾udKh jqfha kï th Èhf.dn j,djla jk fuhska c,h yd ud¨ka o by<g
we|.kshs'
- fuys iq<x fõ.h mehg lsf,daóg¾ 500-800 ;rï m%n, jk ksid we;s jk Wmøj
;;a;ajh ìhckl fõ'
N+f.da, úoHdj 13 jk fY%aKsh
34 .=re ud¾f.damfoaY ix.%yh
- wêl fõ.j;a nj fuka u m%pKavldß nj ksid we;s jk Wmøjh b;d nrm;, fõ'
Wod ( 1931 weußld tlai;a ckmofha we;s jq fgdkdfvdajla u.Ska iys; ÿïßh fmÜá
5la Tijd bj;g úislr we;
- we;eï úg f.dvke.s,s wdYs%; m%foaYhl ks¾udKh jk fgdkdfvdajlska f.dvke.s,s
mqmqrd hdug o yels h'
- fgdkdfvdaj u.ska iq<Õ muKla fkdj wêl jeiaila o f.k tau ksid Wmøjh ;j;a
W.%úh yelsh'
- fgdkdfvdaj yÈisfha we;s ù flá ld,hla ;=< È wjika jk jdhqf.da,Sh ixisoaêhla
ksid we;s úh yels ydksh by<h'
.xj;=r.xj;=r.xj;=r.xj;=r.xj;=r
f,dalfha iajdNdúl Wmøj w;r .xj;=r ksr;=re j we;s jkakls' tfuka u m%foaY
/ilg n,mdk Wmøjhla f,i o y÷kd.; yelsh'
.x.djl iajdNdúl ksïk W;=rd .x.d wdrfha .,k c,fha uÜgu by< f.dia tu
c,h .x.d ksïk fomi msysá msgdr ;ekak m%foaYhg .,dhdu msgdrh Overflow) kï
fõ'
.x.d msgdr .e,Sug wu;r j c,ud¾. wjysr ùu ksid yÈis c,.e,sï o we;súh yelsh'
fuh jeä jYfhka kd.ßl m%foaYj, we;s fõ'
.x.djg c,h jeä ù .x.d msgdr .e,Su iajdNdúl ixisoaêhls' ñksid tu m%foaY
wdYs%;j ckdjdi we;s lsÍu yd wd¾Ól lghq;= isÿ lsÍu ksid .xj;=r .e,Su Wmøjhla
njg m;afõ' fuys § Wmøjhla njg m;aùug n,mdk fya;= /ila y÷kd .; yelsh'
- .x.d wdYs%; my;a ìïj, ñksiqka mÈxÑ ù isàu
) bvï ysÕh yd ck.ykh wêl ùu ksid .x.d wdYs%; my;a ìï ksjdi
;ekSug yd wd¾Ól lghq;=j,g fhdod .kS'
) Wmøjhka ms<sn| j oekqj;alu wvqùu
) oßø;dj
) foaYmd,k n,mEï
- .x bjqr wdYs%; j isÿ lrk wd¾Ól ls%hdldrlï " ^l¿.Õ r;akmqrh wdYs%; j&
) m;,a lekSu" je,sf.dv oeóu
) j.d lghq;= isÿlsÍu
- Wmkd.ßl m%foaYj, c, rojk f,i ls%hd lrk l=Uqre" jdKsc yd ksjdi bÈlsÍfï
lghq;= i|yd fhdod .ekSu'
by; fya;=ka u; bkaÈhdfõ .x.d kï .Õ" wms%ldfõ khs,a" hqfrdamfha rhska ol=Kq
weußldfõ weuika wd§ .x.dj, o .xj;=r .e,Sï oelsh yelsh'
N+f.da, úoHdj 13 jk fY%aKsh
35 .=re ud¾f.damfoaY ix.%yh
,eõ.sks,eõ.sks,eõ.sks,eõ.sks,eõ.sks
iajdNdúl jkdka;rj, oeä iq<x yeñu" oeä kshÕh iy oeä úh<s njla mej;su jeks
iajdNdúl fya;= u; >¾IKh ù iajNdjfhka u we;s jk .sks úfYaIhla f,i ,eõ .sks
ye¢kaúh yels h' wl=Kq ier yd ue.aud .,dhEï o óg n,mE yels w;r ,eõ .sks
Wmøjhla njg m;a lsÍug o n,mdk lreKq lsysmhls'
- ,eõ .sks we;sjk jkdka;r wdY%s; j ckdjdi bÈlsÍu'
bvïysÕh ksid ck;dj jkdka;r wdYs%; j ksjdi bÈlr .kakd w;r yÈiaisfha
.skakla we;s jqjfyd;a ckdjdi o úkdY fõ'
- f.dvke.s,s yd uydud¾. bÈlsÍu'
jkdka;r wdikakfha iy we;=<; f.dvke.s,s fukau uydud¾. yd ixj¾Ok
jHdmD;s ls%hd;aul lsÍu ;=<ska ,eú.skaklska we;súh yels úkdYh jeä úh yels
h'
- c, uq,dY% úkdY lsÍu
ñksia ls%hdldrlï fya;=fjka jkdka;rj, c, uq,dY% úkdY úh yels w;r th
,eõ.sksj, úkdYldÍ nj jeä lrhs'
iqkdñiqkdñiqkdñiqkdñiqkdñ
f,dalfha úfYaIs; l,dmhkag iSudjk iajdNdúl ixisoaêhla f,i iqkdñ y÷kd.;
yelsh' fuh o Wmøjhla njg m;a j we;'
iqkdñ hkq mD:sú ;,fha we;s tla N+;,hla wfkl u; ,siaid hdfuka my<g
.uka lrk ;,h u; msysá c, l| tlajr u by< hdu yd tu.ska we;s lrk ;rx.
uqyqÿ fjr< olajd .uka lsÍuhs' tfuka u uqyqÿ m;af,a isÿjk N+ñlïmd" kdhhEï"
.sksl÷ msmsÍï fyda W,aldmd; m;s; ùu;a iuÕ we;s jk úYd, Yla;sh ksid o iqkdñ
;rx. we;s úh yelsh'
iajdNdúl ixisoaêhla jk iqkdñ ;;a;ajhla o Wmøhla njg m;aùug fya;= lsysmhla
n,mdhs'
- iqkdñ wjia:djl § ls%hdlrk wdldrh ms<sn| fkdoekqj;aNdjh
- fï ksid uqyqo wdmiaig weÈ hk úg ñksiqka uqyqo foig hdfuka úYd, Ôú;
úkdYhlA isÿfõ'
- fmr iqodkula fkdue;s ùu'
iqkdñ ix{djla ,o ú.i ls%hdldß ùug iqodkï ù isáh hq;=h' ta i|yd
wjYH øjH ;ndf.k isàu jeo.;a h' iqodkï fkdù isàu;a Wmøjhla fõ'
- iqkdñ n,mE yels fjr< m%foaYj, ksjdi f.dvke.s,s bÈlsÍu'
- fjr< m%foaYj, Ydl jeiau bj;a lsÍu'
- iqkdñ ix{d ms<sn| j wjOdkhla fkdue;slu yd ckudOH Ndú; fkdlsÍu'
N+f.da, úoHdj 13 jk fY%aKsh
36 .=re ud¾f.damfoaY ix.%yh
wdY%s; uq,dY%wdY%s; uq,dY%wdY%s; uq,dY%wdY%s; uq,dY%wdY%s; uq,dY%
- l=f¾"mS'Ô"remisxy" uyskao" ^2003&' wm wjg ñys;,h"weia' f.dvf.a iy
ifydaorfhda'
- mdßißl N+f.da, úoHdj" ^1997&' wOHdmk m%ldYk fomd¾;fïka;=j'
- wl=Kq iy .s.sreï" w;a m;s%ld" ld,.=K úoHd fomd¾;fïka;=j'
- N+ñlïmd yd iqkdñ" w;a m;s%ld" ld,.=K úoHd fomd¾;fïka;=j'
- kdhhEï" w;a m;s%ld" ld,.=K úoHd fomd¾;fïka;=j'
- c,.e,sï yd kdhhEï" w;a m;s%ld" ld,.=K úoHd fomd¾;fïka;=j'
N+f.da, úoHdj 13 jk fY%aKsh
37 .=re ud¾f.damfoaY ix.%yh
ksmqK;d uÜgu ksmqK;d uÜgu ksmqK;d uÜgu ksmqK;d uÜgu ksmqK;d uÜgu 10'210'210'210'210'2 f,dalfha iajNdúl Wmøj ksid isÿjk fN!;sl f,dalfha iajNdúl Wmøj ksid isÿjk fN!;sl f,dalfha iajNdúl Wmøj ksid isÿjk fN!;sl f,dalfha iajNdúl Wmøj ksid isÿjk fN!;sl f,dalfha iajNdúl Wmøj ksid isÿjk fN!;sl
yd yd yd yd yd udkj n,mEï úu¾Ykh lrhs'udkj n,mEï úu¾Ykh lrhs'udkj n,mEï úu¾Ykh lrhs'udkj n,mEï úu¾Ykh lrhs'udkj n,mEï úu¾Ykh lrhs'
^ld,Éfþo 10& ^ld,Éfþo 10& ^ld,Éfþo 10& ^ld,Éfþo 10& ^ld,Éfþo 10&
bf.kqï M, bf.kqï M, bf.kqï M, bf.kqï M, bf.kqï M, • • • • • f,dalfha iajdNdúl Wmøj ksid we;s jk iDcq yd jl% fN!;sl
n,mEï meyeÈ,s lrhs '
• • • • • iajdNdúl Wmøj ksid we;sjk iDcq yd jl% udkj n,mEï
úia;r lrhs '
• • • • • iajNdúl Wmøj ksid we;s jk fN!;sl yd udkj n,mEï
ms<sn| j oekqj;a j isàfï jeo.;alu wjfndaO lr .kshs'
ye|skaùuye|skaùuye|skaùuye|skaùuye|skaùu
fN!;sl mßirfha jßka jr yg .kakd ixisoaê fya;=fldg we;sjkakd jQ úkdYldß
m%;sM, iajNdúl Wmøj f,i y÷kd .; yelsh'
fN!;sl mßirh ;=< úúOdldr úkdYldÍ iajNdúl ixisoaê we;s jqj o ck.ykh
jeä ùu yd úoHdfõ ÈhqKqqj;a ksid j¾;udkfha § tu isÿùïj, m%n,;ajh ;Sõr fjñka
mj;s'
mDÓú wNHka;rfha fuka u jdhqf.da,h ;=< o úúO wdldrfha iajdNdúl ixisoaê
we;sjk w;r" N=ñlïmd" .sksl÷ msmsÍï" kdhhEï" iq<siq<x yd wl=Kq ier tajdhska lsysmhls'
Wmøjh mj;sk ld,iSudj wkqj tys n,mEu fjkiafõ' flá ld,iSudjla ;=< §
iajdNdúl Wmøjhka u.ska we;s lrk n,mEu taldldß fkdfõ' N=ñlïmd" iq<siq<x" iqkdñ
jeks ;;a;ajhka flá ld,hla ;=< isÿjqj o th úYd, m%foaYhlg n,mEï we;s l< yels h'
tfiau we;eï isÿúïj,ska ys;lr n,mEï olakg ,efí' Wod ( .xj;=r ksid frdkauv
;ekam;aùu",djd .,d hdfuka miq ta wdYs%; mi idrj;a ùu'
tfia jqj o iajdNdúl ixisoaêj,ska fN!;sl yd udkj mßirhg t,a,jkafka oeä
n,mEuls' we;eï ñksia ls%hdldrlï ksid fuu n,mEu ;j ;j;a W.%fõ' fuu tallfhka
wfmalaId lrkqfha iajdNdúl Wmøj ksid isÿjk fN!;sl yd udkj n,mEï wOHhkh
lsÍuhs'
úIh lreKq meyeÈ,s lr.ekSug w;aje,laúIh lreKq meyeÈ,s lr.ekSug w;aje,laúIh lreKq meyeÈ,s lr.ekSug w;aje,laúIh lreKq meyeÈ,s lr.ekSug w;aje,laúIh lreKq meyeÈ,s lr.ekSug w;aje,la
N+ñlïmdN+ñlïmdN+ñlïmdN+ñlïmdN+ñlïmd
fN!;sl n,mEï
- mDÓú mDIaGfha mdIdK ia:r ì|Shdulg yd N+ ;,h ú;ekaùulg ,la fõ'
- id.r m;af,a we;s jk N+ñlïmd ksid iqkdñ ;rx. ks¾udKh ù fjr< wdYs%; m%foaY Ldokh ùu'
- l÷lr m%foaYhlg N+ñlïmdjla we;s ùfuka l÷ kdhhEï isÿfõ'
- ysul÷ m%foaYhl isÿ jq úfgl ysul÷ lvd jeàu isÿfõ'
- .x.d wdYs%; j isÿùu ksid .x.d ksïkh ì¢hdfuka .xj;=r we;súh yelsh'
N+f.da, úoHdj 13 jk fY%aKsh
38 .=re ud¾f.damfoaY ix.%yh
udkj iudchg we;sjk n,mEï
- ksjdi we;=¿ úúO bÈlsÍï lvd jeàu'
- c, k, moaO;s yd m,afodare moaO;s úkdY ù hdu'
- ikaksfõok yd úÿ,s /yeka wdÈ ks¾ñ; úkdY ùu'
- ñksia Ôú; ke;sùu Wod ( 1970 fmarej, 70"000la ñhhdu'
- k.r úkdY ùu Wod ( 1972 kslr.=jdfõ uk.=fõ w.kqjr úkdY ùu'
iq<s iq<xiq<s iq<xiq<s iq<xiq<s iq<xiq<s iq<x
fN!;sl n,mEï
- CIKsl j yuk ;o iq<x we;sùu'
- iq<s iq<x iu. wêl jeis we;Sùfuka .xj;=r we;sùu'
- ;o jeis yd wl=Kq we;sùu'
- ;o jeis ksid kdhhEï we;s ùu'
- c,h wmú;%ùu'
- jdiq,s W;ai¾ckh ^uqyqÿ f.dv .e,Su&'
- jdiq,s W;ai¾ckh ksid fjr< Ldokh'
udkj iudchg we;sjk n,mEï
- ksjdi yd foam, úkdY ùu'
- úÿ,s /yeka yd ixksfõok moaO;s lvd jeàu'
- c,h wmú;%ùu ksid mdkSh c,h ys.ùu'
- jix.; frda. jHdma; ùu Wod ( fvx.=" uef,aßhd" nrjd'
wl=Kqierwl=Kqierwl=Kqierwl=Kqierwl=Kqier
fN!;sl
- jdhqf.da,hg khsg%cka jdhqj tl;=fõ'
udkj iudchg we;sjk n,mEï
- Ôú; ydks isÿùu'
- úÿ,s WmlrKj,g ydks isÿùu ^rEmjdysks" .=jkaúÿ,s hka;%&'
- ksjdi jeks ks¾ñ;j,g ydks meñKSu'
- ikaksfõok moaO;sj,g ydks isÿùu'
kshÕkshÕkshÕkshÕkshÕ
fN!;sl n,mEï
- mdxY= f;;ukh wvq ù mi ksire ùu
- wêl jdIamSlrKh ksid mfiys idrj;aNdjh ì| jeàu
N+f.da, úoHdj 13 jk fY%aKsh
39 .=re ud¾f.damfoaY ix.%yh
- ÿú,s wxY= jdhqf.da,hg tlaùfuka jdhqf.da,h ÿIKh ùu'
- c, W,am;a is§hdu yd c, ysÕh'
- ffcj úúO;ajh ydhkh'
- iajNdj fi!kao¾h úkdY ùu'
- mDÓú mDIaGh ì£hdu'
udkj iudchg we;sjk n,mEï
- mdxY= f;;ukh wvq ù j.dìï úkdY ùu'
- mdkSh c,h ysÕ ùu'
- p¾u frda. wd§ WIaKdêl frda. fndaùu'
- jix.; frda. jHdma;sh'
ysul÷ m%m;khysul÷ m%m;khysul÷ m%m;khysul÷ m%m;khysul÷ m%m;kh
fN!;sl n,mEï
- ysul÷ lvd jeàfuka .xj;=r ;;a;ajhka we;s fõ' fuu.ska c,h ÿIKhg
,la ùu;a isÿfõ' c, ysÕhla o we;sfõ'
- mdxY= Ldokh ùu kdhhEï we;s úh yelsh'
- úYd, ysul÷ id.r u; lvd jeàfuka iqkdñ ;;a;ajhka we;súh yelsh'
- ysul÷ wi< jkdka;r we;s úg tajd úkdY úh yelsh'
udkj iudchg we;sjk n,mEï
- ysul÷ mduq, we;s ksjdi úkdY ùu'
- ta wdYs%; j.dìï úkdY ùu'
- .xj;=r kdhhEï fya;=fjka uydud¾. wd§ há;, myiqlï úkY ùu'
- ðú; ydks ùu'
fgdakdfvdafgdakdfvdafgdakdfvdafgdakdfvdafgdakdfvda
fN!;sl n,meï
- flá ld,hl § wêl j¾Idm;khla ,eìh yelsh'
- b;d ;o iq<x we;sùu'
- f.dvìï yd .efgk ia:dkfha we;s Ydl yd i;=ka úkdY ùu'
udkj iudchg we;sjk n,mEï
- .uka ud¾.fha isák ðúka úkdY ùu'
- f.dvke.s,s" wdÈ ish¨ u foaj,a wod< ia:dkfhka by<g tiùu keóu jeks foa
u.ska ydks isÿùu'
- há;, myiqlï úkdY ùu'
N+f.da, úoHdj 13 jk fY%aKsh
40 .=re ud¾f.damfoaY ix.%yh
,eõ.sks,eõ.sks,eõ.sks,eõ.sks,eõ.sks
fN!;sl n,mEï
- jkdka;r úkdYh'
- mßir iu;=,s; nj" iajNdj fi!kao¾h úkdY ùu'
- c, W,am;a is§hdu'
- m%dfoaYsh WIaK;ajh fláld,sk j fjkiaùu'
- jdhqf.da,h ÿIKh ùu yd ÿïj,d ks¾udKh ùu'
- mßir ÿIKh'
udkj iudchg we;sjk n,meï
- jkdka;r wdikak foam, úkdY ùu ñksia ðú; o úkdY úh yel'
- úIjdhq me;sÍfuka Yajik frda. we;s ùu'
- jdhqf.da,h ÿIKh ú ÿïj,d ks¾udKh ù .=jka .ukaj,g ndOd meñKSu'
.xj;=r.xj;=r.xj;=r.xj;=r.xj;=r
fN!;sl n,mEï
- .x.d bjqr lvd jeàu yd .x.d ksïkj, frdkauv ;ekam;a ùu'
- mdxY= f;;ukh wêlùu ^j.=reìï we;sùu&'
- mdxY= Ôúka úkdY ùu'
- mdxY= Ldokh isÿùu'
- mdßißl ;=,kh ì| jeàu'
udkj iudchg we;sjk n,meu
- ksjdi" foam, úkdYh ^úÿ,s /yeka" ÿrl:k ud¾. wvmk ùu&'
- ñksia Ôú; yd i;a;aj ðú; úkdY ùu'
- j.dìï ydks ùu'
- mdksh c, .eg¨j'
- fi!LH .eg¨ Woa.;ùu ^jix.; frda.&'
kdhheïkdhheïkdhheïkdhheïkdhheï
fN!;sl n,mEï
- l÷ m%foaYj, fldgia my;a m%foaYj,g ;,a¨ù hdu ^;eáfha uqyqKqjr
fjkiaùu&'
- c, W,am;a j, .uka ud¾. fjkiaùu ksid meje;s c, W,am;a is¢hdu'
- kj c, W,am;a ks¾udKh ùu'
- by< m%foaYj, we;s mdIdK fldgia m;kh ùu'
N+f.da, úoHdj 13 jk fY%aKsh
41 .=re ud¾f.damfoaY ix.%yh
udkj iudchg we;sjk n,mEï
- ksjdi úkdY ù hdu'
- foam, úkdY ùu'
- úÿ,s /yeka ÿrl:k /yeka wdÈh leä is¢hdu'
- uydud¾." ÿïßh ud¾.j,g ydks isÿùu'
- c,dY f.dvùu yd c,h msgdr .e,Su'
- c,dYj, fõ,s wdÈh ì£hdu ksid c, .e,sïj,g uqyqK §ug isÿùu'
iqkdñiqkdñiqkdñiqkdñiqkdñ
fN!;sl n,mEï
- fjr< nv N+ o¾Ykh fjkiaùu" fldr,a mr iy ÿm;a úkdY ùu'
- fjr<nv mßirh úkdY ùu'
- fjr<dYs%; mig ,jK c,h ñY% ùfuka mi ksire ùu'
- f.dvìu c,hg ,jK c,h tla ù c,h ÿIKh ùu'
- iajNdj fi!kao¾h úkdY ùu'
udkj iudchg we;sjk n,mEu
- ñksia ðú; yd foam, úkdY ùu'
- uydud¾. úÿ,sn,h wdÈ há;, myiqlï úkdY ùu'
- j.dìï úkdY ùu'
- ëjr l¾udka;h we;=¨ wd¾Ól ls%hdldrlï ì| jeàu'
- iudðh .eg¿ mek ke.Su'
by; ish¨ u iajdNdúl Wmøjj,g fmdÿ jq fN!;sl yd udkj iudchg we;sjk
n,mEï o mj;shs' mßir ÿIKh mßir iu;=,s; nj ì| jeáu iuia; ixj¾Okh wvd, úu
iy udkisl .eg¨ we;s ùu wdÈh tjeks .eg¨ lsysmhls' oekqj;a ùu" fmr iqodku wdÈh
;=<ska tu .eg¨ wju lr .; yelsh'
wdY%s; .%ka:wdY%s; .%ka:wdY%s; .%ka:wdY%s; .%ka:wdY%s; .%ka:
- - - - - l=f¾ ' Ô' rEmisxy uyskao" ^2006&'wm wjg ñys;,h"weia'f.dvf.a iy ifydaorfhda'
- ùrlafldä" Wmd,S"^2006&' iqkdñ iy fjk;a iajdNdúl Wmøj" l¾;D m%ldYkhls'
- mdßißl N+f.da, úoHdj"^1996&' wOHdmk m%ldYk fomd¾;fïka;=j'
- Y%S ,xldfõ iajdNdúl jHik"cd;sl úoHd moku'
- iq<s iq<x b;d úkdYldÍfõ" w;a m;%sld" ld,.=K úoHd fomd¾;fïka;=j'
- c, .e,Sï yd kdhhEï" w;am;%sld"ld,.=K úoHd fomd¾;fïka;=j' - N+ñ lïmd yd iqkdñ" w;am;%sld"ld,.=K úoHd fomd¾;fïka;=j'
- wl=Kq iy .s.=reï" w;am;%sld"ld,.=K úoHd fomd¾;fïka;=j'
N+f.da, úoHdj 13 jk fY%aKsh
42 .=re ud¾f.damfoaY ix.%yh
bf.kqï b.ekaùï l%shdldrlï bf.kqï b.ekaùï l%shdldrlï bf.kqï b.ekaùï l%shdldrlï bf.kqï b.ekaùï l%shdldrlï bf.kqï b.ekaùï l%shdldrlï
ls%hdldrlu - 1ls%hdldrlu - 1ls%hdldrlu - 1ls%hdldrlu - 1ls%hdldrlu - 1
Tn Ôj;a jk m%foaYfha iajdNdúl wdmodjka isÿ ù ;sìh yelsh' we;eï úg Tng o
thg uqyqK §ug isÿj we;' mqrjeishl= jYfhka Tng uqyqK §ug isÿjk úúO iajdNdúl
wdmodjka fudkjdo@ ta ms<sno wjfndaOhla yd thg uqyqK Èh hq;= wdldrh ms<sno
wjfndaOhla o ;sìh hq;=h'ta i`oyd my; l%shdldrlu fj; isiqka fhduq lrjkak'
wdmod j¾.h nyq,j isÿjk m%foaY fN!;sl n,mEï udkj n,mEï l<ukdlrKhg
.; yels l%shd
N+f.da, úoHdj 13 jk fY%aKsh
43 .=re ud¾f.damfoaY ix.%yh
ksmqK;dj - 11ksmqK;dj - 11ksmqK;dj - 11ksmqK;dj - 11ksmqK;dj - 11
fN!;sl yd udkqI N+ o¾Ykh ixrlaIKh lsÍug yd mj;ajdfN!;sl yd udkqI N+ o¾Ykh ixrlaIKh lsÍug yd mj;ajdfN!;sl yd udkqI N+ o¾Ykh ixrlaIKh lsÍug yd mj;ajdfN!;sl yd udkqI N+ o¾Ykh ixrlaIKh lsÍug yd mj;ajdfN!;sl yd udkqI N+ o¾Ykh ixrlaIKh lsÍug yd mj;ajd
.ekSug Wmldßjk Okd;aul wdl,amj,ska hqla; j yeisfrhs.ekSug Wmldßjk Okd;aul wdl,amj,ska hqla; j yeisfrhs.ekSug Wmldßjk Okd;aul wdl,amj,ska hqla; j yeisfrhs.ekSug Wmldßjk Okd;aul wdl,amj,ska hqla; j yeisfrhs.ekSug Wmldßjk Okd;aul wdl,amj,ska hqla; j yeisfrhs
ksmqK;d uÜgu ksmqK;d uÜgu ksmqK;d uÜgu ksmqK;d uÜgu ksmqK;d uÜgu 11'1 YS% ,xldj ;=< we;s jk iajdNdúl wdmod l<ukdlrKhg
ils%h j odhl fõ' ^ld,ÉfÊo 12&^ld,ÉfÊo 12&^ld,ÉfÊo 12&^ld,ÉfÊo 12&^ld,ÉfÊo 12&
bf.kqï M,bf.kqï M,bf.kqï M,bf.kqï M,bf.kqï M, ••••• Y%S ,xldjg n,mdk úúO iajdNdúl wdmod l<ukdlrKh
lr.; yels wdldrh ú.%y lrhs'
ye¢kaùuye¢kaùuye¢kaùuye¢kaùuye¢kaùu
f,dalfha úúO m%foaYj, fukau YS% ,xldfõ o msysàu wkqj úúO iajNdúl wdmod
isÿjk nj y÷kd.; yelsh' úfYaIfhka .xj;=r" iq<s iq<x" kdhhEï" wl=Kqier" kshÕ jeks
iajdNdúl wdmodj,g ksr;=rej uqyqK§ug isÿ ù we;' ;j o N+ñlïmd isÿjk l,dmhlg
wdikak fkdjqj o bka we;s jk n,mEïj,g f.dÿrejk rgla njg YS% ,xldj m;a j we;'
fujeks iajNdúl wdmodj,g f.dÿre ùu ksid ñksia Ôú; fukau foam, ydkshg
o ,lafõ' tfia fyhska YS% ,xldfõ iajdNdúl wdmod l<ukdlrKh ms<sn| j wjOdkh
fhduq lsÍu b;d jeo.;afõ'
úIh lreKq meyeÈ,s lr.ekSug w;aje,laúIh lreKq meyeÈ,s lr.ekSug w;aje,laúIh lreKq meyeÈ,s lr.ekSug w;aje,laúIh lreKq meyeÈ,s lr.ekSug w;aje,laúIh lreKq meyeÈ,s lr.ekSug w;aje,la
YS% ,xldjg n,mdk iajdNdúl wdmod
- .xj;=r yd c, .e,Sï
- kshÕ
- kdhhEï
- iq<s iq<x yd iev iq<x
- iqkdñ Tsunami &
- wl=Kq ier
N+f.da, úoHdj 13 jk fY%aKsh
44 .=re ud¾f.damfoaY ix.%yh
- YS% ,xldfõ isÿ jk iajNdúl yd iajdNdúl fkdjk wdmodj, l,dkqrEmS j j¾Okhla
isÿjk nj olaakg ,efí' fï ksid ,dxlsl ck;djg fN!;sl" wd¾Ól yd ðú; wysñ
ùï rdYShlg uqyqK §ug isÿ ù we;' fï ksid wdmod l<ukdlrKh lr .ekSug
úêu;a m%fõYhla j¾;udkh jk úg ilia ù we;'
- YS% ,xldfõ wdmod wjodku wju lsÍu i|yd we;s iqodku
) 1993 wdmod l<ukdlrK leìkÜ wkqlñgqj msysgqùu
) cd;sl wdmod fmriqodkï iy wju lsÍfï ie,eiau bÈßm;a lsÍu
) cd;sl wdmod fmr iqodkï iy wju lsÍfï mk; f.k tau
) 1996 uehs ui cd;sl wdmod l<ukdlrK uOHia:dkh msysgqùu ^ iudc fiajd
yd jks;d lghq;= wud;HdxYh hgf;a&
) 2004 iqkdñ jHikfhka miq wdmod l<ukdlrK moaO;sh iqúfYaIs fjkilg
Ndckh lsÍu'
) 2004ka miqj wdmod wjodkï l<ukdlrK moaO;sh Yla;su;a lsÍu i|yd ish¨
foaYmd,k mlaIj,ska ksfhdackh jk mßÈ idudðlhka 21 fofkl=f.ka
iukaú; mia wjqreÿ jevigykla Èh;a lsÍu
) 2005 § wdmod wjodkï l<ukdlrKh i|yd kS;s rduqjla y÷kajd§u
) 2005 uehs 13 jk od YS% ,xld wdmod l<ukdlrK cd;sl iNdjla msysgqùu fuu
iNdfõ iNdm;s ckdêm;sjrhd jk w;r" Wm iNdm;sjreka jkafka w.ue;s
;=ud yd úmlaIkdhl;=udh&'
) 2005 cqks ui wOHlaI ckrd,ajrhl= hgf;a wdmod l<ukdlrK uOHia:dkh
msysgqùu'
) 2006 ckjdß ui wdmod l<ukdlrK yd udkj ysñlï wud;HdxYh msysgqùu'
wdmod l<ukdlrK pl%h
11'1'1 rem igyk
N+f.da, úoHdj 13 jk fY%aKsh
45 .=re ud¾f.damfoaY ix.%yh
- wdmod l<ukdlrK pl%fhka fmkakqï lrkafka" wdmodj isÿùug mQ¾j wjia:dfõ
isg wdmodj isÿ ù wjidk wjia:dj olajd jQ wdmod l<ukdlrKh ioyd jQ wdlD;shls'
- fuu wdmod l<ukdlrK wdlD;sh ´kEu iajdNdúl wdmodjla ioyd l%shd;aul l<
yels wdlD;shls'kuq;a úúO iajdNdúl wdmodjka wkqj pl%fha ta ta wjia:dj, oelaúh
hq;= m%;spdrhka tlsfklg fjkiaúh yelsh'
fmr iqodku ^fmr iqodku ^fmr iqodku ^fmr iqodku ^fmr iqodku ^Preparedness)mrffmrffmrffmrffmrfffffmr iqodku% fuiqodku ^ fffmr iqodku% fuiqodku ^ fffmr iqodku% fuiqodku ^ fffmr iqodku% fuiqodku ^ fffmr iqodku% fuiqodku ^ Preparedness&fmr&fmr&fmr&fmr&fmr
- wdmodjkag n,mdk fya;=" wdmodj iïnkaOfhka wkdjels m%ldY lsÍfï yelshdj
- wdmodjkag m%;spdr oelaùu" yd we;eï wdmod iuÕ Èú f.ùug yels mßÈ lghq;=
lsÍfï yelshdj
Wod ( kshÕh i|yd
) kshÕhg fmr kshÕhla meñKSfï fmr ksñ;s y÷kd.ekSfï yelshdj ;sîu
jeo.;afõ' túg ta i|yd uqyqK §fï yelshdj we;s lr.; yelsh'
) tafiau wjOdku wju lr .ekSfï jevigyka ilid .ekSu jeo.;afõ'
) ckhd oekqj;a lr Yla;su;a f,i uqyqK §ug ilia l< hq;=fõ'
^c,h /ialr ;nd .ekSu" kshÕhg iqÿiq j.d l%u "lDIsl¾udka;h fjkqjg
úl,am jD;a;Ska f;dard .ekSu" Ôjk l%uh fjkialr .ekSu jeks oE wfkl=;a
iajNdúl wdmodjkag ;sìh hq;= fmr iqodku ms<sn| isiqka iuÕ idlÉcd lsÍu
wfmlaId flfrhs&'
wdmodjg m%;spdr oelaùfï wjia:dj ^ wdmodjg m%;spdr oelaùfï wjia:dj ^ wdmodjg m%;spdr oelaùfï wjia:dj ^ wdmodjg m%;spdr oelaùfï wjia:dj ^ wdmodjg m%;spdr oelaùfï wjia:dj ^ Response&&&&&
- ljr fyda wdmodjlg m%;spdr oelaùfï wjYH;dj mek k.shs' fuu m%;spdr oelaùu
o ta ta wdmodjka wkqj fjkialï mj;S'
Wod ( kdhhEï wdmodjls
) wdmodjg f.dÿre jQ ck;djf.a wdrlaIdj iy;sl lsÍu ^wdrlaIs; ia:dk lrd
f.khdu&'
) wk;=rg ,lajqjkag ffjoH m%;sldr lsÍu'
) yelshdjla we;akï fN!;sl foam, bj;a lr .ekSu'
) ck;djg ;djld,sl ksjdi bÈlsÍu yd wdydr mdk imhd§u'
) wdmodj ;lafiare lr .ekSu l<hq;= fõ'
) Yla;su;a f,i wdmodjg uqyqK Èh hq;=fõ'
N+f.da, úoHdj 13 jk fY%aKsh
46 .=re ud¾f.damfoaY ix.%yh
h:d;;ajhg m;a lsÍu ^h:d;;ajhg m;a lsÍu ^h:d;;ajhg m;a lsÍu ^h:d;;ajhg m;a lsÍu ^h:d;;ajhg m;a lsÍu ^Recovery&&&&&
- fuys § kej; f.dv ke.Su ke;fyd;a mqkre;a:dmkh hk ls%hdldrlï l< hq;=
wjia:dj t<fò'
- ;lafiare l< wdmodj wju lr .ekSug yelskï h:d;;ajhg m;alsÍug Wmdh ud¾.
ls%hd;aul l< hq;=h'
- fuu Wmdh ud¾. flá ld,Sk yd È.= ld,Sk jYfhka fohdldrfhka ls%hd;aul úh
hq;=h'
- fuys oS ckhd oekqj;a lsÍfï jev ms<sfj<la ls%hd;aul l< hq;=hs'
Wod (iqkdñ wdmodjlska miq
) wdmodjg m%;spdr oelaùfuka wk;=rej wdmodjg f.dÿre jQ ck;djf.a udkisl
uÜgï h:d;;a;ajhg m;a lsÍfï iykYS,s jev ms<sfj,la ls%hd;aul l< hq;=hs'
) wdmodjg f.dÿre jq ck;djf.a ksjdi yd há;, myiqlï ;djld,slj;a"
iaÓrj;a f.dvke.Sfï jev ms<sfj<la Èh;a l< hq;=hs'
) wdmodjg uqyqK ÿka m%cdfõ Ôjk ;;a;ajh fmr ;snq ;;a;ajhg jvd jeä ÈhqKq
;;a;ajhlg m;a lsÍfï ls%hdud¾. .; hq;=fõ'
wju lsÍfï wjia:dj wju lsÍfï wjia:dj wju lsÍfï wjia:dj wju lsÍfï wjia:dj wju lsÍfï wjia:dj (Mitigation)
wdmod l<ukdlrK pl%fha wju lsÍu hk wjia:dj bkamiq iïnkaO jkafka
fmr iqodku hk wjia:djghs' wdmodj wju lsÍfï hï hï ls%hdud¾. kej; fmr
iqodkug o iïnkaO fõ' fï ksid we;eï ls%hdud¾. fmr iqodkug .; hq;= ls%hdu¾. f,i
fmkakqï lrk wjia:d mekk.S'
wdmodj wju lsÍu i|yd m%fõY úh hq;= ls%hdud¾. lsysmhla'
wdmodjg fmr
- wjodku ;lafiare lsÍu'
- wk;=re we.ùfï moaO;s iúlsÍu'
- wjodku wju lsÍfï fuj,ï y÷kajd§u'
- wjodku wju lsÍfï jevigyka Èh;a lsÍu'
- m%cd iyNd.S;ajh'
- ck;dj oekqj;a lsÍu'
- wdh;ksl Yla;su;aNdjh we;s lsÍu'
N+f.da, úoHdj 13 jk fY%aKsh
47 .=re ud¾f.damfoaY ix.%yh
wdmod wjia:dj
- wk;=re weÕùu iy fírd.ekSu
- w,dNydks ;lafiare lsÍu
- yÈis ls%hdldrlï
- iykdOdr iemhSu
- Yla;su;a iïnkaëlrK hka;%Kh
wdmodjg miq
- wjodku ;lafiare lsÍu
- h:d;;ajhg m;a lsÍfï Wmdhud¾. .ekSu
- kej; f.dvke.Sfï ls%hdldrlï
- oekqj;a lsÍï
- ixj¾Okh bÈßhg lrf.k hdu
N+f.da, úoHdj 13 jk fY%aKsh
48 .=re ud¾f.damfoaY ix.%yh
ksmqK;d uÜguksmqK;d uÜguksmqK;d uÜguksmqK;d uÜguksmqK;d uÜgu 11'211'211'211'211'2 YS% ,xldfõ mrsir moaO;s l<ukdlrKh ydYS% ,xldfõ mrsir moaO;s l<ukdlrKh ydYS% ,xldfõ mrsir moaO;s l<ukdlrKh ydYS% ,xldfõ mrsir moaO;s l<ukdlrKh ydYS% ,xldfõ mrsir moaO;s l<ukdlrKh yd
ixrlaIKh i|yd f.k we;s Wmdh ud¾. w.hixrlaIKh i|yd f.k we;s Wmdh ud¾. w.hixrlaIKh i|yd f.k we;s Wmdh ud¾. w.hixrlaIKh i|yd f.k we;s Wmdh ud¾. w.hixrlaIKh i|yd f.k we;s Wmdh ud¾. w.h
lrhs'lrhs'lrhs'lrhs'lrhs'
^ld,Éfþo 08&^ld,Éfþo 08&^ld,Éfþo 08&^ld,Éfþo 08&^ld,Éfþo 08&
bf.kqï M,bf.kqï M,bf.kqï M,bf.kqï M,bf.kqï M, ••••• mßir moaO;s hkak ks¾jpkh lrhs'
••••• YS% ,xldfõ f;dard.;a mßir moaO;s y÷kdf.k úia;r
lrhs'
••••• f;dard.;a mßir moaO;sj, jHdma;sh YS% ,xld wdlD;s
is;shul ,l=Kq lrhs'
••••• mßir moaO;s l<ukdlrK yd ixrlaIK l%u .fõIKh
lrhs'
••••• YS% ,xldfõ mßir kS;s úu¾Ykh lrhs'
••••• YS% ,xldfõ mßir wdpdrO¾u ks¾udKYS,S j mÍlaId lrhs
ye¢kaùuye¢kaùuye¢kaùuye¢kaùuye¢kaùu
mßir moaO;shlaa hkq ìfhdauhl fldgils' YS% ,xldj" f,dj m%uqL jq ffcj
úúO;ajhlska hq;= rgls' ÿm;la ùu yd N+ úIu;dj wêl ùu wd§ jq úúO fya;= u; YS%
,xldfõ mßirh m%dfoaYSh j fjkia fõ' fï ksid wm rfgys úúO jq mßir moaO;s olakg
,efí' tjeks moaO;s ðùkaf.a meje;aug w;HjYHh' mßir moaO;s ksid c, iïm;" i;a;aj
iïm;" Ydl we;=<;a ffcj úúO;ajh wdrlaId lrhs' tfukau wdydr ksIamdokh o ta u;
r|d mj;shs ^f;;a ìï yd id.r&' mßir ;=,kh r|dmj;skafka o mßir moaO;sh u; jk
w;r tu ;=,H;dj ìo jeàfuka úúO mdßißl .eg¨ we;s fõ' tu ksid mßir moaO;s
ms<sn| j wOHhkh yd ixrlaIKh lsÍu b;d jeo.;a h' w;S;fha § ñksid mßir moaO;s
iuÕ iqixfhda.S iïnkaO;djla meje;ajqj o j¾;udkfha § ckixLHdj jeäùu" ñksia
wjYH;d ixlS¾K ùu" úúO ixj¾Ok jevigyka wd§ fya;+ka iuÕ ishÆ u mßir moaO;s
úkdY ùfï wjodkug ,laj mj;shs' fï ksid YS% ,xldfõ mßir moaO;s l<ukdlrKh yd
ixrlaIKh lsÍfï wjYH;dj mek ke.S we;' tjeks l<ukdlrK yd ixrlaIK l%fudamd
ms<sn| j YsIHhdg wjfndaOhla ,nd§u fuu mßÉfþofhka wfmalaId flfrhs'
úIh lreKq meyeÈ,s lr.eksug w;aje,laúIh lreKq meyeÈ,s lr.eksug w;aje,laúIh lreKq meyeÈ,s lr.eksug w;aje,laúIh lreKq meyeÈ,s lr.eksug w;aje,laúIh lreKq meyeÈ,s lr.eksug w;aje,la
mßir moaO;sh iïnkaO úúO ks¾jpk lsysmhla my; oelafõ'
- - - - - fN!;sl mßirh fyda jdiia:dkhla fyda ;=< Ôj;ajk Ydl yd i;=kaf.ka hq;a fMkaøsh m%cdjls'- lsishï jHqyhlg wkqj ks¾udKh jq o tlsfkl yd iïnkaO jq o jia;+kaf.a
fyda Wm ,laIK iuqyhlska hq;a tallhls'
N+f.da, úoHdj 13 jk fY%aKsh
49 .=re ud¾f.damfoaY ix.%yh
- hï m%foaYhl jik ish¨ u Ôùka yd tu Ôùka iu. wka;¾ l%shd olajk tu
m%foaYfha wÔù mßirh o we;=<;a l%shdldÍ Mallh mßir moaO;shhs'
fuu tallh ioyd YS% ,xldj weiqßka f;dard.;a mßir moaO;s lsysmhls'
- f;;aìï
- jkdka;r yd jk Ôú rlaIs;
- fjr<
- c,dY $ jeõ wdYs%; ffcj moaO;s
f;;a ìïf;;a ìïf;;a ìïf;;a ìïf;;a ìï
^f;;a ìï ye¢kaùu" f;;aìï jHdma;sh yd ,laIK ms<sn| j YS% ,xldfõ ìfhdau
tallfha § olajd we;&'
fuys § uq,ska u f;;a ìï mßir moaO;sj,g ydks isÿjk wjia:d ms<sn| j wjOdkh
fhduq flf¾' tjeks ls%hdldrlï f,i"
- wkjir bÈlsÍï
- bvï f.dv lsÍu
- wmøjH neyer lsÍu
- ffcùh iïm;a fld,a,lEu
- wdka;sl N+ñ mßfNdackh
f;;aìï l<ukdlrK ixrlaIK l%fudamd
- RAMSAR iïuq;shg wkqj lghq;= lsÍu fuys § m%Odk fõ'
- brdKfha RAMSAR k.rfha 1971 § iuqMj meje;a jq w;r 1975 isg ls%hdjg
kexùh'
- ''cd;Hka;r jeo.;alula we;s úfYaIfhka u c,c mlaIskaf.a jdiN=ñ jk
f;;a ìï ms<sn| iïuq;sh'' hkqfjka fuh ye¢kafõ'
- hqfkiaflda wdOdr u; ls%hd;aul jk w;r f,dal ixrlaIK ix.uh u.ska
md,kh fõ'
iïuq;sfha wruqKq lsysmhls
1' cd;sl N+ñ mßfNda. ie,iqïlrKfha § f;;a ìï ixrlaIKh iïnkaOfhka
ie,ls,su;a ùu'
2' f;;a ìïj,g wh;a N+ñ m%foaY ;=< tajd keKj;a f,i mßyrKh lsÍu'
N+f.da, úoHdj 13 jk fY%aKsh
50 .=re ud¾f.damfoaY ix.%yh
3' iajNdj rlaIs; (Nature Reserves) msysgqùu u.ska f;;a ìï ixrlaIKh
m%j¾Okh lsÍu'
4' wka;¾ cd;sl jeo.;alula we;s f;;a ìï f,aLkhg ta ta rgj, we;s f;;a
ìï we;=<;a lsÍug ie,iqï lsÍu'
5' mßir úoHd;aul jYfhka cd;Hka;r jeo.;alula we;s tla f;;aìula fyda
f;;aìï iïuq;shg we;=<;a lrjd .ekSu ^nqkao," wdkú¨kaodj yd udÿ.Õ
fuhg we;=<;a YS% ,xldfõ f;;aìï h&'
6' f;;aìï cd;Hka;r jYfhka l<ukdlrKh lsÍug yd yjqf,a N+la;s ú§ug
iyfhda.s;dj oelaùu'
7' f;;aìï l<ukdlrKh ms<sn| j jd¾Isl jd¾;djla ilia lsÍu'
- YS% ,xldj ;=< /ïid¾ ld¾h Ndrh cd;sl f;;aìï fufyhqï msßlaiqï
lñgqj hgf;a jkÔú ixrlaIK fomd¾;fïka;=jg mejf¾'
- jir 3g jrla iuq¿j meje;afõ'
- .súiqug we;=<;a jk rgj,a tl;= ù f;;a ìï ixrlaIK wruqo,
we;s lr tu.ska f;;aìï ixrlaIKhg wdOdr flfrhs'
jkdka;r rlaIs; yd jkÔú rlaIs;jkdka;r rlaIs; yd jkÔú rlaIs;jkdka;r rlaIs; yd jkÔú rlaIs;jkdka;r rlaIs; yd jkÔú rlaIs;jkdka;r rlaIs; yd jkÔú rlaIs;
f,dalfha jkdka;rj,g idfmalaI j YS% ,xldfõ o jkdka;r moaO;shla mj;shs'
t;rï úYd, fkdjq j o m%dfoaYSh úúO;ajh wkqj úúO jq ,laIK iys; jkdka;r moaO;s
YS% ,xldfõ olakg ,efí' tjeks m%Odk jk rlaIs; moaO;s lsysmhls' Wod ( isxyrdc"
ú,am;a;=" kl,aia
jkÔú rlaIs;
jkÔú rlaIs; j¾. o lsysmhls'
1' oeä iajdNdúl rlaIs; ( y.a.," ßá.," hd,
2' iajdNdúl rlaIs; ( ñkafkaßh" .sß;f,a
3' cd;sl jk WoHdk ( hd," ú,am;a;=j" Wvj,j
4' wNhN+ñ ( úlafgdaßhd" rkafoKs.," iuk,
jkdka;r rlaIs; yd jkðú rlaIs; mßir moaO;sj,g ydks isÿjk wjia:d
- bvï ysÕh ksid jkdka;r t<s lsÍu
- ixj¾Ok fhdackd l%u i|yd le,E t<s lsÍu
- bkaOk f,i or ,nd .ekSu
- oej ,nd .ekSu i|yd jkdka;r lmd oeóu" oej cdjdru
- wmøjH tlaùfuka jkdka;r úkdYh
- ovhï lsÍu
N+f.da, úoHdj 13 jk fY%aKsh
51 .=re ud¾f.damfoaY ix.%yh
jkdka;r rlaIs; yd jk rlaIs; l<ukdlrK yd ixrlaIK l%fudamd
- jkdka;r wdrlaId lsÍu i|yd ck;dj mßir ys;ldó wdl,amj,g keUqre l<
hq;=h'
- jkdka;r úkdY lrkakkag tfrys oeä kS;s mekùu yd ls%hd;aul lsÍu'
- fuys § rcfha ueÈy;aùfuka bÈßm;a l< jk i;aj wdrlaIK kS;s yd ksfhda.
w;r"
- cd;sl Wreu jk N+ñ mk;
- le,E wd{dmk;
- jki;a;aj yd jDlaI,;d wdrlaIl wd{d mk;
- wmkhk kS;sh hk tajd jeo.;a h'
cd;sl Wreu jk N+ñ mk;
- 1988 wxl 3 orK cd;sl Wreu jk N+ñ mk; kï fõ'
- jákdlñka hq;= jk N+ñ m%foaY kï lsÍfï n,h wod< wud;Hjrhdg mejf¾'
- wkjirfhka lsisu mqoa.,fhl=g we;=¿ úh fkyelsh'
- cd;sl Wreu N+ñhla ;=< mßirhg ydks jk lsisu ls%hdjla ;ykï h'
- kS;shg mgyeks jkakkag ovqjï ,ndÈh hq;=h'
- rcfha fkdjk foam<la o fuhg we;=<;a l< yels h'
le,E wd{dmk;
- uq,ska u 1907 bÈßm;a jQ w;r miq j 1995 § ixfYdaOkh jQ ksid 1995 wxl 25 orK
le,E ^ixfYdaOk& mk; hkqfjka y÷kajhs'
- fuu.ska mej;s le<e wd{dmk; ixfYdaOkh lr ixrlaIs; jk m%ldYhg m;alsÍu
yd jk iSud fjkia lsÍï wd§ ls%hd i|yd f.k tk ,§'
- ixrlaIs; jkhlg we;=¿ùu yd ydks lsÍu kS;s úfrdaê nj m%ldYhg m;a lr
we;'
jki;aj yd jDlaI,;d wdrlaIl wd{dmk;
- 1937 uq,ska u bÈßm;a l< w;r kej; ixfYdaOkh lr we;'
- YS% ,xldfõ jk i;aj yd jDlaI,;d ixrlaIKh i|yd bÈßm;a lr we;'
- fï u.ska ;ykï wvúhla fyda iSudka;ßl l,dmhla f,i N+ñhla m%ldY l<
yelsh'
wmkhk kS;sh
- mßir wud;HdxYfha wxl 03$2001 pl%f,aLfhka jkdka;rj,g iïnkaO foaj,a
wmkhkh lsÍu ms<sn| kS;s we;=<;a lr we;'
- wmkhkhka ;ykï lsÍfï f,aLkhla fï iuÕ bÈßm;a lr we;'
N+f.da, úoHdj 13 jk fY%aKsh
52 .=re ud¾f.damfoaY ix.%yh
cd;sl mßir mk;
- 1980 § fuu mk; u.ska uOHu mßir wêldßh ^CEA& msysgqjk ,§'
- 1988 § yd 2000 § kej; ixfYdaOkh lr we;'
- mßirhg iïnkaO ´kEu ls%hdldrlul § uOHu mßir wêldßfha n,m;%hla
,nd.; hq;=h'
- bvï Ndú;h Wmßu M, ,ndf.k lsÍug;a" iajdNdúl iïm;a ;srir
Ndú;hg;a" ëjr lghq;= md,khg;a" jk ðúka iq/lSu yd jkdka;r
l<ukdlrKhg;a" mdxY= ixrlaIKhg;a ueÈy;a úh hq;= nj oelafõ'
fjr< mßir moaO;sfjr< mßir moaO;sfjr< mßir moaO;sfjr< mßir moaO;sfjr< mßir moaO;s
fjr< hkq f.dvìu;a uqyqo;a tlajk ìï ;srejhs' fï ìï ;Srefõ fndfyda fihska
lrÈh iys; mßir moaO;s olakg ,efí' lrÈh ñßÈh ñY% jq lsjq,a Èh moaO;s o oelsh yelsh'
lsf,da ógr 1580 la muK jk fjr< ;Srfha m%Odk mdßißl moaO;s /ila mj;shs'
- fldr,a mr Wod ( yslalvqj
- lfvd,dk Wod ( fmd;=ú,a
- fudah iy l,mq Wod ( fudaor" ¨kdj
fjr< l,dmh jeo.;a ùug fya;=
- rfÜ uq¿ ck ixLHdfjka 50] g jvd fjr< l,dmfha Ôj;a fõ'
- YS% ,xldfõ wd¾Ól ls%hdj,sfha jeä fldgila fjr< l,dmfha kshqla; fõ'
- blaukska úkdY jk ixfõ§ mßir moaO;shla ùu'
- fi!kao¾hd;aul m%foaYhla ùu'
- iEu mqrjeisfhl=g u m%fõY ùug whs;shla we;s cd;sfha fmdÿ Wreuhls'
- ffcj úúO;ajh wêl ùu'
- u;aiH wNsckkhg b;d hym;a l,dmhla ùu'
fjr< moaO;s úkdY ùug n,mdk fya;=
- iajdNdúl fya;= u; fjr< Ldokh
- yqKq ,nd .ekSug $ w,xldrhg fldr,amr bj;a lsÍu
- fjr<ska wêl f,i je,s bj;a lsÍu
- mqmqrK øjH oud uiqka we,a,Su
- fjr<g wmøjH oeóu
- .x.dj,ska wêl f,i je,s bj;a lsÍu
- ie,iqï fkdl< fjr<dYs%; ks¾ñ;$ f.dvke.s,s bÈlsÍu
N+f.da, úoHdj 13 jk fY%aKsh
53 .=re ud¾f.damfoaY ix.%yh
fjr< moaO;s l<ukdlrK yd ixrlaIK l%fudamd
- 1978 ëjr wud;HdxYh hgf;a fjr< ixrlaIK wxYhla msysgqjk ,§'
- 1981 wxl 57 orK mk; f,i fuh bÈßm;a úh'
- fjr< fmdaIKh
- ysß.,a yd fldr,a leãu ;ykï lsÍu
- fjr< ixrlaIK l%u ls%hd;aul lsÍu ^ .,ajeá" f.%dhsk" mkd neñ bÈlsÍu&
fjr< ixrlaIK mkf;a wruqKq
- fjr< l,dmh ms<sn| iólaIK lsÍu'
- fjr< l,dmh l<ukdlrKh lsÍfï ie,eiaula ms<sfh, lsÍu'
- l,dmfha ixj¾Ok lghq;= úêu;a lsÍu yd md,kh lsÍu'
- l,dmh we;=<; ixrlaIKh i|yd jev fhdackd l%u ilia lsÍu yd ls%hdfõ
fhoùu'
- wjYH kS;s ixfYdaOkh lsÍu'
fjr< iïm;a l<ukdlrK ie,eiau
- fjr< ixrlaIK fomd¾;fïk;=j úiska fjr< l,dmSh iïm;a l<ukdlrKh
uq,a fldg .;a Okd;aul wdl,amj,ska mßmq¾K jq;a tald.%;dfjka hq;a ie,eiauls'
- fjr< iïm;a mßmq¾K jYfhka wOHhkh lsÍu'
- kS;s iïmdokh" mßmd,kh" m¾fhaIK yd wOHhk hk úúO Wmdh u.ska kj
l<ukdlrK ls%hdud¾. ilia lsÍu'
- ie,iqï hdj;ald,Sk j mj;ajd .ekSu'
- fjr< l,dmfha úúO udkqI ls%hdldrlï i|yd wjirm;a§fï l%uh mßmd,kh
lsÍu
- l<ukdlrK mrud¾: i|yd wjYH ìï $ bvï w;am;a lr .ekSu'
- mdßißl .=K iq/lSu i|yd fjr< ìï m%;sIaGdmkh lsÍu'
- ksjerÈ yd fhda.H Ldok md,k ;dlaIKsl l%u u.ska fjr< Ldokh je<elaùu'
- .eg¨ yd tajdg úi÷ï ye¢k .ekSug m¾fhaIK yd wOHhkh isÿ lsÍu'
- fmdÿ ck wjfndaOh j¾Okh lsÍu i|yd wOHhk f;dr;=re iemhSu yd m%j¾Okh
lsÍu'
c,dY% $ jeõ wdYS%; mßir moaO;sc,dY% $ jeõ wdYS%; mßir moaO;sc,dY% $ jeõ wdYS%; mßir moaO;sc,dY% $ jeõ wdYS%; mßir moaO;sc,dY% $ jeõ wdYS%; mßir moaO;s
ñksid úiska ks¾udKh l< fyda iajdNdúl c,h fyda mej;sh yels h' fuu c,dY
$jeõ mßir moaO;sj, ,laIK lsysmhls'
- moaO;sh ;=<g c,h m%fõYhg ndOd fkdmj;sk w;r msgùu ndOd iys;h'
- ndOd iys; ksid fuh md,s; moaO;shla f,i y÷kajhs'
- moaO;shg msáka Ôj j¾. tlajk w;r moaO;sh ;=< o ðj j¾. yg .kS'
- jeõj, uq,sl wruqK c,iïmdokh fõ'
N+f.da, úoHdj 13 jk fY%aKsh
54 .=re ud¾f.damfoaY ix.%yh
- YS% ,xldfõ úh<s l,dmh m%uqL iEu m%foaYhl u c,dY $ jeõ mßir moaO;s
olakg ,efí'
- l÷lrfha úÿ,s n, ksIamdokh wruqKq fldg c,dY bÈlr we;'
- j¾;udk jeõ $ c,dY bÈlsÍug o b;d u fhda.Hjkqfha merKs jdß ;dlaIKh
fhdod .ekSuhs' Wod ( fidrfndr jej
c,dY$jeõ wdYs%; mßir moaO;s l<ukdlrKh yd ixrlaIK l%fudamd
- moaO;sh wdYs%; j jk j.d we;s lsÍu'
- moaO;shg ys;lr fnda. j.d muKla y÷kajd §u'
- c, l<ukdlrKh úêu;a lsßu ^c, md,kh&'
- mdßißl yd jk wd{dmk;a" kS;s ls%hd;aul lsÍu'
- c,dY% $ jeõ mßir moaO;s rlaIs; N+ñ f,i m%ldY lsÍu'
mßir ixl,am yd wdpdrO¾u
mßirh wdrlaId lsÍu i|yd wE; w;S;fha isg u ñksid úiska úúO jq .;s mej;=ï"
isß;a úß;a wkq.ukh lrk ,È' fuys § fmrÈ. jdiSka jq YS% ,dxlslhkag wd.ñl mßirh
fnfyúka u WmldÍ ù we;'
- jkdka;r yd jkÔùka we;=<;a mßirh wdrlaId lsÍfï jeo.;alu iEu wd.ulu
biau;= lr olajd we;'
- mßirfha iunr;dj ì| oeóug n,mdk l=uk fyda ls%hdud¾.hla .ekSu
mßirhg isÿlrk ydkshls'
- j¾;udkfha f,dalfha fndfyda rgj,a mßir ixl,am yd mßir wdpdr O¾u
wdrlaId lsÍu i|yd úúO ls%hdud¾. wkq.ukh lrkafka tfyhsks'
wdYs%; uq,dY%wdYs%; uq,dY%wdYs%; uq,dY%wdYs%; uq,dY%wdYs%; uq,dY%
- mdrsirsl N+f.da, úoHdj" ^1996&' wOHdmk m%ldYk fomd¾;fïka;=j'- YS% ,xldfõ ffcj úúO;aj ixrlaIKh' 1999&" jk iïm;a yd mdßir wud;HdxYh'- fmf¾rd" y¾I" ^2006&' isxyrdch ixrlaIKh"l;D m%ldYkhls'- m%kdkaÿ tia'tia' fÊ'^2003&" f;;a ìï wdYs%; ls%hdj,sh iy M,odhs;dj" úfÊiqßh
.%ka: m%ldYk'
N+f.da, úoHdj 13 jk fY%aKsh
55 .=re ud¾f.damfoaY ix.%yh
ksmqK;d uÜguksmqK;d uÜguksmqK;d uÜguksmqK;d uÜguksmqK;d uÜgu 11'3 mßirh yd iïnkaO YS% ,xldj flfrys n,mdk11'3 mßirh yd iïnkaO YS% ,xldj flfrys n,mdk11'3 mßirh yd iïnkaO YS% ,xldj flfrys n,mdk11'3 mßirh yd iïnkaO YS% ,xldj flfrys n,mdk11'3 mßirh yd iïnkaO YS% ,xldj flfrys n,mdk
m%ldY" iïuq;s yd flgqïm;a i|yd .súiqïj, wod< m%ldY" iïuq;s yd flgqïm;a i|yd .súiqïj, wod< m%ldY" iïuq;s yd flgqïm;a i|yd .súiqïj, wod< m%ldY" iïuq;s yd flgqïm;a i|yd .súiqïj, wod< m%ldY" iïuq;s yd flgqïm;a i|yd .súiqïj, wod<
nj úu¾Ykh lrhs nj úu¾Ykh lrhs nj úu¾Ykh lrhs nj úu¾Ykh lrhs nj úu¾Ykh lrhs
^ld,Éfþo 08&^ld,Éfþo 08&^ld,Éfþo 08&^ld,Éfþo 08&^ld,Éfþo 08&
bf.kqï M,bf.kqï M,bf.kqï M,bf.kqï M,bf.kqï M, ••••• YS% ,xldj iïnkaO ù we;s cd;Hka;r mßir iïuq;s ms<sn|
f;dr;=re bÈßm;a lrhs'
••••• mßir iïuq;sj, YS% ,xldjg wod<;ajh úu¾Ykh lrhs'
••••• mßir iïuq;s wkqj YS% ,xldj f.k we;s ls%hdud¾.
.fõIKh lrhs'
ye¢kaùuye¢kaùuye¢kaùuye¢kaùuye¢kaùu
f,dalhg fmdÿ jQ mdßißl w¾nqo /ila we;s j ;sfí' cd;Ska tlaj ixúOdk.; ù
mdßißl .eg¨ úi|d .; hq;= ld,h t<U we;' j¾;udkfha rdcHhka yqfol,d jQ tajd
fkdfõ' fï fya;=fjka f,dalfha tla ia:dkhl isÿjk mdßißl .eg¨jla f,djg u
n,mEï we;s lrhs' fuu .eg¨ rgla ;ksju úi|kjd fjkqjg tla ù úi£u jvd;a myiq
yd id¾:l fõ' mßir w¾nqo úi|d .ekSug YS% ,xldj o fuf,i wfkl=;a cd;Ska iuÕ tla
j iïuq;s .súiqïj,g t<U we;'
j¾;udk f,dalfha ixj¾Ok ls%hdj,sh fukau foaYmd,k ixlS¾K;ajh u; úúO
jQ mdßißl .eg¨j,g uqyqK md we;s w;r mßir iïuq;s u.ska tajd úi|d .ekSug W;aidy
f.k we;' YS% ,xldj tla j we;s fujeks iïuq;s yd .súiqï /ila ;snqK o fuys § wjOdkh
fhduq lrkqfha f;dard.;a lsysmhlg muKs' f,dj wka rgj,g idfmalaI j YS% ,xldj
mßirh iïnkaOfhka w;S;fha isg u hym;a wdl,amhlska lghq;= lr we;' mßirh yd
ne÷Kq ck ðú;hla YS% ,dxlslhkag ysñ j ;snqKs' j¾;udkfha fuh wE;a fjñka mj;S' fï
wkqj mdßißl iïuq;s u.ska ck;dj oekqj;a l< hq;= j we;'
YS% ,xldj tla j we;s fujeks iïuq;s yd m%ldY wkqj tajdg wod< j lghq;= lsÍug
úúO ls%hdud¾. f.k we;' wod< wdh;k msysgqjd we;' mßirh ixrlaIKfha § fïjd ms<sn|
j oekqj;aùu b;d u jeo.;a h' YS% ,xldj we;=<;a j we;s mdßißl iïuq;s yd m%ldY fuka
u tajdfha wod<;ajh ms<sn| j o wOHhkh lsÍu fuu mßÉfþofha È isÿfõ'
N+f.da, úoHdj 13 jk fY%aKsh
56 .=re ud¾f.damfoaY ix.%yh
úIh lreKq meyeÈ,s lr.ekSug w;aje,laúIh lreKq meyeÈ,s lr.ekSug w;aje,laúIh lreKq meyeÈ,s lr.ekSug w;aje,laúIh lreKq meyeÈ,s lr.ekSug w;aje,laúIh lreKq meyeÈ,s lr.ekSug w;aje,la
- f,dalhg u fmdÿ jQ mdßißl .eg¨ rdYshla ks¾udKh ù we;
- úúO N+ o¾Yk wkqj we;s jk mßir w¾nqohkaf.a fjkialï olakg ,efí
- mßir w¾nqo je<elaùu fyda wju lsÍu i|yd cd;Ska tla ù iïuq;s yd m%ldY
t<s olajd we;
- YS% ,xldj fujeks cd;Hka;r mßir iïuq;s rdYshlg tla j isák w;r
fuu .súiqï wkqj lghq;= lsßu ld,sk wjYH;djls'
••••• jkdka;r yd jk Ôúkajkdka;r yd jk Ôúkajkdka;r yd jk Ôúkajkdka;r yd jk Ôúkajkdka;r yd jk Ôúka
mßirh ms<sn| j wjOdkh fhduq lsÍfï § jkdka;r yd jk Ôúka b;d jeo.;a h'
ñksid fuu mßir moaO;sj,g n,mEï lrk ;rug ñksid g o mdßißl Wmøjj,g uqyqK
§ug isÿfõ' mdßißl n,mEï wju lr .ekSug kï mßirhg ñksid úiska lrk n,mEï
isud l< hq;= fõ' fï i|yd cd;Hka;r iïuq;s yd .súiqï jeo.;a h' Bg wkq.; j lghq;=
lrk úg mßir ;=,H;dj wdrlaId ù Wmøj wju lr .; yelsh' YS% ,xldj jkdka;r yd jk
Ôúka iïnkaO j t<ô fujeks .súiqï lsysmhls'
ffcj úúO;ajh ms<sn| tlai;a cd;Skaf.a iïuq;shffcj úúO;ajh ms<sn| tlai;a cd;Skaf.a iïuq;shffcj úúO;ajh ms<sn| tlai;a cd;Skaf.a iïuq;shffcj úúO;ajh ms<sn| tlai;a cd;Skaf.a iïuq;shffcj úúO;ajh ms<sn| tlai;a cd;Skaf.a iïuq;sh
- 1992 ßfhda o cekhsfrda ys meje;s ñysl; iuq¿j yd ßfhda iuq¿j kñka
ye¢kajQ tlai;a cd;Skaf.a mßirh yd ixj¾Okh ms<sn| jQ iuq¿fõ § t<ô
iïuq;shls
- fuys § iïuq;s 3 lg t<ô w;r ffcj úúO;ajh ms<sn| iïuq;sh bka tlls
- 21 jk ishji i|yd kHdh m;%hla hkqfjka cd;Ska ish,a, tlÕ úh hq;=
iïuq;s f,i tajd olajd we;'
- 1993 foieïn¾ 29 isg ffk;sl j ls%hd;aul ùu werô w;r 1994 § YS% ,xldj
fldgia lrefjla úh'
- 1996 jk úg rgj,a 165la w;aika lr we;'
iïuq;sfha m%Odk lreKq lsysmhls
1' cdk iïm;aj, whs;sh tajd mj;sk rgj, wêldß;ajhg hg;a jk
neõ ms<s.ekSu yd ta ta rgj,a ;u rgj, ffcj iïm;a /l .ekSug
kS;s ilialr .ekSu wjYH lr ;sfí'
2' hï rgl ffcj iïm;a Ndú; fldg ,efnk fjf<| jdis fõ kï"
tajd ffcj iïm;aj, ysñ ldr rgj,a iuÕ idOdrK f,i fnod
.; hq;= nj ms<s.ekSu'
3' ffcj iïm;a jeä ÈhqKq lsÍug $ Ndú;hg wjeis ;dlaIKh f;jeks
f,dj rgj,g iyk fldkafoais hgf;a yqjudrej'
4' iïuq;sfha fldkafoais mejßug ixj¾ê; rgj, iydh ixj¾Okh
jk rgj,g ,nd§u'
N+f.da, úoHdj 13 jk fY%aKsh
57 .=re ud¾f.damfoaY ix.%yh
- YS% ,xldj by; lreKqj,g wkqj lghq;= lsÍug tlÕ ù we;s w;r ta wkqj
ish mdßißl m%;sm;a;s ilia lrf.k we;'
- iïuq;shg wkqj YS% ,xldj ;=<" uOHu mßir wêldßh mdßißl lghq;=j,
m%n,;d$ÿn,;d úu¾Ykh lrhs'
ffcj úúO;ajh iïnkaO j YS% ,xldjg wod< ;j;a iïuq;s lsysmhls'
1' ÿ¾,N $ ;¾ckhg ,la j we;s jk i;=ka yd Ydl fjf<|du ms<sn| cd;Hka;r
iïuq;sh (CITES - 1973&
2' wka;¾cd;sl fldr,a mr iïuq;sh (ICRI)
••••• foaY.=K úm¾hdifoaY.=K úm¾hdifoaY.=K úm¾hdifoaY.=K úm¾hdifoaY.=K úm¾hdi
j¾;udkfha § f,dal foaY.=Kh ksrka;r úm¾hdihkag ,lafjñka mj;sk w;r ta
ksid fkdfhl=;a .eg¨ we;s j ;sfí' fïjd YS% ,xldjg o m%n, j n,mdhs' fujeks w¾nqo
ms<sn|j;a "tajdg wod< j YS% ,xldj ne§ we;s iïuq;s" m%ldY ms<sn|j;a wjOdkhg ,la l<
hq;=h' tfuka u tajdfha ls%hdldß;ajh úu¾Ykh l< hq;=h' tjeks m%ldY iïuq;s lsysmhls'
f.da,sh foaY.=Ksl fjkiaùï md,kh ms<sn| ßfhda iïuq;shf.da,sh foaY.=Ksl fjkiaùï md,kh ms<sn| ßfhda iïuq;shf.da,sh foaY.=Ksl fjkiaùï md,kh ms<sn| ßfhda iïuq;shf.da,sh foaY.=Ksl fjkiaùï md,kh ms<sn| ßfhda iïuq;shf.da,sh foaY.=Ksl fjkiaùï md,kh ms<sn| ßfhda iïuq;sh
- 1992 ßfhda iuq¿fõ § t<ô iïuq;shla jk w;r 21 jk ishjig kHdh
m;%hla hk uefhka bÈßm;a úh
- YS% ,xldj 1994 § iïuq;shg we;=<;a úh
- uq, § rgj,a 50 folla iïnkaO jQ w;r j¾;udkh jk úg idudðl ixLHdj
rgj,a 180 ls'
- rgj,a yd l,dm wkqj foaY.=K úm¾hdij,g n,mdk yß;d.dr jdhq ksl=;=fõ
fjkialï fï u.ska y÷kd f.k we;'
- tu rgj,a my; iïuq;shg tlÕ jk nj olajd we;'
"jdhqf.da,hg tla jk we;eï jdhq u.ska yß;d.dr wdjrKhla we;s úu;a ta u.ska
foaY.=Ksl fjkialï we;s ùu;a je<elaùu i|yd ñksia ls%hdldrlï u.ska tjeks jdhq j¾.
jdhqf.da,hg tla ùu je<elaùug ish¨ md¾Yjhka tlÕ úh hq;=h" hkak fuys m%Odk
f;audj fõ'
- fuu iïuq;sh f,dal ld,.=K úoHd ix.uh yd iïnkaO j ls%hd;aul fõ
(UNFCCC)
- fuu .súiqug wod< j YS% ,xldj f.k we;s ls%hdud¾.
1' yß;d.dr jdhq jÜfgdarejla ms<sfh, lsÍu
2' foaY.=Ksl úm¾hdihka ms<sn| j m<uq jk cd;sl m%ldYh ms<sfh, lsÍu
3' foaY.=Ksl úm¾hdihka ms<sn| m¾fhaIK
4' fï ms<sn| wOHhkhg uOHia:dkhla msysgqùu jeo.;a h'
N+f.da, úoHdj 13 jk fY%aKsh
58 .=re ud¾f.damfoaY ix.%yh
••••• f;;aìïf;;aìïf;;aìïf;;aìïf;;aìï
mßirfha iu;=,s;;dj wdrlaId lr .ekSug kï f;;a ìï mßir moaO;s o mej;sh
hq;=h' tfy;a j¾;udk YS>% ck ixLHd j¾Okh;a" ta iuÕ u isÿjk ixj¾Ok ls%hdj,sh;a
ksid f,dalfha f;;a ìï úkdY fjñka mj;s' fuh YS% ,xldjg o m%n, .eg¨jls' fï ksid
YS% ,xldj o f;;a ìï iïnkaO úúO iïuq;Skag t<U ;sfí' ta w;r /ïid¾ iïuq;sh
jeo.;ah'
/ïid¾ iïuq;sh/ïid¾ iïuq;sh/ïid¾ iïuq;sh/ïid¾ iïuq;sh/ïid¾ iïuq;sh
- fuu iïuq;sh 1975 § ls%hdjg kexjq w;r 1990 uehs udifha § YS% ,xldj w;aika
;eîh ^by; tallhkays § fï ms<sn| úia;r olajd we;&
- YS%% ,xldfõ f;;a ìï ;=kla fï jk úg fuu iïuq;shg we;=<;a j we;' tkï
nqkao," wdkú¨kaodj yd udÿ .Õhs'
- /ïid¾ iïuq;sfha YS% ,xld ld¾hNdrh cd;sl f;;aìï fufyhqï lïgqj hgf;a"
jk ixrlaIK fomd¾;fïka;=jg mjrd we;
••••• laf,dafrdaf*daf,dfrdaldnka laf,dafrdaf*daf,dfrdaldnka laf,dafrdaf*daf,dfrdaldnka laf,dafrdaf*daf,dfrdaldnka laf,dafrdaf*daf,dfrdaldnka (CFC)
foaY.=K úm¾hdi ms<sn| jQ iïuq;Ska flfrys by; § wjOdkh fhduq lr we;'
foaY.=K fjkialï flfrys m%n, f,i odhl jk jdhq j¾.hla f,i CFC jdhqj y÷kd.;
yelsh' tksid úúO jq mdßißl iïuq;Ska w;r CFC jdhqj iïnkaOj o wOHhkh l< hq;=
j we;'
laf,daßka" *a¨fjdßka yd ldnka tl;= lr laf,dafrd*a¨jfrda ldnka (CFC) jdhqj
ksmojk ,È' ld¾ñl ÈhqKqj;a iuÕ úúO lghq;= i|yd fuh ksmojd we;s w;r 1975
weußld tlai;a ckmofha .%Eka fudßia yd udßfhda fud,ska hk úoHd{hska úiska fidaka
ia:rh úkdY ùug CFC jdhqj n,mdk nj fidhd .kakd ,È' YS;lrK yd jdhq iñlrK
i|yd;a" iqj| ú,jqka yd ridhk øjH i|yd;a jeä jYfhka CFC Ndú; úh' YS% ,xldj CFC
jdhqj ksl=;a lsÍfï § wvq odhl;ajhla oelajqj o ta iïnkaO j we;s m%{ma;Skag tlÕ ù we;'
tjeks iïuq;s w;r fudkaá%h,a iïuq;sh jeo.;ah'
fudkaá%h,a iïuq;sh fudkaá%h,a iïuq;sh fudkaá%h,a iïuq;sh fudkaá%h,a iïuq;sh fudkaá%h,a iïuq;sh (Montreal Protocal - 1987)
- 1987 jif¾ § rgj,a 24la tla ù lekvdfõ fudkaá%h,a k.rfha § fuu iïuq;shgt<U we;
- CFC ksid fidaka ia;rh laIh ùu je<elaùfï wruqKska fhdackd lsysmhla bÈßm;a
úh
1' CFC jdhq ksIamdokh yd mßyrKh jir 2000 jk úg ixj¾ê; rgj,a úiska
kj;d,sh hq;=h'
2' ixj¾Okh fjñka mj;sk rgj,a jir 2010 jk úg tu ;;a;ajhg m;a úh
hq;=h'
3' ydkslr ridhksl ixfhda. ksIamdokh" fj<|du fuka u" Ndú;h hk wxY ms<sn| j wjOdkh fhduq úh hq;=h'
N+f.da, úoHdj 13 jk fY%aKsh
59 .=re ud¾f.damfoaY ix.%yh
- by; wruqKq wkqj lghq;= lsÍug YS% ,xldj 1989 foieïn¾ 15 Èk w;aika
;nd tlÕ úh' 1990 ud¾;= 15 isg iïuq;shg wkql+, j lghq;= lrhs'
- 1994 jk úg rgj,a 120 la .súiqug w;aika ;nd we;' j¾;udkh jk úg
rgj,a 192 la md¾Yjlrejka ù we;'
- ´fidaka úhk /l .ekSug" .súiqu m%udKj;a fkdjq ksid 1989 § fy,aiskals
ys § o" 1990 § ,kavkfha § o kej; kej;;a .súiqu w¨;a lrk ,È'
YS% ,xldj fudkaá%h,a iïuq;shg wod< j f.k we;s mshjr lsysmhls'
1' 1996 jif¾ § fidaka laIhldrl øjH ODS& wdkhkh md,kh lsÍug kj
kS;s y÷kajd§u'
2' YS;lrK ksIamdok wdkhk ;=kla iy iqj| ú,jqka l¾udka; wdh;kh;a
´fidaka ñ;=re ;dlaIKhg mßj¾;kh lsÍu'
3' jir 2000 § YS% ,xldj CFC ridhk øjH wdkhkh kej;Sug fhdackd lr
;snqKs' ta wkqj 2007 jir wjidkfha § wdkhkh iïmq¾Kfhka kej;Sug
fhdackd úh'
4' fudkaá%h,a m%;sm;a;s b;d id¾:l j ls%hd;aul lsÍu ms<sn| cd;Hka;r
iïudkh YS% ,xld cd;sl ´fidaka tallhg 2007 jif¾ ysñ úh'
5' ´fidka ia;rh /l .ekSug ls%hdldß ùu fjkqfjka 2008 jif¾ UNEPA
iïudkh ysñ úh'
- by; iïuq;sj,g wu;r j úhdkd iïuq;sh yd lsfhdafgda m%{ma;sh o YS%
,xldj iïnkaO ù we;s jeo.;a mdßißl iïuq;ska h'
wdY%s; .%ka:wdY%s; .%ka:wdY%s; .%ka:wdY%s; .%ka:wdY%s; .%ka:
- wd¾Ól úuiqu" ^2008&' cqks $ cq,s l,dmh'
- mdßißl N+f.da, úoHdj" ^1997&' wOHdmk m%ldYk fomd¾; fïka;=j'
- YS% ,xldfõ ffcj úúO;aj ixrlaIKh" 1999&' jk iïm;a yd mßir wud;HdxYh'
N+f.da, úoHdj 13 jk fY%aKsh
60 .=re ud¾f.damfoaY ix.%yh
bf.kqï - b.ekaùï ls%hdldrlï bf.kqï - b.ekaùï ls%hdldrlï bf.kqï - b.ekaùï ls%hdldrlï bf.kqï - b.ekaùï ls%hdldrlï bf.kqï - b.ekaùï ls%hdldrlï
ls%hdldrlu - 1ls%hdldrlu - 1ls%hdldrlu - 1ls%hdldrlu - 1ls%hdldrlu - 1
- flaj, ls%hdldrluls'
- YS% ,xldj tlÕ ù we;s mdßißl iïuq;s 5la kï lrkak'
- by; kï l< iïuq;sj,ska tlla iïnkaOfhka YS% ,xldjg wod< j fï olajd
f.k we;s ls%hdud¾. meyeÈ,s lrkak'
ls%hdldrlu - 2ls%hdldrlu - 2ls%hdldrlu - 2ls%hdldrlu - 2ls%hdldrlu - 2
lKavdhï ls%hdldrluls'
- Tn m%foaYfha fyda wdikak ´kEu jkdka;r fyda f;;a ìï mßir moaO;shla
f;dard .kak'
- f;dard.;a mßir moaO;sfha ixrpl y÷kdf.k kï lrkak'
- tu moaO;s ÿIKh ù we;akï fya;= fidhd olajkak'
- tu moaO;sh wiu;=,s; ùug n,mE fya;= .fõIKh lrkak'
- tu moaO;sh wdrlaId lr .ekSug fhÈh yels ms<shï meyeÈ,s lrkak'
N+f.da, úoHdj 13 jk fY%aKsh
61 .=re ud¾f.damfoaY ix.%yh
ksmqK;dj - 12ksmqK;dj - 12ksmqK;dj - 12ksmqK;dj - 12ksmqK;dj - 12
iajNdjO¾uh yd iudch w;r iqixfhda.S wka;¾ iïnkaO;djiajNdjO¾uh yd iudch w;r iqixfhda.S wka;¾ iïnkaO;djiajNdjO¾uh yd iudch w;r iqixfhda.S wka;¾ iïnkaO;djiajNdjO¾uh yd iudch w;r iqixfhda.S wka;¾ iïnkaO;djiajNdjO¾uh yd iudch w;r iqixfhda.S wka;¾ iïnkaO;djm%j¾Okh lsÍu i|yd mDÓúh yd tys jeishka ms<sn| j ukdm%j¾Okh lsÍu i|yd mDÓúh yd tys jeishka ms<sn| j ukdm%j¾Okh lsÍu i|yd mDÓúh yd tys jeishka ms<sn| j ukdm%j¾Okh lsÍu i|yd mDÓúh yd tys jeishka ms<sn| j ukdm%j¾Okh lsÍu i|yd mDÓúh yd tys jeishka ms<sn| j ukd
wjOdkhlska lghq;= lrhswjOdkhlska lghq;= lrhswjOdkhlska lghq;= lrhswjOdkhlska lghq;= lrhswjOdkhlska lghq;= lrhs
ksmqK;d uÜguksmqK;d uÜguksmqK;d uÜguksmqK;d uÜguksmqK;d uÜgu 12'1 mdßißl jeo.;alula olajk lreKq ms<sn| j cd;Hka;r
yd m%dfoaYSh ixúOdkj, N+ñldj mÍlaId lrhs'
^ld,Éfþo 20&^ld,Éfþo 20&^ld,Éfþo 20&^ld,Éfþo 20&^ld,Éfþo 20&
bf.kqï M,bf.kqï M,bf.kqï M,bf.kqï M,bf.kqï M, • • • • • j¾;udkfha § mßird;aul .eg¨ we;s lsÍug yd W.% ùug
ñksia ls%hdldrlï uq,sl jk nj m%ldY lrhs'
••••• wkd.; mrmqrg hym;a jq mßirhla f.dv ke.SSu i|yd
wka;¾ cd;sl fm< .eiaul wjYH;dj meyeÈ,s lrhs'
••••• mßirfha úúO wxY flakaø fldg f.k úúO kï j,ska
mßir ixúOdk ìys ù we;s nj m%ldY lrhs'
••••• m%dfoaYSh j uqyqK fok mßir .eg¨ uq,a lrf.k m%dfoaYSh
ixúOdk o ìysù we;s nj meyeÈ,s lrhs'
••••• YS% ,xldfõ mßirhg iDcqj u iïnkaO j lghq;= lrk
ixúOdk ms<sn| j f;dr;=re wOHhkh lrhs'
ye¢kaùuye¢kaùuye¢kaùuye¢kaùuye¢kaùu
j¾;udk f,dalh ñksia b;sydifha fmr fkdjq ;rug mßir w¾nqo /ilg uqyqK
md we;' oy wgjk Y; j¾Ifha isg fï olajd f,dal ck ixLHdj wg .=Khlska muK by<
f.dia we;s w;r ck ixLHdj fo.=K ùug .; jk ld,h o l%ufhka wvq fjñka mj;shs'
ck ixLHdj by< hdfï m%;sY;hg idfmalaI j fN!;sl mßirh mßyrKh lsÍu o
by< hhs' udkqI wjYH;dj, m%udKh o Èfkka Èk u j¾Okh jk w;r thg iu.dñ f,i
mßirh mßyrKh o j¾Okh ù we;' fuys m%;sM,h mßir ;=,s;;dj ìhlre wkaoñka ì|
jeàu yd f.da,sh mßir w¾nqo rdYshlg uqyqK §uhs'
f.da,Sh WKqiqu by<hdu" ldka;dÍlrKh " ´fidaka ia;rh laIh ùu" jkdka;r
CIh ùu" i;a;aj fldÜGdi mßirfhka ;=rka ùu" c,h wmú;% ùu" jdhq ÿIKh " id.r c,
uÜgu by< hdu" foaY.=K úm¾hdihka we;s ùu fya;= fldg kshx " c, .e,sï" kdhhEï
jeks w¾nqoj,g ue; ld,fha § uq`M uy;a f,dal jdiSkag u uqyqK §ug isÿù we;'
ñksid Ndú; lrk n,Yla;s m%udKh wêl f,i by< f.dia we;' oywg jk
ishjfia isg fï olajd cd;Hka;r fjf<|dug tla jQ NdKav m%udKh foish .=Khlska by<
f.dia we;' ñysl;g jkdka;r wysñ jqfha fylaghd¾ ñ,shk .Kksks' mßirhg tl;= ù
N+f.da, úoHdj 13 jk fY%aKsh
62 .=re ud¾f.damfoaY ix.%yh
we;s laf,dfrdaf*daf,dafrdaldnka" óf;ka" ldnkavfhdlaihsâ jeks jdhq j¾.j, m%udKh
Èfkka Èk by< hhs' fidaka ia:rh yryd jdhq f.da,hg we;=¿jkakd jq mdrcïnq, lsrK
m%udKh wêl ù we;' fuu ;;a;ajh by; mßir w¾nqoj,g uq,a ù we;'
fujeks ìhlre mßir w¾nqohkaf.ka ñysl; fírd .ekSug cd;Hka;r yd m%dfoaYsh
jYfhka lghq;= l< hq;af;a mdßißl w¾nqoj,g foaYiSudjla fkdue;s ksidh' ;srir
ixj¾Okhl wjYH;dj fï ksid wjOdrKh lrhs'
ñksidf.a Èú meje;au Wfoid fkd.e<fmkakd jQ mßirhla wkd.;hg Wreu jk
fyhska j¾;udkh jk úg rdcH yd rdcH fkdjk f,i mßir ixúOdk /ila ìys ù we;'
ixLHd;aul f,i w;s úYd, jQ fuu mßir ixúOdk ish,af,a u mrud¾:h jkafka ;srir
ixj¾Okhls' fu;rï w;súYd, jq mßir ixúOdk /ila .ek fuys È wjOdkh fhduq lsÍu
wiSre fyhska cd;Hka;r jYfhka" m%dfoaYsh ^l,dmSh& yd foaYSh jYfhka m%n, f,i
ls%hd;aul jk mßir ixúOdk lsysmhla .ek muKla wOHhkh lsÍu fuys§ wfmalaId
flfrhs' fjr< ixrlaIK fomd¾;fïka;=j" fjr< mßirh .ek lghq;= flfrk fyhska
mßir ixúOdkhla f,i fuys § i,ld we;' tfiau mdßißl iuq¿ yd jevigyka o fuu
tallh hgf;a idlÉPd flfrhs'
úIh lreKq meyeÈ,s lr.ekSug w;aje,laúIh lreKq meyeÈ,s lr.ekSug w;aje,laúIh lreKq meyeÈ,s lr.ekSug w;aje,laúIh lreKq meyeÈ,s lr.ekSug w;aje,laúIh lreKq meyeÈ,s lr.ekSug w;aje,la
tlai;a cd;Skaf.a mßirh yd ixj¾Okh ms<sn| iuq¿j tlai;a cd;Skaf.a mßirh yd ixj¾Okh ms<sn| iuq¿j tlai;a cd;Skaf.a mßirh yd ixj¾Okh ms<sn| iuq¿j tlai;a cd;Skaf.a mßirh yd ixj¾Okh ms<sn| iuq¿j tlai;a cd;Skaf.a mßirh yd ixj¾Okh ms<sn| iuq¿j (United Nations Conferance
on Enviroment and Development - UNCED&&&&&
wfma fmdÿ wkd.;h ;yjqre lsÍu i|yd ukqIH j¾.hdf.a iy ta ta rgj, wd¾Ól mdßißl
rgdj md,kh úh hq;= wdldrh ms<sn| uq,sl lreKq wvx.= mDÓú;,h ms<sn| kS;s moaO;shla
we;s lsÍu fuu iuq¿fõ wruqKhs'
- ßfhda iuq¿j" ñysl; iuq¿j hk kïj,ska o fuu iuq¿j y÷kajhs'
- 1992 cqks ui 3 isg 4 olajd n%iS,fha ßfhdao cekhsfrda ys § fuu iuq¿j meje;aúKs'
- fkda¾fõ w.%dud;Hjßhl j isá f.%dayd,ï nDDkaÜ,kaâ ue;sKshf.a iNdm;s;ajfhka
msysg jQ mßirh yd ixj¾Okh ms<sn| fldñiu u.ska ilia l< jd¾;djlaa wmf.a
fmdÿ wkd.;h Our Common Future) fuu ßfhda iuq¿j meje;aùug fya;= ldrl
úh'
- ßfhda iuq¿fõ m%Odk f;audj jQfha mßirh yd ;srir ixj¾Okhhs'
- my; oelafjk m%ldYhka fuu iuq¿fjka ìysúh'
1' 21 jk ishjfia kHdh m;%h
2' ixj¾Okh yd mßirh ms<sn| ßfhda m%ldYh
N+f.da, úoHdj 13 jk fY%aKsh
63 .=re ud¾f.damfoaY ix.%yh
3' jkdka;r uq,O¾u ms<sn| m%ldYh
4' foaY.=K úm¾hdi ms<sn| tlai;a cd;Skaf.a rduq.; iïuq;sh
5' ffcj úúO;ajh ms<sn|j jk tlai;a cd;Skaf.a rduq.; iïuq;sh
6' wd§jdiSkaf.a whs;sjdislï wdrlaId lsÍu
ixúOdkfha N+ñldj
1' iEu ñksil=g u ia:djr wkd.;hlg uqyqK Èh yelsjk fia mDÓú mßirh
/l .ekSfï wjYH;dj;a" mßirh yd wd¾Ól lghq;= w;r .e<mSu;a we;s
lsÍug wjYH iaÓr mshjr .ekSu'
2' udkj ixy;sfha wkd.;h w¨;a u.lg fhduq lsÍu ioyd ñksiqka talrdYS
lsÍu'
3' mßirfha .=Kd;aulNdjh mj;ajdf.k hdu yd mdßißl jYfhka hym;a
ia:djr ÈhqKqjla iEu rglu we;s lsÍu' Wod ( jdhqf.da,h wdrlaId lsÍu"mDÓú
iïm;a wdrlaId lsÍu'
fuu ñys;, iuq`Mfjka mrsirh yd ;srir ixj¾Okhg wod< tlÕ;djka rdYshlg
t<ö we;' thska lsysmhla my; oelafõ'
1' ;srir ixj¾Okh i|yd m%Odk jkafka ñksid h' iajNdjO¾uhd iu.
iyfhda.S;ajhlska lghq;= lr fi!LH iïmkak Ôú;hla .; lsÍfï mq¾K
whs;sh Tjqkag we;'
2' ;ukaf.a md,khg k;= jk m%foaY ;=< flfrk lghq;= ksid wi,ajdiS rgl
mßirhg ydks fkdùug;a ;ukaf.a md,k m%foaYhg Tífnka fkdhEug;a
lghq;= lsÍu Tjqkaf.a j.lSuhs'
3' ixj¾Okh lsÍug we;s whs;sh imqrd,Sfï § j¾;udk wkd.; mrïmrdj,
ixj¾Ok yd mßir wjYH;djka wdrlaId jk f,i ls%hdl< hq;= h'
4' msgia;r n,mEïj,g hg;a fkdù rdcHhka ys jeishkaf.a iajdNdúl iïm;a
yd Tjqkaf.a mßirh wdrlaId lr .; hq;= h'
5' hqoaOh mßirhg fnfyúka wys;lr jkafkls' hqo .egqï mj;sk wjia:djkays
§ ish¨ rdcH cd;Hka;r kS;sj,g f.!rj l< hq;= h'
N+f.da, úoHdj 13 jk fY%aKsh
64 .=re ud¾f.damfoaY ix.%yh
tlai;a cd;Skaf.a mßir jevigyk tlai;a cd;Skaf.a mßir jevigyk tlai;a cd;Skaf.a mßir jevigyk tlai;a cd;Skaf.a mßir jevigyk tlai;a cd;Skaf.a mßir jevigyk (Unitd Nation Envirornmental Programme -
UNEP)
- 1972 uq,a ld,fha § iafgdlafydaï kqjr meje;s udkj mßirh ms<sn| tlai;a
cd;Skaf.a m%:u iuq¿fõ § l< fhdackdjlska fuu ixúOdkh wdrïN úh'
1974 isg ls%hd;aul fõ'
- hqfkma ixúOdkfha uq,ia:dkh msysgd we;af;a flkahdfõ khsfrdaì k.rfha
h'
- tlai;a cd;Ska úiska ixj¾Okh jk rgl uq,ia:dkh msysg jQ m%:u ixúOdkh
fuh hs'
fuu jevigyk u.ska ls%hd;aul l< jevigyka lsysmhla my; oelafõ'
ixúOdkfha N+ñldj
- 1972 isg tlai;a cd;Skaf.a yd tys idudðl rgj, mdßißl m%;sm;a;s yd
jevigyka yev .ekaùfï mqfrda.dñ j lghq;= lsÍu'
- 21 ishji i|yd kHdh m;% kï jq ñysl; iuq`:fõ fhdackd l%shd;aul lsÍu
- mßir lghq;=j, § UNEP jevigyk úiska ;u lghq;= wxY 11 lg fnod
l%shd;aul ùu' Wod ( mßir oekqj;alu"f.da,Sh mßirh ms<sn`o wjOdkfhka
isàu" ldka;dÍlrK md,kh
hqfkma wdh;k úiska ;u jevigyka ls%hd;aul lsÍug l,dmSh wdh;k lsysmhla
msysgqjd ;u lghq;= úuOH.; lr,Su
1' nexfldla - wdishd Ydka;slr l,dmh
2' khsfrdaì - wdishd Ydka;slr l,dmh
3' fulaisflda isá - ,;ska weußldkq l,dmh
4' lsx.aiagka - leßìhdkq l,dmh
5' nyf¾ka - ngysr wdishdj
6' ðksjd - hqfrdamd l,dmh
7' we;ekaia - uOHOrKS l,dmh
N+f.da, úoHdj 13 jk fY%aKsh
65 .=re ud¾f.damfoaY ix.%yh
hqfkma wdh;kh mdßißl lafIa;%h úIhhka lsysmhlg fnod tajd úfYaI f,alï
ld¾hd, 05 hgf;a ls%hd;aul lsÍu
flaI;%h f,alï ld¾hd,h
msysá ia:dkh
1' ydkslr ridhksl øjH ðkSjd
2' l¾udka; iy mßirh meßish
3' ydkslr wmøjH foaY isud m%jdykh
yd tajd neyer lsÍu md,kh ðkSjd
4' j|ùfï ;¾ckhg ,la ù we;s Ôúka
fjf<|du ms<sn| iïuq;sh ðkSjd
5' ixl%uKsl i;a;ajhska ms<sn| iïuq;sh fndka
- mßirfha ys;lr fjkialï we;s l< yelafla uyck;djf.a oekqu yd wjfndaOh
mq¿,a lsÍfuka iy oekqj;a lsÍfuka muKla nj wjfndaO lrf.k ls%hd;aul ùu'
^tlai;a cd;Skaf.a foaY.=K úm¾hdi ms<sn| uq,sl m%{ma;sh ms<sn| j 11'3 ksmqK;d
uÜgu hgf;a f;dr;=re imhd we;&
foaY.=K fjkialï ms<sn| wka;¾ wdKavq uKav,h foaY.=K fjkialï ms<sn| wka;¾ wdKavq uKav,h foaY.=K fjkialï ms<sn| wka;¾ wdKavq uKav,h foaY.=K fjkialï ms<sn| wka;¾ wdKavq uKav,h foaY.=K fjkialï ms<sn| wka;¾ wdKavq uKav,h (Inter Government Panel On
Climate Change IPCC)
foaY.=K fjkialï ms<sn| Wkkaÿjla olajkakjqka yd ta ms<sn| hï hï ;SrK
.kakjqka i|yd foaY.=K fjkialï ms<sn| f;dr;=re iemhSu tlai;a cd;Skaf.a mßir jev
igyk yd tal;=j msysgqjk ,o wdh;khls'
foaY.=Kh iïnkaO o;a; fyda m%;sudkhka ms<sn| m¾fhaIK lsÍula fï u.ska isÿ
fkdlrk w;r ñksidf.a n,mEu u; isÿjk foaY.=K fjkialï ;=<ska we;s jk wjodku
ms<sn| j wjfndaO lr .ekSu i|yd wjYH kj;u úoHd;aul" ;dlaIKsl yd iudc wd¾Ól
f;dr;=re f,dal jHdma; uÜgñka mßmq¾Kj;a újD; yd úksúo Ndjfhka hq;=j;a bÈßm;a
lsÍu fuys ld¾hNdrh fõ'
tfiau foaY.=K úm¾hdi u.ska we;s jk n,mEï wju lr .ekSu yd tajdg
wkqj¾;kh ùfï yelshdjka ms<sn|j f;dr;=re fuu wdh;kh u.ska isÿ lrhs'
- 1992 § ßfhda iuq¿fõ § bÈßm;a lrk ,ÿj 1994 § ls%hd;aul lrk ,o tlai;a
cd;Skaf.a foaY.=K úm¾hdi ms<sn| j jQ uq,sl m%{ma;sh ieliSfï § ;SrKd;aul
ld¾hNdrhla bgqlrk ,§'
- tlai;a cd;Skaf.a udkj ixj¾Okh ms<sn| lghq;= lrkafka o fuu IPCC
wdh;khhs'
N+f.da, úoHdj 13 jk fY%aKsh
66 .=re ud¾f.damfoaY ix.%yh
iajNdjO¾uh ixrlaIKh i|yd jQ wka;¾ cd;sl ix.uh iajNdjO¾uh ixrlaIKh i|yd jQ wka;¾ cd;sl ix.uh iajNdjO¾uh ixrlaIKh i|yd jQ wka;¾ cd;sl ix.uh iajNdjO¾uh ixrlaIKh i|yd jQ wka;¾ cd;sl ix.uh iajNdjO¾uh ixrlaIKh i|yd jQ wka;¾ cd;sl ix.uh (International Union for
Conservation of Nature - IUCN)
- mßirh ms<sn| j úfYaI wjOdkhlska hq;= j f,dal uÜgñka ìys jq m%:u ixúOdkhhs'
- cd;Hka;r ixúOdkhla jQ fuh 1948 È meßisfha f*dkagkaí¨ k.rh Fontainblev&
uq,ia:dkh lrf.k wdrïN úh'
- oekg we;s úYd, u f.da,Sh uÜgfï merKs u mdßißl ixúOdkh jkafka fuhhs'
- mßirh yd OrKSh ixj¾Okh ms<sn| uq,sl wêldßh jkafka o fuu ix.uhhs'
- fuu ixúOdkfha j¾;udk uq,ia:dkh we;af;a iaõÜi¾,ka;fha .a,Ekaâ Gland)
k.rfha h'
ixúOdkfha N+ñldj
- j;auka yd wkd.; ñksia m%cdjf.a hym; i|yd h<s we;s l< yels iïm;a úNjh
ukd fia kv;a;= lsÍu ;=<ska mßir ixj¾Okhla iy;sl lsÍu'
- úfYaI wdrlaIdjla fkdue;s N==ñ yd id.r m%foaYj, wdrlaIdj yd l<ukdlrKh
;=<ska iajdNdúl iïm;a ixrlaIKh yd fndfyda Ydl yd i;a;aj úfYaI m%udKj;a
ixLHdjlska mj;ajdf.k hdu'
- ksfhdackd;aul yd iqúfYaI m%cdjla iys; Ydl yd i;a;ajhka we;=<;a jk N+ñ
yd tjeks lrÈh yd ñßÈh m%foaY wdrlaId lsÍu'
- ìysùug we;s lsisÿ Ydl fyda i;a;aj úfYaIhla j|ùfï ;¾ckhg ,la fkdjk
mßÈ tajdfha wdrlaIdj iy;sl lr,Su i|yd l%fudamd ilia lsÍu'
- jdhqf.da,h ms<sn| mq¿,a mrdihl lghq;= lsÍu'
- cd;Hka;r iïuq;s bgqlsÍug lghq;= lsÍu'
- úúO rdcHhka l,dmSh wdh;k yd rdcH wdh;kj, m%;sm;a;s ls%hd;aul lsÍu
mßirh ms<sn| úfYaI wjOdkhla fhduq l< IUCN ix.uh my; jHdmD;s ls%hd;aul
lsÍug o ne£ isà' tu jHdmD;s fufiah"
1' ixrlaIKh yd ixj¾Okh
2' ck ixLHdj yd iïm;a 3' ixrlaIKh ms<sn| úoHdj 4' i;a;aj úfYaI ixrlaIKh 5' Ydl ixrlaIKh 6' wdrlaIs; m%foaY l<ukdlrKh 7' kd.ßl yd fjr< m%foaY ixrlaIKh 8' f;;a ìï ixrlaIKh 9' ksj¾;k jkdka;r ixrlaIKh 10' Y+Ial N+ñ ixrlaIKh 11' wOHdmkh yd mqyqKq ixrlaIKh
12' ixrlaIK kS;sh
N+f.da, úoHdj 13 jk fY%aKsh
67 .=re ud¾f.damfoaY ix.%yh
fuu ix.uh jeo.;a m%ldYk lsysmhla jd¾Isl j" w¾O jd¾Isl j yd udisl j m<
lrhs'tajdhska lsysmhla my; oelafõ'
- IUCN m%ldYk
- IUCN mqj;a iÕrdj
- r;= o;a; fmd; ^Red Data Book&
f,dal ixrlaIK ix.uh yd YS% ,xldj
- YS% ,xldfõ fN!ñl mßirfha we;s ffcj úúO;aj m%fNaohka wOHhkfhys ,d
jk ixrlaIK fomd¾;fïka;=jg Ys,amSh wdOdr ,nd §u'
- YS% ,xldfõ T!Iëh Ydl ixrlaIKh lsÍu i|yd Ys,amSh iyfhda.s;dj ,nd§u'
wkaa;¾cd;sl c, l<ukdlrK wdh;kh wkaa;¾cd;sl c, l<ukdlrK wdh;kh wkaa;¾cd;sl c, l<ukdlrK wdh;kh wkaa;¾cd;sl c, l<ukdlrK wdh;kh wkaa;¾cd;sl c, l<ukdlrK wdh;kh ( International Water Mangement
Institute IWMI)
- cd;Hka;r m¾fhaIK wdh;k 15 lska tlla f,i fuu IWMI wdh;kh ye¢kaúh
yels h'
- fuu IWMI wdh;khg wdOdr imhkafka rgj,a 60 la u.sks'
- fm!oa.,sl wdh;k" cd;Hka;r iy l,dmSh ixúOdk tl;= ù fuu wdh;khg
Woõ Wmldr lrhs'
- ;=kajk f,dalfha rgj,aj, È<s÷ ck;djg uqyqK §ug isÿjk c,h yd N+ñh
ms<sn| wNsfhda.j,g uqyqK §u i|yd OrKSh f,i iqÿiq jgmsgdjla mj;ajd .ekSu
fuu wdh;kfha m%Odk N=ñldjhs'
tu N=ñldj ;=< § fuu wdh;kh my; ld¾hhkays fhfoa'
1' ksïk c, l<ukdlrKh
2' N+ñh c,h yd Ôúldj
3' lDIsl¾uh c,h yd k.r
4' c, ixrlaIKh yd mßirh
- rfÜ úúO mqoa.,hska yd wdh;k iuÕ m%;sm;a;s iïmdolhka ixj¾Okh mokï
lr.;a ksfhdað; wdh;k fm!oa.,sl f.dùka yd fm!oa.,sl wxYfha wdh;k iuÕ
iïnkaO ù fuu wdh;kh m¾fhaIK lghq;=j, fhfoa'
- fuu IWMI wdh;kfha uq,ia:dkh msysgqjd we;af;a YS% ,xldfõ n;a;ruq,af,a h'
N+f.da, úoHdj 13 jk fY%aKsh
68 .=re ud¾f.damfoaY ix.%yh
ol=Kq wdishd;sl iyfhda.S;d yd mdßißl jevigyk ^ol=Kq wdishd;sl iyfhda.S;d yd mdßißl jevigyk ^ol=Kq wdishd;sl iyfhda.S;d yd mdßißl jevigyk ^ol=Kq wdishd;sl iyfhda.S;d yd mdßißl jevigyk ^ol=Kq wdishd;sl iyfhda.S;d yd mdßißl jevigyk ^South Asian Cooperation of
Environmental programme -SACEP&&&&&
- ol=Kq wdishdkq rgj,a 08 lska iukaú; fuu ix.uh l,dmSh mßir ix.uhls'
1982 jif¾ § msysgqjk ,È'
- we*a.ksia:dkh" nx.a,dfoaYh" N+;dkh" bkaÈhdj" ud,Èjhsk" fkamd,h"mdlsia:dkh
yd YS% ,xldj hk rgj,a tl;= jQ rdcH ixúOdkhls'
- fuu ixúOdkfha uq,ia:dkh msysgqjd we;af;a fld<Uhs'
- fuu ixúOdkfha úIh m:hka 15la y÷kdf.k tajd tla tla idudðl rgj,a
w;f¾ my; wdldrhg fnod § we;'
1' bkaÈhdj - kS;s ilia lsÍu" wOHdmkh yd mqyqKq lsÍu
2' brdkh - n,Yla;s" j.lSï yd mdßißl .=Kh 3' nx.a,dfoaYh - lfvd,dk " fv,agd yd fjr< l,dmh 4' fkamd,h - ixpdrl l¾udka;h 5' mdlsia:dkh - mßir moaO;s yd m%cd jk j.dj 6' YS% ,xldj - mdßißl n,mEu ;lafiarej" msßjeh m%;s,dN úYaf,aIKh
7' ifima ixúOdkh - ldka;dßlrKh yd m%dfoaYSh uqyqÿ ^iuia;hla f,i&
- fï jk úg ifima ixúOdkh my; ch.%yKhka folla w;a lr f.k we;'
1' ixúOdkhla fkd;sîfï wvq j msßueisug ixúOdkhlaa we;s lsÍu
2' iyfhda.S;dj i|yd hdka;%Khla ieliSu
- fuu ixúOdkh ifima rgj,g muKla fkdj iuia; f,dal m%cdjg u jeo.;a
jq jevms<sfj,la olajd mq¿,a lsÍu ;jÿrg;A wfmalaIs; h'
- ifima ixúOdkh u.ska hqksfima ixúOdkfha jev igyka ls%hd;aul lsÍug o
wdOdr lrhs'
ixúOdkfha N+ñldj
fuu ixúOdkhg wh;a rgj,a fm!oa.,sl j fyda rgj,a lsysmhla iyfhda.S;ajfhka
fyda ish¨ u rgj,a iduqysl j fyda idudðl rgj, iajNdúl yd udkqI mßirh wdrlaId
lsÍu l<ukdlrKh yd kÕd isgqùu i|yd lghq;= lrk w;r" idudðl rgj, oßø;dj
ke;slsÍug o iudc wd¾Ól úIu;dj wju lsÍug o l,dmSh ckhdf.a ðj.=Kh kÕd
isgqùug o Tjqkag Woõ Wmldr lsÍu fulS ixúOdkfha N+ñldj f,i oelaúh yels h'
N+f.da, úoHdj 13 jk fY%aKsh
69 .=re ud¾f.damfoaY ix.%yh
cd;sl c,c iïm;a m¾fhaIK ksfhdacH wdh;khcd;sl c,c iïm;a m¾fhaIK ksfhdacH wdh;khcd;sl c,c iïm;a m¾fhaIK ksfhdacH wdh;khcd;sl c,c iïm;a m¾fhaIK ksfhdacH wdh;khcd;sl c,c iïm;a m¾fhaIK ksfhdacH wdh;kh (National Aquatic Resources and
Research Development Agency - NARA)
- 1981 wxl 54 orK mkf;ka fuu wdh;kh 1981 jif¾ § msysgqjk ,È'
- YS% ,xldfõ c,c iïm;aj, ixj¾Okh yd l<ukdlrK lghq;= ms<sn|
iïnkaëlrKh" m¾fhaIK mj;ajdf.k hdu ms<sn| lghq;= bgq lsÍu isÿlrkafka
fuu wdh;khhs'
- YS% ,xldfõ iuqøsl wkkH wd¾Ól l,dmfha mek k.sk .eg¨ ms<sn| lghq;=
lsÍu yd Bg uqyqK§u fuys m%Odk wruqKhs'
- YS% ,xldfõ c,c iïm;a ms<sn| l<ukdlrKh" ixj¾Okh yd m¾fhaIK lghq;=
isÿlrkafka o kdrd wdh;khhs'
ixúOdkfha N+ñldj
- Ôù yd wðù c,c iïm;a iïnkaO j cd;sl ixj¾Ok jevigyka ls%hd;aul
lsÍfï § ;dlaIKsl w;ska ksmqK whf.a Woõ ,nd .ekSu'
- c,c iïm;a y÷kd .ekSu" ;lafiare lsÍu" l<ukdlrKh" ixrlaIKh iy
ixj¾Okh iïnkaOfhka m¾fhaIK lghq;= i|yd Èß .ekaùu'
- c,c iïm;a wê Ndú;h" l<ukdlrKh" ixrlaIKh iy ixj¾Okh iïnkaO j
úoHd;aul ;dlaIKsl yd ffk;sl wxYhkaf.a WmfoaYk fiajd iemhSu iy thg
iïnkaO wdh;k u.ska lghq;= iïnkaëlrKh lsÍu'
- YS% ,xldfõ ëjr l¾udka;h yd c,c iïm;a ixj¾Okh ixrlaIKh yd
l<ukdlrKh iïnkaOfhka we;s o;a; yd f;dr;=re tla /ia lsÍu m%pdrh lsÍu
yd m%ldYhg m;a lsÍu'
- .eUqre iy fkd.eUqre uqyqÿj, fuka u wNHka;r c,dYj, o c, úoHd;aul
f;dr;=re yd kdúl f;dr;=re tla /ia lsÍu ms<sfh, lsÍu yd m%ldYhg m;a lsÍu'
- by; i|yka wxYj,g wod< udkj iïm;a jeä ÈhqKq lsÍu i|yd mqyqKq mdGud,d
meje;aùu'
uOHu mßir wêldrsh ^uOHu mßir wêldrsh ^uOHu mßir wêldrsh ^uOHu mßir wêldrsh ^uOHu mßir wêldrsh ^Central Envionmental Authority -CEA &&&&&
- 1980 wxl 47 orK cd;sl mdßißl mkf;a we;=<;a ksfhda. wkqj YS% ,xld uOHu
mßir wêldßh msysgqjk ,§'
- 1981 wf.daia;= udifha msysgqjk ,o fuu wêldßh ,xldfõ mdßißl m%;sm;a;s yd
l%fudamd ilia lsÍfï yd wod< úúO wdh;k w;r iïnkaêlrKh lsÍfï m%Odk
wdh;kh f,i ls%hd lrhs'
- fuu wêldßfha m%Odk j.lSu jkafka ixj¾Ok lghq;= ie,iqïlrKfha §
mdßißl wjOdkh fhduq lrùu yd iajNdúl iïm;a yd mßirh ms<sn| f;dr;=re
iemhSuhs'
N+f.da, úoHdj 13 jk fY%aKsh
70 .=re ud¾f.damfoaY ix.%yh
wêldßfha N+ñldj
- ixj¾Ok lghq;= ie,iqïlrKfha § mdßißl wjOdkh fhduq lrùu" iajdNdúl
iïm;a yd mßirh ms<sn| f;dr;=re iemhSu'
- úúO ixj¾Ok jHdmD;s u.ska mßirh fl<iSug fyda mßydkshg m;alsÍug jvd
mßirh ÈhqKq lsÍug yels nj fmkajd§u'
- 1984 isg rdcH yd fm!oa.,sl wxYfha ish¨u ixj¾Ok lghq;= fjkqjfka mßir
n,mEï ;lafiare ksl=;a lsÍu'
- wêldßfha lghq;= §mjHdma; uÜgñka bgqlsÍu i|yd Èia;s%la mdßißl tackais 25la
msysgqjd tajdg wod< ld¾hhka mjrd tu lghq;= wëlaIKh lsÍu'
- Èia;s%la uÜgñka iajNdúl iïm;aj,g n,mEï we;sjkafka kï ta ms<sn| f;dr;=re
,nd .ekSu yd ta wkqj lghq;= lsÍu'
- úúO l%ufõo fhdodf.k mßir wdrlaIKfha jeo.;alu ms<sn| ck;dj oekqj;a
lsÍfï jev igyka ls%hd;aul lsÍu
uOHu mßir wêldrsfha m%h;akh jkqfha mßirh .ek ie,ls,a,la olajk ck;djla
ìyslsÍug wjYH mßir wOHdmkhla yd oekqj;alula ,nd§uhs'
uOHu mßir wêldßfha ld¾hNdrfha lemS fmfkk wxY folla fõ'
1' cd;sl mdßißl úu¾Yk flakaøhla ìys lsÍu" ta u.ska mßirh yd iïnkaê;
o;a; yd f;dr;=re /ialr ;eîu'
2' mßir m%;sm;a;s yd ixrlaIK l%fudamd ilia lsÍu i|yd l,ska l,g wjYH
jk f;dr;=re yd o;a; moaO;shla ms<sfh, lsÍu'
fhdað; cd;sl mdßißl mk; hgf;a fuu wdh;kh cd;sl mßir ksfhdacs; wdh;kh
jYfhka tys ku yd ld¾hNdrh fjkiaùug kshñ; h'
fjr< ixrlaIK fomd¾;fïka;=j fjr< ixrlaIK fomd¾;fïka;=j fjr< ixrlaIK fomd¾;fïka;=j fjr< ixrlaIK fomd¾;fïka;=j fjr< ixrlaIK fomd¾;fïka;=j ( Coast Conservation Department - CCD)
- 1963 jirg fmr fjr< ixrlaIK isÿ jqfha úúO fomd¾;fïka;= hgf;ah'
- tfia jqjo 1963 ka miq fjr< ixrlaIKh ms<sn| jeo.;alu rch f;areï .;a
ksid tu jif¾§ u fld<U jrdh fldñiu hgf;a fjr< wdrlaId lsÍu ms<sn|
fjku wxYhla ia:dms; lrk ,È'
- miqj 1978 jif¾ § fjr< ixrlaIK wxYh ëjr wud;HdxYh hgf;a msysgqjk
,o w;r 1981 wxl 57 orK fjr< ixrlaIK mk; hgf;a 1984 oS fjr< ixrlaIK
fomd¾;fïka;=j ìysúh'
- bkamiqj 1988 § wxl 64 orK ixfYdaOk mkf;a we;s lreKq wkqj fuu
fomd¾;fïka;=j ls%hd;aul fõ'
- YS% ,xldj jgd we;s fjr< ms<sn| ish¨ lghq;= isÿlrkafka fuu fomd¾;fïka;=j
u.sks'
N+f.da, úoHdj 13 jk fY%aKsh
71 .=re ud¾f.damfoaY ix.%yh
- tu wruqK we;s j fjr< ixrlaIKh i|yd my; wdldrfha ie,iqï ilia lrk
,È'
1' 1990 § fjr< ixrlaIKh yd l<ukdlrKh ms<sn| uyd ie,eiau
2' 1992 ^ Costal 2000 & ie,eiau
3' 1997 fjr< ixrlaIK ie,eiau
4' 2004 fjr< ixrlaIK ie,eiau
fjr< ixrlaIK fomd¾;fïka;=fõ N=ñldj
1' fjr< wdYs%; lghq;= fjkqfjka n,m;% ,nd§fï ld¾hhka ls%hd;aul lsÍu'
2' cd;sl fjr< l,dmSh l<ukdlrK ie,iqï ilia lsÍu'
3' f;dard.;a úfYaI jQ m%foaYj, l<ukdlrK lghq;= ls%hd;aul lsÍu'
4' je,sf.dv oeóu yd fldr,a ms<sn| kshdukh lsÍu'
5' fjr< l,dmSh mßir lghq;= ms<sn| fiúu'
6' fjr< bxðfkare lghq;= ms<sn| fidhd ne,Su'
7' fjr< wdrlaIs; bÈlsÍï lsÍu'
8' yÈis wdmodj, § fjr< wdrlaIs; lghq;= lsÍu'
9' fjr< ixrlaIKh ms<sn| wOHdmksl lghq;=j, fh§u'
wdY%s; uq,dY%wdY%s; uq,dY%wdY%s; uq,dY%wdY%s; uq,dY%wdY%s; uq,dY%
- mdßißl N+f.da, úoHdj" ^1996&' wOHdmk m%ldYk fomd¾;fïka;=j'
- YS% ,xldfõ ffcj úúO;aj ixrlaIKh ls%hdjg ke.Su i|yd rduqjla" ^2005&'
jk iïm;a yd mßir wud;HdxYh'
- udkqI N+f.da, úoHdj fojk fldgi &^2009&' wOHdmk m%ldYk fomd¾;fïka;=j'
N+f.da, úoHdj 13 jk fY%aKsh
72 .=re ud¾f.damfoaY ix.%yh
bf.kqï b.ekaùï ls%hdldrlïbf.kqï b.ekaùï ls%hdldrlïbf.kqï b.ekaùï ls%hdldrlïbf.kqï b.ekaùï ls%hdldrlïbf.kqï b.ekaùï ls%hdldrlï
ls%hdldrlu ls%hdldrlu ls%hdldrlu ls%hdldrlu ls%hdldrlu - 1 1 1 1 1
wka;¾ cd;sl yd m%dfoaYsh jYfhka o cd;sl jYfhka o ls%hd;aul jk mßir
ixúOdk ms<sn| wOHhkh fldg f;dr;=re f.dkqjla ilia lsÍu fuu ls%hdldrlfuka
wfmalaId flf¾' fuys § fmd;am;a" iÕrd" fjk;a udOH mßYS,kh lsÍfuka fidhd .kakd
f;dr;=re weiqßka tla tla mßir ixúOdkhkaf.a wruqKq ld¾hNdrh yd bgq lrk fiajd o
wka;¾.; lrkak'
ls%hdldrlu - 2ls%hdldrlu - 2ls%hdldrlu - 2ls%hdldrlu - 2ls%hdldrlu - 2
cd;Hka;r yd m%dfoaYSh mßir ixúOdk ms<sn| j ì;a;s mqj;am;lg ,sms ilia fldg
m%o¾Ykh lsÍu'
ls%hdldrlu - 3ls%hdldrlu - 3ls%hdldrlu - 3ls%hdldrlu - 3ls%hdldrlu - 3
j¾;udkfha § f,dj uqyqKmdk .eg¨ wju lsÍfï ld¾hfhys È cd;Hka;r yd
m%dfoaYSh mßir ixúOdkhj,ska fuf;la f.k we;s l%shdud¾. ms<sn| úu¾Ykd;aul
j n,ñka mßir i`.rdjlg ,smshla ilikak'
N+f.da, úoHdj 13 jk fY%aKsh
73 .=re ud¾f.damfoaY ix.%yh
N+f.da, úoHdj - N+f.da, úoHdj - N+f.da, úoHdj - N+f.da, úoHdj - N+f.da, úoHdj - II
udkqI N=f.da, úoHdjudkqI N=f.da, úoHdjudkqI N=f.da, úoHdjudkqI N=f.da, úoHdjudkqI N=f.da, úoHdj
N+f.da, úoHdj 13 jk fY%aKsh
73 .=re ud¾f.damfoaY ix.%yh
ksmqK;dj - 7 ksmqK;dj - 7 ksmqK;dj - 7 ksmqK;dj - 7 ksmqK;dj - 7
lDIsl¾ufha uE; ld,Sk m%jK;d yd wdk;s úu¾YkhlDIsl¾ufha uE; ld,Sk m%jK;d yd wdk;s úu¾YkhlDIsl¾ufha uE; ld,Sk m%jK;d yd wdk;s úu¾YkhlDIsl¾ufha uE; ld,Sk m%jK;d yd wdk;s úu¾YkhlDIsl¾ufha uE; ld,Sk m%jK;d yd wdk;s úu¾Ykhlrñka lDIs lghq;= i|yd M,odhs wdldrfhka odhl fjhslrñka lDIs lghq;= i|yd M,odhs wdldrfhka odhl fjhslrñka lDIs lghq;= i|yd M,odhs wdldrfhka odhl fjhslrñka lDIs lghq;= i|yd M,odhs wdldrfhka odhl fjhslrñka lDIs lghq;= i|yd M,odhs wdldrfhka odhl fjhs
ksmqK;d uÜguksmqK;d uÜguksmqK;d uÜguksmqK;d uÜguksmqK;d uÜgu 7'1 f,dal lDIsl¾ufha iajNdjh" ;dlaIKh" ksIamdokh yd
wf,úlrK ls%hdj,sh weiqßka meyeÈ,s lrhs'
^ld,Éfþo 14&^ld,Éfþo 14&^ld,Éfþo 14&^ld,Éfþo 14&^ld,Éfþo 14&
bf.kqï M, bf.kqï M, bf.kqï M, bf.kqï M, bf.kqï M, • f,dal lDIsl¾ufha iajdNdjh fjkiaùu flfrys n,mE
idOl meyeÈ,s lrhs'
• f,dal wdydr ksIamdokh by< kexùu i|yd yß; úma,jh odhl
jQ wdldrh meyeÈ,s lrhs'
• lDIs ìï m%udKh jeä fkdlr wdydr ksIamdokh jeä lsÍfï
Wmdh ud¾.hla f,i cdk ;dlaIKh fhdod .;a wdldrh úia;r
lrhs'
• yß; úma,jfhka u;= jQ .eg¨j,g ms<shï fh§u i|yd cdk
;dlaIKh fhdod .ekSfuka jvd;a ixlS¾K .eg¨ yg.;a nj
meyeÈ,s lrhs'
• miq.sh oYl ;=k ;=< f,dal OdkH ksIamdokfha isÿ jQ m%idrKhg
fya;= olajhs'
• lDIs øjH wf,úlrK ls%hdj,sfhys uE; ld,Sk j yg.;a
fjkialï meyeÈ,s lrhs'
ye¢kaùuye¢kaùuye¢kaùuye¢kaùuye¢kaùu
YsIagdpdrfha wdrïNfha isg u ñksid ish wjYH;d i|yd Ydl yd i;=ka m%fhdackhg
.;af;ah' jk øjH /ia lsÍu yd i;=ka ovhï lsÍfuka ñksid fuu ls%hdj,sh wdrïN l<
w;r iaÓr jdiia:dk msysgqjd .ekSu;a iuÕ u úêu;a f,i lDIsl¾ufha wdrïNh isÿúh '
ixlS¾KjQ;a úúO;ajhla olajkakdjQ;a lDIsl¾uh f,dj ck ixLHdfjka jeä fldgilf.a
wd¾Ól lghq;a; ù we;s w;r f,dal wd¾Ólfha iEu wxYhla iuÕ u lDIsl¾uh iïnkaO
ù we;' f,dal ck ixLHdfõ j¾Okh;a iuÕ lDIs ksIamdok i|yd jQ b,a¨u j¾Okh jq
w;r" Bg iß,k mßÈ b,a¨u iemhSu i|yd úúO Wmdh ud¾. wkq.ukh lsÍug úoHd{hka
fm<UqK w;r" fï ksid u jir oyia .Kkdjla ;siafia mej;s lDIsld¾ñl l%u úisjk
ishjfia § úma,jhlg yiqùu olakg ,eìK' fï uÕska f,dal lDIsl¾ufhys yg.;a
m%jK;d yd wdk;s ms<sn| wOHhkhla lsÍu fuu tallfha wruqK fõ'
N+f.da, úoHdj 13 jk fY%aKsh
74 .=re ud¾f.damfoaY ix.%yh
úIh lreKq meyeÈ,s lr.eksug w;aje,laúIh lreKq meyeÈ,s lr.eksug w;aje,laúIh lreKq meyeÈ,s lr.eksug w;aje,laúIh lreKq meyeÈ,s lr.eksug w;aje,laúIh lreKq meyeÈ,s lr.eksug w;aje,la
lDIsld¾ñl ;dlaIKhlDIsld¾ñl ;dlaIKhlDIsld¾ñl ;dlaIKhlDIsld¾ñl ;dlaIKhlDIsld¾ñl ;dlaIKh
fojk f,dal hqoaOfhka miq f,dal ck ixLHdfõ YS>% j¾Okh;aa iuÕ m%Odk
jYfhka wdydr i|yd;a fjk;a wjYH;d i|yd;a we;s jQ b,a u msßuid,Su i|yd lDIsld¾ñl
lghq;=j, § ÈhqKq ;dlaIKsl Ys,aml%u Ndú; lsÍu m%p,s; jkakg úh' lDIsld¾ñl
;dlaIKh iïnkaOfhka jQ fuu ls%hdj,sh m%Odk jYfhka wxY folla hgf;a i,ld
nef,a'
1' yß; úma,jh wdYs%; lDIsld¾ñl ;dlaIKh
2' cdk ;dlaIKh
yß; úma,jhyß; úma,jhyß; úma,jhyß; úma,jhyß; úma,jh
lDIs ksIamdok jeä lsÍu i|yd lDIsld¾ñl Ys,amSh l%uj, ;dlaIKsl jYfhka
ÈhqKqjla we;s l< ls%hdj,shls'
jeä M,odhs yd mßißhg jvd;a Tfrd;a;= fok fnda. j¾. y÷kajd §u" úúO lDIs
ridhk j¾." fmdfydr m<sfndaO kdYl wd§ Ndú;h" jdßud¾. u.ska c,h fhoùu yd hka;%
iq;% Ndú;h u.ska YS>%fhka wiajekak jeä M,odhs yd mßirhhg jvd;a Tfrd;a;= fok
fnda. j¾. y÷kajd §u yß; úma,jh f,i o ye¢kaúh yelsh'
- j¾I 1943 § fulaisfldafõ wdydr ksmehqu jeä lsÍu i|yd lDIsld¾ñl m¾fhaIK
jHdmD;shla weröu yß; úma,jfha wdrïNh f,i ie,lsh yels h'
- fuu jHdmD;sh 1962 § wjika jqj o 1963 § f,dal wdydr yd lDIsld¾ñl ixj¾Okh
i|yd jk f,dal ie,eiau kï jev igyk weröu;a iu. fuu ls%hdj,sh f,dj
mqrd yß; úma,jh kñka m%p,s; úh'
- yß; úma,jh iïnkaO cd;Hka;r ls%hdldrlï i|yd cd;Hka;r lDIsl¾u m¾fhaIK
ms<sn| WmfoaYl iNdj msysgqjkq ,eìh' Consultative Group on International Agri-
cultural Research CGIAR&'
- yß; úma,jh wdYs%; lDIsld¾ñl ;dlaIKh wxY follska ls%hd;aul úh'
1' kj udÈ,sfha jeä M,odhs îcj¾. ksmoùu
2' kùk lDIsl¾ñl Ys,aml%u fhdod .ekSu
- kj udÈ,sfha jeä M,odhs îc j¾. ksmoùu lsysm wdldrhlska isÿ flfrhs'
uqyqka l< îc ( tlu mjqf,a úúO .=Kdx.j,ska hq;a îc folla uqyqka
fldg úfYaI .=Kdx.j,ska iukaú; îc ksmoùu uqyqka lsÍu u.ska isÿfõ'
Wod ( Tfrd;a;= fok ù j¾.hla yd jeä M,odjla fok ù j¾.hla uqyqka lsÍfuka
kshÕhg Tfrd;a;= fok jeä M,odhS ù j¾.hla jeä ÈhqKq lsÍu oelaúh yels h'
N+f.da, úoHdj 13 jk fY%aKsh
75 .=re ud¾f.damfoaY ix.%yh
- tfia jeä ÈhqKq lrk ,o ù j¾. .Kkdjls'
) ms,smskfha cd;Hka;r iy,a m¾fhaIKdh;kh u.ska ksmojk ,o IR - 8 ù
m%fNaoh
) wms%ldkq m%foaYj,g y÷kajd fok ,o fkßldia ^Nericas& ù m%fNaoh
) H 4 ù m%fNaoh
) IR 36 ù m%fNaoh
- fuu ù j¾.j, úfYaI .=Kdx. .Kkdjls
) f,v frda.j,g Tfrd;a;= §u
) lDñ Wjÿrej,g Tfrd;a;= §u
) flá ld,iSudjl § wiajekak ,nd.; yels ùu
) iïm%odhsl ù j¾.j,g jvd lsysm .=Khlska wiajekak jeä ùu jeks
.=Kdx. ta w;r m%Odk fõ'
- uqyqka l< jeä M,odhS ;sßÕ= j¾. o fõ'
) cmdkfha jefjk ñá ;sßÕ= m%fNao lsysmhla weiqßka ksmojk ,o fkdßka 10
^Norin & tjeks ;sßÕ= m%fNaohls'
- fuu ;sßÕ= j¾.j, o úfYaI .=Kdx. .Kkdjls'
) ;o iq<Õg Tfrd;a;= §u
) ñá me,Eá ùu
) wêl jeis yd f,v frda.j,g Tfrd;a;= §u
) È,Sr frda.j,g Tfrd;a;= §u jeks .=Kdx. ta w;r fõ'
- fouqyqka îc
) jeä M,odhS îc j¾. ksmoùfï ;j;a l%uhls fouqyqka lsÍu' fuhska isÿ
flfrkafka cdkuh jYfhka tlsfklg ÿria: jQ îc j¾. folla mrd.kh
lsÍfuka ,nd .kakd îc frdamkh lr tajdhska îc ,nd .ekSuhs'
- BG 407 H kñka y÷kajk ù m%fNaoh tfia fouqyqka lrk ,o îchls'
- ;sßÕ= yd rhs uqyqka fldg jeä .=Kdx. iys; ;sß`.= j¾.hla o ksmojd we;'
mgl frdamkh
jeä M,odjla ,nd .ekSu i|yd wkq.ukh l< ;j;a ls%hdud¾.hla f,i mgl
frdamkh o jeo.;a fõ' ridhkd.drhl § isÿ flfrk ls%hdj,shla u.ska Ydlj, we;s mgl
j,ska by< .=Kd;aul w.hla we;s me< rdYshla ,nd .ekSu fï u.ska isÿ flf¾'
fufia yß; úma,jh wdYs%; lDIsld¾ñl ;dlaIKh u.ska jeä M,odhs îc j¾.
ksIamdokh i|yd jeä wjOdkhla fhduq lrk ,È' tu îc f,dj mqrd Ndú;hg .ekSu
ksid úYd, f,i f,dal OdkH ksIamdokh by< kexjqk w;r ñ,shkhl muK ck;djla
id.skafkka uqojd .ekSfï yelshdj o bka ,eìKs'
N+f.da, úoHdj 13 jk fY%aKsh
76 .=re ud¾f.damfoaY ix.%yh
kq;k lDIsld¾ñl Ys,am l%u Ndú;h
- lDIsld¾ñl lghq;=j, È hka;% Ndú;h
) ìï ilia lsÍu îc jemsßu $ me< isgqùu
) j,a fk<Su - lDIs ridhk fh§u - c, iïmdokh wiajekak lemsu wd§
ish,q wxYj, § kùk hka;% Ndú; flfrhs'
) w;a g%elagrfha isg úYd, g%elag¾ hka;% olajd o wiajekak lemSu i|yd
Ndú; flfrk l=vd hka;%j, isg ixhqla; fld< uäk hka;% ^Combine
harvester& olajd o úúO wdldrfha hka;% Ndú;h isÿfõ'
hka;% Ndú;h
- jev lghq;= myiqùu" ld,h b;sß ùu " we;eï m%foaYj, Y%u ysÕhg ms<shula ùu"
hka;% iQ;% kv;a;=j yd fiajd iïnkaO /lshd ìysùu ksid /lshd úhqla;shg hï
wdldrhl úi÷ula ,eîu'
lD;%su fmdfydr Ndú;h
- yß; úma,jfha id¾:l m%;sM, ,nd .ekSu i`oyd lD;s%u fmdfydr Ndú;h w;HjYH
idOlhla úh'jeä ÈhKq l< îc j¾.j,ska by< wiajekakla ,nd .ekSu i`oyd
lD;s%u fmdfydr Ndú;h jeo.;a úh'
lDñkdYl yd j,akdYl
- lDñ Wjÿre yd j,ame, u¾okh i|yd lDñkdYl yd j,akdYl fh§u u.ska j.djkag
isÿjk ydks j<ld .; yels w;r wiajekak wdrlaId lr .ekSu fukau" jeälr
.ekSug o tu.ska yelshdj ,eî we;'
lDIsl¾uh i|yd f;dr;=re ;dlaIKh Ndú;h
- fnda. j¾.j, frda. u¾okh "fmdfydr fh§u" lDñ kdYl yd j,a kdYl fh§u"
c,h iemhSu fukau fjf<|fmd< ;;a;ajh wd§ ish¨ wxY i|yd mß.Kl iydh
,nd .ekSu j¾;udkfha isÿfõ'
yß; úma,jfha m%;sM,
yß; úma,j u.ska ys;lr fuka u wys;lr m%;sM, o we;s úh'
- wdydr ksIamdokfha j¾Okhg yd wdydr iqrlaIs;;djg we;s l< n,mEï
- iudc wd¾Ól n,mEï
- mdßißl n,mEï
wdydr ksIamdokfha j¾Okhg we;s l< n,mEï
ixj¾Okh fjñka mj;akd rgj,a .Kkdjl OdkH ksIamdokh 1960 ka miq oYlj,
§ YS>%fhka by< hdu
Wod ( OdkH wdkhkh l< w;r fulaisfldaj" bkaÈhdj" ms,smSkh jeks rgj,a miqj
OdkH wmkhkh lrk rgj,a njg m;aùu'
N+f.da, úoHdj 13 jk fY%aKsh
77 .=re ud¾f.damfoaY ix.%yh
- ksIamdokfha j¾Okh úfYaIfhka ;sßÕ=" bßÕ= yd iy,a hk OdkH j¾. weiqßka
isÿúh' jeä M,odhs îc Ndú;h" fmdfydr yd lDIs ridhk fh§u óg fya;= úh&'
- bkaÈhdfõ ;sßÕ= ksIamdokh 1960 § fuá%la fgdka ñ,shk 10 isg 2006 § 13 olajd
j¾Okh ùu'
- ms,smskfha ù ksIamdokh 1966 - 77 w;r ld,h ;=< 30]lska j¾Okh ùu'
- fuu ;;a;ajh tu rgj, wdydr iqrlaIs;;djg o fya;= ùu' uq,dY%h ( ^http://
en.wikipedia.org/wiki/green revolution&
iudc wd¾Ól n,mEï
- yß; úma,ùh lDIsl¾uh i|yd fhojqïj,g îc" fmdfydr" lDIs ridhk" hka;%
iq;%& wêl uqo,la jeh lsÍug isÿùu ksid ÿmam;a f.dùka Kh fok wdh;k
j,ska Kh ,nd .ekSu yd Kh .e;shka njg m;aùu'
- w;ñg ire f.dùka hym;a m%;sM, fk<d .ekSu'
- fï ksid f.dùka w;r wd¾Ól úIu;d yg .ekSu'
yß; úma,jfha mdßißl n,mEï
lD;s%u fmdfydr" lDñkdYl yd j,akdYl Ndú;h ksid yg .;a wys;lr n,mEï
- lDñkdYl yd j,a kdYl Ndú;h ksid u;aiH j¾. yd wdydrhg .; yels m<d
j¾. o úkdY ùu ta ta fya;=fjka .%dóh f.dùkaf.a wdydr fõ, ire l<
w;sf¾l wdydr j¾. ^fuh ieÕjqKq wiajekakla f,i ye¢kafõ & ,nd .ekSug
;snq wjia:dj wysñ ùu'
- j.djka i|yd c,iïmdokh lsÍu u.ska we;eï bvï ,jKSlrKhg f.dÿreùu"
c,h r|d isàu yd ;j;a m%foaYj, N+.; c, uÜgï my< neiSu'
- j.dj hka;S%lrKh lsÍu ksid bkaOk i|yd úYd, uqo,la jeh lsÍug isÿùu
;=<ska fhojqï i|yd wêl úhoula oeÍug isÿùu'
- fmdfydr" lDñkdYl yd j,a kdYl Ndú;fha § úpdrhlska f;dr j wvqfjka
fyda jeäfhka Ndú; lsÍu fukau tajd Ndú;fha § ms<smeÈh hq;= wdrlaIl
mshjrj,a wkq.ukh fkdlsÍu jeks fya;= ksid mßirhg fukau f.dùkaf.a
Ôú;j,g o ydks isÿùu'
yß; úma,jh ksid lDIsl¾uh f.da,ShlrKhg k;=ùu
- frdlf*,¾ moku" f*da¾â moku yd USAID wdh;kh jeks n,j;a weußldkq
wdh;kj, wkq.%yh yd uq,Huh moku u; f.dv ke.=Kq lDIs m¾fhaIKuOHia:dkj, n,mEu'
- yß; úma,ùh lDIsl¾uh i|yd îc" fmdfydr" lDIsridhk yd hkaf;%damlrKksmo jq nyqcd;sl iud.ïj, n,mEug fndfyda rgj,a f.dÿre ùu
Wod ( ms,smSkh
N+f.da, úoHdj 13 jk fY%aKsh
78 .=re ud¾f.damfoaY ix.%yh
cdk ;dlaIKhcdk ;dlaIKhcdk ;dlaIKhcdk ;dlaIKhcdk ;dlaIKh
- yß; úma,jfha wdhym;a m%;sM,j,ska ñ§ wdydr ksIamdokh ;j ÿrg;a by<
kexùfï l%fudamdhhla f,i cdk ;dlaIKh y÷kajdosh yelsh' th fojeks
yß; úma,jh f,i o y÷kajd we;'
- cdk ;dlaIKh u.ska tla Ôúfhl=f.a fyda Ydlhl cdkhla ;j;a Ôúfhl=g
fyda Ydlhlg uqyq lsÍu isÿfõ' tu.ska m<uq Ôúhdf.a fyda Ydlfha .=Kdx.j,g
fjkia .=Kdx. we;s kj i;ajfhl= fyda Ydlhla ìys flfrhs'
cdk bxðfkare ;dlaIKh lDIsl¾ufhys wxY lsysmhla flfrys n,md we;'
- OdkH ksIamdokh
- t<j¿ yd w, j¾. ksIamdokh
- m<;=re ksIamdokh
- i;a;aj ksIamdokh
OdkH ksIamdokh
- ù ;sßÕ= yd bßÕ= jeo.;a fõ' cdk ;dlaIKh u.ska úúO frda. ldrl yd lDñ
jix.;j,g Tfrd;a;= fok úfYaI .=Kdx.j,ska hq;= ù m%fNao .Kkdjla
y÷kajd §u isÿúh'
Wod ( IR 2061 frda. ldrl lDñ j¾. y;lg Tfrd;a;= fok ù j¾.hls'
rka iy,a ^Golden rice& úgñka wka;¾ .; iy,a j¾.hls'
- cdk ;dlaIKh u.ska úúO f,v frda.j,g Tfrd;a;= fok ;sßÕ= j¾.hla o"
;srsÕ= yd rhs cdkuh jYfhka ñY% fldg ksmojk ,o ;sßÕ= j¾.hla o iliafldg
we;'
- CIqø j¾.fha nelaàßhdjla wvx.= lr î'à' fldaka ^BT-corn &kñka nv bßÕ=
j¾.hla yd rglcq cdkhla wvx.= fldg fidahd fndaxÑ m%fNaohla o cdk ;dlaIKh
u.ska y÷kajd § we;'
t<j¿ yd w, j¾.
- cdk ;dlaIKh hgf;a úfYaI ;lald,s j¾.hla " fndaxÑ" lerÜ jeks t<j¨
j¾. .Kkdjla ksmojd we;'
- cdk ;dlaIKfha n,mEug ,la jQ ;j;a fnda.hls wd¾;dm,a "tfia ksmojqkq
w¾;dm,a j¾. w;=ßka"
) reishdkq úoHd{hka msßila úiska ksmojk ,o w¾;dm,a úfYaIhla yd
mSrej, ,Sud ys msysá cd;Hka;r w¾;dm,a m¾fhaIKdh;kh u.ska ksmojk
,o w¾;dm,a úfYaIhla o jeo.;a fõ'
N+f.da, úoHdj 13 jk fY%aKsh
79 .=re ud¾f.damfoaY ix.%yh
m<;=re ksIamdokh
- cdk ;dlaIKh u.ska jeä ÈhqKq fldg ksmojk ,o m<;=re j¾. .Kkdjls'
flfi,a "mefmd,a" ñÈ" wem,a yd fodvï fï w;ßka jeo.;a fõ'
- È,Sr frda.j,g Tfrd;a;= §u
- mudù b§u
- m%jdykfha § ;e,S fmdä ù fkdhdu jeks .=Kdx.j,ska hqla; ùu fï m<;=re
j¾.j, úfYaI;ajh fõ'
i;a;aj ksIamdok
- lsß ksIamdokh " l=l=¿ uia ksIamdokh yd W!re uia ksIamdokh i;a;aj
ksIamdok w;r jeo.;a fõ'
- wdydr fkdjk fnda. i|yd o cdk ;dlaIKh fhdod f.k we;'
Wod ( lmq cdk ;dlaIKh Wmfhda.S lrf.k lmq Ydlhg je<fok lDñ
frda.j,g Tfrd;a;= fok lmq j¾.hla jeä ÈhqKq lr we;'
cdk ;dlaIKfha jdis wjdis
jdis
- wdydr ksIamdokh jeä lr .ekSug yelsùu
- M,odj jeälr .ekSug yelsùu
- fnda.j,g je<fok f,v frda. wvqlr .ekSug yelsùu
- úúO mßirj,g .e<fmk fnda. j¾. jeä ÈhqKq lsÍug yelsùu
- t<j¿ yd m<;=re wiajekak wmf;a hdu je<elaùug yelsùu
wjdis
fi!LH wjodku
- cdk ;dlaIKh u.ska ksmojk ,o nv bßÕ= w¾;dm,a" fidahd fndaxÑ jeks wdydr
j¾.j,ska w¾;dm,a fidahd fndaxÑ jeks wdydr j¾.j,ska ñksia isrerg wys;lr
n,mEï we;s lsÍu'
- B.S.T fyda¾fudakh Ndú;h ksid lsß ksIamdokh jeä jqj o tu lsß Ndú;h
u.ska ñksia isrerg wys;lr n,mEï we;s ùu'
mdßißl wjodku
- lDIsl¾uhg ys;lr lDóka úkdYùu'
- j,akdYlj,g Tfrd;a;= fok j,a me,Eá ìysùu'
- ffcj úúO;ajh úkdY ùu'
- idïm%odhsl îc l%ufhka wNdjhg hdu'
N+f.da, úoHdj 13 jk fY%aKsh
80 .=re ud¾f.damfoaY ix.%yh
ksIamdokfha m%idrKhksIamdokfha m%idrKhksIamdokfha m%idrKhksIamdokfha m%idrKhksIamdokfha m%idrKh ^;sßÕ=" t<j¨" m<;=re" u;aiH yd i;aj ksIamdok weiqßka&
f,dalfha lDIsld¾ñl ksIamdokj, m%idrKh my; i|yka wxY hgf;a oelaúh yels h'
- wiajekak jeä lsÍu
- ìï m%udKh jHdma; lsÍu
- flá ld,Sk wiajekak
- .nvd lsÍfï yd ieliSfï ls%hdj,sh
wiajekak jeä lsÍuwiajekak jeä lsÍuwiajekak jeä lsÍuwiajekak jeä lsÍuwiajekak jeä lsÍu
miq.sh oYl lsysmh ;=< m%Odk OdkHj, wiajekak jeäùug fya;= .Kkdjla n,md
we;'
- jeä M,odhs îc Ndú;h ^Wod ( 1R 8 ù" fkdßka 10 ;sßÕ=&
- lD;s%u fmdfydr Ndú;h
- lDñ kdYl yd j,a kdYl Ndú;h
- cdk ;dlaIKh fhdod .ekSu
- mdxY= ixrlaIK l%u Ndú;h
- ÈhqKq c, iïmdok l%u Ndú;h
- kq;k j.d l%u Ndú;h ^yß;d.dr&
fï wkqj ;sßÕ=" iy,a" bßÕ= w¾;dm,a yd fidahd fndaxÑ jeks øjHj, ksIamdokfha
j¾Okh my; j.=fjys oelafõ'
lDIs ksIamdok m%udKfha j¾Okh ^fuá%la fgdka ñ,shkhlska&
j¾Ih ;sßÕ= iy,a
uq,dY%h ( fsource:http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/green revolution
7'1'1' j.=j
ksIamdokfha § j¾Okhla we;s lr .;a rgj,a ms<sfj<ska my; oelafõ';sßÕ= ( Ökh" bkaÈhdj" reishdj" mdlsia:dkh" lilia;dkhiy,a ( Ökh" bkaÈhdj" bkaÿkSishdj " nx.a,dfoaYh" úhÜkduh" ;dhs,ka;hbßÕ= ( Ökh "n%iS,h "fulaisfldaj" wd¾ckaákdj" bkaÈhdj "bkaÿkSishdjw¾;dm,a ( Ökh" reishdj "bkaÈhdj" tlai;a ckmoh" hqlaf¾kh "c¾uksh "fmda,ka;h
1996
2007
bßÕ= w¾;dm,a fiadhd fndaxÑ
585
607
562
566
576
784'7
294'8
315 ^2006&
130'3
204 2004&
N+f.da, úoHdj 13 jk fY%aKsh
81 .=re ud¾f.damfoaY ix.%yh
ìï m%udKh jHdma; lsÍuìï m%udKh jHdma; lsÍuìï m%udKh jHdma; lsÍuìï m%udKh jHdma; lsÍuìï m%udKh jHdma; lsÍu
- j.djka i|yd ìï m%udKh jHdma; lsÍfï § fndfyda rgj,a tys iSudjkag <Õd
ù we;' Wod ( bkaÈhdj" Ökh" ngysr hqfrdamSh rgj,a yd Bðma;=j jeks rgj,a'
- we;eï rgj,a c, iïmdokh u.ska j.djka i|yd bvï fhoùug m%h;ak ord
we;' Wod ( fi!È wrdìh ;sßÕ= j.d lsÍu i|yd ìï fhoùu
- iuia;hla f,i f,dj ;sßÕ= yd ù ìï l%ufhka wvqfjñka mej;Su'
- bßÕ= i|yd fhdok ìï m%udKh jeäùfï m%jK;djla olajhs'
- fjk;a ñksia lghq;= i|yd fhoùu ksid j.d ìï m%udKh jd¾Islj wvq fjñka
mj;S'
- c, iïmdÈ; ìïj,ska 10]la ,jKSlrKh ùu ksid o j.dfjka bj;a fõ'
flá ld,Sk wiajekakflá ld,Sk wiajekakflá ld,Sk wiajekakflá ld,Sk wiajekakflá ld,Sk wiajekak
- cdk ;dlaIKh yd jeä ÈhqKq l< îc j¾. ksid flá ld,iSudjl § wiajkq
,nd .; yels fnda. j¾. ìysùu'
Wod ( ) Èk 110 l § wiajkq ,nd .; yels ;sßÕ=
) udi ;=kl § wiajkq ,eìh yels ù jd¾;d
) Èk 40 l § wiajkq ,nd.; yels w¾;dm,a
flá ld,Sk j wiajkq ,nd .; yelsùu ksid we;eï fnda.j,ska jirlg lkak
lsysmhl wiajekak ,nd.; yels ù we;'
t<j¿ yd m<;=re ksIamdokfha m%idrKh flfrys n,md we;s lreKq lsysmhls'
) cdk ;dlaIKh u.ska ÈhqKq l< fnda. j¾. u.ska jeä M,odjla ,eîu'
) krla fkdù l,a;nd .; yels ùu'
) fmdfydr Ndú;h yd ÈhqKq ;dlaIKsl l%u Ndú;h'
) yß;d.dr j.dj jeks l%u ksid jeä jHdma;shla w;a lr .ekSu fï w;ßka
jeo.;afõ'
i;a;aj øjH ksIamdokfha m%idrKh
- lsß yd ta wdYs%; øjH" l=l=¿ uia yd W!re uia i;a;aj ksIamdok w;r jeo.;a fõ'- fïjdfha ksIamdok m%idrKh flfrys cdk ;dlaIKfha n,mEu yd f.dúm,
ixúOdkj, ÈhqKqj oelaúh yels h'- lsß ksIamdokh jeä lsÍfï mshjr w;r B.S.T fyda¾fudakh Ndú; lsÍu lemS
fmfka'- l=l=¿ md,kh yd W!re uia ksIamdokh i|yd kj l%u wkq.ukh lsÍu'- b;d flá l,l § mßfNdackhg .; yels ksIamdokhla f,i l=l=¿ uia i|yd
jeä b,a¨ula mej;Su fï ;;a;ajh tys ksIamdok m%idrKhg n,md we;'- lsß ksIamdokfha § weußld tlai;a ckmoh" reishdj " bkaÈhdj " kjiS,ka;h jeks rgj,a o"
- l=l=¿uia yd W!re uia ksIamdokfha § Ökh o uq,a ;ekla .kS'
N+f.da, úoHdj 13 jk fY%aKsh
82 .=re ud¾f.damfoaY ix.%yh
u;aiH ksIamdokfha m%idrKh
ëjr ksIamdokj, m%idrKh wxY ;=kla hgf;a oelaúh yels h'
1' id.r u;aiH ksIamdokh
2' wNHka;r c,dY u.ska flfrk u;aiH ksIamdokh
3' c, Ôù j.d u.ska flfrk ksIamdokh
m%Odk ëjr ìï wkqj f,dal u;aiH ksIamdokh fuÜá%la fgdka ñ,shk& 2006 jir
i|yd my; oelafõ'
1' jhU È. meis*sla - 21'6
2' .sKsfldK È. meis*sla - 12
3' ngysr uOHu meis*sla - 11'2
4' Bidk È. w;a,dka;sla - 9'1
5' kef.kysr bkaÈhka id.rh - 5'8
uq,dY%h ( F.A.O "2008'
f,dj m%Odk u;aiH ìï 10ka jeä u ksIamdokh jhU È. meis*sla l,dmfhys jk w;r wvqu
ksmehqu w;a,dka;sla l,dmfhysh'
ëjr ksIamdok i|yd m%uqL rgj,a f,i
Ökh" mSre" weußld tlai;a ckmoh" bkAÿkSishdj" cmdkh" Ñ,S " bkaÈhdj"
reishdj" ;dhs,ka;h" ms,smSkh hk rgj,a jeo.;a fõ'
u;aiH ksIamdokfha m%idrKh flfrys úúO ndOl mek ke.S we;'
- rgj,a w;r .egqï
- mdßißl .eg¨
- ëjr m%foaYj, wdrlaIdj fï w;r m%uqLfõ'
.eg¨ ksrdlrKh i|yd ëjr iïm;a l<ukdlrKfha jeo.;alu biau;=j we;'
fï hgf;a mshjr .Kkla f.k we;'
) w;a,ka;sla gqkd fldñiu
) 1970 wkkH wd¾Ól l,dm ms<sn| tlÕ;dj
) 1995 f,dal ëjr l¾udka;h ms<sn| frdau iuq¿j
) 1929 weußld tlai;a ckmoh yd lekvdj w;r jQ meismsla - ye,snÜ .súiqu
.nvd lsÍfï yd ieliSfï ls%hdj,sh.nvd lsÍfï yd ieliSfï ls%hdj,sh.nvd lsÍfï yd ieliSfï ls%hdj,sh.nvd lsÍfï yd ieliSfï ls%hdj,sh.nvd lsÍfï yd ieliSfï ls%hdj,sh
wdydr ksIamdokh yd ne£ mj;sk jeo.;a wxYhla f,i .nvdlsÍfï yd ieliSfïls%hdj,sh ye¢kaúh yelsh'- .nvdlr ;eîu wjYH ùug fya;=
) ksIamdok w;sßla;h iqrlaIs;j ;nd .ekSug
) ksIamdÈ; oE fkdlvjd iemhSu lrf.k hdu i|yd
) wkd.; wjYH;d i|yd f;d. mj;ajd .ekSug
N+f.da, úoHdj 13 jk fY%aKsh
83 .=re ud¾f.damfoaY ix.%yh
- j¾;udk .nvdlrK ls%hdj,sfhys ÈhqKq ,laIK lsysmhla we;'
) th fnfyúka hdka;S%lrKh ù ;sîu
) mß.Kl ;dlaIKh jeks kq;k l%u Ndú;h
) merKs úhoï wêl l%u fjkqjg kùk l%u Ndú;h
) fï l%u Ndú;h ksid NdKavj, wdrlaIdj iy;sl lsÍug yd kdia;sh
je<elaùug yelsùu
lDIsøjH ieliSfï ls%hdj,sh
- ieliSfï ls%hdj,sfhka isÿjkafka ksIamdÈ; lDIs øjH mdßfNdackh i|yd ilia
lsÍuhs' fï i|yd úúO l%u Ndú; flfrhs'
) áka lsÍu" uia" ud¨ yd m<;=re wdÈh
) weisÍu - myiqfjka wdydrhg .; yels f,i ilia l< t<j¿
yd m<;=re
) fnda;,a lsÍu m<;=re hqI" lsß wdÈh
- lsßøjH ieliSfï § úúO iajremfhka ksIamdok bÈßm;a lsÍu Wod ( Öia" ng¾"
lsßmsá
- uiajeks oE ilia lsÍfï § áka lsÍu fukau fidfiacia jeks oE ieliSu
- OdkH j¾. msá njg m;a lsÍu
- f;a" fldams" fldfldajd l=vq fukau fjk;a l%uj,g ieliSu - CIKsl f;a"
fldfldajd
- we;eï øjH ieliSfï § fjk;a wdldrhlg mßj¾;kh lsÍu o isÿfõ'
Wod ( bßÕ=" fidahd" iqßhldkak weg" lefkda,d wdÈfhka f;,a is£u
wf<úlrK ls%hdj,shwf<úlrK ls%hdj,shwf<úlrK ls%hdj,shwf<úlrK ls%hdj,shwf<úlrK ls%hdj,sh
f,dj iEu rglg u wjYH lDIs ksIamdok tu rgj, u ksmojd .ekSu l< fkdyelsh'
we;eï rgj,a w;sßla;hla we;s j ksmojk w;r ;j;a rglg tu øjH ksmojd .;
fkdyelsh' fï ksid lDIs øjH wdYs%; j wmkhk yd wdkhk fjf<|du mek k.S'
wf<úlrK ls%hdj,sh yg.kafka fï weiqßks'
- lDIs øjH iïnkaO wf<úlrK ls%hdj,sh ixlS¾K iajrEmhla .kS' th NdKav
ksIamdokfha isg mdßfNdackh olajd u iïnkaO ù mj;S'
- wf<úlrKh l%u lsysmhlg isÿfõ
) ksIamdolhd ;u ksIamdok fl<ska u mdßfNda.slhd fj;g m;a lsÍu'
) ksIamdolhdf.ka w;rueÈhdg;a w;rueÈhdf.ka mdßfNda.slhdg;a ,eîu
- tfy;a wf<úlrK ls%hdj,sfhys § jvd;a jeo.;a jk wxY fol f,i ie,lsh
yelafla
1' f;d. fjf<|du iy
2' is,a,r fjf<|du hs
N+f.da, úoHdj 13 jk fY%aKsh
84 .=re ud¾f.damfoaY ix.%yh
- wf,úlrK ls%hdj,sh flfrys n,mdk lreKq .Kkls
) m%;sm;a;s
) nyqcd;sl iud.ï
) lDIs jHdmdr
) lDIsld¾ñl ixúOdk
) fjf<|fmd< f;dr;=re fï w;ßka jeo.;a fõ'
- lDIs øjH wf,úlrK m%;sm;a;s flfrys úúO lreKq n,mdhs
) iemhqu ;SrKh lsÍu
) ñ, ia:djr;ajh mj;ajd .ekSu
) f.dùkaf.a meje;au ;yjqre lsÍu
) cd;Hka;r fjf<| mßirh jeks lreKq ta w;r m%Odk fõ
- ;sßÕ= jeks OdkH fjf<|dfï § wefußld tlai;a ckmoh wkq.ukh lrkm%;sm;a;s
- hqfrdamd ix.uh ;u rgj, îÜ iSks ksIamdokh /l .ekSu i|yd wkq.ukhflfrk wdrlaIKjd§ m%;sm;a;s
- wdkhk i|yd ;Srenÿ mekùu wdÈh tjeks m%;sm;a;s f,i oelaúh yelsh'
nyqcd;sl iud.ïnyqcd;sl iud.ïnyqcd;sl iud.ïnyqcd;sl iud.ïnyqcd;sl iud.ï
- lDIs øjH wf,úlrKfha § nyqcd;sl iud.ï úYd, n,mEula we;s lsÍu- îc fmdfydr" lDñ yd j,akdYl" lDIs hkaf;%damlrK wd§ lDIsl¾uh yd iïnkaO
iEu wxYhlu wf,úlrKfhys m%uqL ù we;af;a nyqcd;sl iud.ï ùu lemSfmfkk ,laIKhls'Wod (weursld tlai;a ckmoh yd fudkaiekafgda iud.u lDIsøjH yd iïnkaOúYd, u nyq cd;sl iud.uls'
- îc" lDñkdYl yd j,a kdYl ksmoùu tys m%Odk ld¾hhka fõ'- lDIsridhk yd t<j¿ îc i|yd ähqfmdkaÜ iud.u m%isoaêhla Wiq,hs'- ld¾.s,aia" le,aðka" iSndf.hs.s jeks iud.ï f,dal OdkH fjf<|dfï wdêm;Hh
orhs'- fkiaf,a jeks iud.ï lsß yd wdydr øjH fjf<|dfï m%uqLfõ'- nyqcd;sl iud.ï fndfyduhla ,dNh uq,a fldg f.k ls%hd;aul ùu úfYaI
,laIKhls'- tfiau f,dal foaYmd,kh yeisrùfï mjd yelshdjla we;eï nyqcd;sl iud.ï
i;= j mj;S'
lDIs jHdmdrlDIs jHdmdrlDIs jHdmdrlDIs jHdmdrlDIs jHdmdr
- wdydr ksIamdokfha j.dj" îc iemhSu f.dú hkaf;%damlrK" f;d. fnod yeÍu"yd wf,úlrKh wd§ iEu wxYhla u lDIs jHdmdr yd iïnkaO fõ'
- lDIs jHdmdrj, lemS fmfkk ,laIK .Kkdjls'
) uyd mßudK jHdmdr ùu
) ;dlaIKh Wmßu f,i Ndú; lsÍu
) jdKsc uÜgulska ish ksIamdok lsÍu fï w;r m%Odk fõ'
N+f.da, úoHdj 13 jk fY%aKsh
85 .=re ud¾f.damfoaY ix.%yh
lDIsld¾ñl ixúOdklDIsld¾ñl ixúOdklDIsld¾ñl ixúOdklDIsld¾ñl ixúOdklDIsld¾ñl ixúOdk
- lDIsl¾uh yd iïnkaO lghq;=j, meje;au yd tu lghq;=j, fhfokakkaf.a
hym; Wfoid msysgqjd .;a ixúOdk f,i fïjd ie,lsh yels h'
- fuu ixúOdk úúO uÜgñka msysgqjd we;'
) foaYSh ixúOdk
) l,dmSh ixúOdk yd
) cd;Hka;r ixúOdk jYfhka fïjd j¾. l< yels h'
- foaYSh ixúOdk fïjd rgla ;=< msysgqjd f.k we;s lDIs ixúOdk fõ'
) lsß ksmojkkakaf.a iuqmldr iñ;s
) iaùvkfha lDIsld¾ñl uKav,h
) lekvdfõ lDIsld¾ñl ix.uh ^ Fedaration)
- l,dmSh ixúOdk
Wod ( weußldkq Ydka;slr m%foaYfha lDIs ixj¾Ok ix.uh
- cd;Hka;r ixúOdk
) f,dal wdydr yd lDIsl¾u ixúOdkh (FAO)
) lDIsld¾ñl ixj¾Okh i|yd jQ cd;Hka;r wruqo, (IFAD)
) f,dal wdydr jev igyk (WFP)
) f,dal wdydr ljqkais,h (WFC)
- fuu ixúOdk we;eïúg tla wruqKla fyda wruqKq lsysmhla Wfoid ls%hd;aul
fõ'
- fndfyda úg ish fiajd fkdñf,a ,nd fohs'
fjf<|fmd< f;dr;=refjf<|fmd< f;dr;=refjf<|fmd< f;dr;=refjf<|fmd< f;dr;=refjf<|fmd< f;dr;=re
- lDIsl¾uh iïnkaO ieu wxYhl§u fjf<|fmd< f;dr;=re ,nd .ekSuf.dúhdg" fjf<kaodg fukau mdßfNda.slhdg o jeo.;a fõ' ) j.d l< hq;af;a l=ulao@ ) wiajekak ,nd.; hq;af;a ljr úgl§ o@ ) ksIamdok fjf<|fmd<g ksl=;a lsÍu ) ksIamdok .nvd lsÍu ) ñ, ;SrKh lsÍu jeks lreKq fjf<|fmd< f;dr;=rej,g wh;a fõ'
- j¾;udkfha úoaHq;a udOH u.ska fjf<|fmd< f;dr;=re ,nd §fï § úfYaIfiajdjla bgqlrkq ,nhs' ÿrl:kh " .=jka úÿ,sh " rEmjdysksh " wka;¾ cd,h"mqj;am;a wd§ úúO udOH fuys § jeo.;a fõ'
- ixj¾Okh fjñka mj;akd rgj,g fï f;dr;=re ,nd .ekSu uE;la jk ;=reÿIalr jqj o j¾;udkfha úúO udOH Wmfhda.S lrf.k f;dr;=re ,nd .ekSugyelsùu' fï i|yd úúO jevigyka ls%hd;aul fõ'
- wf<úlrK ls%hdj,sfha È j¾;udkfha úYd, ld¾hNdrhla bgqlrk wxYhlaf,i m%pdrK ls%hdj,sh oelaúh yelsh' fndfyda wdh;k ish NdKav m%pdrKh
i|yd úYd, uqo,a iïNdrhla jeh lsÍu j¾;udkfha lemS fmfkk ,laIKhls'
N+f.da, úoHdj 13 jk fY%aKsh
86 .=re ud¾f.damfoaY ix.%yh
ksmqK;d uÜgu ksmqK;d uÜgu ksmqK;d uÜgu ksmqK;d uÜgu ksmqK;d uÜgu 7'2 Y S % ,xldfõ lDI sl¾ufh a i ajNdjh" ;dl aIKh ydY S % ,xldfõ lDI sl¾ufh a i ajNdjh" ;dl aIKh ydY S % ,xldfõ lDI sl¾ufh a i ajNdjh" ;dl aIKh ydY S % ,xldfõ lDI sl¾ufh a i ajNdjh" ;dl aIKh ydY S % ,xldfõ lDI sl¾ufh a i ajNdjh" ;dl aIKh yd
ksIamdokh wf,úlrK ls%hdj,sh weiqßka meyeÈ,s lrhs'ksIamdokh wf,úlrK ls%hdj,sh weiqßka meyeÈ,s lrhs'ksIamdokh wf,úlrK ls%hdj,sh weiqßka meyeÈ,s lrhs'ksIamdokh wf,úlrK ls%hdj,sh weiqßka meyeÈ,s lrhs'ksIamdokh wf,úlrK ls%hdj,sh weiqßka meyeÈ,s lrhs'
^ld,Éfþo 20&^ld,Éfþo 20&^ld,Éfþo 20&^ld,Éfþo 20&^ld,Éfþo 20&
bf.kqï M, bf.kqï M, bf.kqï M, bf.kqï M, bf.kqï M, • lDIsld¾ñl ;dlaIKh flfrys yß; úma,jh n,mE wdldrh
úuid n,hs'
• yß; úma,jfha hym;a fuka u whym;a m%;sM, o meyeÈ,s lrhs'
• yß; úma,jfha wys;lr n,mEïj,ska ñ§fï Wmdh ud¾.hla
f,i ftkaøSh lDIsl¾ufhys jeo.;alu jgyd .kshs'
• YS% ,xldfõ lDIsl¾ufhys jeú,s fnda.j,g ysñ jk ia:dkh
úuid n,hs'
• YS% ,xldfõ N+ñ mßfNda. rgdfõ fjkialï meyeÈ,s lrhs'
ye¢kaùuye¢kaùuye¢kaùuye¢kaùuye¢kaùu
YS% ,xldj ft;sydisl jYfhka lDIsl¾uh u; mokï jQ rgls' w;S;fha isg mej;s
iajhxfmdaIs; lDIsld¾ñl rgdj hqfrdamSh wdêm;Hh;a iu. u fjkia ù wdydr wdkhkh
l< hq;= ;;a;ajhg m;aúh' lDIsld¾ñl wxYh jHdmdßl j.d fj;g keUqre ùu isÿ jQ w;r
tu.ska Woa.; jQ .eg¨ j¾;udkh olajd u fndfyda ÿrg fkdfjkiaj mj;S' tneúka YS%
,xldfõ ixj¾Okh iïnkaOfhka i,ld n,k iEu mshjrl § u lDIsl¾udka;h ms<sn|
j jeä wjOdkhla fhduq l< hq;= j we;' ta wkqj fuu tallfhka ;dlaIKh" ksIamdokh
yd wf,úlrK ls%hdj,sh weiqfrka YS% ,xldfõ lDIsl¾ufha iajNdjh ms<sn| j wjfndaOhla
,nd§u wruqK fõ'
úIh lreKq meyeÈ,s lr.eksug w;aje,laúIh lreKq meyeÈ,s lr.eksug w;aje,laúIh lreKq meyeÈ,s lr.eksug w;aje,laúIh lreKq meyeÈ,s lr.eksug w;aje,laúIh lreKq meyeÈ,s lr.eksug w;aje,la
YS% ,xldfõ lDIsld¾ñl ;dlaIKhYS% ,xldfõ lDIsld¾ñl ;dlaIKhYS% ,xldfõ lDIsld¾ñl ;dlaIKhYS% ,xldfõ lDIsld¾ñl ;dlaIKhYS% ,xldfõ lDIsld¾ñl ;dlaIKh
- wm rfÜ ck ixLHdfõ j¾Okh;a iu.u m%Odk jYfhka wdydr fnda.j,g we;s jQ
b,a¨u imqrd,Su msKsi ù" t<j¨ yd m<;=re j.djkaf.a ksIamdokh j¾Okh
i|yd lDIsld¾ñl ;dlaIKh fhdod .eksKs'
- lDIsld¾ñl ;dlaIKh hgf;a wm rfÜ wjOdkh fhduq lrk ,o wxY lsysmhls'
1' kùk hka;% Ndú;h
2' yß; úma,jh
3' cdk ;dlaIKh
4' fMkaøSh fmdfydr Ndú;h
5' jdß ;dlaIKh
N+f.da, úoHdj 13 jk fY%aKsh
87 .=re ud¾f.damfoaY ix.%yh
kùk hka;% Ndú;hkùk hka;% Ndú;hkùk hka;% Ndú;hkùk hka;% Ndú;hkùk hka;% Ndú;h
- wfkl=;a j.d yd ii|k úg ù j.dj i|yd hka;% Ndú;h lemS fmfka'
- iS iEfï isg iy,a ieliSu olajd úúO mßudKfha hka;% Ndú; flf¾'
Wod ( w;a g%elagrfha isg ixhqla; fld< uäk hka;% Combine harvester& olajd jQ
úúO hka;%
- hka;% Ndú;fha jdis
) jev lghq;= myiqùu
) ld,h b;sß ùu
- hka;% Ndú;fha wjdis
) wêl uqo,la jehùu
) Y%uh bj;aùu ms<sn| .eg¨j
) l=vd ìï fldgiaj, hka;% Ndú;h ÿIalr ùu
) mdßißl jYfhka mig we;s jk n,mEï
) hka;% Ndú;fha iSud ;sîu
) fy,au¿ j.dfõ hka;% Ndú;h ÿIalr ùu
yß; úma,jhyß; úma,jhyß; úma,jhyß; úma,jhyß; úma,jh
- yß; úma,jfha n,mEu wm rfÜ lDIsld¾ñl fCI;%h ;=< jeä u n,mEula lr
we;af;a ù f.dú;ekghs'
- w;S;fha isg u iïm%odhsl ù j¾. rdYshla furg Ndú; jqj o jeä jk b,a¨u
i|yd fïjdhska ,efnk wiajekak m%udKj;a fkdùu ksid l%ufhka lD;s%u fmdfydr
Ndú;h jeä úh'
- ù wiajekak jeä lsÍu i|yd m¾fhaIK jev ms<sfj<la ksoyiska miq ls%hd;aul
úh' tys m%Odk mshjr lsysmhla fõ'
) iïm%odhsl ù j¾. w;=ßka f;;a l,dmhg yd úh<s l,dmhg fhda.H ù j¾.
fjka jYfhka y÷kd .ekSu
) fouqyqka îc j¾. y÷kajd §u Wod ( 1957 H kñka ye¢kajq ù m%fNao myla
y÷kajd §u H.-4, H-7, H-8, H-9, H-10
) kj îc j¾. y÷kajd §u
jeä M,odhS îc j¾.
flá ld,Sk îc j¾.
frda. yd È,Srj,g Tfrd;a;= fok îc j¾.
,jK yd j.=re ìïj,g Tfrda;a;= fok îc j¾.
Wod ( BG 350- lDñ jix.;j,g Tfrda;a;= §u
At 353 - ,jK c,fhka hq;a m%foaY i|yd
LD 356 - l¿;r yd .d,a, Èia;s%lal i|yd
BG 300- lDókag Tfrd;a;= oSu $Èk 90ka wiajekak ,eîu
N+f.da, úoHdj 13 jk fY%aKsh
88 .=re ud¾f.damfoaY ix.%yh
- yß; úma,jfha n,mEu YS% ,xldjg o me;sÍu
) kj ù j¾. y÷kajd §u Wod ( IR - 8 ^1966&
) m<sfndaOkdYl Ndú;h jeäùu
) fmdfydr Ndú;h wksjd¾h ùu
- fmdfydr Ndú;h
1960 § fuÜá%la fgdka 20"000
1996 § fuÜá%la fgdka 239"000
- lDIs ridhk Ndú;h
1970 oS ,Sg¾ 28"865
1978 § ,Sg¾ 503"383 ^uq,Y%h ( cd;sl fmdfydr f,alï ld¾hd,h&
- by; mshjr ksid f.dùkaf.a ksIamdok úhoï wêl ùu Tjqkg Tfrd;a;=
fkdfokakla ùu
- ridhksl fmdfydr yd lDIs ridhk Ndú;h ksid mßirhg isÿ jQ ydks w;s
úYd,h'
- fïjd Ndú; lsÍfï § ksis whqre kshuhka ms<sfkdme§u ksid f.dùkaf.a fi!LHhg
ydks isÿùu
- kj ;dlaIKfhka y÷kajd ÿka fnda. j¾.j, îc ,nd .ekSu f.dúhdg uqyqK
mEug isÿ jQ .eg¨jls' merKs f.dùka ;ukag wjYH îc j¾. ;uka úiska u
iïmdokh lr .;a; o j¾;udkfha tajd nyq cd;sl iud.ïj,ska jeä ñ,g ,nd
.ekSug fhduq ù we;'
- yß; úma,jh ;=<ska wiajekak jeä jqj o ta i|yd fhojqï j, ñ, wêlùu yd
fjk;a .eg¨ ksid f.dúhd wiSrejg m;a jQ nj fmfka'
- yß; úma,jfha jeä wjOdkh ù j.djg muKla fhoùu ksid wfkla fnda.
fkdi,ld yeÍu isÿùu;a" oßø;dj ÿre lr .ekSug fkdyels ùu;a olakg ,eìKs'
cdk ;dlaIKhcdk ;dlaIKhcdk ;dlaIKhcdk ;dlaIKhcdk ;dlaIKh
- yß; úma,jfha whym;a m%;sM, wju lr .ekSfï ls%hdud¾.la f,i cdk ;dlaIKhy÷kaajd §u isÿúh'
- cdk ;dlaIKh furg ù j.djg jvd t<j¿ yd m<;=re j.djg n,md we;'- cdk ;dlaIKh u; jeä ÈhqKq lrk ,o t<j¿ w;r" jegfld¨" lrú," nKavlald"
jÜglald" ;lald,s yd jïngq o m<;=re w;ßka mefmd,a yd flfi,a o jeo.;a fõ
ftkaøSh fmdfydr Ndú;hftkaøSh fmdfydr Ndú;hftkaøSh fmdfydr Ndú;hftkaøSh fmdfydr Ndú;hftkaøSh fmdfydr Ndú;h
- lD;s%u fmdfydr Ndú;fha mj;akd .eg¨ u. yrjd .ekSu i|yd ftkaøsh fmdfydrNdú;h flfrys wjOdkh kej; fhduq ù ;sîu jeo.;a m%jK;djls'
- ftkaøsh fmdfydr Ndú;h ksid ksIamdok úhou wvq jk w;r tu.ska ksmojklDIs ksIamdokj,g jeä b,a¨ula mj;S' ta wkqj" ) rdcH wxYfhka fuka u fm!oa.,sl wxYfha o ueÈy;a ùfuka ftkaøsh fmdfydr
ksIamdokh wrUd we;'
N+f.da, úoHdj 13 jk fY%aKsh
89 .=re ud¾f.damfoaY ix.%yh
) iq¿ mßudKfhka tajd f.j;=j, ksmojd .ekSug wjYH Wmfoia o ksl=;a
flf¾'
) ftkaøsh fmdfydr Ndú;h fukau foaYSh lDñkdYl fh§fï m%jK;djla o
olakg we;' Wod ( fldfydU Ydlh weiqßka
jdß ;dlaIKhjdß ;dlaIKhjdß ;dlaIKhjdß ;dlaIKhjdß ;dlaIKh
- YS% ,xldj jdß ;dlaIKh w;ska §¾> b;sydihla iys; ÈhqKq Ys,aml%u Ndú; l<
rgls'
- wm rfgys c, iïmdok l%u m%Odk jYfhka j¾. folls
.=re;aj jdß ud¾. l%u
Wiaidk jdß ud¾. l%u
.=re;aj jdß ud¾.
) YS% ,xldfõ c, iïmdÈ; ìï jeä fldgila fï hg;g .efka
) .=re;aj jdß ud¾. we< ud¾. cd,hla yd iïnkaO fõ
) .x.d ksïk yerjqï fhdackd l%u o fï hg;g .efka
Wiaidk jdßud¾.
- .=re;aj c, iïmdokfhka c,h iemhsh fkdyels Wiaìïj,g c,h iemhSu fï
u.ska isÿfõ'
- fï i|yd j¾;udkfha úÿ,sfhka ls%hdlrk fyda bkaOk n,fhka ls%hd lrk
fmdïm Ndú; flf¾'
- rdcdx.kh m%foaYfha tjeks Wiaidk jdßud¾. fhdackd l%uhla we;'
- j.d <sx ;j;a Wiaidk jdßud¾. l%uhls
- wkqrdOmqr yd l=reKe., Èia;s%lalj, nyq, j olakg ,efí'
- wd`ähd<sx Wod ( hdmkh
- N+.; c,h m%fhdackhg .ekSu i|yd k, <sx Ndú;h'
- j.d lghq;= i|yd c,h fnod yeÍug úúO l%u Ndú; flfrhs'
) fødaKs c, iïmdokh Basin irrigation&
) we.s,s c, iïmdokh Furrow irrigation&
- fødaKs c, iïmdokh ù j.dfõ ,sheÈj,g c,h iemhSug;a we.s,s c, iïmdokh
t<j¿ j.dj i|yd;a fhdod .efka'
- j.djka i|yd c,h iemfhk kj; u l%uhls ìxÿ jdß ;dlaIKh Drip irrigation&
- kqjrt<sh Èia;s%lalfha t<j¿ j.dj i|yd úisß c, iïmdok l%uh ^Sprinkler
irrigation& fhdod .kS'
- fï yer .xj;=r je<elaùfï yd ,jK c,h bj;a lsÍfï fhdackd l%u o ls%hd;aul
flf¾' Wod ( w;a;säh" ;=ïfndaú," fnd,af.dv
N+f.da, úoHdj 13 jk fY%aKsh
90 .=re ud¾f.damfoaY ix.%yh
• ksIamdokfha m%idrKh ksIamdokfha m%idrKh ksIamdokfha m%idrKh ksIamdokfha m%idrKh ksIamdokfha m%idrKh
- wm rg lDIs ksIamdokj, m%idrKh wxY lsysmhla hgf;a oelaúh yels h
) ìï m%udKh jeä lsÍu
) wiajekak jeä lsÍu
) wmf;a hdï wvq lsÍu
) kùk hka;% Ndú;h
ìï m%udKh jeä lsÍuìï m%udKh jeä lsÍuìï m%udKh jeä lsÍuìï m%udKh jeä lsÍuìï m%udKh jeä lsÍu
- ù j.dfõ ìï m%udKh jeäùug idOl .Kkdjla n,md we;
) kj ìï c, iïmdokh u.ska j.djg fhoùu' Wod ( uyje,s m%foaY
) kj c, iïmdok jHdmdr hgf;a ;jÿrg;a ù j.dj jHdma; fjñka mej;Su
) ,jK c,h iys; j.=re ìï j.djka i|yd iqÿiq ìï njg m;a lsÍu'
- wfkl=;a jeú,s fnda. iïnkaOfhka n,k úg ìï m%udKh jeä lsÍu ms<sn|
;;a;ajh fjkia iajrEmhla .kS' my; oelafjk j.=j wOHhkh lsÍfuka ta nj
wjfndaO lr .; yels h'
uq,dY%h ( Land utilization committee report 1985 -2004.
7.2.1 j.=j
- j.=j wkqj f;a yd rn¾ j.d i|yd fhÿK ìï m%udKh wvq ù we;'
fuys § olakg we;s úfYaI;ajh jkafka wvq ù we;af;a úYd, j;= wxYfha ìï
m%udKh úuhs' iq¿ j;= hgf;a jQ ìï m%udKh iq¿ m%udKhlska j¾Okh ù we;'
- iuia; fmd,a j.d ìï m%udKh jeäùula olakg ,enqK o tys úYd, j;= i|yd
fhÿK ìï m%udKh wvq ù we;'
- f;a jeks j.djkaf.a ìï m%udKh wvqùug wd¾Ól jdis iys; j fjk;a j.djkag
ìï fhdod .ekSu" j.dìï len,s ùu" ixj¾Ok jHdmdr iy ksjdi bÈlsÍug fhdod
.ekSu wd§ fya;= n,md we;'
wiajekak jeä lsÍuwiajekak jeä lsÍuwiajekak jeä lsÍuwiajekak jeä lsÍuwiajekak jeä lsÍu
- wiajekak jeä lsÍu flfrys n,mdk idOl lsysmhls'
) jeä M,odhs îc" fmdfydr" lDñ yd j,akdYl Ndú;h
2004
188737153064442820
lDIs ld¾ñl N+ñmßfNda. j¾.h f;a rn¾ fmd,a
YS% ,xldfõ N+ñ mßfNdackh^fylaghd¾& 1956 - 2004
1956
252673227549250294
1985
201630199030300040
N+f.da, úoHdj 13 jk fY%aKsh
91 .=re ud¾f.damfoaY ix.%yh
) ÈhqKq lDIsld¾ñl l%u fhdod .ekSu
) jeä jdr .Kkla ^lkak lsysmhla& jirlg j.d l< yels ùu
) fnda. úúOdx.SlrKh
) hym;a l<ukdlrKh
wmf;a hdï wvq lsÍuwmf;a hdï wvq lsÍuwmf;a hdï wvq lsÍuwmf;a hdï wvq lsÍuwmf;a hdï wvq lsÍu
- lDIs ksIamdok wmf;a hdu wjia:d lsysmhl § u isÿfõ'
) ksIamdokfha §
) m%jdykfha §
) weiqreïj, §
) .nvdlrKfha §
- OdkH j¾. fndfyda úg by; ish¨ u wjia:dj, § wmf;a hEïj,g f.dÿre fõ'
- t<j¿ j¾. yd m<;=re wdÈh m%jdykfha § yd weiqreïj, § úkdY fõ'
- rn¾ lsß wdÈh ksIamdokfha § wmf;a hdu isÿfõ'
fuu wmf;a hdï wvq lsÍu i|yd ls%hdud¾. .Kkdjla wkq.ukh l< yels fõ'
- ÈhqKq ksIamdok Ys,am l%u Ndú;h
- ÈhqKq weiqreï l%u Ndú;h
- ÈhqKq m%jdyk l%u Ndú;h
- .nvdlrKh úêu;a lsÍu fï hgf;a jeo.;a fõ'
kùk hka;%iq;% Ndú;hkùk hka;%iq;% Ndú;hkùk hka;%iq;% Ndú;hkùk hka;%iq;% Ndú;hkùk hka;%iq;% Ndú;h
- ksIamdokh" m%jdykh yd .nvdlrKh jeks wjia:d i|yd hka;% Ndú;h jeo.;a
fõ'
) m%jdykfha § nyd¨ï Ndú;h
) .nvdlrKfha § YS;lrK l%u Ndú;h
) jeú,s fnda. ksIamdokfha § o hka;% Ndú;h jeo.;a fõ'
) rn¾ yd fmd,a wdYs%; øjH ksIamdokh i|yd hka;% Ndú;h j¾;udkfha m%p,s;
fjñka mj;S'
• wf<úlrK ls%hdj,sh wf<úlrK ls%hdj,sh wf<úlrK ls%hdj,sh wf<úlrK ls%hdj,sh wf<úlrK ls%hdj,sh
- YS% ,xldfõ lDIs øjH iïnkaO wf<úlrK ls%hdj,sh o m%Odk wxY folla hgf;a
ls%hd;aul fõ'
1' f;d. fjf<|du
2' is,a,r fjf<|du
fuu ls%hdj,sh lsysm wdldrhlska úuid ne,sh yelsh'
) wd¾Ól uOHia:dk
) fm!oa.,sl iud.ï iu. .súiqï ) .=Kd;aul nj ms<sn| wjOdkh fhduq lsÍu
) mdßfNda.sl reÑh yd myiqj .ek ie,ls,su;a ùu
N+f.da, úoHdj 13 jk fY%aKsh
92 .=re ud¾f.damfoaY ix.%yh
- wf<úlrK ls%hdj,sfha § YS% ,xldfõ úYd, ld¾hNdrhla .%dóh fmd< u.ska
bgqùu
) .%dóh ksIamdolhkaf.a ksIamdok iDcqj u mdßfNda.slhka w;g m;a lsÍu g
yels ùu
) myiqfjka wf<ú lr .ekSug yels ùu
) tla ia:dkhl § wjYH;d jeä m%udKhla bgqlr .ekSug yels ùu fuys jdis
f,i oelaúh yels h'
wd¾Ól uOHia:dkwd¾Ól uOHia:dkwd¾Ól uOHia:dkwd¾Ól uOHia:dkwd¾Ól uOHia:dk
- f.dùkaf.a øjHj,g idOdrK ñ,la ,nd§u
- w;r ueÈhkaf.ka ksIamdolhd uqojd .ekSu
- mdßfNda.slhdg wvq ñ,g ksIamdok ,nd .ekSug yelsùu fïjdfha úfYaI jdis h'
- oUq,a," óf.dv" lemafmáfmd," Èjq,msáh" weô,smsáh" je,sir" ;Uq;af;a.u"
kdrdfyakamsg" r;au,dk jeks ia:dk /il msysgqjd we;'
fm!oa.,sl iud.ï iu. .súiqïfm!oa.,sl iud.ï iu. .súiqïfm!oa.,sl iud.ï iu. .súiqïfm!oa.,sl iud.ï iu. .súiqïfm!oa.,sl iud.ï iu. .súiqï
- lDIs øjH" ksIamdokh yd wf<úh iïnkaO fm!oa.,sl iud.ïj,ska o fiajdjla
isÿfõ' wf<úlrKfha § tjeks fiajdjla imhk iud.ï .Kkdjla oelaúh yels
h'
) CIC iud.u
) ld.s,aia
) fcdaka lS,aia
) ðkfiak iud.u tjeks iud.ï lsysmhls'
- CIC iud.u u.ska ksmojk lDIs hka;% wf<ú lsÍu iïnkaOfhka rdcH wf,ú
ixia:dj iu. .súiqulg t<öu' f.dùka mqyqKq lsÍu tfiau f.dùkag wjYH îc
ksmoùu" m<;=re j.dj jeks wxY flfrys o fhduq ù we;'
- Ôkfiak iud.u fld< uäk hka;%" w;ag%elag¾" c, fmdïm ksIamdokh
iïnkaOfhka jeo.;a fiajd imhhs'
- ld¾.s,aia "fcdaka lS,aia jeks iud.ï f.dúfmd<j,g u f.dia f.dùkaf.a ksIamdok
fl<skau ñ,g .ekSu;a f.dùkag j.dj i|yd wjYH fhojqï ,nd §ula isÿflf¾'
- lsß ksIamdokfha § fm!oa.,sl iud.ï úYd, fiajdjla bgq lrhs'
) ñ,aflda iud.u
) fkiaf,a jeks iud.ï ksoiqka f,i oelaúh yels h'
N+f.da, úoHdj 13 jk fY%aKsh
93 .=re ud¾f.damfoaY ix.%yh
.=Kd;aul nj ms<sn| wjOdkh fhduq lsÍu.=Kd;aul nj ms<sn| wjOdkh fhduq lsÍu.=Kd;aul nj ms<sn| wjOdkh fhduq lsÍu.=Kd;aul nj ms<sn| wjOdkh fhduq lsÍu.=Kd;aul nj ms<sn| wjOdkh fhduq lsÍu
- j¾;udk mdßfNda.slhd NdKav ñ, § .ekSfï § lreKq .Kkla ms<sn| wjOdkh
fhduq lrhs'
) weiqreï l< Èkh" l,a bl=;aùfï Èkh
) m%ñ;sh ms<sn| iy;slh
) fi!LHdrlaIs; nj
) kshñ; nr m%udKh
- fï lreKq ms<sn| j ksIamdolhdg ie,ls,su;a ùug fï ksid isÿfõ'
- ksIamdolhdg fuu lreKqj,g wkql+, j NdKav ksIamdokh lsÍu i|yd fm<Uùulaa
fï u.ska we;s flf¾'
mdßfNda.sl reÑh yd myiqjmdßfNda.sl reÑh yd myiqjmdßfNda.sl reÑh yd myiqjmdßfNda.sl reÑh yd myiqjmdßfNda.sl reÑh yd myiqj
- lDIs øjH ksIamdokfha § mdßfNda.sl reÑh yd myiqj .ek ksIamdolhd ie,ls,su;a
úh hq;=h' Wod ( ) iy,a ksIamdokfha § .,a je,s bj;a lrk ,o iy,a ksmoùu
) m<;=re j¾. weisÍu
) mdßfNda.slhdf.a l%%h Yla;shg .e<fmk f,i NdKav bÈßm;a lsÍu
Wod ( l=vd m%udKfha isg úYd, m%udKhka olajd úúO m%%udKj,ska wiqrd
NdKav bÈßm;a lsÍu
) mdßfNda.slhdf.a is;a .kakd wdldrhg NdKav bÈßm;a lsÍu'
N+f.da, úoHdj 13 jk fY%aKsh
94 .=re ud¾f.damfoaY ix.%yh
ksmqK;d uÜguksmqK;d uÜguksmqK;d uÜguksmqK;d uÜguksmqK;d uÜgu 7'37'37'37'37'3 YS% ,xldfõ lDIsld¾ñl N+ñ mßfNda.fha uE; ld,SkYS% ,xldfõ lDIsld¾ñl N+ñ mßfNda.fha uE; ld,SkYS% ,xldfõ lDIsld¾ñl N+ñ mßfNda.fha uE; ld,SkYS% ,xldfõ lDIsld¾ñl N+ñ mßfNda.fha uE; ld,SkYS% ,xldfõ lDIsld¾ñl N+ñ mßfNda.fha uE; ld,Sk
m%jK;d wOHhkh lrhs'm%jK;d wOHhkh lrhs'm%jK;d wOHhkh lrhs'm%jK;d wOHhkh lrhs'm%jK;d wOHhkh lrhs'
^ld,Éfþo 03&^ld,Éfþo 03&^ld,Éfþo 03&^ld,Éfþo 03&^ld,Éfþo 03&
bf.kqï M, bf.kqï M, bf.kqï M, bf.kqï M, bf.kqï M, • YS% ,xldfõ N+ñ mßfNdackfha uE; ld,Sk j isÿ jQ m%jK;d
y÷kajhs'
• lDIsìï l%ufhka .s,syShdu ksid we;s jQ ;;a;ajhka ksoiqka iys;
j bÈßm;a lrhs'
• YS% ,xldfõ we;s fNda. j¾. w;=ßka wdfoaYl yd R;=uh jYfhka
j.d lrk fNda. j¾. ms<sn| f;dr;=re bÈßm;a lrhs'
• YS% ,xldfõ N+ñ mßfNda. rgdfõ isÿ jQ fjkialï is;shï weiqßka
meyeÈ,s lrhs'
ye¢kaùuye¢kaùuye¢kaùuye¢kaùuye¢kaùu
wE; w;S;fha mgka u YS% ,xldj lDIsld¾ñl rgla úh' jeõ wdYs%; j ìys jQ fl;a
hdhj,ska iYS%l jQ úh<s l,dmSh m%foaY ksid wmrg fmrÈ. OdkHd.drh njg m;aúh'
ngysr cd;Skaf.a meñKSfuka miq Èjhsfka uOHu yd ngysr m%foaYj, f;a" fmd,a" rn¾ jeks
jdksc fnda. j.d wdrïN lrk ,§' jdKsc fNda. j.djkag jeä wjOdkh fhduq lrk ,o
ksid fuu ld,h ;=< úh<ss l,dmSh ù j.dj wvd, úh' ksoyiska miq tu m%foaYj, ìys jQ
uyd mßudK c, fhdackd l%u ksid ù j.dj kej; jHdma; úh'
uE; hq.fha lDIsld¾ñl N+ñ mßfNda. rgdfõ fjkialï /ila olakg we;' we;eï
m%foaYj, lDIsìï .s,syS hdu" wdfoaYl fNda. j.djka we;sùu" fNda. úúOdx.slrKh fïjd
w;r m%Odk h' ck.ykfha l%ñl j¾Okh;a iu. ñksia wjYH;d jeä jk w;r" rfÜ
wd¾Ól ixj¾Okh fya;=fjka fjk;a wjYH;d i|yd fjka flfrk ìï m%udKh o jeäfõ'
fï fya;=ka ksid lDIsld¾ñl N+ñ mßfNda. rgdfõ fjkialï fuka u .eg¨ o mek ke.S
we;'
YS% ,xldfõ lDIsld¾ñl N+ñ mßfNda.fha uE; ld,Sk m%jK;d wOHhkh lsÍu fuu
tallfha wruqK hs'
úIh lreKq meyeÈ,s lr.ekSsug w;aje,laúIh lreKq meyeÈ,s lr.ekSsug w;aje,laúIh lreKq meyeÈ,s lr.ekSsug w;aje,laúIh lreKq meyeÈ,s lr.ekSsug w;aje,laúIh lreKq meyeÈ,s lr.ekSsug w;aje,la
lDIs ìï .s,syShdulDIs ìï .s,syShdulDIs ìï .s,syShdulDIs ìï .s,syShdulDIs ìï .s,syShdu
- iSñ; iïm;la jQ N+ñh u; m%idrKh jk ñksia wjYH;d yd wd¾Ól l%shdldrlï
fya;= fldg f.k N+ñ mßfNda.h iïnkaO .eg¨ /ila u Woa.; ù we;'
- YS% ,xldfõ N+ñ mßfNdackh i,ld n,k úg uq¿ N+ñfhka 1$3 la lDIsl¾uh
hgf;a ixj¾Okh lr we;s w;r 1$3 la jkdka;r iy jk Ôú wjYH;d i|yd
fhdod f.k we;' b;sßh úúOdldr há;, jHqyhka" ckdjdi" f.j;=" kd.ßl
yd wixj¾ê; N+ñ jYfhka jHdma; j we;'
N+f.da, úoHdj 13 jk fY%aKsh
95 .=re ud¾f.damfoaY ix.%yh
- YS% ,xldfõ N+ñ mßfNda.h oelafjk my; m%ia;drh yd j.=j wOHhkfhka tla
tla fNda. j¾. iïnkaO ìï m%udKhkaf.a wvq jeä ùu oel .; yelsfõ'Y%S
,xldfõ N+ñ mßfNda.fha we;s jQ fjkialï my; m%ia;drh u.skaa oelafõ'
uq,dY%h ( chfldä" fla'ir;a" ^2008&' Y%S ,xldj" ;sridr ixj¾Ok wNsfhda. iy m%;spdr'
7'3'1 m%ia;drh
Y%S ,xldfõ lDIsld¾ñl N+ñ mßfNda.h i,ld ne,Sfï § my; i|yka ,laIK úoHudk fõ'
Y%S ,xldfõ N+ñ mdßfNda.h ^1956 - 2004&
lDIsld¾ñl N+ñ
1956 1985 2004
lDIsld¾ñl N+ñ mßfNda. j¾.h fylaghd¾ ] fylaghd¾ ] fylaghd¾ ]
ù 511"074 7'8 800"470 12'3 877"994 13'6
f;a 252"673 4'0 201"630 3'1 188"737 2'9
rn¾ 227"549 3'5 199"030 3'1 153"064 2'3
fmd,a 250"294 3'9 300"040 4'6 442"820 6'7
ñY% yd fjk;a 80"154 1'2 140"830 2'2 295"470 4'5
f.j;= 576"846 8'8 781"280 12'0 889"350 13'7
Source : Land Utilization Committee Report,1985 - 2004.
7'3'1 j.=j
- by; j.=j wkqj 1956 § 7'8] la j mej;s ù ìï m%udKh 1985 yd 2004 § 12'3] isg
13'6 olajd jeä ù we;'
ù j.d ìï jHdma;sh iïnkaOfhka úfYaI ,laIK lsysmhla oelaúh yels h'
- uyje,s jHdmdrh jeks uyd mßudK c, iïmdok jHdmdr ksid ù ìï m%udKh jeä
ù we;' úfYaIfhka úh<s l,dmh ;=< fï jeäùu isÿ ù we;'
- ta w;ru f;;a l,dmSh my;a ìïj, ckdêl nj yd fjk;a lghq;=j,g wjYH ìï
,nd .ekSu i|yd l=Uqre f.dv lsÍu ksid tu m%foaYj, ù ìï wvq ùula isÿj we;'
- 1956 § 4]la jq f;a j.d N+ñ 1985 § 3'1] olajd;a 2004 § 2'9] olajd;a wvq j we;'
N+f.da, úoHdj 13 jk fY%aKsh
96 .=re ud¾f.damfoaY ix.%yh
- fuys § o úfYaI ,laIKhla jkafka úYd, j;= wxYfha ìï m%udKh YS>% f,i
wvqùuls' fjk;a j.djka i|yd j.dj bj;a lsÍu yd ckdjdi i|yd bvï ,nd
.ekSu;a Bg fya;= ù we;' tfy;a iq¿ f;a j;= wxYfhys ìï m%udKfha iq¿ j¾Okhla
oelsh yels h''
- rn¾ j.d N+ñh o 1956 § 3'5] isg 1985 È 3'1] yd 2004 § 2'3] olajd;a wvqúh
f;a j.djg n,mE idOl u rn¾ j.dj flfrys;a n,md we;s nj meyeÈ,sh'
úYd, j;= i|yd fhok ìï wvqùu;a iq¿ j;= wxYfha j¾Okhl=;a olakg ,eîu'
- fmd,a j.dj i|yd fhdojq ìï m%udKh 1956 § 3'9] isg 2004 § 6'7] olajd j¾Okh
ù we;'
tfy;a fmd,a j.dfõ N+ñ mßfNda.h iïnkaOfhka o úfYaI ,laIK lsysmhla oelaúh yels
h'
- úYd, j;= wxYfha ìï m%udKh wvqùu bvï leì,s fldg úlsKSu yd fjk;a ñksia
lghq;= i|yd fmd,a bvï ,nd .ekSu óg fya;= ù we;'
- tfia jqj o iq¿ fmd,a bvï m%udKfhys tla;rd jeäùula olakg we;'
- ta w;ru úh<s l,dmSh m%foaYj,g j.dj jHdma; lsÍfï jev ms<sfj< ksid tu
m%foaYj,g j.dj jHdma; ùfuka bvï m%udKh jeä ù we;s nj fmfka'
- ñY% j.dìï yd fjk;a fNda. o f.j;= o iEfyk m%udKhlska jeä ù we;'
- we;eï fNda. iïnkaOfhka ìï m%udK jeä jq nj fmkS .sh o i;H jYfhka u tu
ìï m%udKhkaf.a meyeÈ,s wvqùula úoHudk jk nj;a Bg úúO lreKq n,md we;s
nj;a meyeÈ,s fõ'
• wdfoaYl fnda. j¾. y÷kajd§uwdfoaYl fnda. j¾. y÷kajd§uwdfoaYl fnda. j¾. y÷kajd§uwdfoaYl fnda. j¾. y÷kajd§uwdfoaYl fnda. j¾. y÷kajd§u
- YS% ,xldj m%Odk jeú,s fNda. lsysmhla u; r|d isàfï wjodku ksid uE; ld,fha
§ fNda. úúOdx.slrKhg fhduq ùu olakg ,eìK' fï hgf;a úúO m%foaYj,g
wdfoaYl fnda. j¾. y÷kajd §u isÿúh'
- fï hgf;a jeo.;a fNda. j¾. .Kkdjls'
) w¾;dm,a" nv bßÕ=" bo,a bßÕ=" Wla" rglcq" fidahd fndaxÑ" f,dl= ÆKq" m;%i|yd jjk Ydl" .¾lsx" u,aj¾. jeks fnda. ye¢kaúh yels h'
) v%e.ka mDÜ" lgqfmd,a ^Farm oil& jeks wdfoaYl fnda. j¾. uE;l § lDIswxYhg tl;= ù we;'
) tfiau oekg rn¾ j;=j, tla tla fldgia wkqj wdfoaYl fnda. j.d lsÍuWod ( flfi,a j.d lsÍu w;ayod ne,sï isÿ flfrñka mj;S'
) fmd,a bvïj, .ïñßia" fldams yd wU" mefmd,a jeks m<;=re j.d o wdfoaYl
fnda.j,g ksoiqka fõ'
R;=uh jYfhka fNda. y÷kajd§uR;=uh jYfhka fNda. y÷kajd§uR;=uh jYfhka fNda. y÷kajd§uR;=uh jYfhka fNda. y÷kajd§uR;=uh jYfhka fNda. y÷kajd§u
- R;=uh fnda. jYfhka ye¢kaúh yels fNda. j¾. .Kkdjls' fï hgf;a jeo.;a
jk r¿ OdkH j¾. lsysmhla oelaúh yels h'
N+f.da, úoHdj 13 jk fY%aKsh
97 .=re ud¾f.damfoaY ix.%yh
- l=rlalka" bo,a" bßÕ=" ;," fufkaß" uqx weg" wU tjeks fnda. lsysmhls'
- .,aTh jHdmdrfha ù j.dj fjkqjg Wla j.d lsÍu o R;=uh fnda. j.djg ksoiqka
f,i oelaúh yelsh'
j¾;udkfha YS% ,xldfõ N+ñ mßfNda.h iïnkaO .eg¨ /ila u;= ù we;'
- ckdêl my;rg f;;a l,dmfha lDIs ìï yd fjk;a ñksia lghq;= i|yd ìï ,nd
.ekSfï ;rÕh ksid u;=j we;s .eg¨'
- uOH l÷lrfha o< nEjqï m%foaY m%fhdackhg .ekSu ksid ygf.k we;s .eg¨'
- W;=re yd kef.kysr m%foaYj, mej;s whym;a foaYmd,k mßirh ksid N+ñ mßfNda.h
iïnkaOfhka u;= jQ .eg¨ bka lsysmhls'
wdYs%; .%ka:wdYs%; .%ka:wdYs%; .%ka:wdYs%; .%ka:wdYs%; .%ka:
- YS% ,xldfõ iajdNdúl iïm;a "^1991&' jk iïm;a yd mßir wud;HdxYh'
----- f,dal nexl=j yd YS% ,xldj"^2003&' is;sch udOH ixioh'
- Wiia fm< udkqI N+f.da, úoHdj" fojeks fldgi^2008&' wOHdmk m%ldYk
fomd¾;fïka;=j'
- YS% ,xld cd;sl is;shï fmd;" ^kj ixialrKh&' 2007'
- wd¾Ól úuiqu ^2002&' uehs $ wf.daia;='
- Hobblink, Henk,(1991). Bio technology and the Future of World agriculture, Zed
Books CTD.
- Peris, G.H. (1982) . Development and Change in Sri Lanka. New Delhi.
N+f.da, úoHdj 13 jk fY%aKsh
98 .=re ud¾f.damfoaY ix.%yh
bf.kqï - b.ekaùï l%shdldrlïbf.kqï - b.ekaùï l%shdldrlïbf.kqï - b.ekaùï l%shdldrlïbf.kqï - b.ekaùï l%shdldrlïbf.kqï - b.ekaùï l%shdldrlï
l%shdldrlu - 1l%shdldrlu - 1l%shdldrlu - 1l%shdldrlu - 1l%shdldrlu - 1
YS% ,xldfõ lDIsl¾ufhys uE; ld,Sk j ^miq.sh oYl ;=k& yg.;a fjkialï
tys j¾Okh flfrys n,mE wdldrh ms<sn| iúia;r jd¾;djla ilia lsÍu'
fuys § my; i|yka fCI;% flfrys wjOdkh fhduq l< hq;=h'
- hemqï lDIsl¾uh
- jeú,s fnda.
- wmkhk lDIsl¾uh
l%shdldrlu - 2l%shdldrlu - 2l%shdldrlu - 2l%shdldrlu - 2l%shdldrlu - 2
lDIsld¾ñl ksIamdok yd iïnkaO wf<úlrK ls%hdj,sfha kj m%jK;d ms<sn|
úia;rd;aul ,smshla iïmdokh lsÍu
l%shdldrlu - 3l%shdldrlu - 3l%shdldrlu - 3l%shdldrlu - 3l%shdldrlu - 3
YS% ,xldfõ lDIsld¾ñl N+ñ mßfNda. rgdfõ uE; ld,Sk fjkialï ms<sn| f;dr;=re
m;s%ldjla ilia lsÍu
ie'hq' ie'hq' ie'hq' ie'hq' ie'hq' fuu ls%hdldrlï ;=k lKavdhï fyda flaj, ls%hdldrlï f,i ixúOdkh lr .;
yelsh'
N+f.da, úoHdj 13 jk fY%aKsh
99 .=re ud¾f.damfoaY ix.%yh
ksmqK;dj - 08ksmqK;dj - 08ksmqK;dj - 08ksmqK;dj - 08ksmqK;dj - 08
wdlr yd m;,a l%shdldrlï wdk;s mÍlaId lr Lksc iïm;awdlr yd m;,a l%shdldrlï wdk;s mÍlaId lr Lksc iïm;awdlr yd m;,a l%shdldrlï wdk;s mÍlaId lr Lksc iïm;awdlr yd m;,a l%shdldrlï wdk;s mÍlaId lr Lksc iïm;awdlr yd m;,a l%shdldrlï wdk;s mÍlaId lr Lksc iïm;a
ixrlaIKhg odhl fjhsixrlaIKhg odhl fjhsixrlaIKhg odhl fjhsixrlaIKhg odhl fjhsixrlaIKhg odhl fjhs
ksmqK;d uÜguksmqK;d uÜguksmqK;d uÜguksmqK;d uÜguksmqK;d uÜgu 8'1 f,dalfha wdlr l¾udka;fha iajNdjh" jHdma;sh wOHhkh
lrhs'
^ld,Éfþo 05& ^ld,Éfþo 05& ^ld,Éfþo 05& ^ld,Éfþo 05& ^ld,Éfþo 05&
bf.kqï M,bf.kqï M,bf.kqï M,bf.kqï M,bf.kqï M, • f,dalfha wdlr l¾udka;j, iajNdjh ms<sn| úia;r bÈßm;a
lrhs'
l f;dard.;a wdlr l¾udka;j, jHdma;sh úia;r lrhs'
ye¢kaùuye¢kaùuye¢kaùuye¢kaùuye¢kaùu
mDÓúh u;=msg fyda N+.; j we;s Lksc lekSfï l%shdj,sh wdlr l¾udka;h f,i
ye¢kafõ' Lksc hkq ksIal¾Il iïm;ls' ksIal¾Il iïm;la hkqfjka y÷kajkafka laIh
jk" ke;s kï kej; w¨;ska we;s fkd jk iïm;a i|yd h' kso¾Ykhla f,i Lksc f;,a"
.,a w`.=re" hmia" rka" ueKsla jeks iïm;a ks¾udKhg wjqreÿ ñ,shk .Kkla jeh fõ'
wdlr l¾udka;h yd iïnkaO øjHj, iajrEmh wkqj fïjd j¾. lr we;' m%Odk
jYfhka f,dayuh Lksc yd f,dayuh fkdjk Lksc jYfhka y÷kd.; yels w;r" f,dayuh
Lksc kej; f*ria yd ksf*ria f,day jYfhka y÷kd.; yelsh' f,dayuh fkdjk Lksc"
bkaOkuh yd bkaOkuh fkdjk Lksc jYfhka fjka lr .; yelsh by; j¾.SlrKhg
wod< kso¾Yl 12jk fY%aKsh N+f.da, úoHd .=re ud¾f.damfoaY ix.%yfha fojeks mßÉfþofha
úia;r fõ&' f;dard .;a wdlr yd m;,a ksIamdok lsysmhl iajNdjh;a tys jHdma;sh;a
ms<sn| f;dr;=re úuid ne,Su fuu tallfhka n,dfmdfrd;a;= fõ'
úIh lreKq meyeÈ,s lr.ekSug w;aje,laúIh lreKq meyeÈ,s lr.ekSug w;aje,laúIh lreKq meyeÈ,s lr.ekSug w;aje,laúIh lreKq meyeÈ,s lr.ekSug w;aje,laúIh lreKq meyeÈ,s lr.ekSug w;aje,la
• m%Odk wdlr yd m;,a ksIamdok yd jHdma;shm%Odk wdlr yd m;,a ksIamdok yd jHdma;shm%Odk wdlr yd m;,a ksIamdok yd jHdma;shm%Odk wdlr yd m;,a ksIamdok yd jHdma;shm%Odk wdlr yd m;,a ksIamdok yd jHdma;sh
Lksc f;,a Lksc f;,a Lksc f;,a Lksc f;,a Lksc f;,a (Petroleum)
- fmdf<dfjka ,nd .kakd f;,a wuqf;,a fyj;a fndrf;,a hkqfjka y÷kajkw;r msßmyÿ lr fmg%,a" ãi,a" N+ñf;,a hk bkaOk ,nd .kakd w;r w;=re
M, jYfhka ;dr" .%Sia" ma,diaála" .Eia hk oE ,nd .kS'
- hka;% iQ;% l%shd;aul lrk n, Yla;s uQ,hla f,i fuka u r: jdyk Odjkh
i|yd wjYH n, Yla;s uQ,hla f,i nyq, j fhdod .efka' fï ksid u f;,a
wdlr msysá rgj,a o< cd;sl wdodhu w;ska by< ;;a;ajhl isáhs'
N+f.da, úoHdj 13 jk fY%aKsh
100 .=re ud¾f.damfoaY ix.%yh
jHdma;sh
- Lksc f;,a ksIamdokfha m%uqLhka f,i fi!È wrdìh" reishdj" wfußld
tlai;a ckmoh" brdkh" Ökh" fulaisfldaj" lekvdj" tlai;a wrdì tó¾
rdcHh" fjksishq,dj" lafõÜ" fkda¾fõ" khsÔßhdj" n%iS,h" we,aÔßhdj" brdlh
hk rgj,a ie,l=j fyd;a Tjqka f,dal f;,a ksIamdokfhka 75% la ksmojhs
- ueo fmrÈ. muKla f,dal f;,a ksIamdokfhka 50% la ksmojhs' oekg
fidhdf.k we;s f;,a ixÑ; j,ska 2$3 la u ueo fmrÈ. l,dmfha msysgd
we;'
- j¾;udkfha fndfyduhla rgj,a Lksc f;,a .fõIKh i|yd úoHd;aul
m¾fhaIK wrUd we;s neúka f;,a ixÑ; jHdma;sfhys fjkialï ld,Sk j
isÿfjhs'
- oekg Lksc f;,a .fõIK wdrïN lr we;s m%foaY f,i W;=re uqqyqÿ"
TiafÜ%,shdj" fmdala iuqø ikaêh" ihsîßhdj" we,ialdj" .S%ka,ka;h fmkajd
osh yelsh' oekg YS% ,xldfõ o Lksc f;,a .fõIKh ms<sn| Wkkaÿjla
mj;S'
.,a w`.=re .,a w`.=re .,a w`.=re .,a w`.=re .,a w`.=re (Coal)
- f,dalfha m%Odk u bkaOk f,i oekgu;a bÈßfhka isákafka .,a w`.=re h'
.,a w`.=re ks¾udKh ù we;af;a j¾I .Kkdjlg fmr je<,S .sh jDlaI,;dÈh
Èrdm;a ùfukqhs' Èrdm;a jQ Ydl fldgia mdIdK ;Ügq w;r ;ekam;a j È.=
ld,hla mej;Sfuka >K ldnka ;Ügq njg m;a fõ'
- .,a w`.=rej, Wiia nj tys wvx.= ldnka m%udKh wvq f;;ukh yd jdIamYS,s
jdhq j, m%udKh u; r|d mj;S'
ldnka m%;sY;h - 45 - 60% w;r - ,s.akhsÜ fyj;a ldIaÀl .,a w`.=re
ldnka m%;sY;h - 70 - 80% w;r - ìgqñkia fyj;a c;= .,a w`.=re
ldnka m%;sY;h - 90% lg jeä weka;%ihsÜ fyj;a m%c;= .,a w`.=re
- m%c;= .,a w`.=rej, ksl=;a jk ;dm m%udKh wêl ksid hlv WKq lsÍug;a
jdfka ksIamdokhg;a nyq, j fhdod .kS'
jHdma;sh
f,dalfha .,a wÕ=re fl;aj,ska 95]la u jHdma; j we;af;a W;=re w¾O f.da,fha h'
iEu m%foaYhl u .,a wÕ=re fl;a jHdma; j we;;a merKs m,sia m%foaYhka ys nyq, j
jHdma; j we;s nj y÷kd.; yels h' f,dj .,a wÕ=rej,ska 2$3la u W;=re wefußldfõ
msysgd ;sîu fuys úfYaI;ajhls' f,dal ksIamdokfhka 55]la u wefußld tlai;a ckmoh
yd Ökh i;= fõ' .,a w`.=re jHdma;sh wkqj m%Odk m%foaY y;rlaa y÷kd .; yelsh
01' W;=re wfußldfõ uOHu yd kef.kysr m%foaY
02' jhU È. hqfrdamh
03' reishdkq l,dmh
N+f.da, úoHdj 13 jk fY%aKsh
101 .=re ud¾f.damfoaY ix.%yh
04' kef.kysr wdishdj
hmiahmiahmiahmiahmia
ksIamdok l¾udka;fha m%Odk wuqøjH jk hlv yd jdfka ksmehqug uQ,sl u wuqøjH
jkafka hmia h' hmia f,dalfha iEu ;eklu mdfya oelsh yels jqj;a Wiia j¾.fha hmia
jHdma;sfha iSud olakg ,efí' flfia fj;;a mDÓú mDIaGfha 5]la u we;af;a hlv nj
lshefõ'
hmiaj, we;s hlv m%;sY;h wkqj hmia j¾. y;rlg fnod we;'
01' r;= fyughsÜ (Red Hematite) hlv m%udKh 72% la muK fõ Wiia j¾.fha
hmia h'
02' ue.akghsÜ (Megnetite) hlv m%udKh 70% la muK fõ'
03' ,sfudkhsÜ (Limonite) hlv m%udKh 60% la muK fõ'
04' isvrhsÜ (Sidarite) hlv m%udKh 30% la muK fõ' nd, j¾.fha hmia h'
hmia jHdma;s m%foaY
- W;=re wfußldfõ mxp uyd ú,a m%foaY
- hqlaf¾kh yd reishdfõ l=iafkÜiala l,dmh
- Ökfha uekapqßhd Idxis m<d;
- ol=Kq wfußldfõ n%iS,h
- ´iafÜ%,shdfõ yeu¾iaf,a jeáh
- tlai;a rdcOdksfha ol=Kq fõ,aaih" ñâ,kaâ" fI*S,aâ" n¾ñkayeï
wd§ m%foaYj, hmia nyq, f,i jHdma; j we;'
^is;shï weiqßka m%dfoaYsh jHdma;sh y÷kd .ekSug isiqka fhduq lrjkak&
;U;U;U;U;U
ksf*ria f,day úfYaIhla jQ ;U ñY% f,dayhla jYfhka mj;S' wfkl=;a f,day j¾.
iu. ^ksl,a" fl%dañhï& tlg ixflakaøh ù mj;S' uq,a hq.fha ñksid úiska Ndú;hg .;a
Lksc j¾.hls' f,dalv hq.fhka miq ;Uj,g ;snq jeo.;alu hï ;dla ÿrg wvq jqj o úÿ,s
n,h fnod yeÍu ÈhqKqùu;a iu`. ;Uj, ;snq jeo.;alu b;d jeä úh'
- ;U ñY% j olakg ,efnk Lkschla neúka ridhksl m%;sl%shdj,g NdckhlsÍfuka wk;=re j ;U f,dayh fjka lr .kS
- ;dm ixkhkh" u< fkdne§u" ;dmh wjfYdaIKh lr .ekSu" kuHYS,s
.=Kh wd§ úfYaI .=Kdx. ksid ;U jeo.;a f,dayhls'
jHdma; m%foaY
- Ñ,s
- mSrE
- wfußld tlai;a ckmoh
N+f.da, úoHdj 13 jk fY%aKsh
102 .=re ud¾f.damfoaY ix.%yh
- reishdj
- cmdkh
- lekvdj
- ieïìhdj
^ie' hq ( jHdma;s m%foaY is;shï ;+<ska y÷kd .ekSug isiqka fhduq lrjkak&
rka rka rka rka rka (Gold)
udkj YsIagdpdrfha È.= b;sydihla r;%xj,g we;s njg wd§ udkj idlaIsj,ska
;yjqre ù we;' u< fkdne£u" §ma;su;a j¾Kh" kuHYS,sNdjh" ys. nj wd§ .=Kdx.hkaa ksid
f,dalfha jákd u f,dayh njg m;a ù we;'
m;,a lekSï u`.ska ,nd .;a rka ñY% mia rkamia& j,ska rka f,dayh ksiaidrKh lr
.kshs' óg wu;r j ;U yd fjk;a f,day i|yd lkskq ,nk f,da miaj,ska o w;=re
ksIamdokhla jYfhka rka ,nd .ekSug isÿ fjhs'
iaj¾KdNrK ieliSu yd j;alï jYfhka ;nd .ekSug rka jeo.;a ù we;' m%uqL
ld¾h iaj¾KdNrK ieliSu jqj;a úúO rdcHhka" nexl= yd mqoa.,hka" ;u j;alï ;nd
.ekSfï udOHhla ù we;af;a rka ixÑ; /ia lsÍuhs'
jHdma;sh
rka wdlr jHdma;sh we;s m%foaY yd rgj,a lsysmhls'
- wfußld tlai;a ckmofha frdlS l÷ m%foaYh
- ol=Kq wm%sldfõ úÜfjdag¾ia /kaâ
- ´iafÜ%,shdfõ" ld,a.=¾,s" l+,a.d¾â m%foaY
- reishdfõ ,Skd .x.dOdrh yd w,a;dhs l÷ m%foaYh
- lekvdj
- Ökh
^is;shï weiqßka by; m%foaY y÷kdf.k is;shul ,l=Kq lsÍug fhduq lrjkak&
N+f.da, úoHdj 13 jk fY%aKsh
103 .=re ud¾f.damfoaY ix.%yh
ksmqK;d uÜguksmqK;d uÜguksmqK;d uÜguksmqK;d uÜguksmqK;d uÜgu 8'28'28'28'28'2 f,dal wdlr l¾udka;fha m%jK;d" ksIamdokh yd f,dal wdlr l¾udka;fha m%jK;d" ksIamdokh yd f,dal wdlr l¾udka;fha m%jK;d" ksIamdokh yd f,dal wdlr l¾udka;fha m%jK;d" ksIamdokh yd f,dal wdlr l¾udka;fha m%jK;d" ksIamdokh yd
fjf<|du weiqßka ú.%y lrhs' fjf<|du weiqßka ú.%y lrhs' fjf<|du weiqßka ú.%y lrhs' fjf<|du weiqßka ú.%y lrhs' fjf<|du weiqßka ú.%y lrhs'
^ld,Éfþo 05& ^ld,Éfþo 05& ^ld,Éfþo 05& ^ld,Éfþo 05& ^ld,Éfþo 05&
bf.kqï M, bf.kqï M, bf.kqï M, bf.kqï M, bf.kqï M, • f,dalfha wdlr l¾udka;fha f;dard .;a Lksc lsysmhl ksIamdok
ms<sn| úia;r bÈßm;a lrhs'
l ksIamdokh yd fjf<|du weiqßka wdlr l¾udka;j, m%jK;d
mss<sn| f;dr;=re /ia lrhs'
l wdlr iïm;a ys lekSï w¾nqo yd wdmod ms<sn| lreKq úia;r
lrhs'
ye¢kaùuye¢kaùuye¢kaùuye¢kaùuye¢kaùu
f,dal ld¾ñl ÈhqKqj yuqfõ úúO hka;%iQ;% yd WmlrK ksmoùu;a" tajdg wjYH
f,day wuqøjH yd n,Yla;s wjYH;djhkq;a ksid Lksc lekSï nyq, úh' ta wkqj hmia"
we¨ñkshï" ;U" Bhï" áka jeks f,day lekSu;a" n,Yla;s uQ,hka f,i .,a w`.=re" Lksc
f;,a yd iajdNdúl jdhq leKSu;a fuys§ jeo.;a fõ' ta iu.u tu øjH wkqidrfhka
flfrk ksIamdok l¾udka; o b;d fõ.fhka ÈhqKq úh'
we;eï Lksc wdY%s; ksIamdok yd fjf<|du f,dalfha n,j;a wd¾Ól lghq;= njg m;a
ù we;' tfuka u rgj, wd¾Ól Yla;sh ks¾Kh lrk idOl njg o m;aj we;' we;eï
wdlr l¾udka; w¾nqo lrd weÈ f.dia we;' tajdfha kj m%jK;d o olakg ,efí'
l Lksc f;,a ksIamdokh yd ta wdY%s; l¾udka; Lksc f;,a ksIamdokh yd ta wdY%s; l¾udka; Lksc f;,a ksIamdokh yd ta wdY%s; l¾udka; Lksc f;,a ksIamdokh yd ta wdY%s; l¾udka; Lksc f;,a ksIamdokh yd ta wdY%s; l¾udka;
- f;,a ksê .fõIKh" leKSu yd fndrf;,a ,nd .ekSu wdlr l¾udka;hg
wh;a jk w;r ,nd .kakd fndrf;,a msßmyÿj yd w;=re ksIamdokh" Lksc
f;,a ksIamdok l¾udka;hg wh;a fõ'
- w;S;fha Lksc f;,a ksIamdokfhys kshe,s isá rgj,a w;r refïkshdj"
wfußld tlai;a ckmoh" c¾uksh" fmda,ka;h jeo.;a úh' th 1970 oYlh
jk úg weußld tlai;a ckmofhka jeäu ksIamdokhla fglaidia ckmofhka
o ¨ishdkdfjka o" jfhdañka j,ska o ,enqKs' kuq;a j¾;udkfha wfußld
tlai;a ckmoh Lksc f;,a ksIamdokfha bÈßfhka isà' tafiau wdishd meismsla
l,dmfha bkaÿksiShdj"uef,aishdj" Ökh jeks rgj,a ueofmrÈ. l=fõÜ"
´udka jeks rgj,a wNsnjdf;,a ksIamdokfhka bÈßhg meñK ;sîu oelsh
yels kj m%jK;djla fjhs'
- oekg f,dalfha Lksc f;,a iïm;aj,ska 60% la muK ueo fmrÈ.
l,dmfha tlrdYS ù we;' fi!È wrdìh" brdkh" brdlh f;,a ksIamdokfha
m%uqLhka ù we;s w;r ueo fmrÈ. rgj, tal mqoa., wdodhu b;d by< w.hla
.ekSu f;,a ksIamdokh wdY%s; m%jK;djls'
N+f.da, úoHdj 13 jk fY%aKsh
104 .=re ud¾f.damfoaY ix.%yh
- Lksc f;,a ksIamdokh iïnkaOfhka olakg ,efnk ;j;a m%jK;djla
jkafka we;eï rgj,aj, f;,a fl;a ySk ù hdu fya;= fldg f.k laIhfkdjk iïm;a ;=<ska n,Yla;s W;amdokhg m%fõY ùuhs' iq¾h Yla;sh" iq<x";dmh" c, úÿ,s n,h wdÈh flfrys wjOdkh fhduq lr ;sfí'
- Lksc f;,a ksIamdokh i|yd f;,a ksê .fõIK jeo.;a mshjrls' ta i|ydpkaøsld ;dlaIKh fhdod .ekSula o oelsh yelsh'
- tfukau Lksc f;,a laIhjk iïm;la neúka wkd.;h i|yd wdrlaId lr.ekSu jeo.;a fõ' j¾;udkfha Lksc f;,a ixÑ; ixrlaIKh g jeä
wjOdkhla fhduq lr ;sîu olakg ,efí'
Lksc f;,a ksIamdokh ^ ,Sg¾ ì,shk&
l,dmh 2000 2007
W;=re wfußldj 763'2 778'7
ol=Kq iy uOHu wfußldj 99'7 155'0
hqfrdamh yd hqfa¾Ishdj 939'2 1053'3
ueo fmrÈ. 208'1 357'6
wm%sldj 130'1 204'4
wdishd meismsla 272'1 396'3
Source : B P Statistical Review of world Energy - June 2009.
8'2'1 j.=j
- fndrf;,a msßmyÿfõ § m%Odk bkaOk m%fNao lsysmhla ,nd.ekSfuka wk;=rej
fjk;a w;=re ksIamdok lsysmhla u ,nd .; yelsj we;'
- ,nd .kakd m%Odk bkaOk j¾. - fmÜ%,a" ãi,a" N+ñf;,a
- w;=re ksIamdok - ,sysis f;,a" L P .Eia" bá" ;dr" .%Si"a ma,diaála
lDñ kdYl" ridhksl fmdfydr
ffoksl fndrf;,a ksIamdokh ^ner,a oyia&
source: http/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/petrolium
8'2'2 j.=j
Producing nation
Saudi Arabia
Russia
United State
Iran
China
Mexico
Chanada
United Arab Emirates
Venezula
Kuwait
103bbl/d 2006
10665
9677
8331
4148
3845
3707
3288
2945
2803
2675
103bbl/d 2007
10234
9876
8481
4043
3901
3501
3358
2948
2667
2613
N+f.da, úoHdj 13 jk fY%aKsh
105 .=re ud¾f.damfoaY ix.%yh
fffffjf<odujf<odujf<odujf<odujf<odum%Odk Lksc f;,a ksIamdok m%foaYj,ska Lksc f;,a W!k;djla mj;sk m%foaYj,g
lrkq ,nk b,a,Sï u; Lksc f;,a fjf<|du ;SrKh fõ'úYd, jYfhka Lksc f;,a ksIamdÈ; m%foaY jk wfußld tlai;a ckmoh" reishdj
ueofmrÈ. l,dmh wd§ m%foaYj,ska ks¾ndê; j f,dalfha wfkl=;a rgj,g wmkhkhflreKs'
- tfy;a j¾;udkfha Lksc f;,a fjf<|du ;=< olakg ,efnk m%jK;djlajkafka w;sßla; ksIamdok fj<|m<g bÈßm;a fkdlsÍfï ixrlaIK Wmdhud¾. wkq.ukh lsÍuhs' Wod ( wfußld tlai;a ckmoh" Tfmla rgj,a
- ld¾ñl ixj¾Okfha bÈßfhka isák cmdkh" m%xYh" wd§ rgj,anyq, f,i Lksc f;,a Ndú; lrk rgj,a neúka tu rgj,a wdkhkhlrk Lksc f;,a m%udKh o jeä ù ;sfí
- cd;Hka;r fj<|dfï lemS fmfkk ,laIKhla jkafka wfkl==;a n,Yla;swNsnjd Lksc f;,a b,a¨u jeä ùula olakg ,eîuhs' Bg fya;=jkafkawe;eï rgj,a Ndú; n,Yla;sfhka 1$3 la muK fmfÜ%da,shï u; hemSuhs'
- úYd, jYfhka Lksc f;,a wdkhkh lrk rgj,a w;r cmdkh" wfußldtlai;a ckmoh" m%xYh" b;d,sh" c¾uksh yd fko¾,ka;h wdÈ rgj,a jeo.;ah'
- 20 jk ishjfia uq,a Nd.fha § wNHka;r oyk wekaðu (Internal Combustion
Engine) fidhd .ekSu;a iu. ÿïßh yd .=jkahdkd i|yd Lksc f;,a b,a uby< .sfhah'
- ld¾ñl rgj,a ìysùu;a iu. Lksc f;,a i|yd jQ l%h Yla;sh by< hdufï wdYs%;j oelsh yels ;j;a m%jK;djla jYfhka oelaúh yelsh'
- Tfmla jeks ixúOdk msysgqùu u.ska Lksc f;,a fjf<|du md,kh lsÍugmshjr .ekSfuka fjf<|dfï m%Odk n,mEïlrejd njg Tfmla ixúOdkhm;aj ;sfí' ta ksid u Tfmla fkdjk rgj,a f;,a .fõIKhg fhduq ùuo m%jK;djla jYfhka oelaúh yelsh'2008 j¾Ifha wmkhk wkqj m%uqL;dj .;a rgj,a yd tajdfha2008 j¾Ifha wmkhk wkqj m%uqL;dj .;a rgj,a yd tajdfha2008 j¾Ifha wmkhk wkqj m%uqL;dj .;a rgj,a yd tajdfha2008 j¾Ifha wmkhk wkqj m%uqL;dj .;a rgj,a yd tajdfha2008 j¾Ifha wmkhk wkqj m%uqL;dj .;a rgj,a yd tajdfha
ksIamdok m%udKhksIamdok m%udKhksIamdok m%udKhksIamdok m%udKhksIamdok m%udKh
^osklg ner,a oyia .Kkska&
Source :US Information Administration
8'2'3 j.=j
Exportiong Nation 103bbl/d
wmkhkh lrk rg 1. Sudi Arabia 8"651 2. Russia 6"565 3. Norway 2"542 4. Iran 2"519 5. United Arab Emirat 2"515 6. Venezula 2"203 7. Kuwait 2"150 8. Nigiria 2"146 9. Algiria 1"847 10. Mexico 1"676 11. Lybiya 1" 525
12. Iraq 1"438 13. Angola 1"363 14. Kazakastan 1"114 15. Canada 1"071
103m3/d
1"376 1"044 444 401 400 350 342 341 297 267 242 229 217 177
170
N+f.da, úoHdj 13 jk fY%aKsh
106 .=re ud¾f.damfoaY ix.%yh
.,a w`.=re ksIamdokh yd ta wdY%s; l¾udka;.,a w`.=re ksIamdokh yd ta wdY%s; l¾udka;.,a w`.=re ksIamdokh yd ta wdY%s; l¾udka;.,a w`.=re ksIamdokh yd ta wdY%s; l¾udka;.,a w`.=re ksIamdokh yd ta wdY%s; l¾udka;
- n,Yla;s ksIamdok Lkschla jYfhka w;S;fha Lksc f;,aj,g jvd jeä
jeo.;alula .,a w`.=rej,g ysñj ;snqKs'
- bkaOkhla jYfhka w;S;fha fnfyúka u Ndú; l< iïm;la jqj;a j¾;udkh
jk úg .,a w`.=re ksIamdok m%udKhka j¾Okh ù we;af;a Lksc f;,a ksIamdokhg
idfmalaI j iq¿ jYfhks' Bg fya;= ù we;af;a .,a w`.=re ksê ydrd .ekSu"
m%jdykh" .nvd lsÍu wdÈh i|yd úYd, msßjehla oeÍug isÿ ùuhs' j¾;udkfha
YSS>% ld¾ñl ÈhqKqj;aa iu. n,Yla;s Ndú;hg .ekSfï § by; i|yka lreKq
flfrys o wjOdkh fhduq lsßu ksid n, Yla;shla jYfhka .,a w`.=rej,
idfmalaI jeo.;alu wvq ùu ksIamdokfha wdk;shla jYfhka oelaúh yelsh
.,a w`.=re ksIamdÈ; rgj,a ^fgdka ñ,shk&
rg 2003 2004 2005 2006 m%;sY;h
Ökh 1722 1992'3 2204'7 2380 38'4
wfußld tlai;a ckmoh 972'3 1008'9 1026'5 1053'6 17'0
bkaÈhdj 375'4 407'7 428'4 447'3 7'2
TiafÜ%,shdj 351'5 366'1 378'8 373'8 6'0
reishdj 276'7 281'7 298'5 309'2 5'0
ol=Kq wm%sldj 237'9 243'4 244'4 256'9 4'1
c¾uksh 204'9 207'8 202'8 197'2 3'2
bkaÿkSishdj 114'3 132'4 146'9 195'0 3'1
fmda,ka;h 163'8 162'4 159'5 156'1 2'5
f,dal ksIamdokh 5187'6 5585'3 5886'7 6195'1 100
source: http/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/coal
8'2'4 j.=j
- 20 jk ishji jk úg .,a w`.=re ksIamdokfhka Ökh bÈßhg meñK ;sfí'
Ökfha YS>% wd¾Ól j¾Okh thg fya;= ù we;'
- tfy;a wksl=;a ld¾ñl rgj,a .,a w`.=re ksIamdokh wvq jYfhka lrk nj
o;a; igykg wkqj fmkShhs'
wdY%s; ksIamdÈ;
- wefudakshï ksIamdok
- vhs j¾.
- iqj| j¾.
- ma,diaála
- khsf,daka fl¢
- lDñkdYl j¾.
N+f.da, úoHdj 13 jk fY%aKsh
107 .=re ud¾f.damfoaY ix.%yh
fjf<|dufjf<|dufjf<|dufjf<|dufjf<|du
uq,a hq.fha § .,a w`.=re" hlv yd jdfka l¾udka;h weiqßka nyq, f,i m%fhdackg
.;a w;r f,dayuh øjH WKq lsÍu i|yd fhdod f.k we;' hlv fgdka 1 la ksmoùug .,a
w`.=re fgdka 9 la wjYH úh&' tfy;aa miq ld,Sk j .Eia W÷ka Ndú;h;a iu`. .,a w`.=re
i|yd ;snQ b,a¨u wvq úh' Ndú;h wvq ùu cd;Hka;r fjf<|dfï .,a w`.=re i|yd ;snQ
b,a¨u wvqùug fya;=jla f,i oelsh yelsh'
;j o ÿïßh tkaðu l%shdlrùug n,Yla;shla jYfhka Ndú;h l%ufhka wvq ù
fjk;a úl,am n,Yla;Ska fj; fhduq ù ;sîu lemS fmfkhs'
- .,a w`.=re wmkhkh lrk we;eï rgj,a tajd wdkhkfha o fh§ isàu .,a
w`.=re wdY%s; m%jK;djla jYfhka oelsh yelsh'
- wvq msßjehlska .,a w`.=re ksIamdokh lsÍfï m%jK;dj u; wfußld tlai;a
ckmoh m%Odk wmkhklrejl= njg m;aj ;snqKs' tfy;a f,dalfha fjk;a
rgj,a wo bÈßfhka isà'
- .,a w`.=re wmkhkfha m%uqLhd njg ´iafÜ%,shdj m;a j ;sfí'
- w;S;fha isg u .,a w`.=re bkaOkhla jYfhka Ndú; lrñka mej;=K o hqfrdamSh
fjf<|fmd< wysñ ùu" .,a w`.=re wdkhkh lrk fndfyda rgj,a c, úÿ,s
n,h ÈhqKq lsÍu" fmÜfÜ%da,shï" .Eia jeks bkaOk Ndú;hg mqreÿ ùu" ksIamdok
úhou by< hdu wd§ lreKq mokï lrf.k .,a w`.=re fjf<|fmdf<a miqnEula
y÷kd.; yelsh
.,a w`.=re wmkhkh lrk rgj,a ^fgdka ñ,shk&
rg 2003 2004 2005 m%;sY;h
TiafÜ%,shdj 238'1 247'6 255'0 27'2
bkaÿkSishdj 107'8 131'4 142'0 15'1
Ökh 103'4 95'5 93'1 9'9
ol=Kq wm%sldj 78'7 74'9 78'8 8'4
reishdj 41 55'7 98'6 10'5
wfußld tlai;a ckmoh 43 48 51'7 5'5
lekvdj 27'7 28'8 31'2 3'3
fmda,ka;h 16'4 16'3 16'4 1'7
úhÜkduh - 10'3 14'1 1'5
uq¿ wmkhk 713'9 764 780'9 100
source: http/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/coal
8'2'5 j.=j
hmia ksIamdokh yd ta wdYs%; l¾udka;hmia ksIamdokh yd ta wdYs%; l¾udka;hmia ksIamdokh yd ta wdYs%; l¾udka;hmia ksIamdokh yd ta wdYs%; l¾udka;hmia ksIamdokh yd ta wdYs%; l¾udka;
hmia ksIamdokh hkqfjka fuys § y÷kajkafka hmia ksêj,ska hmia ydrd .ekSuhs'
N+f.da, úoHdj 13 jk fY%aKsh
108 .=re ud¾f.damfoaY ix.%yh
weia;fïka;=.; hmia ksIamdokh fuá%la fgdka ñ,shk
^2006 wfußldkq tlai;a ckmo N+ úoHd;aul iólaIKhlg wkqj&
rg ksIamdokh m%;sY;h
Ökh 520 30'8
TiafÜ%,shdj 270 15'9
n%iS,h 250 14'8
bkaÈhdj 150 8'8
reishdj 105 6'0
hqlaf¾kh 73 4'4
wfußld tlai;a ckmoh 54 3'5
wfkl=;a rgj,a 268 15'8
f,dalh 1690 100
source: http/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iron
8'2'6 j.=j
- f,dalfha YS>% ld¾ñl ÈhqKqjla ,nñka bÈßhg we§tk Ökh hmia ksIamdokfha
bÈßfhka u isáhs'
- bkaÈhdj" reishdj yd wfußld tlai;a ckmoh wNsnjd Ökh bÈßhg meñK
;sîu úfYaI;ajhls' tafiau wvq jákdlulska hqla; j mej;s hmia fl;a
wê;dlaIKh Ndú; lrñka M,odhS f,i kej; m%fhdackhg .ekSug Ökh
W;aidy f.k we;'
wdY%s; l¾udka;wdY%s; l¾udka;wdY%s; l¾udka;wdY%s; l¾udka;wdY%s; l¾udka;
- hlv yd jdfka l¾udka;
- fudag¾ r: l¾udka;
- keõ l¾udka;
- hlv wdY%s; fjk;a ksIamdok l¾udka;
fjf<|dufjf<|dufjf<|dufjf<|dufjf<|du
- f,dalfha m%Odk hmia wdkhklrejka f,i cmdkh" wfußld tlai;a ckmoh"
ol=Kq fldßhdj" c¾uksh" Ökh wd§ rgj,a ld¾ñlrKh;a iu. bÈßfhkaisà' tafiau hmia wmkhklrejka f,i TiafÜ%,shdj" n%iS,h" fjksishq,dj"iaùvkh yd lekvdj WodyrK jYfhka oelaúh yelsh'
- j¾;udkfha fjf<|fmd< flakaø.; j o hmiaa l¾udka;h jHdma; j we;'Wod ( wfußld tlai;a ckmofha iqmSßh¾ ú, wdY%s; j
- hmia wmkhklrejka jk TiafÜ%,shdj" n%iS,h" fjksishq,dj wd§ rgj,a jqj o;u l¾udka; i|yd nyq, j hmia Ndú;hg .kS'
- hmia i|yd we;s b,a¨u Èfkka Èk j¾Okh ùu hmia fjf<|du wdY%s; j
y÷kd.; yels m%jK;djla f,i oelaúh yelsh'
N+f.da, úoHdj 13 jk fY%aKsh
109 .=re ud¾f.damfoaY ix.%yh
;U ksIamdokh yd ta wdY%s; l¾udka;;U ksIamdokh yd ta wdY%s; l¾udka;;U ksIamdokh yd ta wdY%s; l¾udka;;U ksIamdokh yd ta wdY%s; l¾udka;;U ksIamdokh yd ta wdY%s; l¾udka;
;U ksê fmd<jg wdikakfha msysgd we;s neúka wvq úhoulska ksmojd .; yelsh'
iEu ;U ñYs%; mia fgdka oyilg u ;U ,nd .; yelafla fgdka 5 la muKs'
uq,a ld,fha ;U ksIamdok m%foaY jQfha ngysr W;=re wfußldj" lekvdj yd
fulaisfldaj h' tfiau wm%sldfõ isïndífõ yd fldxf.da fõ ;U ksIamdÈ; m%foaYhka úh'
tfy;aa uE; ld,Sk o;a;j,g wkqj f,dal ;U ksIamdokfha kshq;= rgj,a fjkia ù
we;'
f,dal ;U ksIamdokh ^fuá%la fgdka 50"000 g jeä rgj,a&
rg 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006
Ñ,s 4"581 4"904 5"412 5"320 5360
wdckaákdj 204 199 177 187 180
´iafÜ%,shdj 868 839 854 916 858
lekvdj 603 557 563 595 607
bkaÿkSishdj 1"171 1"005 840 1"065 816
tlai;a rdcOdksh 1"140 1"120 1"260 1"140 1"200
Ökh 59'3 620 752 777 889
fjk;a rgj,a 443'9 4554 4"941 6998 5188
f,dal ksIamdok 13"600 13"800 14"700 15"000 15"100
source: http//www.indexmudi .com / eu/ cummdition
8'2'7 j.=j
- f,dal ;U ksIamdokfha j¾;udk o;a;j,g wkqj fuá%la fgdka 50" 000 g
jvd jeäfhka ksIamdokh lrk rgj,a úYd, m%udKhla we;' ;Uj,
mj;akd jQ iqúfYaI .=Kdx. ksid u ;U ksIamdokh j¾;udkfha jeä ù
we;'
- ;dlaIK ÈhqKqj;a iu. l¾udka; i|yd ;U Ndú;h jeä ù ;sîu fuhg
fya;= fõ'
l¾udka;l¾udka;l¾udka;l¾udka;l¾udka;
- fudag¾ i|yd fldhs,a ksmoùu
- flan,a ksIamdokh
- f¾äfhda yd bf,lafg%dksla WmlrK i|yd Ndú;hg .ekSu
- ;U yd áka f,dayh ñY%lr f,dalv iE§u
- Ys;lrK wd§ WmlrKj, fldgia i|yd fhdod .ekSu
- ;U ;yvq ksIamdokh
e
N+f.da, úoHdj 13 jk fY%aKsh
110 .=re ud¾f.damfoaY ix.%yh
fjf<|dufjf<|dufjf<|dufjf<|dufjf<|du
- wfußld tlai;a ckmoh" ;U m%Odk .ekqïlrejd njg m;aj ;sfí'
- wm%sldkq ;U ksIamdok úYd, m%udKhla hqfrdamhg wf,ú lrhs'
- Ñ,S rdcH ;U ksIamdokfha bÈßfhka u isà' tu rgj, iïm;a f,dalfha
ld¾ñl rgj,a u.ska wdkhkh lrkq ,nhs
rka ksIamdokh yd ta wdY%s; l¾udka;rka ksIamdokh yd ta wdY%s; l¾udka;rka ksIamdokh yd ta wdY%s; l¾udka;rka ksIamdokh yd ta wdY%s; l¾udka;rka ksIamdokh yd ta wdY%s; l¾udka;
- f,dalfha rgj,a 70l muK úúO m%udKfhka rka ksIamdokh lrkq
,enqj;a úYd, m%udKfhka ksIamdokh lrkq ,enqfha ol=Kq wm%sldjhs'
- rka ksIamdokfha fojeks ia:dkh wfußld tlai;a ckmoh f.k we;s w;r
TiafÜ%,shdj f;jk ia:dkh ysñlr f.k we;s nj my; o;a; igykg wkqj
wkdjrKh fõ'
f,dalfha rka ksIamdokh 1994
rg m%;sY;h
ol=Kq wm%sldj 25'3
wfußld tlai;a ckmoh 14'2
TiafÜ%,shdj 11'2
Ökh 8'0
reishdj 6'4
lekvdj 6'4
uQ,dY%h ( *s,sma f,dal is;shï fmd; ^kj ixialrKh& 2003
7'2'8 j.=j
'
- f,dal rka ksIamdokfha fmr o;a; flfrys wjOdkh fhduq lsÍfï §
fmkS hkafka ol=Kq wm%sldj rka ksIamdokh w;ska bÈßfhkaa isá njhs'
- tfy;a wfkl=;a rgj,a iu. úuid ne,Sfï§ fmkShkafka rka ksIamdokfha
WÉpdjpk ùï isÿ ù we;s njhs'
N+f.da, úoHdj 13 jk fY%aKsh
111 .=re ud¾f.damfoaY ix.%yh
f,dal rka ksIamdokh ^fugs%la fgdka&
rg 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006
TiafÜ%,shdj 266 282 259 262 244
lekvdj 151 140 124 119 103
Ökh 192 205 215 225 245
bkaÿksiShdj 142 141 91 130 164
ol=Kq wm%sldj 398 373 337 294 272
fjk;a rgj,a 1379 1417 140 1438 1430
f,dalh 2530 2560 2440 2470 2460
source: http//www.indexmudi:com
8'2'9 j.=j
- ñka wkdjrKh jkafka rka ksIamdokh i|yd fjk;a rgj,a olajk
ie,ls,a, jeä ù we;s njhs'
- le,sf*dakshdj" ngysr TiafÜ%,shdj" ol=Kq wm%sldj" we,ialdj yd ksõ.skshdj
jeks rgj, wd¾Ól ixj¾Okhla we;s jQfha r;arka ksIamdokhla iu. h'
- kQ;kfha úYd, wd¾Ól l%shdj,shla yeisrùug rka ksIamdokh iu;a fjhs'
wdY%s; l¾udka;wdY%s; l¾udka;wdY%s; l¾udka;wdY%s; l¾udka;wdY%s; l¾udka;
- ldis yd wdNrK ksmoùu
- oka; ffjoH lghq;= i|yd
- bf,lafg%dksla l¾udka;h
- T!IO ksIamdokh
leKSï w¾nqo;dleKSï w¾nqo;dleKSï w¾nqo;dleKSï w¾nqo;dleKSï w¾nqo;d
- fuu lreKq by; oela jq iEu Lksc j¾.hla i|yd u wod< fõ' fndfyda Lksc ksê
úYd, f,i ydrd .ekSu ksid Lksc CIh ùu u; b;d .eUqf¾ msysá Lksc iïm;a
mjrd .ekSug jeä msßjehla yd mßY%uhla oeÍug isÿùu o w¾nqohla ù we;'
Wod ( ol=Kq wms%ldfõ rka wdldrj, yd Ökfha .,a wÕ=re m;,aj, fuu ;;a;ajh
oeä f,i olakg ,efí'
- wdlr l¾udka;fha fh§ we;s Y%ñlhka m%udKj;a jegqma fkd,eîu" wjodkï iys;
fiajdjla ùu" fi!LH ;¾ck jeks fya;=ka u; fiajdj yerhdu o .eg¨jla ù we;'
ol=Kq wms%ldfõ rka l¾udka;h wdY%fhka fuh oeä f,i w¾nqohla ù we;'
- Lksc ydrd .ekSfï § m%jdykh yd msßmyÿfõ § ie,lsh hq;= m%udKhla wmf;a hdu
o w¾nqoldß ;;a;ajhla u;= lr we;'
- ;dlaIK oshqKqj;a iu. Y%u n,ldh wvq lsÍug m;,a lrejka fm<Uùu o we;eï
rgj, fiajd kshqla;sfha w¾nqo ks¾udKhg n,md we;'
leKSï l¾udka;fha wdmodleKSï l¾udka;fha wdmodleKSï l¾udka;fha wdmodleKSï l¾udka;fha wdmodleKSï l¾udka;fha wdmod
N+f.da, úoHdj 13 jk fY%aKsh
112 .=re ud¾f.damfoaY ix.%yh
- m;,aj, .eUqr jeäj;au tajdfha fodaKd lvd jeàfuka úYd, wk;=re isÿfõ'
úfYaIfhka Ökfha .,a wÕ=re wdlrj, isÿjk fujeks wdmod nyq, j olakg ,efí'
- m;,a wdYs%; j isÿjk .sks.ekSï ksid isÿù we;s yÈis wdmod ;;a;ajhka o jd¾;dfõ
úfYaIfhka .,awÕ=re m;,aj, fuu ;;a;ajh jeä jYfhka olakg ,efí'
- .eUqre m;,aj, úIjdhq ldkaÿùfuka o Y%ñlhkag wk;=re isÿ ù we;s wjia:d
olakg ,efí'
- wdlr l¾udka;fhka mßirhg t,a, ù we;s n,mEï o wdmodjla f,i ie,lsh
yelsh' mßir moaO;sj,g we;s lrk ydksh iq¿mgq fkdfõ' úfYaIfhka" jdhqf.da,hg"
c,f.da,hg yd ffcj úúO;ajhg n,mEï we;s lrhs' Lksc lekSfuka miq tu
mßir h:d ;;a;ajhg m;a fkdlsÍu fuu w¾nqoh ;j;a ;Sj% lrhs'
- lïlrejkaf.a fi!LH ;;a;ajhg lrk n,mEï o wdmod ;;a;ajhls' úfYaIfhka
ñksrka" hmia" .,awÕ=re m;,aj, fiajh lrkakkag jeä jYfhka iajYk wdndO
we;s fõ'
wdYs%; .%ka:wdYs%; .%ka:wdYs%; .%ka:wdYs%; .%ka:wdYs%; .%ka:
- wOHdmk m%ldYk fomd¾;fïka;=j" ^2009&' udkqI N+f.da, úoHdj fojk fldgi'
- ùrlafldä" Wmd,s "^2009&' udkqI N+f.da, úoHdj" l¾;D m%ldYkhls'
- fykakdhl kd,ks" ^2004&' udkj N+f.da, úoHdj" tia" f.dvf.a ifydaorfhda'
N+f.da, úoHdj 13 jk fY%aKsh
113 .=re ud¾f.damfoaY ix.%yh
ksmqK;dj - 9ksmqK;dj - 9ksmqK;dj - 9ksmqK;dj - 9ksmqK;dj - 9YS% ,xldfõ wd¾Ólh ;=< Lksc iïm;aj, jákdlu mÍlaIdYS% ,xldfõ wd¾Ólh ;=< Lksc iïm;aj, jákdlu mÍlaIdYS% ,xldfõ wd¾Ólh ;=< Lksc iïm;aj, jákdlu mÍlaIdYS% ,xldfõ wd¾Ólh ;=< Lksc iïm;aj, jákdlu mÍlaIdYS% ,xldfõ wd¾Ólh ;=< Lksc iïm;aj, jákdlu mÍlaId
lr M,odhs wdldrfhka Ndú; lrhslr M,odhs wdldrfhka Ndú; lrhslr M,odhs wdldrfhka Ndú; lrhslr M,odhs wdldrfhka Ndú; lrhslr M,odhs wdldrfhka Ndú; lrhsksmqK;d uÜgu ksmqK;d uÜgu ksmqK;d uÜgu ksmqK;d uÜgu ksmqK;d uÜgu 9'1 YS% ,xldfõ Lksc iïm;aj, jHdma;sh mßlaId lrhs'
^ld,Éfþo 06&^ld,Éfþo 06&^ld,Éfþo 06&^ld,Éfþo 06&^ld,Éfþo 06&
bf.kqï M, bf.kqï M, bf.kqï M, bf.kqï M, bf.kqï M, • YS% ,xldfõ ueKsla" ñksrka" Lkscje,s" wemghsÜ yd hmia hk
Lksc ksêj, msysàu yd iajNdjh ms<sn| úia;r bÈßm;a lrhs'
• m%Odk Lksc lsysmhl ksIamdokh ms<sn| f;dr;=re /ia lrhs'
• YS% ,xld wd¾Ólh ;=< Lksc iïm;aj, jákdlu wjfndaO
lr.kshs'
• YS% ,xldfõ Lksc iïnkaOfhka we;s kj m%jK;d ms<sn| lreKq
bÈßm;a lrhs'
ye¢kaùuye¢kaùuye¢kaùuye¢kaùuye¢kaùu
YS% ,xldfõ Lksc iïm;a ms<sn| ye¢kaùu" Lkscj, .=Kdx. yd j¾.SlrKh ms<sn|
f;dr;=re 12jk fY%aKsh fN!;sl N+f.da, úoHdj hgf;a Tn bf.k .kakg we;' YS%
,xldfõ f;dard.;a m%Odk Lksc lsysmhl iajdNdjh yd jHdma;sh ms<sn|j;a " tu Lkscj,
Ndú;h ms<sn| f;dr;=re;a fuu tallfhka idlÉcd lsÍug n,dfmdfrd;a;= fõ'
úIh lreKq meyeÈ,s lr.ekSug w;aje,laúIh lreKq meyeÈ,s lr.ekSug w;aje,laúIh lreKq meyeÈ,s lr.ekSug w;aje,laúIh lreKq meyeÈ,s lr.ekSug w;aje,laúIh lreKq meyeÈ,s lr.ekSug w;aje,la
• YS% ,xldfõ Lksc iïm;aYS% ,xldfõ Lksc iïm;aYS% ,xldfõ Lksc iïm;aYS% ,xldfõ Lksc iïm;aYS% ,xldfõ Lksc iïm;a
- ueKsla
- ñksrka
- Lksc je,s
- wemghsÜ
- hmia m%Odk jYfhka jeo.;a fõ'
by; Lksc iïm;aj,
- jHdma;sh
- ksIamdokh
- m%jK;d idlÉPd lsÍug kshñ;h'
ueKslaueKslaueKslaueKslaueKsla
- ueKsla iïnkaOfhka YS% ,xldjg È.= b;sydihla o lS¾;shla o ;sfí'- m<uq yd fojk ishjiaj, .%Sl f,aLkj, o miq l,l Ök yd wrdì f,aLkj, o YS% ,xldj f,dalfha úYsIag ueKsla yuqjk rgla nj i|yka ù we;'- YS% ,xldfõ Wiaìï fY%aKshg wh;a mdIdK l,dmfha ueKsla ,efnk m%foaY nyq,
jYfhka msysgd we;s nj fmfka'- .x.d m;a,j, yd wNHka;r ;eks;,d ìïj, we;s fndr¿ w;r fuu ueKsla Lksch
nyq, j olakg ,efí'- ueKsla iys; fndr¿ hkq miq.sh N+ úoHd;aul hq.hkays § Ô¾Kh" Ldokh yd
mßjykh hk ls%hdj,skag Tfrd;a;= ÿka fYaI Lkschka h'- by; we;s ueKsla Lksch úm¾hdihg Ndckh jQ mdIdKhls'
N+f.da, úoHdj 13 jk fY%aKsh
114 .=re ud¾f.damfoaY ix.%yh
jHdma;sh
- N+f.da,Sh jYfhka iSñ; m%foaYhla ;=< ueKsla ksê msysgd we;'
- uOHu lÿlrh yd ksß; È. wdYs%; j ueKsla fl;a msysgd we;'
- inr.uq m<df;a m%Odk k.rh jk r;akmqrh m%foaYh wjg ueKsla
m;,aj,ska 80]la u jHdma; j mj;S'
- nyq, j ueKsla ,enk m%foaY oelafjk is;shula my; oelafõ'
YS% ,xldfõ m%Odk ueKsla jHdma;s m%foaY
uq,dY%h ( fyar;a" fÊ' ví'^1979& YS% ,xldfõ LKsc iïm;a" N+ úoHd
iólaIK fomd¾;fïka;=j'
9'1'2 is;shu
N+f.da, úoHdj 13 jk fY%aKsh
115 .=re ud¾f.damfoaY ix.%yh
ksIamdokh
- ueKsla l¾udka;fha ksIamdok ls%hdj,sh hkq ueKsla b,a,ï .eÍu;a" m;,a lekSï"
ueKsla lemSu yd ueKsla fhdod iaj¾KdNrK ;ekSu;a hk ld¾hhka h'
- YS% ,xldfõ ueKsla m;,a lekSfï § b;d iq,N l%uh jkqfha wdxYsl fodakd iys;
m;,a lemSu h'
- .Õ we£u hk ls%hdj,sh o ,xldfõ ueKsla .eÍfï § Ndú; fõ' .x.d m;a,j,
we;s ueKsla iys; fndr¿ leg È. ñg iys; fmdare u.ska .x.d bjqrg we£u isÿ lsÍu"
.Õ we£u f,i Ndú; fõ'
- .x.d bjqre lekSï u.ska o ueKsla b,a,ï u;= lr .kS'
- ueKsla b,a,ï u;= lr .;a miq ueKsla iys; fndr¿ bj;g f.k fõje,a l+=vd
wdOdrfhka c,fhka fia§u yd f;aÍu isÿ flf¾'
- oekg;a ,xldfõ ueKsla m;,a lekSu iïm%odhdkql=, j isÿ lrk wjia:d fndfyda
fõ'
- hdka;s%l l%u yd ;dlaIKsl l%u ueKsla m;,a lemSug ;ju;a wd.ka;=l ù we;'
- ueKsla lemSu yd iaj¾KdNrK ksIamdok ld¾hfhys úYd, msßila kshe,S isák
w;r tu ld¾hh i|yd o YS% ,xldj úfYaI m%d.=KHhla w;a lrf.k isáhs'
- ueKsla .,l w,xldrh yd tys jákdlu jeä lr .kafka th ksjerÈ j lmd
Tmoeóu ;=<sks'
- ueKsla lemSfï ld¾hh olaI m<mqreÿ lemqïlrejka úiska isÿ lrkq ,nk
lghqla;ls'
m%jK;d
- wkjir ueKsla .eÍï wju lr ueKsla .eÍu i|yd rdcH wkq.%yh jeäfjñka mj;S'
- ueKsla b,a,ï i|yd m%isoaO fkdjqKq m%foaYj, o ueKsla b,a,ï lemSu isÿlrhs'
- ld,hla bj; oeuq ueKsla len,s ;dlaIKsl l%uj,ska ^oeä ;dmhg ,la lr& Wiia
;;a;ajfha ueKsla njg mßj¾;kh flfrhs'
ñksrkañksrkañksrkañksrkañksrka
- jir 180 l muK b;sydihla YS% ,xld ñksrka l¾udka;hg we;s w;r f,dalfha b;d
Wiia ñksrka ,efnk rgls'
- YS% ,xldfõ ñksrkaj, mú;%;djh ^ldnka m%;sY;h& 99]la muK jk ksid by<
wd¾Ól jákdlula we;'
- f,dal hqoaO iufha § f,dal ñksrka fjf<|mf,a taldêldßhla mj;ajdf.k hdug
;rï by< ksIamdokhla yd wmkhk jákdlula ;sî we;'
- ld¾ñl wuqøjHhla f,i o" ;dmh yd úÿ,sh i|yd ikakdhl;djlska hqla; øjHhlaf,i o ñksrka jeo.;a fõ'
N+f.da, úoHdj 13 jk fY%aKsh
116 .=re ud¾f.damfoaY ix.%yh
- YS% ,xldfõ nyq, jYfhka m%fhdackhg .kq ,nkafka mdIdKhka ys iajdNdúlme,Sï Tiafia" uyd Ouks jYfhka msysá ñksrka h'
- ;yvq jYfhka yd iqkanqka yd m;=re f,i msysá ñksrka úfYaIhla o YS% ,xldfjka,efí' fïjd ;,d;= ñksrka ^uhsld& jYfhka y÷kajhs'
- ;,d;= ñksrka Wiia mdrúoaHq;a Yla;shlska o úÿ,s mßjdrl yelshdjlska o by<;dmhla ord isàfï yelshdjlska o hqla; ksid bf,lafg%dksla WmlrK l¾udka;hgfnfyúka fhdod .kshs'
jHdma;sh- uOHu yd ksrs; os. m%foaYhka ys jHdma; j we;'- f,dal hqO iufha oS m;,a 6000 la muK ls%hd;aul jqj;a oekg ls%hd;aul jkafka
m;,a lsysmhls'- m<d;a f,i .;fyd;a niakdysr" ol=K" inr.uqj" jhU yd uOHu m<d;a ñksrka
nyq, j msysá m<d;a h'
- Ouks ñksrka yd ;,d;= ñksrka msysá ia:dk oelafjk is;shula my; oelafõ
N+f.da, úoHdj 13 jk fY%aKsh
117 .=re ud¾f.damfoaY ix.%yh
uq,dY%h ( fyar;a" fÊ' ví' ^1979&' YS% ,xldfõLKsc iïm;a" N+ úoHd iólaIK fomd¾;fïka;=j
9'1'3 is;shu
YS% ,xldfõ ñksrka jHdma;sh
N+f.da, úoHdj 13 jk fY%aKsh
118 .=re ud¾f.damfoaY ix.%yh
YS% ,xldfõ ;,d;= ñksrka jHdma;sh
uq,dY%h ( fyar;a" fÊ' ví'^1979& YS% ,xldfõ LKsc iïm;a" N+ úoHd iólaIK fomd¾;fïka;=j
9'1'4 is;shu
ksIamdokh
- ñksrka ld¾ñl wuqøjH f,i foaYSh j iq¿ m%udKhla Ndú; lrhs'
- wuqøjH f,i ñksrka úfoaY rgj,a rdYshlg wmkhkh lrhs 9'1'5 j.=j n,kak&'
- mekai,a" ñksrka fldaj" iafkaylhka" negß jeks ksIamdokhka i|yd wuqøjHhla
f,i Ndú; lrhs'
- jdfka ;ekSfï § o úÿ,sn, lghq;= i|yd o ñksrka Ndú; lrhs'
N+f.da, úoHdj 13 jk fY%aKsh
119 .=re ud¾f.damfoaY ix.%yh
ñksrka wmkhkh ^fuÜ%la fgdka &
Source : Geological survey and mines bureau Sri Lanka, ( 2008).
9'1'5 j.=j
kj m%jK;dkj m%jK;dkj m%jK;dkj m%jK;dkj m%jK;d
- oekg m;,aj, b;d .eUqf¾ ñksrka msysá ksid ksIamdok úhoï jeäùu
- oekg ñksrka l¾udka;fha fm!oa.,sl wxYh m%Odk jYfhka kshe,Ss isàu
- wdishdkq rgj,g lr we;s ñksrka wmkhkh by< hEu'
- tlai;a ckmoh yd tlai;a rdcOdksh" ngysr rgj,g lrk wmkhkfha m%uqLhka
njg m;aùu'
----- foaYSh ñksrka mßfNdackh o l%ufhka by< hñka mej;Su'
Qty.
65
140
220
328
20
25
-
1900
-
-
1080
0.48
-
-
-
40
60
674
248
Country
Australia
Bangladesh
China
Germany
Greece
India
Indonesia
Japan
Korea
New Zealand
Pakistan
Philippines
Singapore
South Africa
Taiwan
Thailand
Turkey
U.K
U.S.A
value
29384
34062
257822
276552
5400
11610
-
794445
-
-
239480
2390
-
-
-
26315
18450
683303
326515
Qty.
74
60
140
28
-
94
-
1406
-
-
1400
-
-
-
-
62
-
820
287
value
($)
19898
14745
153536
2153
-
53007
-
719908
-
-
355140
-
-
-
-
19300
-
1005630
445930
Qty.
86
40
60
80
-
544
-
1886
-
-
1500
0.24
-
-
-
80
-
700
300
value
($)
39900
11828
69400
49295
-
180746
-
10027631
-
-
392314
494
-
-
-
23580
-
707895
426630
Qty.
44
20
141
300
-
454
-
1440
-
-
1580
-
-
10
80
-
-
888
470
value
($)
27090
7100
127500
217749,06
-
-
-
767506
-
-
507200
-
3800
21700
7350
-
-
1200378
724252
2004 2005 2006 2007
N+f.da, úoHdj 13 jk fY%aKsh
120 .=re ud¾f.damfoaY ix.%yh
Lksc je,sLksc je,sLksc je,sLksc je,sLksc je,s
- YS% ,xldfjka ,efnk Lksc je,sj, m%Odk jYfhka my; Lksc øjHhka
wvx.= j we;'
b,aukhsÜ - 70-72] muK
rEghs,a - 8] muK
i¾fldaka - 8-10] muK
is,sukhsÜ - 1'0] muK
fudkihsÜ - 0'3] muK
- b;d by< jákdlula we;s Lksc je,s ixÑ; YS% ,xldfõ mq,auqfâ" lhsldj,"
fmd,afldgqj yd l=Èruf,a ;=vqj hk m%foaYj, olakg ,efí'
- fuys úYd,; u ksêh mq,auqfâ msysgd we;s w;r th fgdka ñ,shk 4la muK fj;ehs
.Kka n,d we;'
- mq,auqfâ ksêh f,dalfha Wiia ksêhla f,i i,lk w;r tys we;s ghsfÜkshï
Lkschkaf.a ixflakaøkh fjk;a Lksc je,s ksêj, olakg fkd ,efnk nj
y÷kdf.k we;'
- ghsfÜkshï ksIamdokh i|yd fhdod .kakd m%Odk;u Lksc øjHhka jkafka
b,aukhsÜ yd rEghs,ah'
jHdma;sh
- fuh ks,dje,sfha isg uq,;sõ olajd mq¿,a uqyqÿ ;Srhl jHdma; j mj;shs'
- mq,auqfâ we;s ksêh lsf,da óg¾ 10la muK È.ska yd óg¾ 100 l muK m<,lska
hqla; h'
- óg wu;r j jhU fjrf<a l=Èruf,a yd ksr; È. fjrf<a fmd,afldgqj yd lhsldj,
m%foaYfha idudkH ksê f,i msysgd we;'
ksIamdokh
- Lksc je,sj,ska b,aukhsÜ" rEghs,a yd i¾fldaka fjka lr .ekSu muKla
ksIamdokhkaa f,i fuys § oekg isÿ lrkq ,nhs'
- b,aukhsÜ" rEghs,a yd i¾fldaka wmkhkh i|yd u ksIamdokh lrhs'
- by; Lkschkaf.a foaYSh mßfNdackhla ke;s ;rï h'
- jd¾Isl j lrk ksIamdokhka" wmkhk;aa yd tys jákdlu;a my; j.=fõ olajd
we;'
N+f.da, úoHdj 13 jk fY%aKsh
121 .=re ud¾f.damfoaY ix.%yh
mq,auqfâ wdYs%; Lksc je,s jHdma;sh
Source : Sri Lanka mineral sands LTD.
9'1'6 is;shu
LKsc je,s
b,aukhsÜ
rEghs,a
i¾fldaka
LKsc ks¾hd;h" 2004 - 2006 ^remsh,a ñ,shk&
Source : Geological Survey and Mines Buirow records ( 2008).
9'1'7 j.=j
fgdka
36303
8162
23587
jákdlu
196.95
290.07
1266.07
fgdka
57034
2280
8321
jákdlu
373.26
59.19
579.56
jákdlu
646.65
292.42
526.41
2004 2005 2006
fgdka
121811.7
5108
11136
N+f.da, úoHdj 13 jk fY%aKsh
122 .=re ud¾f.damfoaY ix.%yh
m%jK;d
- miq.sh ld, jljdkqfõ § wdrlaIl fya;= u; Lksc je,s ksIamdokfha hï wvd<
ùula isÿúh' tfy;aa oeka h:d;;ajhg m;aù we;'
- mq,auqfâ mej;s fYdaOkd.drh ;%ia;%jd§ lghq;= ksid wlS%h j mej;sh;a ;s%l=Kdu,h
mej;s fYdaOkd.drh ls%hd;aul úh'
- bÈß ld,fha § Lksc je,s fYdaOkh ÈhqKq uÜgulg m;aùfï bvlv oeka ie<iS
we;'
wemghsÜwemghsÜwemghsÜwemghsÜwemghsÜ
- le,aishï fmdiafmaÜ ^Ca5 Po
4)
3& nyq, j wvx.= fmdiafmaÜ mdIdKhla f,i msysgd
we;'
- fuys m%Odk Lksch "wemghsÜ" f,i y÷kd f.k we;'
- Ydl j¾Okhg w;HjYH uQ, øjHhla jk fmdiamria 30]la muK fuu mdIdKj,
wvx.= neúka th l=vq lr fmdfydrla jYfhka Ndú; flfrhs'
- YS% ,xldfõ fmdiafmaÜ mdIdKfha wemghsÜ .Khg wh;a jk Lksch nyq, j we;s
ksid b;d by< wd¾Ól jákdlula we;s nj y÷kd f.k ;sfí'
jHdma;sh
- wkqrdOmqr Èia;s%lalfha tmamdj, m%foaYfhkaa fuu ksêh 1971 j¾Ifha wjidk
Nd.fha § fidhd .kakd ,§'
- j¾. lsf,daóg¾ 06l muK N+ñ m%udKhl fuu mdIdKh me;sß we;s w;r fgdka
ñ,shk 60la muK ;sfí hhs .Kka n,d we;'
- fuu ksêh óg¾ 125la muK fyda Bg jeä m%udKhlg .eUqrg msysgd we;s nj
y÷kdf.k we;'
ksIamdokh
- fmdiafmaÜ mdIdKh l=vq lr wuqøjHhla f,i ksl=;a lsÍu oekg isÿ lrkq ,nhs'
- fïjd ishqï f,i weUreKq úg fmdfydrla f,i Ndú; l< yelsh'
- fuu fmdiafmaÜ mdIdK l=vqj, we;s le,aishï fmdiafmaÜ Ydlj,g wjfYdaIKh
lr .ekSug §¾> ld,hla .; jk ksid wuqøjHhla f,i we;af;a iSñ; m%fhdackhla
nj woyia flf¾'
- úfYaIfhka ,xldfõ f;a" fmd,a" rn¾ jeks È.= ld,Sk fNda.j,g m%fhdackj;a
jkafka fï ksidh'
- iqm¾ fmdiafmaÜ yd ;s%;aj fmdiafmaÜ hkq b;d m%fhdackj;a tfuka u flá ld,Sk
fnda. i|yd Ndú; l< yels fmdfydrls' fuh ilia lr .ekSfï l¾udka;h fuys
we;s jeo.;a ld¾ñl ls%hdj,shls' fuh oekg isÿ jkafka ke;'
N+f.da, úoHdj 13 jk fY%aKsh
123 .=re ud¾f.damfoaY ix.%yh
- fuu wemghsÜ Ndú; lr ksmoúh yels fmdiafmÜ fmdfydr j¾. f,i
) frdla fmdiafmaÜ ) fudfkda wefudkshï fmdiafmaÜ
) á%m,a fmdiafmaÜ ) iqm¾ fmdiafmaÜ i|yka l< yels h'
- fmdiafmaÜ Ndú;hg .kakd m%Odk l¾udka; kï
) fmdfydr ) fnfy;a j¾. ) lD;s%u wiaÓ ksIamdokh
) msÕka NdKav ) ;Ska; j¾. ) i;aj wdydr ksIamdokh wdÈh
fmdiafmaÜ ksIamdokh yd tys wf<ú jákdlu my; oelafõ'
wemghsÜ wf<úh ^frdlafmdiaf*aÜ& fjf<|du 2004-2007
Source : Lanka Phosphate Ltd.
9'1'9 j.=jhmiahmiahmiahmiahmia
- YS% ,xldfjka fidhdf.k we;s hmiaj, hlv m%;sY;h f,dalfha Wiia hhs i,lkhmiaj, hlv m%;sY;hg jvd fndfyda fihska wvq ksid by< wd¾Ól jákdlulake;' ^60]lg jvd hlv m%;sY;h we;akï Wiia ;;a;ajfha hmia fõ&'
- ;jo úYd, ksê jYfhka msysgd ke;s w;r l=vd ksê f,i úiqreKq iajdNdjla .kS'th o fuys wd¾Ól jákdlu wvq lrhs'
- YS% ,xldfõ hmia ksê mq¿,a jYfhka fofldgila y÷kdf.k we;' I fmdf<dj u;=msg fyda ta wdikakj we;s ,sfudkhsÜ ksê II ;rula .eUqre j we;s ue.akhsÜ ksê
jHdma;shjHdma;shjHdma;shjHdma;shjHdma;sh- by; olajd we;s m<uq j¾.fha hmia r;akmqr" .d,a, yd ud;r Èia;s%lalj, ia:dk
lsysmhl jHdma; j we;s nj y÷kd f.k we;'- fojk j¾.hg wh;a hmia ksê ú,f.or" mksfrkavdj yd fiareú, m%foaYfhka
fidhd f.k ;sfí'- fiareú, yuq ù we;s ksêh b;d m%fhdackj;a jk ksêhla nj fidhd f.k we;'
úfYaIfhka tys hlv m%;sY;h 65]lg jeä nj lshhs' tfuka u thska ;j;a Lkscj¾. lsysmhla ,nd .; yelh' Wod ;U
j¾Ih
m%udKh fgdkajákdlure'ñ,shk
2004
44937
168.87
2005
41979
188.16
2006
44143
223.74
2007
40054
231.072
N+f.da, úoHdj 13 jk fY%aKsh
124 .=re ud¾f.damfoaY ix.%yh
YS% ,xldfõ fmria Lksc jHdma;sh
uq,dY%h( fyar;a" fÊ'ví'^1979&' YS% ,xldfõ Lksc iïm;a'
9'1'10 is;shu
ksIamdokh
- oekg YS% ,xldfõ hmia ksêj,ska hmia ydr .ekSula fkdlrhs'- hmia ksêj, msysàu;a" hmiaj, wvx.= hlv m%udKh wvqùu;a hk idOl u; tajd
oekg m%fhdackhg fkd.kshs'- foaYSh mßfNdackhg wjYH hlv wjYH;dj fuu ksêj,ska ,nd.; yels jqj;a ta
i|yd úYd, msßjehla oeÍu fjkqjg hlv wdkhkh oekg myiq ù we;'
m%jK;d
- YS% ,xldfõ hmia ksIal¾IKhla isÿfkdfõ' YS% ,xldfõ hlv wjYH;dj wdkhkslhlvj,ska isÿlr .kshs' tu ksid hmia wdYs%; ksIamdokj, m%jK;d fuys § y÷kd.ekSu .eg¨ iy.;h'
N+f.da, úoHdj 13 jk fY%aKsh
125 .=re ud¾f.damfoaY ix.%yh
ksmqK;d uÜguksmqK;d uÜguksmqK;d uÜguksmqK;d uÜguksmqK;d uÜgu 9'29'29'29'29'2 YS% ,xld wd¾Ólfha Lksc iïm;aj, jeo.;aluYS% ,xld wd¾Ólfha Lksc iïm;aj, jeo.;aluYS% ,xld wd¾Ólfha Lksc iïm;aj, jeo.;aluYS% ,xld wd¾Ólfha Lksc iïm;aj, jeo.;aluYS% ,xld wd¾Ólfha Lksc iïm;aj, jeo.;alu
wjOdrKh lrhs'wjOdrKh lrhs'wjOdrKh lrhs'wjOdrKh lrhs'wjOdrKh lrhs'
^ld,Éfþo04&^ld,Éfþo04&^ld,Éfþo04&^ld,Éfþo04&^ld,Éfþo04&
bf.kqï M,bf.kqï M,bf.kqï M,bf.kqï M,bf.kqï M, • YS% ,xld wd¾Ólhg Lksc iïm;aj, odhl;ajh úia;r lrhs'
• Lksc iïm;a rdYshla ;ju;a wuqøjH f,i muKla Ndú; jk
njg lreKq bÈßm;a lrhs'
• Lksc wdYs%; ld¾ñl ls%hdj,sh ;jÿrg;a ixj¾Okh úh hq;= nj
ms<s.kshs'
• cd;sl wdodhug" fiajd kshqla;shg yd m%dfoaYSh ixj¾Okhg
Lksc wdYs%; l¾udka;fhka úYd, odhl;ajhla ,nd.; yels nj
jgyd .kshs'
• Lksc iïm;a Wmfhdackfha § mdßißl ydks isÿjk nj;a tajd
wju lr .ekSug W;aidy l< hq;= njg;a lreKq bÈßm;a lrhs'
ye¢kaùuye¢kaùuye¢kaùuye¢kaùuye¢kaùu
YS% ,xldj w;HjYH Lksc iïm;a hï m%udKhla msysá rgla f,i y÷kd .; yelshs'
tu Lksc iïm;aj,ska Wmßu m%fhdackhla .ekSug ;ju;a wfmdfydi;a ù we;af;a thg
wod<jk ;dlaIKsl l%u yd Wmdh ud¾. Ndú;fha W!k;djhla ;jÿrg;a mj;sk fyhsks'
YS% ,xld wd¾Ólhg ie,lsh hq;= odhl;ajhla oekg we;s Lksc iïm;a u.ska ,nd §
;snqK o úYd, wd¾Ól m%fhdackhla ,nd.ekSug tu iïm;a wdYs%; ld¾ñl ls%hdj,sh
wfmdfydi;a j ;sfí' úfYaIfhka wuqøjH f,i wmkhk lsÍu fjkqjg oaù;Shsl ksIamdokhla
f,ij;a ixj¾Okh lr wmkhkh lrkafka kï úYd, wd¾Ól m%fhdackhla ,nd.; yels
j we;'
úIh lreKq meyeÈ,s lr.ekSug w;aje,laúIh lreKq meyeÈ,s lr.ekSug w;aje,laúIh lreKq meyeÈ,s lr.ekSug w;aje,laúIh lreKq meyeÈ,s lr.ekSug w;aje,laúIh lreKq meyeÈ,s lr.ekSug w;aje,la
ld¾ñl wuqøjH f,i jeo.;alu
wuqøjHwuqøjHwuqøjHwuqøjHwuqøjH ksIamdokhksIamdokhksIamdokhksIamdokhksIamdokh
ñksrka mekai,a" ldnkal+re" iafkaylhka" úÿ,s WmlrK
ueKsla iaj¾KdNrK" Tmoeuq ueKsla jákd hka;% i|yd
Lksc je,s ghsfÜkshï j¾Klh yd ghsfÜkshï f,dayh
wemghsÜ iqm¾ fmdiafmaÜ yd ;s%;aj fmdiafmaÜ fmdfydr
hmia hlv f,dayh
N+f.da, úoHdj 13 jk fY%aKsh
126 .=re ud¾f.damfoaY ix.%yh
Wmfhda.S;dj fjkia lsÍu weiqßka jákdlï jeä lsÍuWmfhda.S;dj fjkia lsÍu weiqßka jákdlï jeä lsÍuWmfhda.S;dj fjkia lsÍu weiqßka jákdlï jeä lsÍuWmfhda.S;dj fjkia lsÍu weiqßka jákdlï jeä lsÍuWmfhda.S;dj fjkia lsÍu weiqßka jákdlï jeä lsÍu
- Lksc wuqøjHhla f,i wmkhkh lrkakg fmr thska ksIamdokh l< yels oaù;Sshsl
ksIamokhlaj;a isÿlsÍug W;aidy .;fyd;a Lksc iïm;aj,ska jeä m%fhdackhla
,nd.ekSug wjia:djla ;sfí'
- Lksc u.ska úúO ksIamdokhka lsÍug yels jqjfyd;a tajdfha w;=re ksIamdok u.ska
o úYd, wd¾Ól m%fhdackhla w;a lr.; yels j we;'
- úfYaIfhka ñksrka" Lksc je,s" wemghsÜ yd fiareú, ue.akghsÜ Lkschkaf.a
ksIamdok ls%hdj,shla wdrïN l<fyd;a ,nd.; yels wd¾Ól jdis /ils'
Wod (
1' ishjia .Kkdjla ;=< u ñksrka wmkhkh lrkjd ñi thska lrk wjika
ksIamdokhla ;ju isÿ fkdlsÍu'
2' YS% ,xldfjka b;d wvq ñ,g f.khk f.jqv jákd ks,a ueKsla njg úfoaY
rgj, § mßj¾;kh lr .ekSu isÿjqj;a foaYSh j isÿ fkdùu'
3' foaYSh j wjYH jk fmdiafmaÜ fmdfydr wjYH;djka wemghsÜ ksêfhka
ksIamdokh lr fkd.ekSu'
4' Lksc je,sj,ska m%Odk Lksc lsysmhla fjkalr .ekSu muKla wo olajd u
isÿ jqj;a ghsfÜkshï jeks jákd f,dayhla ksiaidrKh lr .ekSug W;aidy
.;fyd;a úYd, wd¾Ól jákdlï ,nd.; yelsùu'
5' kefkda ;dlaIKh Ndú;fhka Lksc l¾udka;fhka úYd, m%;s,dN ,eìh
yelsùu'
- Lksc øjHj, ienE jákdlï jeä ÈhqKq lr .ekSug wjYH ;dlaIKh iu.
ksIamdok ls%hdj,shla wdrïN lsÍfï wjYH;djlaa oeä j mj;shs'
fiajd kshqla;shfiajd kshqla;shfiajd kshqla;shfiajd kshqla;shfiajd kshqla;sh
- ueá" yqKq.,a" ueKsla" ñksrka" Lksc je,s" is,sld je,s" .x.d je,s" wemghsÜ" mdIdK
j¾." wdÈ Lksc øjH wdY%fhka we;s ld¾ñl ls%hdj,shg fhduq ù we;s Rcq yd jl%
fiajd kshqla;sh ,laI 4la muK fj;ehs .Kka n,d ;sfí'
- by; fhdackd l< Lksc iïm;aj,ska lrk wjika ksIamdok ls%hdj,shla weröfuka
fuu fiajd kshqla;sh óg jvd lsysm .=Khlska jeä lr .; yels h'
- YS% ,xldfõ mj;sk fiajd úhqla;s m%Yakhg Lksc iïm;a weiqßka fyd| úi÷ula
iemhSug yelshdj we;'
m%dfoaYSh ixj¾Okh i|ydm%dfoaYSh ixj¾Okh i|ydm%dfoaYSh ixj¾Okh i|ydm%dfoaYSh ixj¾Okh i|ydm%dfoaYSh ixj¾Okh i|yd
- YS% ,xldfõ úúO m%foaYj, Lksc iïm;a j¾. jHdma; j we;af;a úiqreK iajdNdjhlg
nj y÷kd.; yelsh'
- ta ta Lksc iïm;a weiqßka isÿjk yd wkd.;fha l< yels j we;s ld¾ñl ls%hdj,sh
;=<ska ta ta m%foaYj, ixj¾Okhg úYd, msájy,la ,nd.; yels h'
N+f.da, úoHdj 13 jk fY%aKsh
127 .=re ud¾f.damfoaY ix.%yh
- fiajd iemhSu ;=<ska ta ta m%foaYj, ckhdg fyd| wd¾Ólhla fuka u" idudÔhSh
myiqlï ,nd Èh yelsh'
- ld¾ñl ls%hdj,sh ÈhqKq jqjfyd;a thska tu m%foaYj, há;, myiqlï jeä
ÈhqKqùfuka m%dfoaYSh ixj¾Okh fõ.j;a fjhs'
- we;eï Lksc wuqøjH weiqßka l¾udka; ÈhqKqùfuka jl% j ìysfjk /lshd wjia:d
yd wdodhï ud¾. jeä ÈhqKqfõ'
cd;sl wdodhug we;s odhl;ajhcd;sl wdodhug we;s odhl;ajhcd;sl wdodhug we;s odhl;ajhcd;sl wdodhug we;s odhl;ajhcd;sl wdodhug we;s odhl;ajh
- 2004 j¾Ifha o< cd;sl ksIamdokhg 2]l odhl;ajhla m;,a yd lekSï wxYfhka
,nd È we;'
- óg wu;r j ld¾ñl ksIamdok ls%hdj,sfhka 8]la wh;a lrf.k we;af;a Lksc øjH
wdYs%; l¾udka;j,sks'
- Lkscuh wmkhkj,ska 2007 j¾Ifha weußldkq fvd,¾ ñ,shk 136la Wmhdf.k
we; ^thska ueKslaj,ska muKla Wmhd f.k we;s jákdlu weußldkq fvd,¾
ñ,shk 120ls&'
- ueKsla yereKq úg wfkla Lksc iïm;a u.ska Wmhd we;s úfoaY úksuh b;d wvq nj
fmkShhs' thg fya;=j úh yelafla wuqøjH f,i Lksc wmkhkhhs'
^uq,dY%h ( YS% ,xld uy nexl= jd¾;dj" 2007&'
N+f.da, úoHdj 13 jk fY%aKsh
128 .=re ud¾f.damfoaY ix.%yh
ksmqK;d uÜguksmqK;d uÜguksmqK;d uÜguksmqK;d uÜguksmqK;d uÜgu 9'39'39'39'39'3 YS%,xldfõ Lksc iïm;a Wmfhdackfha § we;s jQYS%,xldfõ Lksc iïm;a Wmfhdackfha § we;s jQYS%,xldfõ Lksc iïm;a Wmfhdackfha § we;s jQYS%,xldfõ Lksc iïm;a Wmfhdackfha § we;s jQYS%,xldfõ Lksc iïm;a Wmfhdackfha § we;s jQ
mdßißl n,mEï wju lsÍug lghq;= lrhs'mdßißl n,mEï wju lsÍug lghq;= lrhs'mdßißl n,mEï wju lsÍug lghq;= lrhs'mdßißl n,mEï wju lsÍug lghq;= lrhs'mdßißl n,mEï wju lsÍug lghq;= lrhs'
^ld,Éfþo 10&^ld,Éfþo 10&^ld,Éfþo 10&^ld,Éfþo 10&^ld,Éfþo 10&
bf.kqï M, bf.kqï M, bf.kqï M, bf.kqï M, bf.kqï M, • Lksc iïm;a Wmfhdackfha § mdßißl ydkshla isÿjk
nj meyeos,s lrhs'
• Lksc iïm;a ksIal¾IKh lr.kafka N+ñfhka ksid c,jykhg
yd N+ o¾Ykhg tu.ska we;s jk n,mEu by< nj ms<s.kshs'
• Lksc l¾udka;hg Rcq j iïnkaO Y%ñlhkag wjodkula yd
fi!LH ;¾ckhla we;s nj jgyd .kshs'
• Lksc l¾udka;h ksid isÿjk mdßißl ydksfha m%;sM,hka ksid
m%foaYjdis ckhdf.a fi!LHhg we;s jk n,mEï o wjfndaO lr
.kshs'
• mdßißl ydksh wju lr.ekSfï l%u Ys,am we;=<;a ld¾ñl
ls%hdj,shl wjYH;dj jgyd .kshs'
ye¢kaùuye¢kaùuye¢kaùuye¢kaùuye¢kaùu
Lksc iïm;a msysgd we;af;a N+ñh u; fyda N+ñfha .eUqre ia:dkj,hs' Lksc ksIaamdokfha
§ mdßißl ydkshla iaÓrj u n,dfmdfrd;a;= úh hq;=h' tfy;a Lksc iïm;a ,nd.ekSfï
§ wm ,nk wd¾Ól jákdlu u; mdßißl ydksh fkdi,ld yeßh hq;= fkdfõ' isÿjk
mdßißl ydksfhka ck Ôú;hg isÿúh yels wdmod úfYaI ie,ls,a,g Ndckh lr fuu
Lksc iïm;a Wmfhdackh lr.; hq;= j we;' tfia fkd jqjfyd;a Lksc l¾udka;fhka
,nk wd¾Ól m%fhdackh ;djld,sl úh yels h' tfuka u mrsirfha fi!kao¾hd;aul w.h
fkdi,ld Lksc iïm;a ksIaldIKh fkdlsÍug o j. n,d.; hq;= j we;'
úIh lreKq meyeÈ,s lr.ekSug w;aje,laúIh lreKq meyeÈ,s lr.ekSug w;aje,laúIh lreKq meyeÈ,s lr.ekSug w;aje,laúIh lreKq meyeÈ,s lr.ekSug w;aje,laúIh lreKq meyeÈ,s lr.ekSug w;aje,la
• Lksc iïm;a Wmfhdackh yd tys mdßißl n,mEïLksc iïm;a Wmfhdackh yd tys mdßißl n,mEïLksc iïm;a Wmfhdackh yd tys mdßißl n,mEïLksc iïm;a Wmfhdackh yd tys mdßißl n,mEïLksc iïm;a Wmfhdackh yd tys mdßißl n,mEï
- ish¨ u Lksc j¾. fmdf<dfjka ksIal¾IKh lr .ekSfï isg ksIamdok ls%hdj,sh
olajd mj;skqfha mdßißl jYfhka oeä wys;lr ;;a;ajhlsks' úfYaIfhka N+
o¾Ykhg yd c,jykhg isÿjk n,mEu m%n, h'
c,jykhg we;s lrk n,mEïc,jykhg we;s lrk n,mEïc,jykhg we;s lrk n,mEïc,jykhg we;s lrk n,mEïc,jykhg we;s lrk n,mEï
- N+ñh úúO .eUqre uÜgï olajd leKsfuka ,nd.kakd Lksc j¾. ksid N+ñh u;=msg
úúO m%udKfha j,j,a yd mia l÷ ks¾udKh fõ'
- j¾IKh fya;= fldg mDÓú mDIaGhg ,efnk c,fhka fldgila fuu my;a
ia:dkhka ys r|d mj;shs'
- ueKsla leKSu yd yeÍu ksid c,jykh g isÿjk n,mEu wfkla Lksc iïm;a
j,g jvd jeä nj fmfka'
N+f.da, úoHdj 13 jk fY%aKsh
129 .=re ud¾f.damfoaY ix.%yh
- úfYaIfhka ueKsla Lksch fndfyda ÿrg ;ekam;a jkafka wjidê; mdIdK ia;r
;=< jk ksid .x.d wdYs%; j ueKsla .eÍu nyq, j isÿfõ'
- r;akmqr" n,xf.dv yd we,yer m%foaY wdYs%; j .,dniakd l¿ .Õ yd we,yer
m%foaYfhaa l¿ .Õ wdYs%; j isÿjk ueKsla .erSu ksid úYd, f,i c,jykhg
n,mEula isÿ lrhs'
- .x.dj .,dhk ud¾.h fndfyda úg fjkia jkafka .x.dj yrialr .x.d ksïk
m;af,a ueKsla m;,a ks¾udKh lsÍu ksid h'
- .x.dj .,k ÈYdj fjkia ùu isÿjkakdfiau .x.dfõ m<, m%udKh o fjkia ùu
isÿjkafka bjqre wdYs%; j ueKsla m;,a yeÍu ksidh'
- ueKsla b,a,ï fia§u yd .x.d bjqre lvd jeàu ksid .x.d m;=,a f.dvùu u.ska
.x.dj f.k hk c, m%udKh o wvqfõ' fuksid fndfyda úg .x.d msgdr .e,Su o
isÿfõ'
- ksrs;È. fudaiñka fmdaIKh jk r;akmqr m%foaYfha ksrka;r c,.e,Sï we;sùug o
ueKsla m;,a yeßu fya;= ù we;'
- f.dvìï wdYs%; j isÿ lrk ueKsla .eÍï ksid ks¾udKh jk m;,a fya;=fldg
f.k kdhhEïj,g f.dÿre fõ' fï ksid fmdf<dj u;=msg .,d.sh l=vd Èh
myrj,a uelShk w;r c, W,am;aj, iemhqï .uka ud¾.h o fjkiafõ' we;eï
úg c, W,am;a is§hdug o n,mEï we;sfõ'
N+ o¾Ykhg we;s jk n,mEïN+ o¾Ykhg we;s jk n,mEïN+ o¾Ykhg we;s jk n,mEïN+ o¾Ykhg we;s jk n,mEïN+ o¾Ykhg we;s jk n,mEï
- ueKsla" ñksrka" Lksc je,s hk kE u Lksc iïm;la Ndú;hg .ekSfuka isÿjkafka
tajd ;sfnk ia:dkfhka bj;a lr fjk;a ia:dkhlg mßjykh lsÍuhs'
- fjr< wdYs%; j we;s úúO j¾.fha Lksc je,s bj;a lsÍfuka fjr< bu Ldokh
isÿfõ' ta wkqj kj N+ o¾Ykhla ks¾udKh fõ'
- ueKsla .eÍu ñksrka yEÍu ksid úYd, j,j,a ìysjk ksid N+ o¾Ykh fjkiafõ'
tfiau j,j,a yeÍu ksid bj;a lrk mia f.dvìu f.dv .eiSu ksid l=vd m%udKfha
l÷.eg ks¾udKh fõ'
- kdhhEï o ueKsla .eÍu ksid isÿjk fyhska mj;sk N+ o¾Ykhg n,mEula lrñka
my;a m%foaYj, mia yd .,a f.dv .efia'
- w;ayßk ,o m;,a c,fhka msÍ j,j,a ks¾udKh ùu o isÿfõ'
- .x.d wdYs%; j ueKsla .eÍu fya;=fldg f.k fuf;la .x.dj .uka l< .uka
ud¾.h o fjkialg ,lafõ' kj N=ñhla Tiafia .x.dj .uka lrñka mej;sh N+
o¾Ykh fjkilg ,lalrhs'
- wemghsÜ jeks Lksc fndfyda úg l÷ wdYs%; j mdIdK wdY%h lrf.k ks¾udKh fõ'
fuu wemghsÜ Lksch ydrd .ekSu ksid tajd jHdma; ù ;snq m%foaYfha úYd, j,j,a
ks¾udKh jk w;r lkao o bj;a ù hhs'
N+f.da, úoHdj 13 jk fY%aKsh
130 .=re ud¾f.damfoaY ix.%yh
- l=uk fyda wdldrfha Lkschla yeßu ksid Ydl moaO;shg o n,mEula isÿjk fyhska
m%foaYfha mdxY= Ldokh W.% fõ' tu ksid meje;s iajdNdúl N+o¾Ykh fjkilg
,lafjñka mej;s iajdNdúl fi!kao¾hh úkdY úh yels h'
fi!LHhg we;s lrk n,mEïfi!LHhg we;s lrk n,mEïfi!LHhg we;s lrk n,mEïfi!LHhg we;s lrk n,mEïfi!LHhg we;s lrk n,mEï
- úúO Lksc j¾. ksIal¾IKfha § mßjykfha § yd ta wdYs%; NdKav ksIamdokh hk
lghq;=j, § ksl=;a jk Lksc wxY= ksid ta wdYs%; ld¾hhka ys fhfokakkag úúO
f,v frda. je<foa'
- ueKsla Lksch yeÍu ksid ks¾udKh jk j,j,a fya;=fldg f.k tys lïlrejkag
uef,aßhd" nrjd jeks frda. fndaùug we;s yelshdj by< h'
- óg wu;r j ueKsla m;,a wdYs%; m%foaYj, ck;djg o uÿrejka ud¾.fhka fndajk
frda. jHdma; jk w;r c,h ÿIKh ùu ksid we;s jk frda.j,g o ck;djg
uqyqK §ug isÿfõ'
- ueKsla .rkakka ojfia jeä ld,hla c,h iu. .; lsÍu ksid úúO frda.j,g
f.dÿre fõ'
- ñksrka l¾udka;fha fhfokakka nyq, f,i frda. mSvdj,g ,lajkafka ñksrka
Lkscfhka ksl=;a jk wxY= fldgia ksid h'
- fmky¨ frda." wlaIs frda. yd p¾u frda.hkag o tu lïlre ck;dj ks;r
f.dÿre ùfï m%jK;djla mj;s'
- óg wu;r j ueKsla yd ñksrka m;,a wdYs %; j úI jdhq ldkaÿj yd
ldnkafudfkdlaihsâ jdhqj wdYajdi lsÍu ksid we;eï úg urKhg o m;afõ'
- we;eï úg m;,a lvd jeàu ksid o lïlrejka wk;=rej,g f.dÿrefõ'
- yqKq.,a msÉÖu ;=<ska ksl=;ajk ldnkavfhdlaihsâ nyq, jdhqj ksid fi!LHhg
;¾ckhla we;'
• mdßißl ydksh wju lsÍumdßißl ydksh wju lsÍumdßißl ydksh wju lsÍumdßißl ydksh wju lsÍumdßißl ydksh wju lsÍu
Lksc j¾. uy fmd<fjka ksYal¾IKh lr .ekSfï isg ksIamdok ls%hdj,sh olajd
jQ iuia; ld¾hfha § mdßißl jYfhka úYd, wys;lr ;;a;ajhla ks¾udKh ù we;' mq¾K
f,i mßir ydksh je<elaùug fkd yels jqj;a mßir ydksh wju lsÍfï ls%hdud¾. .;
hq;= j we;' ta w;r u;= oelafjk ls%hdud¾. .ekSu ;=<ska mßir ydksh wju lr.; yelsh'
N+f.da, úoHdj 13 jk fY%aKsh
131 .=re ud¾f.damfoaY ix.%yh
mßir ys;ldñ wdl,am j¾Okh lsÍumßir ys;ldñ wdl,am j¾Okh lsÍumßir ys;ldñ wdl,am j¾Okh lsÍumßir ys;ldñ wdl,am j¾Okh lsÍumßir ys;ldñ wdl,am j¾Okh lsÍu
- kS;Hkql+, j lekSï l¾udka;j, fh§u - kS;Hkql+, fkdjk ueKsla m;,a$je,sf.dv oeóu$ ysß.,a leãu jeks fohska isÿjk mßir ydksh úYd, h'wkjirfhka isÿjk m;,a lekSïj, § iSud rys; j yd ms<sfj<lska f;dr j Lksciïm;a lekSï isÿfõ' fuhska úYd, mßir .eg¨ we;s lrhs'
- úfYaIfhka wkjir je,s f.dv oeóu" ysß.,a leãu jeks lghq;=j,ska bj;a jfjk;a wd¾Ól lghq;=j,ska tu bmhSï fidhd .ekSug W;aiql ùfuka isÿ jkmßir ydksh wju lr.; yelshs'
- kS;Hkql+,j jqj o Lksc lekSfï § mßir ys;ldñ l%fudamdhhka ms<sme§u- Lksc lekSSfuka wk;=re j yEreKq j,j,a kej; jid oeóu" tla ia:dkhlska
je,sf.dv .ekSu ksr;=re j isÿ fkdlsÍu jeks mßir ys;ldñ wdl,am j¾Okhlr.; hq;=h'
- Lksc wrmsßueiaulska hqla; j mßfNdackh lsÍu w;súYd, ksjdi bÈlsÍu" bÈlsÍïir, fkdùu" w;sßla; ksIamdokh jeks oE u.ska Lksc kdia;shla isÿfõ' fï ksidLksc wrmsßueiaulska Ndú;hg ñksid keUqre l< hq;=h'
- Lksc leKSï j, § mßir ys;ldñj lghq;== lsÍu iïnkaO j Wmfoia mdi,a úIhks¾foaYj,g we;=<;a lsÍu u.ska mßir ys;ldñ wdl,am j¾Okh l< yelsh'
- mßir ixúOdk iñ;s wdh;k" rdcH fkdjk ixúOdkj, ld¾hhka iu. noaO ùLksc ld¾ñlhkaf.a yd mdßfNda.slhkaf.a wdl,am j¾Okh l< hq;=hs'
- Lksc ksYal¾IKfha § isÿjk mßir ydksh j<lajd .ekSug m%cdjg o hï j.lSulawe;' úfYaIfhka wkjir Lksc lekSï ms<sn| wdod< n,Odß wdh;k oekqj;a lr
th j<lajd .ekSug lghq;= l< hq;=h'
wod< wK mk;a ls%hd;aul lsÍuwod< wK mk;a ls%hd;aul lsÍuwod< wK mk;a ls%hd;aul lsÍuwod< wK mk;a ls%hd;aul lsÍuwod< wK mk;a ls%hd;aul lsÍu
YS% ,xldfõ Lksc iïm;a Wmfhdackh yd tu lghq;= md,kh i|yd wjYH ffk;sl
miqìu ilia lr .ekSug u;= wK mk;a ls%hd;aul ù we;'
) 1992 wxl 33 orK m;,a yd Lksc øjH mk;
) 1992 wxl 33 orK m;,a yd Lksc øjh mkf;a 26 j.ka;sh wkqj YS% ,xldfõ kEu
ia:dkhl msysá ´kE u Lkschl ysñlu rch i;=fõ'
) by; mkf;a 34 fjks j.ka;shg wkqj by; ld¾hhka i|yd n,m;% ksl=;a l<
yelafla N+ úoHd iólaIK yd m;,a ld¾hdxYhghs'
) .x.d m;=,aj,ska je,s leKSu ms<sn| wjir m;% ,nd.; hq;af;a m%foaYSh f,alï
ld¾hd,fhka h'
) 1993 jif¾ leKsï ^n,m;%& fr.=,dis wxl 01 u.ska Lksc iïm;a Wmfhdackfha
§ n,mj;a jk mdßißl ks;Sß;s y÷kajd § we;'
by; i|yka wKmk;a ksjerÈ j ls%hd;aul lsÍfuka yd fuu ld¾hhg iïnkaO wdh;k
yd m%cdj iduqysl j lghq;= lsÍfuka md,khlska hqla; j Lksc l¾udka;h mj;ajd
f.k hd yelsh'
N+f.da, úoHdj 13 jk fY%aKsh
132 .=re ud¾f.damfoaY ix.%yh
foaYmd,k lemùufoaYmd,k lemùufoaYmd,k lemùufoaYmd,k lemùufoaYmd,k lemùu
- kS;Hkql+, fkdjk Lksc leKSï je<elaùug fldf;la kS;s Í;s mej;=K o tajd
n,.ekaùug foaYmd,k lemùula wjYH nj úúO isÿùï Tiafia fmkShk lreKls
- wkjir je,sf.dv oeóu" ueKsla m;,a" ysß.,a leãï" .,a j,j,a mj;ajd f.k hdu
jeks oE msgqmi foaYmd,k ueÈy;a ùï ;snq wjia:d wikakg ,efí' fï ksid
fldf;l=;a wK mk;a kS;s Í;s ;snqK o tajd ksjerÈ j ls%hd;aul lsÍug fkdyels
jq wjia:d olakg we;'
- ;sridr mßir ixrlaIKhlg lemjqKq kdhl;ajhla ;sîfuka uyck;djf.a yd
m;,a lrejkaf.a fkdoekqj;a Ndjhlska isÿjk mdßißl ydksh wju lr .;
yelsh'
- m;,a lïlrejkag fiajd ia:dkj, § isÿjk wk;=re ;;a;ajhka yd je<fok
f,vfrda.j,ska uqojd .ekSug hïlsis foaYmd,k ueÈy;aùula wjYH nj fmfka'
- foaYmd,k mCIj, mlaI m%{ma;Sj, fujeks lemùï we;=<;a ùu jeo.;a fõ'
wdYs%; .%ka:wdYs%; .%ka:wdYs%; .%ka:wdYs%; .%ka:wdYs%; .%ka:
- fyar;a" fÊ'ví" 1979&' YS% ,xldfõ Lksc iïm;a" N+úoHd iólaIK fomd¾;fïka;=j'
- YS% ,xldfõ iajNdúl iïm;a" ^1994&' ñysl; wdh;kfha m%ldYkhls'
- LKsc mdIdK yd mßirh" YS% ,xld N+ úoHd ix.ufhaa m%ldYkhls'
- YS% ,xld uyd nexl= jd¾;dj" ^2008&'
- chfldä" ir;a" ^2008&' YS% ,xldfõ ;srir ixj¾Okh wNsfhda. yd m%;spdr" l¾;D
m%ldYkhls'
- Sri Lanka Minerals Year Book, (2008 ). G.S.M. Bureau
- Geological Survey and Mines Bureau Report.
- Herath,J.W,(1998). Mineral based industries of Sri lanka,Department of Geological Sur-
vey and Mines Bureau.
N+f.da, úoHdj 13 jk fY%aKsh
133 .=re ud¾f.damfoaY ix.%yh
bf.kqï b.ekaùï ls%hdldrlïbf.kqï b.ekaùï ls%hdldrlïbf.kqï b.ekaùï ls%hdldrlïbf.kqï b.ekaùï ls%hdldrlïbf.kqï b.ekaùï ls%hdldrlï
ls%hdldrlu - 1ls%hdldrlu - 1ls%hdldrlu - 1ls%hdldrlu - 1ls%hdldrlu - 1
YS% ,xldfõ Lksc iïm;a wdYs%; j bf.k .;a f;dr;=rej,ska my; j.=j iïmq¾K
lrkak'
Lksch jHdma; j we;s Lksch wdYs%; j fjk;a úfYaI
m%foaY lrk ksIamdok f;dr;=re
ls%hdldrlu - 2ls%hdldrlu - 2ls%hdldrlu - 2ls%hdldrlu - 2ls%hdldrlu - 2
Tn m%foaYh wdYs%; j by; idlÉcd lrk ,o Lksc iïm;a wd¾Ól jYfhka
m%fhdackhg .kq ,nk wjia:d ;sìh yelsh' tfia kï tu Lksc iïm;a wdYs%; j my;
lreKq idlÉcd lrkak'
- wd¾Ól jeo.;alu
- mdßißl n,mEu
- mdßißl n,meï wju lsÍug .; yels mshjr
N+f.da, úoHdj 13 jk fY%aKsh
134 .=re ud¾f.damfoaY ix.%yh
ksmqK;dj - 10ksmqK;dj - 10ksmqK;dj - 10ksmqK;dj - 10ksmqK;dj - 10
l¾udka;j, ia:dk.;ùfï l%shdj,sh mÍlaId lr Y%S ,xldfõl¾udka;j, ia:dk.;ùfï l%shdj,sh mÍlaId lr Y%S ,xldfõl¾udka;j, ia:dk.;ùfï l%shdj,sh mÍlaId lr Y%S ,xldfõl¾udka;j, ia:dk.;ùfï l%shdj,sh mÍlaId lr Y%S ,xldfõl¾udka;j, ia:dk.;ùfï l%shdj,sh mÍlaId lr Y%S ,xldfõ
ld¾ñl ixj¾Okhg fhdackd bÈßm;a lrhsld¾ñl ixj¾Okhg fhdackd bÈßm;a lrhsld¾ñl ixj¾Okhg fhdackd bÈßm;a lrhsld¾ñl ixj¾Okhg fhdackd bÈßm;a lrhsld¾ñl ixj¾Okhg fhdackd bÈßm;a lrhs
ksmqK;d uÜguksmqK;d uÜguksmqK;d uÜguksmqK;d uÜguksmqK;d uÜgu 10'1 f,dalfha l¾udka; ia:dk.; ùug n,mdk idOl
ksoiqka weiqßka mÍlaId lrhs'^ld,Éfþo 10&^ld,Éfþo 10&^ld,Éfþo 10&^ld,Éfþo 10&^ld,Éfþo 10&
bf.kqï M,bf.kqï M,bf.kqï M,bf.kqï M,bf.kqï M, l f,dalfha l¾udka; ia:dk.; ùug n,mdk idOl kï lrhs'
l w;S;fha § l¾udka; ia:dk.; ùu flfrys fN!;sl idOl
n,mE nj m%ldY lrhs'
l kQ;kfha § fN!;sl idOl wNsnjd udkqI idOl bÈßhg meñK
we;s nj y÷kd .kshs'
l f,dalfha tla tla rgj, olakg we;s úúO l¾udka; ia:dk.;
ùug n,md we;s idOl j.= .; lrhs'
l ksIamdok l¾udka;j, jHdma;sh f,dal is;shul ,l=Kq lr kï
lrhs'
ye¢kaùuye¢kaùuye¢kaùuye¢kaùuye¢kaùu
ñksidf.a ueÈy;aùu ;=<ska ksIamdok idOl iu. iajdNdúl iïm;a yiqrejd ñksia
wjYH;d imqrd,Sug ksñ fyda w¾O ksñ NdKav ksIamdokh lsÍfï l%shdj,sh ksIamdok
l¾udka;hla f,i ye¢kafõ' fuys § iajdNdúl iïm;a" wuqøjH yd n,Yla;sh Ndú; lr
l¾udka; Yd,dj, § NdKav ksIamdokh lrhs'
ksIamdok l¾udka;j,g §¾> b;sydihla we;' udkj YsIagdpdrh wdrïN jQQ hq.fha isg
wo olajd ñksia wjYH;d bgq lr .ekSu i|yd úúO oE fkdfhla whqßka ksIamdokh lr
.ekSug ñksid Wkkaÿ ù we;' ir, Èú fmj;la uq,a ld,fha § .; l< ñksid kj fidhd
.ekSï iu. u ixlS¾K NdKav Ndú;hg yqre mqreÿ úh' úfYaIfhka ld¾ñl úma,jfhka
miqj úúO ld¾ñl NdKav ksmoùug ñkssidf.a oekqu yd ;dlaIK Ys,am l%u fhdod f.k w;s
úYd, ixlS¾K l%shdoduhkaf.ka NdKav j¾. ksmoúh' we;eï úg f,dal hqoaO we;s ùug
fuka u j¾;udkfha f,dalfha oelsh yels úúO l,flda,dy, ìysùfï fya;=j f,i o fuu
l¾udka; wxYfha ksmhqï bjy,a jkakg we;ehs o is;sh yelsh' j¾;udk mdrsißl w¾nqo
j, § l¾udka; wxYh m%Odk fõ'
ixj¾ê; yd ixj¾Okh fjñka mj;sk rgj,a f,i j¾. lsÍfï § fuu ld¾ñl
NdKavj, ksIamdokh lsÍfï m%udKh o fndfyda úg i,ld n,hs' wfußld tlai;a ckmoh"
ì%;dkH yd cmdkh jeks ld¾ñl rgj,a ;u o< foaYsh ksIamdokfhka jeä m%;sY;hla
l¾udka; wxYfhka ,nd fohs' we;eï rgj,a ;u rg ;=<ska u l¾udka; i|yd wjYH wuqøjH
,nd .kakd w;r ;j;a rgj,a wjYH wuqøjH wdkhkh lr ksIamdokh lrkq ,nhs' rgl
lDIs wxYfha fyda fiajd wxYfha fyda ÈhqKqjg fuu l¾udka; wxYfha ÈhqKqj Rcq j n,mdk
N+f.da, úoHdj 13 jk fY%aKsh
135 .=re ud¾f.damfoaY ix.%yh
ksid iEu rgla u ksIamdok l¾udka; wxYfha ÈhqKqjg lghq;= lrhs' fuys § ta ta rgj,
ksIamdok l¾udka; ia:dk.; ùug úúO idOl n,mdhs' fuu tallfhka wfmalaId
lrkqfhaa f,dj m%Odk u wd¾Ól lghq;a;la jk ksIamdok l¾udka; ia:dk.; ùug n,mE
tjeks idOl l¾udka; lsysmhla mokï lrf.k wOHhkh lsÍuhs'
úIh lreKq meyeÈ,s lr.ekSug w;aje,laúIh lreKq meyeÈ,s lr.ekSug w;aje,laúIh lreKq meyeÈ,s lr.ekSug w;aje,laúIh lreKq meyeÈ,s lr.ekSug w;aje,laúIh lreKq meyeÈ,s lr.ekSug w;aje,la
• f,dalfha ksIamdok l¾udka; ia:dk.; ùug n,mdk idOl f,dalfha ksIamdok l¾udka; ia:dk.; ùug n,mdk idOl f,dalfha ksIamdok l¾udka; ia:dk.; ùug n,mdk idOl f,dalfha ksIamdok l¾udka; ia:dk.; ùug n,mdk idOl f,dalfha ksIamdok l¾udka; ia:dk.; ùug n,mdk idOl
- ,dN ,eîu" /lshd W;amdokh" m%dfoaYSh ixj¾Okh" iïm;a Wmfhdackh hkd
§ wruqKq we;s j l¾udka; ia:dk.; lsÍfï § wod< wruqKq bgqlr .ekSug
yels jk fia l¾udka; ia:dk .; l< hq;=h'
- iuyr l¾udka; wdrïN lsÍfï § tla idOlhla o we;eï l¾udka; ia:dk .;
lsÍfï § idOl lsysmhla o n,mdhs'
- j¾;udkfha § fndfyda úg by; idOlj,g wu;r j fm!oa.,sl idOl uq,a
lrf.k o l¾udka; ia:dk .; lr we;'
- l¾udka; ia:dk.; ùug n,mdk idOl m%Odk fldgia folls'
) fN!;sl idOl
) udkqI yd wd¾Ól idOl
- fN!;sl idOlj,g wh;a jkafka my; oelafjk idOlhka h'
) N+ñh
) wuqøjH
) n,Yla;sh
) foaY.=Kh
) iq.u;dj
- udkqI yd wd¾Ól idOl jkafka my; oelafjk idOlhka h
) m%d.aOkh ^udkj yd fN!;sl &
) Y%uh mqyqKq yd kqmqyqKq&
) ;dlaIKh
) fjf<|fmd< ^m%dfoaYsh$foaYsh$l,dmsh$cd;Hka;r &
) m%jdykh
) rdcH m%;sm;a;s
) udkj yd fN!;sl iïm;a msysgd we;s ÿr
) fjk;a
N+f.da, úoHdj 13 jk fY%aKsh
136 .=re ud¾f.damfoaY ix.%yh
hlv yd jdfkaa l¾udka;hhlv yd jdfkaa l¾udka;hhlv yd jdfkaa l¾udka;hhlv yd jdfkaa l¾udka;hhlv yd jdfkaa l¾udka;h
fndfyda rgj, ld¾ñlrKfha moku ù we;af;a o hlv yd jdfka l¾udka;hhs' b;d
l=vd .Dy WmlrKfha isg keõ yd .=jkahdkd ;ekSu olajd u hlv yd jdfka l¾udka;h
odhl ù we;' fuu l¾udka;h iuia; l¾udka; l%shdj,sh ;=< jeo.;a ùug lreKq lsysmhla
n,md we;'
I. l,ameje;au yd Yla;su;a nj w;ska fjk;a f,dayj,g jvd Wiia ;;a;ajhlska
mej;SuII. lïmkhg yd ;dmhg Tfrd;a;= §u
III. fjk;a f,dayj,g jvd kuHYS,s ùu
- wfußld tlai;a ckmoh" reishdj" ì%;dkH" bkaÈhdj" cmdkh" b;d,sh" m%xYh yd
Ökh jeks rgj,a hlv yd jdfka l¾udka;fha fh§ isáhs'
- hlv yd jdfka l¾udka;h i|yd wjYH wuqøjH jkqfha"
) hmia ^fyughsâ" ,sfudkhsÜ" ue.akghsÜ&
) .,a w`.=re c;= (Anthracite), m%c;= (Bituminous), ,s.akhsÜ (Lignite&
) yqKq.,a
) fvd,uhsÜ
) ueka.kSia
) c,h
- by; wuqøjH ,nd f.k l¾udka;h id¾:l f,i lrf.k hdug tlS iïm;a
wdY%s; j hlv yd jdfka l¾udka;h ia:dk.; lr we;'
- wfußld tlai;a ckmofha mxpuyd ú,a winv m%foaYfha yd bkaÈhdfõ ofudaod¾
.x.d ksïk m%foaYfha fuu l¾udka;h ia:dk.; lr we;af;a wuqøjH moku u;h'
- wfußld tlai;a ckmofha ñÑ.ka yd yshqrka ú,a wjg we;s hmia fl;a yd wem,dÑhka
.,a w`.=re fl;a ksid ñÑ.ka ú,anv m%foaYfha yd mSÜian¾.a m%foaYfha l¾udka;h
ia:dk.; ù we;' wuqøjH moku thg n,md we;'
- wuqøjH CIh ùu ksid o l¾udka; ia:dk.;ùu fjkia ù we;'
- bkaÈhdfõ ceïfIâmq¾ wi<ska .,a w`.=re yd hmia fl;a msysgd ;sîu ksid o"
ofudaod¾ .x.dfjka c,h ,nd .ekSug yels ksid o ceïfIâmQ¾j, l¾udka;h
ia:dk.; lr we;'
- fuu l¾udka;h ia:dk.; ùu i|yd m%jdykh m%n, odhl;ajhla ,nd fohs' ú,a
yd .x.d wdY%s; j keõ u.ska wuqøjH yd NdKav m%jdykfha fhfohs'
Wod ( mxpuyd ú,a yd Ydka; f,darkaia .x.dj - bkaÈhdfõ ofudao¾ .x.dj
- cmdkfha hlv yd jdfka l¾udka;h ia:dk.; ùu idïm%odhsl idOlj,
n,mEfuka f;dr j isÿ ù we;' cmdkh fuu l¾udka;fha fh§ug úfoaY rgj,ska
hlv iqkanqka yd hmia wdkhkh lrhs' fuys § n,md we;af;a merKs l¾udka;
ia:dk.; ùug n,mE idOl fkdfõ' Tjqkaf.a fj<|fmd< idOlh yd mßjykfha
ÈhqKqj fuhg bjy,a ù we;'
Wod ( fgdalsfhda" kdf.dhd" fldafí
N+f.da, úoHdj 13 jk fY%aKsh
137 .=re ud¾f.damfoaY ix.%yh
- b;sydifha f,dj hlv yd jdfka l¾udka;h i|yd m%uqLfhda jQfha ì%;dkH" wfußld
tlai;a ckmoh" c¾uksh jeks ngysr rgj,a h' thg fndfyda ÿrg fya;= jqfha
wuqøjH ,eîfï jdishhs' tfy;a Tjqka ysñlr f.k ;snq ia:dkh wo jk úg
kef.kysr wdishdj m%uqL wdishd rgj,a jk Ökh" cmdkh" bkaÈhdj" uef,aishdj
jeks rgj,a ysñlr f.k we;af;a udkj idOlhkaf.a n,mEï fN!;sl idOlhkaf.a
n,mEu wNsnjd hdu ksid h'
Wod ( Ökh ^uekapqßhd" wkaIdka" hxIqjdka& cmdkh ^W;=re lshqIq " Tidld&
bkaÈhdj ^ceïfIâmq¾&
keõ l¾udka;hkeõ l¾udka;hkeõ l¾udka;hkeõ l¾udka;hkeõ l¾udka;h
- wka;¾ cd;sl fj<|dfï § NdKav yqjudrefõ § yd ëjr lghq;= fjkqfjka o
wjYH lrk l=vd m%udKfha isg úYd, m%udKfha keõ olajd keõ ksIamdokh fï
hgf;a isÿ fõ'
- hqO keõ" ëjr keõ" iqfLdamfNda.s hd;%d" Lksc f;,a m%jdyk keõ" NdKav yd u.S
m%jdyk keõ wd§ jYfhka úúO j¾.fha keõ ksIamdokh lrhs'
- ì%;dkH" wfußld tlai;a ckmoh" fkda¾fõ hk rdcH uq,a ld,j, § fuys
m%uqLfhda jQ w;r j¾;udkfha § cmdkh" Ökh" ol=Kq fldßhdj" ;dhsjdkh we;=¿
rgj,a lsysmhla o l¾udka;hg wj;S¾K ù we;'
- keõ l¾udka;h ia:dk.; ùfï § f.dvìï m%foaYh ;eks;,d m%foaYhlaùu yd
wdikak uqyqo lvf;d¨ iys; .eUqre fjr<la ùu m%n, idOlhla fõ' keõ
;ekSug .eUqre yd lvf;d¿ fjr< jeo.;a jk w;r wuqøjH .nvd lsÍug ;eks;,d
N+ñh bjy,a fõ' fuksid fkda¾fõ" fko¾,ka;" ì%;dkH" wfußld tlai;a
ckmoh" Ökh yd cmdkh hk rgj, by; idOl bjy,a lrf.k l¾udka;h
ia:dk .; lr we;'
Wod ( ghska"àia" fn,amdiaÜ" úYdldmÜkï" fnd,aáfuda¾ "yqiagka" .a,diaf.da"
weïiag¾vEï" frdg¾vEï fuu k.rj, mqkS, fudah msysgd ;sîu keõ
l¾udka;hg myiq ù we; ^fld<U jrdh o uE;l isg jeo.;ah&'
- m%Odk wuqøjH jkafka hlv yd jdfka ksid tu wuqøjH ksIamdokh lrk m%foaY
wdY%s;j u fuu l¾udka;h ia:dk.; lrhs' tfy;a fndfyda úg jdfka lïy,a
keõ ;gdldx.k wi< u msysgqjd ;sîu ksid keõ l¾udka;hg jvd myiq h'
Wod ( Tidld
- foaY.=Kh o jeo.;a idOlhla jkafka È.= ld,hla ;siafia c,h fkdñfok ;;a;ajhla
meje;sh hq;= ùu keõ l¾udka;hg w;HjYHùu ksihs'
- keõ l¾udka;h wêl m%d.aOkhla wjYH jk l¾udka;hls' fï ksid fuu l¾udka;hg
rdcH wkq.%yh w;HjYH fõ' OkjdÈ wd¾Ólhla iys; rgj,a jk ì%;dkH" wfußld
tlai;a ckmoh" fko¾,ka;h wdÈh fï i|yd uQ,Huh m%d.aOkhla fhdojhs'
cmdkh yd bkaÈhdjg o fuu yelshdj we;s ksid keõ l¾udka;h isÿ lrhs' wd¾Ól
w;ska ÿn, rgj,a fuu l¾udka;hg fhduq fkdjkafka by< m%d.aOkhla tu rgj,g
fhoùug fkdyels ùu ksid h'
N+f.da, úoHdj 13 jk fY%aKsh
138 .=re ud¾f.damfoaY ix.%yh
- keõ l¾udka;h lsishï rgl ia:dk.; ùu i|yd by; oelajQ N+ñh" wuqøjH"
foaY.=Kh" m%d.aOkh keue;s idOl fuka u rdcH wkq.%yh o w;HjYH idOlhls'
rdcH wkq.%yh hgf;a wdrlaIdj" wdfhdaclhka Èß .ekaùu" ffk;sl rduqjla
iemhSu hkdÈh ,eìh hq;= h' by; rgj,g fuu rdcH wkq.%yh fkd wvqj ,eî we;'
fudag¾ r: l¾udka;hfudag¾ r: l¾udka;hfudag¾ r: l¾udka;hfudag¾ r: l¾udka;hfudag¾ r: l¾udka;h
- 20 jk Y;j¾Ifha f,dalfha úYsIaG; u ia:dkhla ysñ lr .kakd wxYhla f,i
fudag¾ r: l¾udka;h ye¢kaúh yelsh' fvd,¾ ñ,shk .Kkla wdodhï bmo úh
yels fuka u" ñ,shk .Kklg /lshd wjia:d Wod lr fok yd úúO l¾udka;
j,ska Wmldrl fiajd ,nd.kakd wxYhla jYfhka o fudag¾ r: l¾udka;h
j¾;udkfha § ÈhqKqjg m;a j we;'
- fudag¾ r: l¾udka;fhka ñksidf.a .ukd.ukh fuka u ñksidf.a nyqúO ld¾hhka
/ila b;d blaukska lr .ekSug yelshdj we;' w;S;fha § fudag¾ r: l¾udka;fha
m%uqLfhda jqfha hqfrdamd rgj,a h' tfy;a wo jk úg cmdkh" ol=Kq fldßhdj"
uef,aishdj jeks rgj,a bÈßhg meñK we;'
- fudag¾ r: l¾udka;fha ia:dk.; ùug m%Odk f,i hlv yd jdfka l¾udka;h
mej;Su jvd fhda.H fõ' ì%;dkH" wfußld tlai;a ckmoh" bkaÈhdj jeks rgj,a
fuys§ m%uqLfhda jkafka tu rgj,a hlv yd jdfka o ksmojk ksid h' fïjdfha
hlv yd jdfka uOHia:dk wdYs%;j fudag¾r: l¾udka;h ia:dk .; úh'
- N+ñh o ;j;a idOlhls' ;eks;,d N+ñhla msysàu ksid jdyk ksmoùug wjYH
bvlv yd wuqøjH f.dv.id ;nd .ekSug myiqjla we;s fõ Wod ( fgdalsfhda"
- n,Yla;sh wfkl=;a l¾udka;j,g fuka u fudag¾ r: l¾udka;hg ke;sj u neß
iïm;ls' Lksc f;,a" .,a w`.=re fyda iajdNdúl jdhq l¾udka;h i|yd wjYH
idOlhls' by; rgj, fuu iïm;a úúO m%udKhkaf.ka oelsh yels h'
- úoHd;aul yd ;dlaIKsl ksmqK;ajhlska o l<ukdlrK ksmqK;ajhlska hq;= Y%ñlhska
isàu o fudag¾ r: l¾udka;fha ia:dk .; ùug bjy,a fõ' cmdkh udkj iïm;
Wmßu jYfhka fuu l¾udka;hg fhdod .kakd rgls'
- fjf<|fmd< idOlh o b;d jeo.;a jkafka b,a¨ug iß,k fia iemhqu ilia jk
ksid h' foaYSh fjf<|fmd< yd cd;Hka;r fj<|fmd< uq,a lrf.k o rgj,a
úiska fudag¾ r: ksIamdokh lrhs' úfYaIfhka u cmdkh yd Ökh wefußld
tlai;a ckmoh jeks rgj,a fuhg wh;afõ'
- fjf<|fmd< yd l,dmsh b,a¨u u; idïm%odhsl ksIamdok rgj,a fjkia ù we;s
w;r ;j;a rgj, iud.ï taldnoaO lr we;' Wod ( fgdfhdagd- ixj¾Okh fjñka mj;sk rgj, fjf<|fmd< jvd;a mq¿,a ù we;s w;r iud.ï o
fjkia ù we;' tkï jdyk j¾.h ixj¾ê; yd ixj¾Okh fjñka mj;sk rgj,g
fjkia lr ksmojhs'
N+f.da, úoHdj 13 jk fY%aKsh
139 .=re ud¾f.damfoaY ix.%yh
.=jka hdkd l¾udka;h.=jka hdkd l¾udka;h.=jka hdkd l¾udka;h.=jka hdkd l¾udka;h.=jka hdkd l¾udka;h
- fojk f,dal hqoaOfhka miq j ÈhqKqjg m;a jQ l¾udka;hla f,i fuh ye¢kaúh
yelsh' fuh tl,ia lsÍfï l¾udka;hls' u.Ska lsysmfofkl= f.k hk fy,sfldmag¾
hdkdfõ isg úYd, m%udKhla u.Ska f.k hd yels .=jka hdkd o ksmojk w;r hqoaO
lghq;=i|yd fhdod .kakd hdkd" kshuqjka rys; hdkd" fndaïn fy,k hdkd f,i
fïjd úúO fjhs' Yíofha fõ.hg jvd fõ.fhka .uka lrk hdkd o j¾;udkfha
§ ksIamdokh lr we;'
- .=jka hdkd l¾udka;fha fh§ isák rgj,a lsysmhls'
) uydì%;dkH ) wfußld tlai;a ckmoh ) reishdj
) m%xYh ) c¾uksh ) cmdkh
) Ökh ) bkaÈhdj ta w;r m%Odk fõ'
- wjYH f,day j¾. rg ;=< u ;sîu fyda myiqfjka wdkhkh lr.; yelsùu fyda
fuu l¾udka;h ia:dk.; ùug m%uqL fõ' ^m%Odk f,dayh ghsfÜkshï&' by;
rgj,a fuu f,dayh myiqfjka ,nd .kS'
- úYd, m%d.aOkhla wdfhdackh l< hq;= l¾udka;hla jk .=jka hdkd l¾udka;h
wjodku oeßh hq;= o fõ' by; rgj,g tu yelshdj we;af;a fndfyda rgj,a
ixj¾ê; rgj,a ksid h'
- úoHd;aul yd ;dlaIKsl miqìula ;sîu;a fuu l¾udka;h ia:dk.; ùug m%n,
idOlhls' by; oelajq .=jka hdkd l¾udka;h isÿ lrk rgj,a úoHd;aul yd
;dlaIKsl miqìula we;s rgj,a h' tu ksid ta rgj, l¾udka;h ia:dk.; ù
we;'
- foaY.=Kh o .=jka hdkd l¾udka;hg jeo.;a jkafka m¾fhaIK yd .=jka .; lsÍïjeks lghq;= i|yd §ma;su;a wdf,dalhla yd wvq j¾Idm;khla ;sîu w;HjYHjk ksid h'
- m%dfoaYSh ld,.=Ksl ;;a;ajhka o fuys § n,mdhs'- .=jka hdkd l¾udka;h úYd, wjldYuh bvla wjYH l¾udka;hls' l÷ ndOl
j,ska f;dr ;eks;,d ìula ;sîu .=jka hdkd mÍlaIK lghq;=j, fh§ug wdOdrfõ' by; rgj, fulS myiqlï meyeÈ,s j ;sîu ksid l¾udka;h ia:dk .;ù we;'
- ì%;dkH" wfußld tlai;a ckmoh" cmdkh" bkaÈhdj wd§ .=jka hdkd l¾udka;hksIamdokh lrk rgj, rdcH m%;sm;a;S o l¾udka;h ia:dk .; ùu i|yd n,mdwe;' úfYaIfhka u foaYSh wdrlaIdj i|yd n,mdk l¾udka;hla fyhska rdcHwkq.%yh fï i|yd m%n, j n,mdhs'
- úfkdaoh i|yd .=jka hdkd Ndú;h" .=jkahdkd ;dlaIKh ÈhqKqùu" jeäfõ.fhka.uka lrk hdkd ksmoùu" jeä mqoa.,hska m%udKhla .uka lsÍu" u.S ixp,kjeäùu wdÈh ksid .=jkahdkd ksIamdokh jeä ù we;'
- .=jka hdkd ksIamdok iud.ï taldnoaO ùu yd jeiShdula o olakg ,efí- iajdNdúl wdmodj, n,mEu ksid thg Tfrda;a;= fok .=jkahdkd ksIamdokh o isÿ
lrkq ,nhs'
N+f.da, úoHdj 13 jk fY%aKsh
140 .=re ud¾f.damfoaY ix.%yh
úoHq;a l¾udka;húoHq;a l¾udka;húoHq;a l¾udka;húoHq;a l¾udka;húoHq;a l¾udka;h
- ñksiqkaf.a Ôú;fha § tÈfkod l%shdj,sh myiqlr,Su i|yd;a f;dr;=re ikaksfõokh
i|yd;a Wmldr jk fuj,ï úoHq;a l¾udka;h hgf;a ksIamdokh fjhs'
- uq¿;eka f.hs Ndú; lrk l=vd weUreï hka;%h" wd,skaofha we;s .=jka úÿ,sh"
rEmjdysksh" úÿ,s mxld" jdhq iólrK hka;% wdÈh;a ikaksfõokh i|yd Ndú;
lrk .Dyia; ÿrl:k yd cx.u ÿrl:kh" mß.Kl Wmdx.hka ksmoùu;a úoHq;a
l¾udka;h hgf;a ksmojk NdKavhka h'
- cmdkh" uyd ì%;dkH" wfußld tlai;a ckmoh" c¾uksh" m%xYh" Ökh" ol=Kq
fldßhdj hk rgj,a úoHq;a l¾udka;fha fhfok m%Odk rgj,a h' fuys§ w.aksÈ.
wdishdkq NICs ( Newly Industrialized Countries ) rgj,a m%uqL ksIamdokfha fh§
we;'
- wê ;dlaIKsl l¾udka; High - tech Industries& iy úoHq;a l¾udkaa;h;a w;r
we;af;a úYd, fjkila fkdfõ' wê ;dlaIKsl l¾udka;fha tla fldgila f,i
úoHq;a l¾udka;h y÷kd.; yelsh'
- wê ;dlaIKsl l¾udka; .ek § we;s ks¾jpk .;a úg fuu fjki ms<sn|
wjfndaOhla ,efí' wfußld tlai;a ckmofha lïlre fomd¾;fïka;=j wê
;dlaIKsl l%shdldrlï w¾: oelaùu wkqj
" kj ;dlaIKh iy m¾fhaIK wdOdrfhka udkj ixy;sfha wNsjDoaêhg fyda
w.;shg fya;= jk ;dlaIKsl fuj,ï ks¾udKh lsÍu" wê;dlaIKsl l¾udka;
f,i oelafõ'
- fuu ks¾jpkhg wkqj meyeÈ,s jkafkaa úoHq;a l¾udka;h ñksidf.a
tÈfkod l%shdj,s myiqlr,Sfï yd ikaksfõokh i|yd fuj,ï ksmojk
l%shdj,shla njhs'
- fulS l¾udka;h o uq,a hq.j,§ m%d.aOkh fhoùfï Yla;sh we;s rgj, fuka u
m¾fhaIK l%shdj,sfha fhÈh yels rgj, ksIamdokh lr we;' úfYaIfhka u fuys
§ ngysr rgj,a jk wfußld tlai;a ckmoh" ì%;dkHh" hqfrdamd rgj,a m%uqL fõ'
- uE;l § ;dlaIKh ngysr rgj, isg wdishd" ,;ska wfußld rgj,aj,g meñK
ÈhqKq jq miq úoHq;a l¾udka;h tu rgj, o úúO m%udKhkaf.ka ia:dms; úh'
fuys§ uef,aishdj" ol=Kq fldßhdj" cmdkh" n%iS,h" bkaÈhdj yd Ökh hk
rgj,a bÈßhg ths'
- fndfyda úg fuu rgj,a w;ßka we;eï rgj, fuu l¾udka;h ia:dms; yd ÈhqKqùug" uq,ska ÈhqqKq jQ rgj,a u.skaa lrk ,o m%d.aOk wdfhdackh bjy,a ù
we;'- fulS rgj, fuu l¾udka;h ia:dms; ùug n,mE m%Odk; u fya;=j ù we;af;a
wLKav j fuu wxYh .ek m¾fhaIK lsÍu i|yd úYd, m%d.aOkhla jeh lsÍugyels ùuhs'Wod ( is,slka ksïkh
- uq,§ wêl m%d.aOkhla wjYH jQ fuu l¾udka;h j¾;udkfha § l=vd mßudK
l¾udka;hla f,i wdrïN lsÍug ;rï yels ù we;af;a wjYH m%d.aOkh úYd,
N+f.da, úoHdj 13 jk fY%aKsh
141 .=re ud¾f.damfoaY ix.%yh
fkdùu ksihs'
- foaYsh fjf<|fmd< fuka u cd;Hka;r fjf<|fmdf<a úoHq;a NdKavj,g we;s
b,a¨u u; úúO rgj, fuu l¾udka;h ia:dk.; ù we;'
- Ys,amSh oekqu o fuysÈ uq,sl ù we;' cmdkh" bkaÈhdj fuys § jeo.;a h'
fmfg%da ridhk l¾udka;hfmfg%da ridhk l¾udka;hfmfg%da ridhk l¾udka;hfmfg%da ridhk l¾udka;hfmfg%da ridhk l¾udka;h
- Lksc f;,a msßmyÿfjka miq bj;a j hk øjH Ndú; fldg úúO ridhk j¾.
ksIamdokh lrhs' fïjd fmfg%da ridhk øjH jk w;r tajd ksIamdokh lsÍu fmfg%da
ridhk l¾udka;h f,i ye¢kafõ'
- fuu l¾udka;h hgf;a m%Odk jYfhka my; oE ksmojhs'
) ;dr ) ,syssis f;,a ) ma,diaála
) khsf,daka j¾. ) úIîc kdYl ) wef,k iq¿ ^.ï& øjH
) wdf,amk ) lDñkdYl
- fmfg%da ridhk l¾udka;h úYd, f,i isÿ lrkafka wefußld tlai;a ckmoh yd
ngysr hqfrdamSh rgj,a úisks'
- kuq;a j¾;udkfha § ueo fmrÈ. rgj,a yd wdishdkq rgj,a o ksIamdok l¾udka;
Yd,d fï iïnkaOfhka msysgqjd we;'
- f,dalh mqrd u fmfg%da ridhk l¾udka;h jHdma; j we;af;a tajdg mj;akd oeä
b,a¨u ksidh'
- m%d:ñl fmfg%da ridhk j¾. ;=kls'
01' - t;,ska ^Ethylene)
- fm%dm,Ska (Propylene)
- ìhqgãka (Butadiene)
t;,Ska yd fm%dm,Ska ld¾ñl ridhk ksIamdok iy ma,diaála ksmojhs' lD;s%u rn¾
ksmoùug negãka fhdod .kS'
02' fnkaiska (Benzene) vhs j¾. ksmojk lD;%su úIìc kdYl ksmojk
w;r fgd¨hska (Toluene) ma,diaála yd lD;%su flÈ iE§ug fhdod .kS'
03' iska;isiaa .Eia (Synthesis gas) fhdod f.k hqßhd fmdfydr yd úúO
ridhk Èhr j¾. iE§u o lrkq ,nhs'
- fuu l¾udka; ia:dk .; jkafka m%Odk jYfhka u wuqøjH u;hs' tu ksid Lksc
f;,a msßmyÿj isÿjk iEu rgl u fmfg%da ridhk l¾udka;h ia:dk .; fõ'
- Y%ñl msßia úYd, f,i wjYH fuu l¾udka;hg ,dN Y%uh fuka u ;dlaIKsl
{dkh o úYd, m%udKhlska wjYH fõ'
- m%d.aOkh o fulS l¾udka;hg úYd, f,i fhoúh hq;=h' f.dvke.s,s yd úúO
m¾fhaIK i|yd;a" wuqøjHj,ska uQ,øjH fjka lr .ekSug ixlS¾K hka;%
N+f.da, úoHdj 13 jk fY%aKsh
142 .=re ud¾f.damfoaY ix.%yh
iq;% wdÈh ksmoùu i|yd w;s úYd, m%d.aOkhla fhoúh yels rgj, l¾udka; mq¿,a
f,i ia:dk.; fldg ixj¾Okh lr we;'
- fmfg%da ridhksl l¾udka;h ia:dk .; ùu i|yd N+ñh o bjy,a fõ' mßir .eg¨
we;s lrk ksid fuu l¾udka; ia:dk.; ùu kd.ßl m%foaYj,ska neyer m%foaYj,
isÿ lrhs'
lsß wdY%s; ksIamdok l¾udka;lsß wdY%s; ksIamdok l¾udka;lsß wdY%s; ksIamdok l¾udka;lsß wdY%s; ksIamdok l¾udka;lsß wdY%s; ksIamdok l¾udka;
- t<fokqkaf.ka yd ófokqkaf.ka ,nd .kakd lsßj,ska ilia lrkq ,nk ksIamdok
lsß wdY%s; ksIamdok f,i ye¢kafõ' fuu ksIamdok Yla;sh ckkh lrk wdydrj¾.hs'
- úúO lsß wdydr j¾. ksmojk ia:dkhla lsß wdYs%; ksIamdÈ; ,nd.kakduOHia:dkhls'
- lsß wdY%s; ksIamdokj,ska jeä mqr m%udKhla t< .jhskaf.ka o wvq m%udKhla ó.jhkaf.ka o thg;a jvd wvq m%udKhla wfkl=;a i;=kaf.ka o ,nd .kS ^t¿jka"neg¨jka" Tgqjka yd wYajhska&'
- lsß wdY%s; ksIamdok j¾. lsysmhls') lssß msá (Milk Powder)
) ng¾ (Butter )
) <ore lsßmsá) Wl= l< lsß) úirKh lrk ,o lssß (Evaporated Milk)
) Öia) .sf;,a) uqojdmq lsß) fhda.Ü
- lsß wdY%s; ksIamdokhka nyq, jYfhka isÿ lrkafka my; i|yka rgj,a h') fvkaud¾lh ) fko¾,ka;h ) m%xYh) iaúÜi¾,ka;h ) TiafÜ%,shdj ) kjiS,ka;h) wfußld tlai;a ckmoh
- m%Odk idOlh N+ñhhs' ;eks;,d iys; wvq ckixLHdjlaa we;sa ;DK;,d fyd¢kajefjk m%foaY fï i|yd w;HdjYH fõ'
- fï wkqj W;=re yd ol=Kq w¾O f.da,fha fi!uH l,dmSh rgj,a jk fvkaud¾lh"kjiS,ka;h" fko¾,ka;h" TiafÜ%,shdj yd wdckaákdj hk rgj,;a reishdj ydwfußld tlai;a ckmoh;a .j mÜá md,kh isÿ lrhs'
ol=Kq wfußldj - ,dfkdaia yd leïfmdiaW;=re wfußldj - fmhßiaol=Kq wm%sldj - fj,aâTiafÜ%,shdj - vjqkaiareishdj - iafgmaia
hk m%foaYj, .j mÜá md,kh isÿ lrkafka by; N+ñh yd foaY.=Kh keue;s
idOl n,md we;s ksid h'
- i;=kaf.a fi!LHdrlaIs; nj mj;ajd .ekSu jeo.;a h'
N+f.da, úoHdj 13 jk fY%aKsh
143 .=re ud¾f.damfoaY ix.%yh
- Y%uh o fuys § m%n, idOlhls' úYd, m%udKhla lsß ksIamdok ld¾hfha fhÈh
hq;= j we;s ksid;a úYd, N+ñ m%udKhl lghq;= lsÍug;a" fi!LHdrlaIs; j lghq;=
lsÍug wjYH ksid;a ñksia Y%uh nyq, j wjYH fõ' tjeks myiqlï by; rgj,ska
imhd .; yels ùu ksid fuu l¾udka;fha ÈhqKqjg fya;= ù ;sfí'
- m%d.aOkh ;j;a idOlhls' tys § fm!oa.,sl yd rdcH hk wxY foflka u by<
m%d.aOkhla fhoúh yels kï muKla fuu l¾udka;h l< yelsh' úfYaIfhka
nyq cd;sl iud.ï fï wxYfha fh§ isákq olakg ,efnkafka m%d.aOk yelshdj
we;s ksidh ^Wod ( fkiaf,a" f*kafgrd&'
- m%jdyk myiqlï ;sîu o fuu lsß wdY%s; ksIamdok l¾udka; ia:dk.; ùug
n,mdk ;j;a idOlhls' kdúl m%jdykh" .=jka m%jdykh yd f.dvìï m%jdykh
ld¾hlaIu f,i fhdod f.k we;af;a lsß wdY%s; ksIamdok blaukska fj<|fmd<g
iemhsh hq;= ksid h'
- lsß wdY%s; ksIamdokj, § fjf<|fmd< o b;d jeo.;a h' tkï ksIamdok wf,úfha
§ fjf<|fmd< oeä n,mEula isÿ lrhs' .=Kd;aul nj wdrlaId jk f,iska NdKav
mdßfNda.slhdg ,nd Èh hq;=h' fjf<|kdu fuys § b;d jeo.;a fõ' fjf<| kdu
u; ksIamdok ñ, § .ekSfï m%jK;djla olakg ,efí' fuys § mdßfNda.slhkaf.a
reÑh jvjk wdldrfhka ish ksIamdok bÈßm;a lsÍula oelsh yels h'
wdY%s; .%ka:wdY%s; .%ka:wdY%s; .%ka:wdY%s; .%ka:wdY%s; .%ka:
- wOHdmk m%ldYk fomd¾;fïka;=j" ^2009&' udkqI N+f.da, úoHdj" fojk fldgi'
- fykakdhl" kd,kS " 2004&' udkj N+f.da, úoHdj" weia' f.dvf.a iy ifydaorfhda"
fld<U 10'
- Wikipedia. the free encyclopedia
N+f.da, úoHdj 13 jk fY%aKsh
144 .=re ud¾f.damfoaY ix.%yh
bf.kqï b.ekaùï l%shdldrlïbf.kqï b.ekaùï l%shdldrlïbf.kqï b.ekaùï l%shdldrlïbf.kqï b.ekaùï l%shdldrlïbf.kqï b.ekaùï l%shdldrlï
l%shdldrlu - 1l%shdldrlu - 1l%shdldrlu - 1l%shdldrlu - 1l%shdldrlu - 1
f,dalfha ksIamdok l¾udka; rdYshla we;' yq l¾udka;" ner l¾udka; yd wê
;dlaIKsl f,i tajd fldgia flf¾' fulS l¾udka;hka ia:dk .; ùug idOl tlla fyda
lsysmhla n,md we;' we;eï úg fuu ish¨ idOlj,ska f;dr j fm!oa.,sl wNsu;d¾:
wkqj l¾udka;hla fyda lsysmhla Tn m%foaYfha ia:dk .; j ;sìh yelsh' tjeks l¾udka;hla
f;dardf.k tys ia:dk.; ùug n,md we;s idOl fudkjdoehs wOHhkh lsÍu fuu
l%shdldrlñka wfmalaId flfrhs'
- Tn mdi, wjg msysgd we;s ksIamdok l¾udka;hla f;dard .kak'
- tu l¾udka;h keröug flaIa;% pdßldjla iqodkï lrkak'
- isiqka lKavdhï fldg fyda flaj, f,i fyda fuh l%shd;aul lrkak
- f;dard.;a l¾udka;h ia:dk .; ùug n,md we;s idOl fudkjdoehs fidhd
ne,Sug Wmfoia fokak'
- fidhd.;a f;dr;=re mx;s ldurfha § isiqkag bÈßm;a lsÍug wjia:dj ,nd
fokak'
- bf.kqï M, mokï lrf.k isiqka we.ehSug ,la lrkak'
l%shdldrlu - 2l%shdldrlu - 2l%shdldrlu - 2l%shdldrlu - 2l%shdldrlu - 2
fuu l%shdldrlu flaj, l%shdldrluls' mqia;ld, Ndú;fhka fyda fjk;a
fmd;am;a i`.rd wdÈh Ndú; lrñka tla tla YsIHhdg$YsIHhdjg tla tla ksIamdok l¾udka;h
ia:dk.; ùug n,md we;s idOl fidhd n,d f;dr;=re m;%sldjla ieliSug isiqka fhduq
lrkak'
- fï i|yd iEu isiqfjl= u ish¨ u l¾udka;j, ud;Dld ,nd fokak'
- f;dr;=re m;%sldjg we;=<;a úh hq;= lreKq ms<sn| flá úia;rhla imhkak'
- i;shla folla fyda wjYH wdldrhg ld,hla ,nd fokak'
- ksud l< f;dr;=re m;%sld mx;shg bÈßm;a lsÍug wjia:dj ,nd fokak'
- isiq ks¾udK bÈßm;a lsÍfï § .=re ueÈy;a ùu b;d jeo.;a h'
- bf.kqïM,j,g wod< j ks¾kdhl mokï lrf.k isiqka we.ehSug ,la
lrkak'
N+f.da, úoHdj 13 jk fY%aKsh
145 .=re ud¾f.damfoaY ix.%yh
ksmqK;d uÜguksmqK;d uÜguksmqK;d uÜguksmqK;d uÜguksmqK;d uÜgu 10'210'210'210'210'2 YS% ,xldfõ l¾udka; lsysmhl ia:dk.; ùugYS% ,xldfõ l¾udka; lsysmhl ia:dk.; ùugYS% ,xldfõ l¾udka; lsysmhl ia:dk.; ùugYS% ,xldfõ l¾udka; lsysmhl ia:dk.; ùugYS% ,xldfõ l¾udka; lsysmhl ia:dk.; ùug
n,md we;s idOl mÍlaId lrhs'n,md we;s idOl mÍlaId lrhs'n,md we;s idOl mÍlaId lrhs'n,md we;s idOl mÍlaId lrhs'n,md we;s idOl mÍlaId lrhs'
^ld,Éfþo 10&^ld,Éfþo 10&^ld,Éfþo 10&^ld,Éfþo 10&^ld,Éfþo 10&
bf.kqï M, bf.kqï M, bf.kqï M, bf.kqï M, bf.kqï M, • YS% ,xldfõ l¾udka;j, miqìu meyeÈ,s lrhs'
• l¾udka; ia:dk.;ùfï idOl fudkjdoehs úia;r lrhs'
• YS% ,xldfõ m%Odk l¾udka; lsysmhla tajd ia:dk.; ùfï
idOl wkqj ú.%y lr olajhs'
• YS% ,xldfõ l¾udka; lsysmhl ld,Sk fjkialï iy ta iïnkaO
rdcH m%;sm;a;s f.k yer olajhs'
• YS% ,xldfõ l¾udka; ixj¾Okhg fhdackd bÈßm;a lrhs'
ye¢kaùuye¢kaùuye¢kaùuye¢kaùuye¢kaùu
"iïm;a Wmfhda.S lrf.k ñksia wjYH;d imqrd .ekSu msKsi ñksidf.a ueÈy;a
ùfuka flfrk wd¾Ól ls%hdj,sh l¾udka; hkqfjka ye¢kafõ'"
rdcOdks wdrïNfha isg u YS% ,xldfõ hï hï l¾udka; mej;s nj mqrdjia;=j,ska
yd b;sydi .%ka:j,ska meyeÈ,s h' hg;a úð; hq.h" Bg miqj 1960 olajd ld,h" 1960- 1970
w;r ld,h" 1970- 1977 w;r ld,h yd 1977ka miq ld,h f,i YS% ,xld l¾udka; j¾Okfha
hq. lsysmhls' w;S;fha § lDIsl¾uh u; r|d mej;s wd¾Òlh j¾;udkh jk úg l¾udka;
wxYh flfrys jeä keUqrejla fmkakqï lrhs' j¾;udkfha § o< foaYSh ksIamdokfhka
fuka u ld¾ñl wxYfha fiajd kshqla;sfhka o YS% ,xldfõ l¾udka; wxYh by< f.dia we;'
wm rfgys we;s l¾udka; m%Odk j¾. lsysmhls' ksYal¾Il" ksIamdok yd fiajd hkqfjka
tla j¾. lsÍuls' fuhska ksIamdok l¾udka; ms<sn| j wjOdkh fhduq flf¾' tys o m%Odk
fldgia ;=kls'
1' uyd mßudK l¾udka;
2' uOH mßudK l¾udka;
3' iq¿ mßudK l¾udka;
iSks iy isfuka;s uyd mßudK l¾udka;j,g ksoiqka jk w;r" ma,diaála yd
ìialÜ wdÈh uOH mßudK l¾udka; f,i o" fndfyda yia; l¾udka; iq¿ mßudK l¾udka;
f,i o oelaúh yels h'
fï wkqj l¾udka; ia:dk .; ùu i|yd n,mE idOl idïm%odhsl yia; l¾udka;h"
isfuka;s" iSks" we.¿ï" rn¾ yd ma,diaála wdYs%; l¾udka; i|yd jeo.;a jQ wdldrh;a tajdfha
úfYaIs; idOl fuka u ld,Sk fjkialï o fuys § wjOdkhg ,la flfrk w;r l¾udka;
ia:dk .; ùu iïnkaO rdcH m%;sm;a;s o bÈßm;a lsÍug wfmalaIs; h'
N+f.da, úoHdj 13 jk fY%aKsh
146 .=re ud¾f.damfoaY ix.%yh
úIh lreKq meyeÈ,s lr.ekSug w;aje,laúIh lreKq meyeÈ,s lr.ekSug w;aje,laúIh lreKq meyeÈ,s lr.ekSug w;aje,laúIh lreKq meyeÈ,s lr.ekSug w;aje,laúIh lreKq meyeÈ,s lr.ekSug w;aje,la
• YS% ,xldfõ l¾udka;YS% ,xldfõ l¾udka;YS% ,xldfõ l¾udka;YS% ,xldfõ l¾udka;YS% ,xldfõ l¾udka;
- idïm%odhsl yia; l¾udka;
- isfuka;s l¾udka;h
- iSks l¾udka;h
- weÕ¨ï l¾udka;h
- rn¾ yd ma,diaála wdYs%; l¾udka;
by; l¾udka; u;= oelafjk f;aud hgf;a wOHhkh lsaÍug fuys § wfmalaIs;h'
l¾udka; ia:dk .; ùfï idOl
- úfYaI; jQ idOl
- ld,Sk fjkialï
- l¾udka; ia:dk .; ùu iïnkaO rdcH m%;sm;a;s
l¾udka; ia:dk .; ùug n,mdk idOl rdYshls' tajd w;r"
- N+ñh - wuqøjH
- Y%uh - m%d.aOkh
- fj<|fmd< hk idOl jeo.;a h'
fïjd ´kE u rgl l¾udka;hla ia:dk .; ùug jeo.;a fõ' fïjdfha m%n,;ajh
ráka rgg" m%foaYfhka m%foaYhg fjkia úh yels h' tkï iuyr rgl by; idOl ish,a,
u fyda lsysmhla m%uqL úh yels h' ;j;a rgl tla idOlhla m%uqL úh yel' ;j;a iuyr
rgl by; idOl ish,a,g u fjkia jQ idOlhla m%uqL úh yelsh' tjeks úfYaIs; jQ idOl
o /ils' ta w;r"
- foaY.=Kh - m%jdykh
- n,Yla;sh - jHjidhl;ajh
- ld,Sk wjYH;d wdÈh jeo.;a h'
;j;a fndfyda rgj, by; idOl ish,a, iu." tu rfgys mj;sk rdcH m%;sm;a;s
o m%n, fõ' l¾udka; ms<sn|j ;SrK .ekSu rch úiska isÿ lrhs' tu ;SrK u; l¾udka;
wdrlaId lsÍu yd j¾Okh isÿfõ' fï wkqj l¾udka; flfrys n,mdk idOl fndfyda
mj;sk nj meyeÈ,s h'
YS% ,xldfõ l¾udka; i|yd by; idOl ish,a, u n,md ;sfí' iuyr l¾udka;
tla ia:dk .; ùfï idOlhla u; ìys j we;s w;r ;j;a iuyr tajd idOl /il
n,mEfuka ìysj we;' tfuka u fïjd ld,Sk j fjkialïj,g o ,la j we;' iajdNdúl
wdmod" hqoaO" úúO W;aij" ixpdrl l¾udka;h wdÈh úfYaIs; n,mEï t,a, lrhs' tfuka
u rch úiska ld,Sk j f.k we;s wdkhk wdfoaYk m%;sm;a;s" újD; wd¾Ól m%;sm;a;s"
l¾udka; úflakaøKh iy nÿ iyk ,nd §u wdÈh YS% ,xldfõ l¾udka; flfrys Rcqj u
n,mEï lrñka mj;S'
N+f.da, úoHdj 13 jk fY%aKsh
147 .=re ud¾f.damfoaY ix.%yh
idïm%odhsl yia; l¾udka;hidïm%odhsl yia; l¾udka;hidïm%odhsl yia; l¾udka;hidïm%odhsl yia; l¾udka;hidïm%odhsl yia; l¾udka;h
YS% ,xld wd¾Ólh ;=< b;d wE; w;S;fha isgu úfYaI jeo.;alula idïm%odhsl yia;
l¾udka; i|yd ,eî we;' .DydYs%; j iq¿ mßudKfhka isÿ lrk fïjd .Dy l¾udka;
hkqfjka o y÷kajhs' yia; l¾udka; j¾Okh ms<sn| j wjOdkh fhduq lsÍfï § my;
lreKq jeo.;ah'
ia:dk .;ùfï idOl
- wuqøjH fukau Y%uh hk idOl idïm%odhsl l¾udka; ia:dk .;ùu i|yd n,md
we;'
- l¾udka;hlg Y%uh jeo.;a jk úg" ;j;a wjia:djl § wuqøjH jeo.;a úh
yelsh'
- wuqøjHj, msysàu fukau mqyqKq Y%uh l¾udka;h ia:dk.; ùug Rcqj u n,md
we;'
- jeä jYfhka foaYSh wuq øjH fhdod .kakd w;r iuyr tajd wdkhkh lrhs'
- m%d.aOkh yd bkaOk ysÕ rgla jk YS% ,xldjg fuu f,i l¾udka;h b;d jeo.;a
h'
- fuys § idïm%odhsl Ys,amSh oekqu mrïmrd.; j mej; taula oelsh yels fõ'
- idïm%odhsl l¾udka;j, fh§ug kj mrïmrdj wlue;s ùu ksid l¾udka; ì|
jeàulg ,laj we;'
úfYaIs; idOl
- tla tla l¾udka;hkag úfYaIs; jQ m%foaY we;s lsÍu Wod ( l=Kavidf,a" l,dmqrh"
fõje,afoKsh" lsßjjq," wïn,kaf.dv" weïnelal
- jd¾Isl m%o¾Yk" iïudk m%odfkda;aij" mqyqKq mdGud,d wdÈh u.ska Èß.ekaùï
,nd§u o j¾Okhg fya;= fõ'
- ksjfia lghq;= lrk w;r u l¾udka;fha fhÈh yels ksid ldka;djkag o jeä
jYfhka odhl úh yels ùu'
ld,Sk fjkialï
- mdßißl w¾nqo i|yd ms<shula f,i idïm%odhsl yia; l¾udka;h fhdod .;
yelsh' tkï l¾udka;fha § mßirhg ksl=;a jk wmøjH ÿIs; jdhq wdÈh wju
ùu" NdKav m%;spls%hlrKh l< yels ùu fuka u mßir ys;ldó NdKav ksmoùu
wdÈh ksid fuu l¾udka;h ld,Skj b;du jeo.;a ù we;'
- ixpdrl l¾udka;h ksid fjf<|fmd> ld,sk j j¾Okh ù we;'
N+f.da, úoHdj 13 jk fY%aKsh
148 .=re ud¾f.damfoaY ix.%yh
rdcH m%;sm;a;s
- mej;s iEu rchla u l¾udka;fha j¾Okhg ;u m%;sm;a;s ilia lr we;' l=vd
l¾udka; fomd¾;fïka;=j" ,lai," yia; l¾udka; uKav,h" .eñÈßh" cd;sl
fudaia;r uOHia:dkh wdÈh msysgqjd iydh olajd ;sfí'
- iuDoaê nexl=j wd§ uq,H wdh;k u.ska Kh ,nd§u'
- idïm%odhsl yia; l¾udka; j¾Okfha § mj;sk ld,Sk wjYH;d wkqj NdKav
ksIamdokh wjYH h' tfukau ieye,a¨ NdKav ksIamdokh o l< hq;= h'
isfuka;s l¾udka;hisfuka;s l¾udka;hisfuka;s l¾udka;hisfuka;s l¾udka;hisfuka;s l¾udka;h
YS% ,xldfõ m%Odk l¾udka;hla f,i isfuka;s l¾udka;h y÷kd.; yels h' l¾udka;
ia:dk .;ùfï idOl fuhg o n,md we;' fuys § jeo.;au idOlh jkqfha wuqøjHhs'
NdKavhla ksIamdokh lsÍu i|yd uq,sl j fhdod.kakd øjH wuqøjHh kï fõ' wuqøjH
j,ska jeä fldgila bj; hk fyda blaukska krla jk tajd jq úg l¾udka; wuqøjH wdYs%;
j ÈYdkq.; ùula oelsh yelsfõ' wuqøjHj, jákdlu jeä iy tajd mßjykhg jeä
úhoula oeÍug isÿ fkdjk úg wuqøjH wi< l¾udka; msysgqùu wjYH ke;' fï wkqj
isfuka;s l¾udka;h YS% ,xldfõ uyd mßudK l¾udka; w;ßka wuqøjH m%uqL jQ l¾udka;hla
f,i jeo.;a h'
ia:dk .;ùfï idOl
- lkalika;=f¾" .d,a, iy mq;a;,u YS% ,xldfõ m%Odk isfuka;s lïy,a fõ'
- ;%ia;jd§ w¾nqoh ksid lkalika;=f¾ l¾udka; Yd,dj ;djld,slj jid ;sfí'
- mq;a;,u isg hdmkh olajd mj;sk yqKq.,a fhdod f.k isfuka;s ksIamdokh
isÿlrhs'
- isfuka;s l¾udka;fha j¾Okh i|yd mqyqKq Y%uh o n,md we;'
úfYaIs; idOl
- .d,a, isfuka;s l¾udka;Yd,dj uq,sl jYfhka m%jdykh u; ;SrKh ú we;'
.d,a, jrdh Bg n,md ;sfí'
- fuys§ ol=Kq m<d; ;=< we;s fjf<|fmd< o l¾udka;hg uq,a ù we;'
- isfuka;s úúO j¾.fha ksIamdok i|yd fhdod .ekSu ksid úYd, fj<|fmd<la
ks¾udKh ù ;sfí' Wod (úúO isfuka;s NdKav ksIamdokh
- YS% ,xldfõ YS>% ixj¾Okh ;=< bÈlsÍï i|yd wjYH isfuka;sj,g úYd, b,a¨ula
we;sùu Wod ( uydud¾." jrdh
ld,Sk fjkialï
- ld,Sk j ksIamdok úúO ùu Wod ( úis;=re NdKav ksIamdokh'
- mßir úkdYh wju lsÍug oej ksIamdok fjkqjg isfuka;s wdYs%; ksIamdok fhdod
.ekSu'
- isfuka;s wdkhkh by< f.dia ;rÕldß;ajhla we;sj ;sîu'
N+f.da, úoHdj 13 jk fY%aKsh
149 .=re ud¾f.damfoaY ix.%yh
- fj<| kdu mokulska wf,ú lghq;= j¾Okh ùu Wod ( fyd,aisï
- úúO j¾.fha wjYH;djkag wkqj isfuka;s y÷kajd §u' Wod ( lmrdrejg" ghs,aj,g
wd§ jYfhka
rdcH m%;sm;a;s
- 1950 § YS% ,xld isfuka;s ixia:dj msysgqjd we;s w;r" 1955 § rdcH wkq.%yh iys;
ixia:djla f,i o" 1957 § ld¾ñl ixia:d mk; hgf;a o m%;sjHqy.; lrk ,§'
- j¾;udkfha § l¾udka; wud;HdxYh hgf;a mj;ajd f.k hhs'
- YS% ,xldfõ iEu rchhlau isfuka;s l¾udka;fha ÈhqKqjg ish m%;sm;a;s fhdod
f.k we;'
l¾hlaIu;dj yd M,odhs;dj ;=<ska isfuka;s l¾udka;h ;j ÿrg;a j¾Okh
l< hq;= w;r isfuka;s wdkhkh wvqlr foaYSh ksIamdokh jeä lsÍu o jeo.;a h'
fï i|yd rch ueÈy;a ù wjYH lghq;= lsÍu ld,Sk wjYH;djls'
iSks l¾udka;hiSks l¾udka;hiSks l¾udka;hiSks l¾udka;hiSks l¾udka;h
YS% ,dxlsl ck;djg jvd;a wjYH NdKavhla njg iSks y÷kd .; yels h' ta wkqj
jd¾Islj iSks úYd, m%udKfhka mßfNdackhg .efka' iSks l¾udka;Yd,d ia:dk .;
flfrkqfha tu ksIamdokhg wjYH Wla j.d lrk N+ñ wdYs%; j h' tkï fuys m%Odk
wuqøjH jkqfha Wlajk fyhsks' ta wkqj YS% ,xldj ish b,a¨fuka wvq m%;sY;hla ksmojk
w;r" jeä m%;sY;hla wdkhkh lrhs' iSks l¾udka;h ia:dk .; ùug N+ñh fukau
wuqøjH m%n, j n,mdk w;r my; lreKq ta iïnkaO j jeo.;a h'
ia:dk .;ùfï idOl
- Wla m%jdykh lrkjdg jvd iSks ksmojd m%jdykh lsÍu jdisodhl ksid wuqøjH
wdikak N+ñfha u l¾udka;Yd,dj msysgqjhs' fï wkqj iSks hkq N+ñh fukau
wuqøjH o tlfia jeo.;a jk l¾udka;hls'
- Y%uh o ksIamdok N+ñh wdikakfhka u ,nd.; yelsùu ;j;a ,dNodhlh'
- YS% ,xldfõ iSks ksIamdok l¾udka; wdYs%; j ta i|yd ck;dj mÈxÑ l< o iuyr
l¾udka;Yd,d jeishdu ksid fkdfhla .eg¨ mek ke.S we;'
- l¾udka;Yd,d wdYs%; j j.dj we;s lsÍu i|yd le,E ìï fhdod .ekSu ksid jk
i;=kag ;u kscìï wysñ ùfï .eg¨jla Woa.;j we;' fï ksid w,s ñksia .egqï
W.% ù we;'
úfYaIs; idOl
- iSks ksIamdokfha § w;=reM,j,ska o úúO ksIamdok isÿlrhs' ^u;ameka yd iqjo
ú,jqka&'
- iSks wdY%s; úúO ksIamdok rdYshla ìysùu ^meKs ri lEu&'
- l¾udka; j¾Okh;a iu. iSks i|yd b,a¨u by< hdu
N+f.da, úoHdj 13 jk fY%aKsh
150 .=re ud¾f.damfoaY ix.%yh
ld,Sk fjkialï
- lka;f,a" ysÕ=rdk hk m%foaYj, uq,au iSks l¾udka;Yd,d wdrïN lr we;s w;r miq
j me,j;a; yd fijk., l¾udka;h wdrïN lr ;sfí'
- uq,a ld,fha § ,xld iSks ixia:dj hgf;a iy miqj fm!oaa.,sl wxYh hgf;a o
l¾udka;Yd,d wdrïN lr we;'
- j.dìï wdYs%; Y%ñlhkaf.a idudÔhSh wd¾Ól .eg¨ j¾Okh ù we;s w;r tajd úi|d
ksIamdokh j¾Okh lsÍu jeo.;a h'
- iSks wdkhkh j¾Okh ùula o ld,Sk j oelsh yelsh'
rdcH m%;sm;a;s
- 1957 ,xld iSks ixia:dj msysgqjd lka;f,a iy ys.=rdk l¾udka;Yd,d ta hg;g f.k
we;'
- 1977 ka miq fm!oa.,sl wxYhg o l¾udka;h weröug wkqn, § ;sfí'
- Wla j.dlrejka wdrlaId lsÍug rch ueÈy;a ù wdkhksl iSks i|yd ;Sre noaola wh
lrhs' fuh iSks ñ, by< hdug o n,mdhs'
- l¾udka; wdYs%; f.dùkag o iyk ,nd §u" há;, myiqlï j¾Okh lsÍu rdcH
m%;sm;a;shla f,i isÿlrhs'
weÕ¨ï l¾udka;hweÕ¨ï l¾udka;hweÕ¨ï l¾udka;hweÕ¨ï l¾udka;hweÕ¨ï l¾udka;h¿ï l¾udka;h¿ï l¾udka;h¿ï l¾udka;h¿ï l¾udka;h¿ï l¾udka;h
YS% ,xld l¾udka; lafIa;%fha j¾;udkfha § m%uqLhd ù we;af;a weÕ¨ï l¾udka;hhs'
fuu l¾udka;hg wm rg ;=< È.= b;sydihla mej;sh o ksoyiska miqj ld,h b;d jeo.;a
h' thska o újD; wd¾Ól l%uh y÷kajd §fuka miq j weÕ¨ï i|yd YS% ,xldj m%uqL rdcHhla
njg m;aúh' flfia jqj o fuh ia:dk.;ùug N+ñh" Y%uh" wuqøjH" m%d.aOkh yd
fjf<|fmd< fukau ;j;a idOl /ila uQ,sl fõ' fïjdhska idOl lsysmhla muKla YS%
,xldfõ mj;s' Y%uh wm rfgys m%Odk; u idOlhhs' úúO kïj,ska ye¢kajq l¾udka;
uOHia:dk YS% ,xldj mqrd jHdma; j we;'
ia:dk .;ùfï idOl
- uQ,slj u Y%u idOlh u; YS% ,xldfõ weÕ¨ï l¾udka;h ia:dk .; ù we;' ,dNodhs
iy mqyqKq Y%uh fuhg wjYH h' wfkla rgj,g idfmalaI j ,dNodhs mqyqKq Y%uh
wm rfgys mj;shs'
- fjf<|fmd<" m%jdyk myiqlï u; N+ñ idOlh fhdodf.k l¾udka;h ia:dk.; j
lr ;sfí'
- wdfhdaclhkag wjYH há;, myiqlï N+ñh wdYs%; j imhd ;sfí'
- wmkhkh uq,sl lr f.k ta wdYs%; myiqlï iys; m%foaYj, jvd;a jHdma; j we;'
N+f.da, úoHdj 13 jk fY%aKsh
151 .=re ud¾f.damfoaY ix.%yh
úfYaIs; idOl
- YS% ,xldfõ weÕ¨ï i|yd by< b,a¨ula mej;Su
- .=Kd;aul yd ;;a;ajfhka Wiia ksIamdok f,i f,dj m%lg ùu ksid fufia b,a ula
mj;S'
- ld,h;a iu. Y%ñlhka b;d fyd¢ka mqyqKq ù we;s w;r fuhska M,odhs;dj by<
f.dia we;'
- úfoaYSh rchhka yd ixúOdk iu. fjf<| .súiqï we;s lr .ekSu Wod : SAFTA,GSP+)
ld,Sk fjkialï
- YS% ,xldfõ weÕ¨ï l¾udka;h ;=< ld,Sk j wjOdkh fhduq lrñka myiqlï
imhñka l¾udka;h j¾Okh ù we;'
1962 tal, ld¾ñl ckmoh msysgqùu'
1978 ksoyia fj<| l,dm msysgqùu'
1992 weÕ¨ï lïy,a 200 jev igyk'
1995 ld¾ñl WoHdk wdrïN lsÍu'
1996 l¾udka;mqr wdrïN lsÍu'
2006 .ug l¾udka; jevigyk'
- l¾udka; úflakaøKh by; ld,Sk fjkialï u.ska isoqlsrSug n,dfmdfrd;a;= úh'
- ld,h;a iu. Y%ufhys jeo.;alu fjkia ù fjf<|fmd< iy m%jdykh hkd §
idOl u; ia:dk .;ùula oelsh yelsh'
- weÕ¨ï wmkhkh i|yd fjf<| .súiqï m%n, ù we;' weÕ¨ï fldagd ^Quota)
,nd§u fuys§ m%uqL fõ'
- fjf<| m%o¾Yk mj;ajd kj fjf<|fmd< fidhd .ekSula olakg ,efí'
- kj ksIamdok rdYshla ìysùu ld,Sk j isÿjk fjkialuls ^úúO j¾.fha weÕ¨ï&'
rdcH m%;sm;a;s
- ksoyiska miqj ìys jQ rchhka YS% ,xldfõ weÕ¨ï l¾udka;fha j¾Okhg úúO
l%shdud¾. f.k we;' úfYaIfhka 1962 m<uq ld¾ñl ckmoh tal, msysgqùfuka miqj
fCI;%hg úfYaI wjOdkhla fhduq úh'
- uyfld<U wd¾Ól fldñiu 1978 § msysgqjd lgqkdhl" ìh.u wd§ wmkhk ieliqï
l,dm msysgqùu'
- 1992 j¾Ifha § uyfld<U wd¾Ól fldñiu mq¿,a lr YS% ,xld wdfhdack uKav,h
msysgqùu'
- 1994 ka miq ìys jQ rch o úúO kïj,ska l¾udka; úflakaøKh lr weÕ¨ï
l¾udka;hg Èß fok ,§'
N+f.da, úoHdj 13 jk fY%aKsh
152 .=re ud¾f.damfoaY ix.%yh
rn¾ iy ma,diaála wdYs%; l¾udka;rn¾ iy ma,diaála wdYs%; l¾udka;rn¾ iy ma,diaála wdYs%; l¾udka;rn¾ iy ma,diaála wdYs%; l¾udka;rn¾ iy ma,diaála wdYs%; l¾udka;
rn¾ iy ma,diaála wdYs%; l¾udka; ms<sn| j fuys § wjOdkh fhduq flfrk w;r
j¾;udkfha § b;d mq¿,a f,i jHdma; l¾udka;hla f,i fuh y÷kd .; yelsh' rn¾
ksIamdokfha § tla wjia:djl wuqøjHhla ksujqu f,i ,efnk w;r ;j;a wjia:djl ksñ
øjHhla ksmojhs'
i:dk .;ùfï idOl
- wuqøjHhlaa f,i rn¾ fhdod .kakd l¾udka; rn¾ j.d ìï wdYs%;j o ksñ øjH
ksmojk l¾udka; ld¾ñl m%foaY wdYs%; j o msysgqjd we;'
- wuqøjH ksIamdok m%foaYj, tu l¾udka;Yd,d jHdma;j we;' ta wkqj lE.,a,"
r;akmqr" l¿;r wd§ m%foaYj, l¾udka;Yd,d olakg ,efí'
- ksñ øjH f,i ksmojk l¾udka;Yd,djla le<Ksh m%foaYfha msysgqjd we;s w;r
gh¾ iy áhqí tys ksmojhs' mdjyka" mdmsis wd§ ksIamdok l¾udka;s Yd,d o olakg
,efí'
- wuqøjH f,i ksmojk m%foaYj, § N+ñh" Y%uh" fukau foaY.=Kh hk idOl m%n,
jk w;r ksñøjH f,i ksmoùfï § Y%uh" fjf<|fmd< wd§ idOl m%n, fõ'
tfukau m%jdykh o jeo.;a h'
- rn¾ iuÕ tlaj hk l¾udka;hls ma,diaála l¾udka;h" Lksc f;,a msßmyÿfõ
w;=reM,hla f,i ma,diaála ksmojhs' fuh ner l¾udka;hla f,i .; yels w;r
tajdhska NdKav ksmoùu ¨yq l¾udka;hla f,i .; yels h'
- ld¾ñl l,dm ;=< fyda l¾udka;mqr wdYs%; j fyda iq¿ mßudK j .Dyia: j
ma,diaála NdKav l¾udka;h jHdma;j we;'
- fjf<|fmd<" m%jdykh" Y%uh wdÈh ma,diaála l¾udka;h ia:dk .;ùug n,md
we;'
úfYaIs; idOl
- úúO ksIamdok ìysùu" ;;a;ajfhka Wiia ksIamdok ìysùu ksid b,a¨u by<hdu'
- ieye,a¨ yd fkdìf|k iq¨ nj ksid ksjfia m%fhdackhg jeä b,a¨ula mej;Su
m%jdykh myiqùu
ld,Sk fjkialï
- oejuh NdKav ksIamdokfha § jk úkdYh yd wêl msßjehla oeÍug isÿùu ksid
b,a¨u jeäùug idfmalaI j ma,diaála l¾udka;h j¾Okh ù we;'
- .Dy WmlrK /ila ma,diaálaj,ska ksmojhs
- .=Kd;aul núka Wiia úúO ksIamdok isÿlsÍu ^fi,a,ï nvq" .Dy WmlrK&
- fj<|kduj,ska ksIamdok by< hdu ^mSkslaia" wd¾msflda&
- Ndú;fhka miqj wmøjH f,i mßirhg tla lsÍfuka mßir ÿIKh by< f.dia
we;'
N+f.da, úoHdj 13 jk fY%aKsh
153 .=re ud¾f.damfoaY ix.%yh
wdYs%; .%ka:wdYs%; .%ka:wdYs%; .%ka:wdYs%; .%ka:wdYs%; .%ka:
- wOHdmk m%ldYk fomd¾;fïka;=j" 2009&' udkqI N+f.da, úoHdj fojk fldgi'
- l¾udka; ixj¾Ok wud;HdxYh" ld¾hh iudf,dapkh'
- ch;s,l" ksu,a" ^2003&' l¾udka; lafIa;%fha jHdma;sh iy YS% ,xld wd¾Ólh"
tia'f.dvf.a iy ifydaorfhda'
- chfoaj" ;s,lisß" 1994&' YS% ,xldfõ mdrïmßl Ys,ams .ï yd mdrïmßl Ys,amSkaf.ka
mej; tk mjq,a ms<sn| iólaIKhla" p;=r je,a,ïmsáh'
- fykakdhl" kd,kS" ^2004&' udkj N+f.da, úoHdj" tia' f.dvf.a" fld<U 10'
bf.kqï b.ekaùï ls%hdldrlïbf.kqï b.ekaùï ls%hdldrlïbf.kqï b.ekaùï ls%hdldrlïbf.kqï b.ekaùï ls%hdldrlïbf.kqï b.ekaùï ls%hdldrlï
l%shdldrlu - 1l%shdldrlu - 1l%shdldrlu - 1l%shdldrlu - 1l%shdldrlu - 1
01' YS% ,xldfõ l¾udka; wdYs%; f;dr;=rej,ska my; j.=j iïmq¾K lrkak'
l¾udka;h jHdma; ia:dk.;ùug kq;k m%jK;d
m%foaY n,mE idOl
l%shdldrlu - 2l%shdldrlu - 2l%shdldrlu - 2l%shdldrlu - 2l%shdldrlu - 2
02' Tn m%foaYfha we;s l¾udka;hla f;dard f.k ta wdYs%; .eg¨ iy tajd úi£ug Tn
bÈßm;a lrk ms<shï úia;r lrkak'
N+f.da, úoHdj 13 jk fY%aKsh
154 .=re ud¾f.damfoaY ix.%yh
ksmqK;dj - 11 ksmqK;dj - 11 ksmqK;dj - 11 ksmqK;dj - 11 ksmqK;dj - 11ixpdrl l¾udka;h i|yd YS% ,xldj ;=< we;sixpdrl l¾udka;h i|yd YS% ,xldj ;=< we;sixpdrl l¾udka;h i|yd YS% ,xldj ;=< we;sixpdrl l¾udka;h i|yd YS% ,xldj ;=< we;sixpdrl l¾udka;h i|yd YS% ,xldj ;=< we;s
úNj;d mÍlaId lrhsúNj;d mÍlaId lrhsúNj;d mÍlaId lrhsúNj;d mÍlaId lrhsúNj;d mÍlaId lrhs
ksmqK;d uÜguksmqK;d uÜguksmqK;d uÜguksmqK;d uÜguksmqK;d uÜgu 11'1 YS% ,xldfõ ixpdrl l¾udka;fha ,laIK úu¾Ykh lrhs'
^ld,Éfþo ^ld,Éfþo ^ld,Éfþo ^ld,Éfþo ^ld,Éfþo 07&07&07&07&07&
11'2 YS% ,xldfõ ixpdrl l¾udka;fha j¾Okhg .; yels
ls%hdud¾. fhdackd lrhs'
^ld,Éfþo ^ld,Éfþo ^ld,Éfþo ^ld,Éfþo ^ld,Éfþo 03&03&03&03&03&
bf.kqï M, bf.kqï M, bf.kqï M, bf.kqï M, bf.kqï M, • ixpdrl l¾udka;hg wod< uq,sl ixl,am N+f.da, úoHd;aul
j meyeÈ,s lrhs'
• YS% ,xldjg ixpdrlhska wdl¾IKhg fya;= fmkajd fohs'
• ixpdrl l¾udka;h u.ska wd¾Ólhg jk n,mEï fmkajd fohs'
• ixpdrl jHdmdrh u.ska YS% ,dxlsl ixialD;shg jk n,mEï
ú.%y lrhs'
• ixpdrl l¾udka;h u.ska mßirhg jk n,mEï fmkajd fohs'
• ixpdrl l¾udka;fha j¾Okhg .; yels ls%hdud¾. fhdackd
lrhs'
ye¢kaùuye¢kaùuye¢kaùuye¢kaùuye¢kaùu
ixpdrl jHdmdrh f,dalfha wju msßjehla ord jeä m%;s,dNhla w;am;a lr .;
yels fCIa;%hla f,i f,dj mqrd m%p,s; ù we;' tfuka u mßirhg wju ydkshla lrñka
jeä m%;s,dN w;am;a lr .; yels wxYhla f,i jeo.;afõ' fuu tallh u.ska ixpdrl
l¾udka;hg wod< uq,sl N+f.da, úoHd;aul ixl,am" YS% ,xldjg ixpdrlhska meñKSug
fya;=" ixpdrl l¾udka;fha n,mEï" m%;s,dN iy ixj¾Okhg .; yels ls%hdud¾. ms<sn|
j wjfndaOhla ,nd.; yelsh'
úIh lreKq meyeÈ,s lr.ekSsug w;aje,laúIh lreKq meyeÈ,s lr.ekSsug w;aje,laúIh lreKq meyeÈ,s lr.ekSsug w;aje,laúIh lreKq meyeÈ,s lr.ekSsug w;aje,laúIh lreKq meyeÈ,s lr.ekSsug w;aje,la
ixpdrl l¾udka;h ixpdrl l¾udka;h ixpdrl l¾udka;h ixpdrl l¾udka;h ixpdrl l¾udka;h
- ixpdrl l¾udka;h j¾;udk f,dalfha úYd,;u yd j¾Okh fjñka
mj;sk l¾udka;hls'
- úúO fya;=ka u; rglska rglg fyda m%foaYhlska m%foaYhlg hdu ixpdrhhs'
fuh ie,iqï iy.; j fyda tfia fkdue;s j o úh yels h'
- ie,iqï iy.; ixpdrl jHdmdrh jdKsc moku u; f.dv ke.S we;'
- R;=uh jYfhka we;s jk fm<Uùu fyj;a foaY.=Kfha R;=.; nj wkqj
úfYaIfhka Ys; R;=fõ tys lgql núka ñ§u i|yd fjk;a rgj, ixpdrfha
fhfoa ^ksj¾;k l,dmSh rgj,&'
N+f.da, úoHdj 13 jk fY%aKsh
155 .=re ud¾f.damfoaY ix.%yh
- ixj¾ê; rgj, ckhd ixpdrh i|yd fmd<Ujk m%Odk;u idOlh f,i
talmqoa., wdodhu by< uÜgul mej;Su o fya;=fõ'
- jd¾Isl j úfõl ksjdvqjla ,nd .ekSug iEu fiajd kshqla;sfhl=f.a u
mqreoaola njg m;a ùuo fya;=jls ^YS; iD;= ksjdvq ld,fha È&'
- ;u /lshd ia:dkfhka neyer j úfõl ksjdvqjla .; lsßug jegqma iys;
ksjdvq ,eîu o fya;= fõ'
- ksjdvqj ;u rfÜ .; lrkjdg jvd wvq úhoulska fjk;a rgl .; lsÍug
yels ùu o ;j;a idOlhls'
YS% ,xldfõ ixpdrl l¾udka;hYS% ,xldfõ ixpdrl l¾udka;hYS% ,xldfõ ixpdrl l¾udka;hYS% ,xldfõ ixpdrl l¾udka;hYS% ,xldfõ ixpdrl l¾udka;h
- cd;Hka;r ks¾jpkhg wkqj furfgys § ixpdrlhka f,i y÷kajkafka
hg;a msßfihska tla rd;s%hla fyda Èjhsfkys .; lrk wd.ka;=lhska h'
YS% ,xldjg ixpdrlhska meñKSug fya;=
11'1'1 rEm igyk
- bkaÈhka id.rh ;=< msysá l=vd ¥m;la jqj o úúO N+ úIu;d" úúO foaY.=K
;;a;ajhka yd b;d flá ld,iSudjla ;=< <Õd úh yels fkdfhl=;a iajdNdúl
yd udkj ks¾ñ; msysgd ;sîu ixpdrl wdl¾IKhg fnfyúka u n,md we;'
- iSñ; m%foaYhla ;=< úúO ;;a;ajhka ;sîu yd tu tla tla ;;a;ajfha m%foaY
lrd flá ÿrlska <Õdùug yelsùu úfYaI ;;a;ajhls'
- iajNdj fi!kao¾hh keröug" ú£ug meñfKk ixpdrlhska n,dfmdfrd;a;=
jkafka ysret<sh ^Sun& uqyqo ^Sea& je,a, ^Sand& yd wd.ka;=l i;aldrh
^Service& hs'
YS% ,xldjg ixpdrlhskameñKSug fya;=
iajNdj fi!kao¾hhjHdmdßl lghq;=
iïuka;%K i|yd
ft;sydisl ia:dk
keoE ys;ñ;=rka
wOHdmk lghq;=
wd.ñl lghq;=
lS%vd lghq;=
wdhq¾fõo ffjoHm%;sldr
úúO ixialD;sldx.
;%dickl w;aoelsï
ksjdvq .; lsÍug
N+f.da, úoHdj 13 jk fY%aKsh
156 .=re ud¾f.damfoaY ix.%yh
- ixpdrlhska YS% ,xldj ixpdrl ia:dkhla f,i f;dard .ekSu flfrys
ixpdrl l¾udka;fha úúO wxY flakaø.; ù ;sîu m%Odk jYfhka n,mdhs'
Wod( mdßißl ixpdrl l¾udka;h - uqyqÿ fjr<" jkdka;r" l÷lr N+ o¾Yk jk
i;=ka WoHdk wdÈh' ixialD;sl ixpdrl l¾udka;h - fm!rdKsl kgnqka
wd.ñl isoaOdia:dk fl!;=.dr Wreuhka ms<sn| ixpdrl l¾udka;h Heritage
Tourism &isxyrdch" .d¨ fldgqj'
- YS% ,xldjg ixpdrlhska wdldr follska meñfKhs'
) lKavdhï jYfhka ixpdrl ksfhdað;hka u.ska ie,iqï lrk ,o pdßld
lÜg,hla ^ Tour Package & ñ, § f.k meñKSu'
) ;ksju meñfKk ixpdrlhska
YS% ,xldjg ixpdrlhska meñKSug fya;= ^2005&
uq,dY%h ( YS% ,xld ixpdrl uKav,h" ^ 2005&
11'1'2 m%ia;drh
f,dalfha úúO rgj,ska ixpdrlhkaf.a meñKSu ^2005&
uq,dY%h ( YS% ,xld ixpdrl uKav,h'"^ 2005&'
11'1'3 is;shu
N+f.da, úoHdj 13 jk fY%aKsh
157 .=re ud¾f.damfoaY ix.%yh
- ixpdrl l¾udka;h ;=< foaYSh yd cd;Hka;r f,i wxY folla mj;S'
- foaYSh ixpdrl wxYh my; lafIa;% wkqj y÷kd.; yels hs'
ixpdrl meñKsu fCI;% wkqj 1995
jkaokdlrejka 40]
mjqf,a ksjdvq .;lsÍu 22]
lKavdhï ksjdvq .; lsÍu 21]
wOHhk iy keröï 14]
fjk;a
source: ( Tourism Master Plan , (1993)
11'1'4 j.=j
- foaYSh ixpdrl ia:dk f,i wkqrdOmqrh" l;r.u" kqjrM<sh" uykqjr" YS%mdoh"
fmdf<dkakrej" iS.sßh yd oUq,a, jeo.;afõ'
- rg;=< ;%ia;jdofha ksudj;a iu. ixpdrlhka W;=re yd kef.kysr m%foaY fj;
fhduq ùfï m%jK;djla o we;'
- ixpdrl l¾udka;fha § ixpdrlhka meñKSu fukau furg Tjqka .; lrk
ld,h o jeo.;afõ'
ixpdrlhka /¢ isák ld,h
source: Tourism Master Plan, (1993).
11'1'5 j.=j
- YS% ,xld ixpdrl uKav,h úiska YS% ,xldfõ m%Odk ixpdrl l,dm 7la kï lr
we;'
1' fld<U k.rh
2' uy fld<U
3' ol=Kq fjr<
4' kef.kysr fjr<
5' uOHu l÷lrh
6' mqrdK k.r
7' W;=re m%foaYh
ld,h
rd;s% - 1- 3rd;s% - 4-7rd;s% - 8-14rd;s% - 15-21rd;s% - 22-30rd;s% - 31 fyda Bg jeä
2002 ]&
22'627'034'712'1 2'6 1'0
N+f.da, úoHdj 13 jk fY%aKsh
158 .=re ud¾f.damfoaY ix.%yh
YS% ,xldfõ m%Odk ixpdrl l,dm
source: The National Atlas of Sri Lanka, (2007).
11'1'6 is;shu
ixpdrl l¾udka;fha ixj¾Ok ie,iqï
- ixpdrl lghq;= ixj¾Okh i|yd uq, msÍu 1937 ixpdrl ld¾hdxYh msysgqùu
olajd w;S;hg úys§ hhs'
- 1966 wxl 10 ixpdrl mk; u.ska YS% ,xld ixpdrl uKav,h msysgqùu
- 1968 - 1978 oi wjqreÿ m%j¾Ok ie,eiau ilia lsÍu' ta wkqj m%Odk ixpdrl
uOHia:dk 5la kï lsÍu'
- YS% ,xld fydag,a mdi,a msysgqùu - 1993
- oi wjqreÿ ie,eiau UNDP / WTO wkq.%yh u; we;s lrk ,È'
N+f.da, úoHdj 13 jk fY%aKsh
159 .=re ud¾f.damfoaY ix.%yh
wkd.; wfmalaId
- ixpdrl l¾udka;h
) uydmßudK $rdYS ixpdrl lghq;=
ysre t<sh" uqyqo yd fjr< uq,alr.;a id¾j ixpdrl l¾udka;h
( Mass tourism with a focus Sun, Sea and Beach)
) foaYSh úl,am ixpdrl lghq;= ^Alternative tourism)
hk fldgia 2 hgf;a ixj¾Okh lsÍu
- fuu wxY fol 1993 ixpdrl l¾udka; uy ie,iqu ^ Tourisam Master Plan &
wkqj y÷kajd ÿks'
iqkdñ n,meï
- 2004'12'26 iqkdñ jHikh YS% ,xld ixpdrl l¾udka;hg o fndfyda fihska
n,mEfõ h'
- ta u.ska ixpdrl há;, myiqlï fndfyda fihska úkdY úh'
- m%Odk fjr< wdYs%; ixpdrl fydag,a 25 lg nrm;, ydks isÿ jQ w;r kef.kysr
fjrf<a fydag,a 6la iïmq¾Kfhkau úkdY úh'
- /lshd 66"840 lg n,mEï we;súh'
- 2005 mq¾j iqkdñ oekqï §ï fya;=fjka ixpdrlhska meñKSu 21'4] lska ì|jegqKs'
- rfÜ o< cd;sl ksIamdÈ;hg isÿ jQ mdvqj weußlka fvd,¾ ñ,shk 201 f,i
.Kka n,d we;'
- YS% ,xld ixpdrl uKav,h wÈhr 3la hgf;a fuh h:d;;ajhg m;a lsÍug
ie,iqï lr we;'
1' ixpdrl fjf<|fmd< m%j¾Okh lsÍu
2' kej; bÈlsÍï iy mqkre;a:dmk lghq;=
3' n,mEug ,la jQ m%foaYj, m%cdj kej; ia:dms; lsÍu
- fï i|yd wefußldkq fvd,¾ ñ,shk 195la fjka fldg we;'
• ixpdrl l¾udka;fha n,mEï ixpdrl l¾udka;fha n,mEï ixpdrl l¾udka;fha n,mEï ixpdrl l¾udka;fha n,mEï ixpdrl l¾udka;fha n,mEï
wd¾Ól n,mEïwd¾Ól n,mEïwd¾Ól n,mEïwd¾Ól n,mEïwd¾Ól n,mEï
- ixpdrl l¾udka;fha wd¾Ól n,mEï my; fCIa;%h Tiafia fmkajd Èh yels h'
) úfoaY úksuh bmhSu'
) /lshd kshqla;sh'
) m%dfoaYSh ixj¾Okh'
) rcfha wdodhï jeäùu'
) wdodhï bmhSu fyj;a wd¾Ól W;af;ackh'
N+f.da, úoHdj 13 jk fY%aKsh
160 .=re ud¾f.damfoaY ix.%yh
úfoaY úksuh bmhSu
- YS% ,xld wd¾Ólh ;=< úfoaY úksuh Wmhk yhjeks úYd,; u fCIa;%h ixpdrl
jHdmdrhg ysñfõ'
- 2004 j¾Ih ;=< § remsh,a ñ,shk 42666 o ^4'7]&
2005 j¾Ifha § remsh,a ñ,shk 36377 o ^3'6]& Wmhd we;'
- 2006 jir jk úg bmhsï weußldkq fvd,¾ ñ,shk 319'5la jk w;r th remsh,a
ñ,shk 33250la muK fõ'
- ixpdrlhskaf.a ffoksl úhou idudkH weußldkq fvd,¾ 76'7 fõ ^2006&'
- fï wkqj YS% ,xldjg úfoaY úksuh myiqfjka bmhSh yels úNj;djla we;s
fCIa;%hla f,i jeo.;afõ'
/lshd kshqla;sh
- f,dalfha iEu /lshd oyhlska tlla ixpdrl fCIa;%fha /lshdjla f,i ie,flk
w;r ;=kajk f,dalfha rglg meñfKk úfoaY ixpdrlhska 5 fofkl=f.ka tla
/lshd wjia:djla ìys jk nj ms<s.efka'
- fï wkqj /lshd wjia:d Wod lsÍug fuu fCIa;%h jeo.;a fõ'
- Rcq yd jl% /lshd wjia:d ìysfõ'
- Rcq /lshd f,i ixpdrl fydag,a" ixpdrl wd.ka;=l ksjdi" ixpdrl wdmk
Yd,d úúO ixpdrl fiajd imhk wdh;k ksoiqka fõ'
- jl% /lshd f,i fydag,aj,g Wmldrl fiajd imhkakka" úis;=re NdKav
imhkakka' w;alï" isysjgk" ueKsla yd iaj¾KdNrK ksIamdolhska yd fjf<÷ka"
ixpdrl u.fmkajkakka ksoiqka fõ'
- ixpdrl fCIa;%fha /lshd 100 ìys lrk úg tu.ska jl% /lshd 140 ìys jk nj
ixpdrl ixLHd f,aLk 2005 w;afmd; i|yka lrhs'
- 2005 j¾Ifha § ixpdrl fiajh yd iïnkaO Rcq /lshd 52085 úh'
- uq,sl YS% ,xld ixpdrl o;a; wkqj 2008 jif¾ § Rcq /lshd 51"857 la iy jl%
/lshd 72"599 la fõ'
m%dfoaYSh ixj¾Okh
- ixpdrl wdl¾IKSh m%foaY wdYs%; j há;, myiqlï ixj¾Okh
- Wod (mskakj," oUq,a," lKav,u" iS.sßh" fmdf<dkakrej" l;r.u" yslalvqj" wd§
wdYs%; m%foaY ÈhqKqùu
- tu m%foaY wdYs%; j há;, myiqlï jeäùu" kj mkakfha ixpdrl fydag,a"
wdmk Yd,d bÈùu" kd.ÍlrKh we;sùu
- ixpdrl uKav,fha ,shdmÈxÑ ù we;s fydag,a 2005 j¾Ifha § 234 jQ w;r tys
N+f.da, úoHdj 13 jk fY%aKsh
161 .=re ud¾f.damfoaY ix.%yh
ldur myiqlï 13162 úh'
ixpdrlhska i|yd ldur myiqlïj, m%dfoaYSh jHdma;sh - 2005
uq,dY%h ( YS% ,xld ixpdrl uKav,h" ^ 2005&'
11'1'7 j.=j
- by; j.=j wkqj ixpdrl jHdmdrfha kjd;eka myiqlï fld<U k.rfhka
mßndysr m%foaYj, jeämqr jHdma; j we;s nj fmkS hhs'
rcfha wdodhu jeäùu
- YS% ,xld rch u.ska ixpdrl jHdmdrfhka u.ska iDcq yd jl% wdldrfhka nÿ
whlsÍu" fl!;=ld.dr" WoaNso WoHdk" cd;sl jfkdaoHdk" ixialD;sl ;s%fldaKfha
wdh;k iy fjk;a wdh;k i|yd we;=¿ùfï m%fõY m;%" wf,úh wd§ jYfhka
úYd, wdodhula Wmhhs' 2005 j¾Ih ;=< fuu nÿ yd m%fõY m;% wf,úh u.ska
remsh,a ñ,shk 1880'3 Wmhd we;'
- .=jka .;ùfï .dia;=j ^ Embarkation Tax & yd f¾.= .dia;= whlsÍu jeo.;afõ'
- fï wkqj YS% ,xld wd¾Ólhg úYd, odhl;ajhla bka ,efí'
wd¾Ól W;af;ackh
- ixpdrl wdl¾IKSh m%foaYj,g ixpdrlhska meñfKk úg tu m%foaYj, jdih
lrk ck;djf.a Ôjk ;;a;ajh o Wiia ùug n,mdhs' Wod( uykqjr" yslalvqj"
fnkaf;dg"fírej," WKjgqk" mskakj," lKav,u" oUq,a," wd§ m%foaY fmkajd
Èh yels h'
wd¾Ól jYfhka jk whym;a n,mEï
- ixpdrlhkaf.a meñKSfï wúksYaÑ;;djka ksid wd¾Ól m%;s,dN WÉPdjpkh'- tla ld,hlg muKla iSudùu ksid /lshd yd wdh;ksl jYfhka jk n,mEu'- ixpdrlhska nyq, j .ejfik m%foaYj, ckhdg .eg¨ldß ;;a;ajhg uqyqK
§ug isÿùu foaYSh NdKav ñ, by< hdu ksid tu m%foaYj, idudkH ckhdg.eg¨ u;=ùu'
- úfoaY úksuh wdmiq .,dhdu" ixpdrlhska i|yd wjYH wdydrmdk yd fjk;awjYH;d i|yd úfoaY rgj,ska NdKav f.kaùug isÿùu'
- nyq cd;sl iud.ïj, n,mEï" ixpdrlhska meñKSu ;SrKh lrkafka iud.ïj,
wjYH;d mrsÈ fõ'
m%;sY;h
33'722'318'918'4 6'7
100
m%foaYh
ol=Kq fjr< ;Srhfld<U k.rhuy fld<U m%foaYhft;sydisl k.r m%foaYl÷lr m%foaY
tl;=j
N+f.da, úoHdj 13 jk fY%aKsh
162 .=re ud¾f.damfoaY ix.%yh
ixialD;sl yd iudcuh n,mEïixialD;sl yd iudcuh n,mEïixialD;sl yd iudcuh n,mEïixialD;sl yd iudcuh n,mEïixialD;sl yd iudcuh n,mEï
- YS% ,dxlsl ixialD;sldx. f,dj mqrd m%p,s; ùu'
- YS% ,dxlsl l,d Ys,am yd ks¾udK m%p,s; ùu'
- ixialD;sl Ys,amSkag w¨;ska wdodhï ud¾. ìysùu'
- ixialD;sl ;s%fldaKhg wh;a ia:dkj, fuka u wfkl=;a mqrdjia;= ixrlaIKh
lsÍu i|yd m%fõY m;% ud¾.fhka uqo,a ,eîu'
- iure NdKav ksIamdokh lrk yia; l¾udka;fha mqk¾ðjkhla we;sùu'
iudðhSh m%;s,dN
- wfkla cd;Ska y÷kd .ekSfuka f,dal iduhg u. fy<sùu'
- ixialD;s w;r >Ügkh ksid YS% ,dxlsl ixialD;sh úldYkh ùu'
- YS%,dxlsl ;reK ;reKshka úfoaY NdIdjka bf.k .ekSug fhduq ùu'
- we;eï úfoaYsh hym;a isß;a úß;a bf.k .ekSug fhduq ùu'
ixialD;sl jYfhka jk whym;a n,mEï
- ixialD;sl jákdlula we;s W;aij" l,d Ys,am iy iure NdKavj, ;snq oeä
ixialD;sl wx. ,laIK úhelS f.dia jdKscuh w.hla u;=ùu'
- wd.ñl yd fN!;sl jákdlula we;s NdKav msgrgg we§hdu'
- ixpdrlhska ksid foaYSh ck;djg ksoyfia ;u wd.ï weoySug wjysrùu'
- iuyr úfoaY ixpdrlhka foaYSh wd.ñl isoaOia:dkj, ms<sfj;a wkq.ukh
fkdlsÍu'
idudðhSh whym;a n,mEï
- úfoaYSh .;s isß;a úß;a wkqlrKh lsÍu'
- mjq,a ixia:d msßySu'
- iodpdrh msßySu'
- iudc frda. me;sÍhdu'
- <ud wmfhdackh jeäùu'
- u;aøjH Ndú;h jeäùu'
mßiruh n,mEu
- mßirh ixpdrl jHdmdrfha uq,sl moku jk neúka mßirh iq/lSfï m%jK;djeäùu' Wod( mdßißl ixpdrl l¾udka;h (Eco Tourism& fj; fhduq ùu' Wod(lKav,u
- mßirh iq/lSu i|yd úfoaY wdOdr ,eîu'- j|ù hk yd ;¾ckhg ,la ù we;s i;=ka wdrlaId lsÍu i|yd úfoaY rgj,ska
wdOdr ,eîu Wod( leianEjqka ixrlaIKh'- wNh N=ñ" WoaNso WoHdk" i;aj WoHdk i|yd m%fõY m;% wf,úfhka wdodhu
,eîu yd tu.ska tu ia:dk kv;a;= lsÍu'
l
N+f.da, úoHdj 13 jk fY%aKsh
163 .=re ud¾f.damfoaY ix.%yh
mdßißl jYfhka jk whym;a n,mEumdßißl jYfhka jk whym;a n,mEumdßißl jYfhka jk whym;a n,mEumdßißl jYfhka jk whym;a n,mEumdßißl jYfhka jk whym;a n,mEu
- YS% ,xldfõ we;s o¾YkSh ia:dkj, fydag,a iy ixpdrl ksjdi f.dv ke.Sfuka
iajdNdúl fi!kao¾hhg ydks meñKSu'
- fjr< Ldokh'
- ixpdrlhska nyq, j krUk ngysr yd ol=Kq fjr< m%foaY ÿIKh ùu'
- o¾YkSh fldr,a mr úkdY ùu'
- ixpdrl ksfla;k wi< we;s c, ud¾. ÿIKh ùu'
- joùhdfï ;¾ckhg Ndckh jQ i;=kaf.a fldgiaj,ska idok ,o NdKav
ixpdrlhka ñ, § .ekSfuka tu i;=ka úkdY ù hdu'
Wod( we;=ka" leianEjka" b;a;Ejka
- jkdka;r wdl¾IKsh ia:dk yd wNhN=ñj,g oeßh fkdyels ;rï ixpdrlhska
yd jdyk meñKSu ksid ffcùh mßir moaO;sj, ls%hdldß;ajhg ndOd meñKSu'
- ixpdrl wdl¾IKSh ia:dkj, fkdÈrk l=Kqfrdvq oeóu ma,diaála" ùÿre fnda;,a
jeks& u.ska ffcùh moaO;sh úkdY ùu'
- iajNdúl fi!kao¾hh we;s ia:dk krUd isysjgk m,l tl;= lsÍu ksid tu
m%foaY ;¾ckhg ,laùu'
Wod( kl,aia rlaIs;h" isxyrdch
- Ydl" i;aj fldgia fjkalr fydr ryfia fjk;a rgj,g ixpdrlhka úiska
f.khdu'
• ixpdrl l¾udka;fha j¾Okhg .;yels ls%hdud¾.ixpdrl l¾udka;fha j¾Okhg .;yels ls%hdud¾.ixpdrl l¾udka;fha j¾Okhg .;yels ls%hdud¾.ixpdrl l¾udka;fha j¾Okhg .;yels ls%hdud¾.ixpdrl l¾udka;fha j¾Okhg .;yels ls%hdud¾.
ixpdrl jHdmdrfha m%j¾Okhg my; i|yka fCIa;% flfrys iqúfYaIS wjOdkhla
fhduq l< hq;= fõ'
- ixpdrl wdl¾IK Attractions & f.dv ke.Su
) YS% ,xldfõ fN!;sl yd udkqI mßirh ixpdrl wdl¾IKsh;ajh flfrys
myiqfjka fhdod .; yelsh' l=vd Èjhskla jQ wfma rfÜ we;s fN!;sl
mdßißl úúO;ajh ixpdrlhska weod .ekSug myiqfõ' flá ld,hla ;=<
wvq úhoulska jeä ld,hla úfõlh .; lsÍug iqÿiq mßirhla fyhska ta
ms<sn| j f,dal uÜgñka mq¿,a m%pdrKhla ,nd §u l< hq;= h'
) wka ixpdrl m%foaYj,g idfmalaI j fuys we;s iqúfYaI;djka ms<sn| j
úfoaYsh ixpdrlhska mq¿,a uÜgulska oekqj;a lsÍu' f,dalfha wgjk mqÿuh
jYfhka fhdackd lsÍug we;s iS.sßh'
) jkdka;r mßirhg mßndysr j w,s m%ckk uOHia:dkhla njg m;a ù we;s
mskakj, w,s wkd:d.drh ffcj úúO;ajhlska hq;= isxyrdc jkh" kl,aia
rlaIs;h" jjq,amfka yqKq .,a .=ydj" ßá., jeks ixpdrl wdl¾IKsh ia:dk
fjk;a f,dalfha lsisÿ rgl fyda ixpdrl m%foaYhl olakg fkd,efí'
hqfkiaflda wdh;kh úiska kï lr we;s f,dal Wreu ia:dk 7la YS% ,xldfõ
we;' fï wkqj YS% ,xldj iqúfYaI ixpdrl l,dmhla njg m%pdrKh
jeo.;afõ'
N+f.da, úoHdj 13 jk fY%aKsh
164 .=re ud¾f.damfoaY ix.%yh
) ixpdrlhkag myiqjk whqßka ixpdrl kjd;eka myiqlï i,id§u
jeo.;afõ' Bg wu;r j mdßißl ixpdrlhska ^Eco Tourists& i|yd Tjqka
wfmalaId lrk kjd;eka myiqlï i,id§u jeo.;a fõ' cd;Hka;r m%ñ;Skag
wkqj ixpdrl myiqlï ie,iSu ixpdrl wdl¾IKhg fnfyúka n,mdhs'
) úfYaIfhka u mdßißl ixpdrl há;, myiqlï" ixpdrl ,e.=ïy,a" kerUqï
ueÈß ^ l=re,a,ka" Èhwe<s wdÈh& mdßißl uxfm;a wd§ myiqlï mßirhg
ydkshla fkdjk mßÈ jeäÈhqKq lsÍu'
) ixpdrl kjd;eka myiqlïj,g wu;r j Tjqkaf.a ixpdrl .ukdka;fha §
i;=gqodhl j úfõlh .; lsÍug wjYH wfkl=;a lS%vd yd úfkdao ùfï
myiqlï ixj¾Okh l< hq;= h'
) ixpdrlhska i|yd wjYH m%jdyk myiqlï .=jka" uydud¾." ÿïßh yd fjk;a
mßjyk yd m%fõY ùfï myiqlï jeä ÈhqKq lsÍu
) ixpdrl fiajd i|yd wjYH Y%ñlhska úêu;a wdldrfhka mqyqKq lsÍu jeo.;a
fõ' ksoiqka f,i j¾;udkfha ixpdrl u. fmkajkakka wúêu;a
wdldrfhka tu ls%hdj, ksr; jk neúka ixpdrlhska wmyiq;djg ,la
ùu yd ixpdrlhska ksid u. fmkajkakka o wmyiq;djkg ,laùu'
) j¾;udkfha ixpdrl jHdmdrh iïnkaOfhka we;s wdl,amuh ;;a;ajh
t;rï iqNodhl fkdjk neúka ta ms<sn| j m%cdj ksjerÈ j oekqj;a lsÍu
jeo.;a fõ' ta u.ska ixpdrl jHdmdrh yd iïnkaO .eg¨ wju lr.; yels
h'
) wm rgg úfoaY úksuh myiqfjka ,nd.; yels úNj;d iys; iïm;la
jYfhka ixpdrl jHdmdrhg cd;sl uÜgñka óg jvd wkq.%y iy jev
igyka ielish hq;=h' ixpdrl uKav,hg muKla fuh ;ks j l< fkdyels
neúka wksl=;a wdh;k o fï i|yd wkq.%yh oelaúh hq;= j we;'
) fydag,a wdÈh ia:dms; lsÍfï § mßirhg wkq.; jk whqßka iSud lsÍu'
) jeä wdodhï ,eìh yels ixpdrlhska flfrys jeä wjOdkhla fhduq lsÍu'
wdYs%; .%ka:wdYs%; .%ka:wdYs%; .%ka:wdYs%; .%ka:wdYs%; .%ka:
- YS% ,xld ixpdrl uKav,h - jd¾Isl jd¾;dj" ^2005&'
- YS% ,xld uy nexl= jd¾;dj" ^2007&'
- The National Atlas of Sri Lanka, (2007). Surrvey Department of Sri Lanka.
N+f.da, úoHdj 13 jk fY%aKsh
165 .=re ud¾f.damfoaY ix.%yh
bf.kqï b.ekaùï ls%hdldrlïbf.kqï b.ekaùï ls%hdldrlïbf.kqï b.ekaùï ls%hdldrlïbf.kqï b.ekaùï ls%hdldrlïbf.kqï b.ekaùï ls%hdldrlï
ls%hdldrlu 01ls%hdldrlu 01ls%hdldrlu 01ls%hdldrlu 01ls%hdldrlu 01
1' YS% ,xldj we;=<; we;s ixpdrl wdl¾IKSh iqúfYaI ia:dk ^mdßißl yd
ixialD;sl & y÷kd .ksñka ta ms<sn| j f;dr;=re we;=<;a ks¾udKhla ilikak'
ls%hdldrlu 02ls%hdldrlu 02ls%hdldrlu 02ls%hdldrlu 02ls%hdldrlu 02
2' YS% ,xldfõ ixpdrl jHdmdrh yd iïnkaO j wd¾Ól" mdßißl" ixialD;sl
yd idudðhSh jYfhka we;s hym;a yd whym;a ,laIK ;=,kd;aul j
wOHhkh lrñka ì;a;s mqj;am;la ks¾udKh lrkak'
ie'hq'
fuu ls%hdldrlu flaj, j fyda lKavdhï jYfhka lrkak'
isiq .fõIKh bÈßm;a lsßu" úia;drKh we.hSï wjia:d ,ndÈh hq;= h'
N+f.da, úoHdj 13 jk fY%aKsh
166 .=re ud¾f.damfoaY ix.%yh
ksmqK;dj - 12ksmqK;dj - 12ksmqK;dj - 12ksmqK;dj - 12ksmqK;dj - 12
f.da,SshlrKfha iajdNdjh ;=,kd;aul j úu¾Ykh lrf.da,SshlrKfha iajdNdjh ;=,kd;aul j úu¾Ykh lrf.da,SshlrKfha iajdNdjh ;=,kd;aul j úu¾Ykh lrf.da,SshlrKfha iajdNdjh ;=,kd;aul j úu¾Ykh lrf.da,SshlrKfha iajdNdjh ;=,kd;aul j úu¾Ykh lr YS% ,xldjg .; yels wdo¾Y bÈßm;a lrhs YS% ,xldjg .; yels wdo¾Y bÈßm;a lrhs YS% ,xldjg .; yels wdo¾Y bÈßm;a lrhs YS% ,xldjg .; yels wdo¾Y bÈßm;a lrhs YS% ,xldjg .; yels wdo¾Y bÈßm;a lrhs
ksmqK;d uÜguksmqK;d uÜguksmqK;d uÜguksmqK;d uÜguksmqK;d uÜgu f.da,ShlrKh flfrys n,mdk idOl f,i f;dr;=re ;dlaIKh
úuid n,hs'^ld,Éfþo 10&^ld,Éfþo 10&^ld,Éfþo 10&^ld,Éfþo 10&^ld,Éfþo 10&
bf.kqï M, bf.kqï M, bf.kqï M, bf.kqï M, bf.kqï M, • f.da,ShlrK ixl,amh ms<sn| uq,sl wjfndaOhla ,nd.kshs'
• f;dr;=re ;dlaIKh l=ula o hkak ms<sn| j úia;r lrhs'• f.da,ShlrK ls%hdj,shg f;dr;=re ;dlaIKfha n,mEu ms<sn|
idlÉcd lrhs'• f.da,ShlrK ls%hdj,sh ;=,kd;aul j úu¾Ykh lr bka YS%
,xldjg .; yels wdo¾Y y÷kd .kshs'• f.da,ShlrKfha iajNdjh ;=,kd;aul j wOHhkh fldg bka
.; yels wdo¾Y ms<sn| wdl,am f.dvk.d .kshs'
ye¢kaùuye¢kaùuye¢kaùuye¢kaùuye¢kaùuf.da,ShlrKh i|yd úYaùhlrKh" mDÓúlrKh" c.;alrKh" N+f.da,ShlrKh
hk ish,a, Ndú; fõ' f.da,ShlrKh i|yd n,mE m%Ok; u idOlh jkafka f;dr;=reikaksfõok ;dlaIKh ,enq úYd, ÈhqKqjhs'
f.da,ShlrKh uE;l isg f,dal ckudOH ;=< b;d mq¿,a wkaoñka l;d nyg ,laj mj;sk ud;Dldjls' fï ms<sn| ksrjq,a woyila ,nd .ekSu jeo.;a jkafka N+f.da,ShjYfhka i,lk l< cd;sl foaY isudj,ska f;dr f,dalhla ks¾udKh lrk w;r udkqIls%hdldß;ajfha ish¨ u fCIa;% f.da,ShlrKhg k;= j mj;sk neúks' f,dj úúO ia:dkiy ckhd w;r foaYmd,k" wd¾Ól" idudÔhSh iy ixialD;sl hk fï iEu fCIa;%hl uúYd, jYfhka isÿfjñka mj;akd wka;¾ ls%hdj,shla f,i f.da,ShlrKh ye¢kaùu oksjerÈ fõ' foaYisudj,ska f;dr (Bordless word) f,dalhla ks¾udKh lrk fï ;=< N+f.da,ShjYfhka cd;sl rdcHhla ;=< cd;sl uÜgfï mj;skakd jq iudc idïm%odhsl yr moaO;sj,jeo.;alu wvqfjñka mj;shs'
úYaj .ïudk ixl,amfhka woyia jk mßÈ wm Ôj;ajk f,dalh yels,Sula ke;fyd;al=vd ùula isÿfõ' tu yels,Su isÿjkafka ld,h yd wjldYh uq,afldg f.k nj m%ùKiudc úoHd{hl= jk wd¾' frdnÜika ^1992& fmkajd fohs' ;dlaIKsl ÈhqKqj ;=<ska fuuúp,Hhka ys idfmalaI jeo.;alu wvq fõ' f,dal uÜgfï isg m%dfoaYSh uÜgu olajdf.da,ShlrK ls%hdj,shg n÷ka ùu u; N+f.da, úoHdjg ysñ ia:dkh ke;s ù hdula isÿjknjg u;hla N+f.da, úoHd{hka w;r mej;=K o" m%foaYsh úIu;dj ;j ÿrg;a biau;=lrkakla njg f.da,shlrKh y÷kd.; yelsh'
j¾;udkfha f.da,ShlrKh ;=< isÿjkafka fjf<|fmd< jHdma; ùulaa jk w;rfï ms<sn| idlÉPd jk úúO fCIa;% y÷kd.; yelsh' tajd kï wd¾Ól ,sys,a m%;sm;a;s yrydcd;sl wd¾Ólhka f.da,Sh wd¾Ólhka iu. wk¾;.%yKh lsÍu" f.da,Sh fjf<|fmd<n,fõ.hka" ksIamdok l%u fjkia lsÍu" mßirh f.da,sh WKqiqïùu& iudc yd ixialD;sl
N+f.da, úoHdj 13 jk fY%aKsh
167 .=re ud¾f.damfoaY ix.%yh
úm¾hdihka kj mßfNdack rgd" kj iudc mka;s ìysùu& ta w;r fõ' fï ;=<ska rdcHhlwd¾Ól foaYmd,ksl" iudc" ixialD;sl fjkila isÿjkafka ;rÕh" taldêldrh" ;dlaIKslúma,jh hk fCIa;% u.sks'
tu ksid kq;k úoHd;aul f,dj ;=< f;dr;=re ikaksfõok ;dlaIKh w;s oejka;ÈhqKqjla ,nd ;sîu f.da,ShlrKh i|yd fnfyúka n,mE idOlhla jYfhka y÷kd.;yels h'
úIh lreKq meyeÈ,s lr.ekSug w;aje,laúIh lreKq meyeÈ,s lr.ekSug w;aje,laúIh lreKq meyeÈ,s lr.ekSug w;aje,laúIh lreKq meyeÈ,s lr.ekSug w;aje,laúIh lreKq meyeÈ,s lr.ekSug w;aje,la
• f;dr;=re ;dlaIKh hkq l=ulao@f;dr;=re ;dlaIKh hkq l=ulao@f;dr;=re ;dlaIKh hkq l=ulao@f;dr;=re ;dlaIKh hkq l=ulao@f;dr;=re ;dlaIKh hkq l=ulao@
- w;S;h yd iu. w;aje,a ne| we;s f;dr;=re ikaksfõok ;dlaIKh flfrys ful,jeä wjOdkhla fhduqj mj;skafka f;dr;=re ikaksfõok ;dlaIKfhaf.da,ShlrKh flfrys h'
- f;dr;=rla hkq iudch ;=< isÿjk hï fohla f,aLkhlska" Yíofhka" oDIHfhka.%dylhdg <Õdlr §ug ;e;a lsÍuls'
- ikaksfõokh hkq mKsúvhla tla mqoa.,hl=f.ka ;j;a mqoa.,hl=g fydalKavdhulg heùu iy th ,enqKq njg f;areï .ekSuhs'
- uq,§ f;dr;=re ;dlaIKh ^Information Technology IT & hkqfjka ye¢ka jQ w;rmiqj f;dr;=re ikaksfõok ;dlaIKh Information Communication Technology
ICT & hkqfjka Ndú; lrk ,È'- 20 jk ishji wdrïNfha § m%d.aOkh wd¾Ól j¾Okhg w;HjYH idOlh njg
m;ajqj o ld,h;a iu. f;dr;=re ikaksfõok ;dlaIKh tu ia:dkh w;am;a lr.kq ,eîh'
- 1950 oYlh ;=< mß.Kl hka;%h fidhd .kq ,eîh" miq l,l ;dlaIKsll¾udka;hka ys ÈhqKqj;a äðg,alrKh iu. ÿrl:k" pkaøsld ;dlaIKhg uqiqùu;aiu. f;dr;=re ;dlaIKh úma,ùh f,i j¾Okh úh' ñka woyia jkafka mß.Kl;dlaIKh yd ikaksfõok ;dlaIKfha taldnoaO m%;sM,hla f,i f;dr;=re ;dlaIKhìys ù we;s njhs'
- fï wdldrhg ;dlaIKsl oekqu" wd¾Ól ksIamdokh jeä ÈhqKq lsÍug fuka uksIamdokfha .=Kd;aulNdjh by< oeóug o ufydamldß ùu'
- úoHq;a udOHfhka f;dr;=re ieliSu" .nvd lsÍu yd fnod yeÍu i|yd Ndú; lrkish¨ u ;dlaIKhka f;dr;=re ikaksfõok ;dlaIKhg wh;a w;r mß.Kl"mß.Kl cd," mß.KldYs%; WmlrK" ÿrl:k" *elaia" pkaøsld iy úúO jQ CIqøúoHq;a ksIamdok Ndú; fõ'
N+f.da, úoHdj 13 jk fY%aKsh
168 .=re ud¾f.damfoaY ix.%yh
f;dr;=re ikaksfõok ;dlaIK ls%hdj,sh
12'1'1 rEm igyk
f;dr;=re ;dlaIK udOH
12'1'2 rEm igyk
- úoHdfõ ;dlaIKfha ksrka;r m%udKd;aul" .=Kd;aul YSS>% ÈhqKqj f.da,ShidudðhShlrKhg ,laùu ;=< ;j ÿrg;a ñksia wfkHdakH iïnkaO;d j¾Okhfjñka mj;S' ta i|yd oeßh hq;= úhoï my; nisñka mj;sk w;r Bg idfmalaIj fiajd,dNSkaf.a m%udKh by< hñka mej;Su'
Wod ( 1930 jif¾ § ksõfhda¾la isg ,kavka olajd úkdä 3l ÿrl:k weu;=ulafvd,¾ 300la jq w;r 2005 jk úg fvd,¾ 0'08 olajd my; neisu'
Wod ( tla NdIdjla fjk;a NdId lsysmhlg wka;¾cd,h Wmfhda.s lrf.k NdId mßj¾;khg Translation& yelsùu'
úoaHq;a udOHfhkaf;dr;=re ieliSu
.nvd lsÍu
fnod yeßu
f;dr;=re ikaksfõok ;dlaIKh
• úoaHq;a udOHfhka f;dr;=re ieliSu• .nvd lsÍu• fnod yeÍu
mß.Kl cd,
mß.KldYs%;WmlrK
ÿrl:k*elaia
pkaøsld
(G I S)
N+f.da,Sh ia:dk.;lsÍfï moaO;sh ^GPS)
N+f.da,Sh úoHd;aul f;dr;=re moaO;sh
mß.Kl
N+f.da, úoHdj 13 jk fY%aKsh
169 .=re ud¾f.damfoaY ix.%yh
- f;dr;=re ikaksfõok ;dlaIKh fya;=fjka f.da,ShlrKfhys m%;sM, wiailauq,a,la ker me;=reK o rgj,a jYfhka n,k úg kuH;dj" iq.u;dj" kj;dlaIKh Ndú;hg .ekSug wjYH ksmqK;d w;ska úúO cd;ska w;r wiudk;dy÷kd.; yels fõ'
f;dr;=re ;dlaIKfha udOHhla jYfhka"
wka;¾cd;sl f;dr;=re iïmdok cd,hwka;¾cd;sl f;dr;=re iïmdok cd,hwka;¾cd;sl f;dr;=re iïmdok cd,hwka;¾cd;sl f;dr;=re iïmdok cd,hwka;¾cd;sl f;dr;=re iïmdok cd,h- mß.Kl ikaksfõok fCI;%fha úYd, fmr<shla lsÍug wka;¾cd,fha mq¿,a
Ndú;h Wmldß ù we;'- wka;¾cd;sl f;dr;=re iïmdok cd,h u.ska ´kE u ud;Dldjla ms<sn| j
f;dr;=re imhk w;r tu f;dr;=re f,dj úúO rgj,aj,ska tl;= fõ' f,djúYd, u mß.Kl cd,h wka;¾cd,h jYfhka ye¢kafjk w;r mß.Kl ydmß.Kl cd,d tlsfklg fmdÿfõ lghq;= lrk úg tu moaO;sh mß.Klcd,hla jYfhka y÷kajkq ,efí'
- ld,h;a iuÕ l%udkql=, j¾Okhla fmkakqï lrk w;r isñ; ld, mrdihla;=< § jeäfofkl=f.a myiqj Wfoid WÑ; jk whqßka kùlrKh ù we;'
- flá ld,hla ;=< § oekqu jeä lrk udOHhla jk w;r úYd, jYfhka uqøs;"Yío" úäfhda" mska;+r" wka;¾cd,h yryd nyqudOHj,g f;dr;=re imhhs'
- úúO fCIa;%hkays isák msßia wka;¾cd,h yryd ;u oekqu j¾Okh lr .ksñkaisáhs'Wod ( - wOHdmkh ,nkakka ^úYajúoHd, isiqka " mdi,a isiqka" fjk;a&
- Wiia wOHdmk wdh;k ^úYajúoHd," m¾fhaIK wdh;k& - rdcH wdh;k yd úúO ixúOdk - jHdmdßlhka
- fjk;a lKavdhï ^úfkdaoh ,nkakka&
wka;¾cd,h yd iïnkaO wfkl=;a myiqlï w;r 1' bkag%dfkÜ Intranet&
wdh;khl wNHka;r mß.Kl ish,a, tl;= lr f;dr;=re yqjudre lrk moaO;shls 2' tlaiag%dfkÜ Extranet&
wdh;k lsysmhla taldnoaO lr ilia lrk mß.Kl moaO;shls' 3' úoHq;a jdKsch (E - Commerce&
wka;¾cd,h Wmfhda.s lr .ksñka isÿ lrk .kqfokq úoaHq;a jdKscHh fõ',shlshú,sj,ska f;dr j wju msßjehlska hqla; j läkñka wod< ld¾hh lr.ekSug yels fõ'
4' úoaHq;a ;emE, E- mail &b;d läkñka ,sÅ; f;dr;=re ,nd §ug;a wod< f;dr;=re laIKhlska ,nd.ekSug;a yels ikaksfõok udOHhls'
5' w;:H úYaj úoHd, Virtual Campus&fuu úoaHq;a wOHdmkh fndfyda rgj, läkñka jHdma; fjñka mj;sk w;rwju fN!;sl iïm;a Ndú; lr jeä msßilg Wiia wOHdmk myiqlï fï ;=<ska,nd.; yelsh'
6' úoHq;a nexl= E - Banking&
N+f.da, úoHdj 13 jk fY%aKsh
170 .=re ud¾f.damfoaY ix.%yh
wka;¾ cd,h" ÿrl:kh fyda bf,lafg%dksl fg,¾ hka;%h Ndú; lr ojfia´kE u fj,djl nexl= lghq;= j, ksr; úh yels w;r Kh ldâm;a ^Credit
Card& Ndú;h fuys § b;d ckms%h fõ'7' bf,dlafg%dksla ffjoH fiajdj ^E - medicine& wka;¾ cd,h yryd ffjoH
fiajd ,nd.; yels w;r ffjoH fiajd ,nd.ekSug yels wjia:d mq¿,a lrhs'
• f.da,ShlrKh hkqf.da,ShlrKh hkqf.da,ShlrKh hkqf.da,ShlrKh hkqf.da,ShlrKh hkqfï ms<sn| úúO oDIaáfldaKhkaf.ka Tjqkaf.a úIh m:j, isg olskakg úúO msßiaW;aidy ord we;'- iudc úoHd{hkaf.a woyi jkafka f.da,ShlrKh ikaksfõok yd f;dr;=re
;dlaIKh iïnkaO uE;ld,Sk m%dfhda.sl ls%hdj,shla njhs'- frdnÜ .s,amska ^1987& keu;s foaYmd,k úoHd{hdf.a woyi kï f.da,ShlrKh
jkdys fj<|du" uq,H yd laIqø wd¾Ól m%;sm;a;s weiqßka cd;sl wd¾Ólhkaf.awka;¾ hemsfï j¾Okhla njhs'
- N+f.da, úoHd{hl= jk fâúâ ydú ^1989& foaYmd,k úoHd{hl= jk fÊïiañÜ,agka 1996& fmkajd fokafka f.da,ShlrKh u.ska ld,h yd wjldYh wkqjf,dalh yels,Sulg f.dÿre lrjk njhs'
- weka;ks .svkaia 1991& g wkqj ikaksfõokh" oekqu yd ixialD;sh f,dalh mqrdtljr yqjudre flfrk ls%hdj,shla fõ' f,dalh ;=< tlsfkl iudc isoaëka ysiïnkaO;dj f.dvk.kakla jk w;r w;rueÈhd f,i f;dr;=re ;dlaIKhls%hdlrhs'
- frdnÜika ^1992& keu;s iudc úoHd{hdg wkqj f.da,ShlrKh u.ska f.da,ShixialD;shla f.dv ke.sula isÿfõ' th ks¾udKh jkafka m%Odk uQ,hka follaWmfhda.s fldg f.kh' th ld, wjldY ixfldapkh yd úYaùh ú{dkhjYfhka y÷kajhs'
- f.da,ShlrKh uQ,slj u foaYiSud yryd NdKav" fiajd" uqo,a" ck;dj f;dr;=reyd ixialD;sh yd yr moaO;s .,dhdfï ls%hdoduhla jk w;r wd¾Ól úoHd{hkam%ldY lrkqfha fuh m%Odk; u wd¾Ól ls%hdoduhla njhs'
tfy;a iuyr úoaj;=kaf.a woyi f.da,ShlrK ls%hdoduh Okd;aul fukau RKd;auln,mEï we;s lrk njls'- ió¾ wñka 1994& fcïia fmg%dia 1997& mjikafka OkjdÈ f.da,Sh l%uh OkjdÈ
rgj,a lsysmhl wjYH;dj Wfoid f;jk f,dj rgj,a iqrdlEulg ,la lrknjls'
- o is,ajd 2006& m%ldY lrkq ,nkafka f.da,Sh ixialD;sh" m%dfoaYShj úkdY lrkqoelsh yels jqj o th m%foaYh ms<sn| ye.Sula kej; we;s lsÍug Wmldß úh yelsnjhs'
- fuu ish¨ ks¾jpk i,ld ne,Sfï § f.da,ShlrKh hkak úfoaY fjf<|dugwe;s ndOl bj;a lr ÈhqKq ;dlaIKh Wmßu whqßka Ndú; lrñka wNHka;rfjf<|fmd<j,a yryd cd;Hka;r fj<| wd¾Ólhg taldnoaO lsÍu ke;fyd;a"N+f.da,sh jYfhka ld,h yd wjldYh w;r mr;rh wju lsÍula f,i y÷kd.;yels h.
- ld, wjldY ÿr wju ùu u; f,dal ck;dj w;r ÿria: nj ySkfjñka mj;S'wfkla w;g f,daljdiSyq úYaùh Wjÿre" wjodkï" w¾nqo flfrys uE; ld,Sk júYaùh jYfhka ú{dkhla f.dv k.ñka mj;S' Wod ( f.da,Sh WKqiqu" id.ruÜgï by<hdu" foaY.=Ksl fjkialï'
N+f.da, úoHdj 13 jk fY%aKsh
171 .=re ud¾f.damfoaY ix.%yh
f.da,ShlrKfha wx. ,laIK lsysmhla y÷kd.; yels h'- úYaúYSlrKfhys hg;a úð;jdoh" ld¾ñlrKh fuka ;SrKh lrk ,o wjidkhla
fkdue;s w;r w;s ixlS¾K ls%hdj,shls'- úYaùhlrKh ixialD;sl ls%hdj,shla ùu" foaYisud wNsnjd hk ixialD;sluh
wkkH;djla ms<sônq lsÍu'
• f.da,ShlrKh flfrys f;dr;=re ;dlaIKfha n,mEu f.da,ShlrKh flfrys f;dr;=re ;dlaIKfha n,mEu f.da,ShlrKh flfrys f;dr;=re ;dlaIKfha n,mEu f.da,ShlrKh flfrys f;dr;=re ;dlaIKfha n,mEu f.da,ShlrKh flfrys f;dr;=re ;dlaIKfha n,mEu f.da,ShlrKh flfrys f;dr;=re ;dlaIKfha n,mEu i|yd úYd, odhl;ajhla wka;¾cd,h u.ska imhd ;sfí' tys mq¿,a Ndú;h ikaksfõok fCIa;%hg úYd, fmr<shla isÿfldg we;' flá ld, iSudjla ;=< jeä fofkl=f.a myiqj Wfoid WÑ; jk whqßka thkúlrKh ù we;af;a iudcfha mj;sk wd¾Ól" iudc" ixialD;sl yd foaYmd,k m%jK;dfya;=fjks'
mß.Kl idlaIr;dj we;s ´kEu flfkl=g wjYH f;dr;=re talrdYS lr.; yels w;r"- wOHdmk lghq;= i|yd f,dj mqrd úYajúoHd, fjí wvúj,g msúiSfï wjia:dj
yd tys fiajd ,nd .ekSug yelshdj mej;Su'- ´kEu fCIa;%hl f;dr;=re ;ukag wjYH mßÈ ,nd .; yels ùu" ta w;r m%isoaO
lrk ,o fmd;am;a" m¾fhaIK" .fõIK m;s%ld" iÕrd" mqj;am;a" Yío fldaI"mqia;ld, myiqlï'
- fkdñ,fha ,nd fok yd uqo,a f.jd ,nd.; yels úúO uDÿldx." ud¾..;wdOdr" Wmfoia" mß.Kl Yío fldaI wdÈh ,nd.; yels ùu'
- NdKav yd fiajd wf,ú lsÍug" fj<| oekaùï m%pdrhg" fj<| m¾fhaIK ilialsÍug jHdmdßl f,dj ;=< yelsùu'
- jvd;a ksjerÈ ;SrK .ekSu i|yd md,k yd mßmd,k lghq;= myiq lsÍugyelsùu
- rdcH lghq;= i|yd f;dr;=re ;dlaIKh Ndú; lsÍfuka rfÜ ck;djg m%;s,dNw;alr §ug yels ùu'
- úfkdaoh i|yd ieliQ jevigyka "Ñ;%mg" ldgqka" ñ;=re weiqre" úfkdaod;auljev igyka ,nd.ekSug yels ùu'
- wka;¾ cd,hg wu;r j N+f.da,sh f;dr;=re moaO;sh GIS& yd f.da,Sh ia:dk.;lsÍfï moaO;sh ^GPS& yryd f;dr;=re ,nd .ekSug" f;dr;=re ilia lsÍug ydfnod yeÍug yels ùu'
wd¾Ól" iudc" ixialD;sl f.da,ShlrK ls%hdj,sh mj;ajd .ekSu yd jeäÈhqKq lsÍu i|ydf;dr;=re ;dlaIKh bjy,a lrf.k we;s wdldrh n,kafka kï"
Wod ( wd¾Ól f.da,ShlrKh
- Okjd§ wd¾Ólh meñKSu;a iu. m%d.aOk yqjudrej" NdKav ksIamdokh" fldgiafjf<|fmd<" Y%u fj<|fmd< cd;sl uÜgñka Tíng hdu" hï NdKavhl fydafiajdjl whs;sh ;ks rgla i;= fkdùu' tl,ia lsÍfï l¾udka; ìysùu' Wod( mß.Kl ksIamdok .;aúg wefußld tlai;a ckmofha tla fldgila ksmojkw;r ;j;a fldgia cmdkh" uef,aishd jeks rgj, ksIamdokh lsÍu'
- uq,Huh ls%hdj,sh uq¿ukska u foaYiSudj,ska f;dr ls%hdj,shla ùu' f;dr;=re;dlaIKh Wmfhda.s fldg f.k uq,H myiqjla msgia;r ia:dkj,ska ,nd.;yelsùu'
N+f.da, úoHdj 13 jk fY%aKsh
172 .=re ud¾f.damfoaY ix.%yh
foaYmd,k f.da,ShlrKh- f;dr;=re ikaksfõok udOH Tiafia rgla wNHka;rfha isÿjk foaYmd,k .eg¨
laIKfhka uq¿ f,djg wkdjrKh ùu u; cd;Hka;r m%cdjg hï hï n,mEïl< yels ùu' ta yryd udkj whs;sjdislï" uq,sl whs;sjdislïj,g n,mEïlsÍu'
mdßißl f.da,ShlrKh- mdßißl w¾nqo yuqfõ úYaùh ú{dkhla f.dvke.S ;sìu' tla me;a;lska n,j;a
cd;Skaf.a mßir ydks m%;sM, ish¨u cd;Skag fmdÿfõ n,mEu' Wod ( foaY.=Kfjkialï' wfkla miska ikaksfõok ;dlaIKh yqjudrej ;=< fujeks mßir.eg¨j,ska ñ§ug laIKsl mshjr .ekSug ;rï ÈhqKq ;dlaIKhla mej;Su' Wod( iqkdñ Wjÿr tla rglg n,mEu isÿjk laIKfhka wka;¾ ikaksfõokudOH yryd n,mEï úh yels wfkla rgj,a oekqj;a lsÍu'
f;dr;=re ;dlaIKh yd ne÷Kq .eg¨ f;dr;=re ;dlaIKfha n,mEu u.ska f.da,Shj tla ia:dkhla jgd flakaø .; l<o ta yd ne÷Kq .eg¨ rdYshlg u ÈhqKq yd ÈhqKq fjñka mj;akd wd¾Ólhka uqyqK mdisáhs'
- mß.Kl ffjria u.ska fufyhqï moaO;sh ydks ùu- ryia f,i jev igyka ,nd .ekSu yd w;sYh ryiH fjí wvúj,g msúisug
yelshdj- wka;¾ cd,h yryd isÿjk uyd mßudK uq,H jxpd- weieì m%ldYk" oekaùï mqjre" PhdrEm" Ñ;%mg wka;¾ cd,h Tiafia fnod yeÍu
yd wka;¾cd, yryd .kq ,nk f;dr;=re- tla rglg kS;Hdkql=, fyda iodpdr iïmkak fohla fjk;a rglg kS;Hdkql+,
fyda iodpdr úfrdaêúh yels ùu- f;dr;=re ;dlaIKh fmdÿ ckhdf.a udOHhla jqj o n,j;a cd;Ska úiska th
w;am;a lrf.k isàu' Tjqkg wjYH mßÈ m%jD;a;s ks¾udKh" NdId Ndú;h th;=<ska iudc úIu;djlg bvlv ie,iSu'
- ld, wjldY ixfldapkh u; f;dr;=re ksl=;a ùu YS>%ùu th ;=< jerÈ f;dr;=rlajqj o b;d blaukska mq¿,a f,i jHdma; ùu'
- ;%ia;jd§ l%shd isÿlsÍug f;dr;=re ikaksfõok ;dlaIKh úYd, jYfhka Wmfhda.Sfldg .ekSu'
wdYs%; .%ka:wdYs%; .%ka:wdYs%; .%ka:wdYs%; .%ka:wdYs%; .%ka:- lreKdodi" ví'tï' ^1999&' f.da,ShlrKh yd l,dmShlrKh" bfuÊ ,xld
mí,sflaIka'- ùrisxy"áhqv¾ "^2002&' f.da,Sh iudch iy tys u;jdo" tia' f.dvf.a iy ifydaorfhda- fykakdhl "kd,Sks "^2004&' udkqI N+f.da, úoHdj"tia' f.dvf.a iy ifydaorfhda'- wdßhfiak "iïm;a" 2004&' f.da,shlrKh" fidndoyu yd udkj ixy;sfha brKu" iriú m%ldYlfhda'- ñys÷l=,iqßh" pdñkao" 2004&' m%dfhda.sl wka;¾ cd,h" <ysre m%ldYk'- ysoe,a, wdrÉÑ" iS'iS' 2005&' ixj¾Ok wOHhkh" iriú m%ldYlfhda" kqf.af.dv'- Okmd, "ta'tï' wdßhfiak "iïm;a" ^2004&' mßirh udkqI wjYH;d iy iudc
ixj¾Okh" iriú m%ldYlfhda'- wd¾Ól úuiqu" ^2007&' ck $ cq,s l,dmh'
N+f.da, úoHdj 13 jk fY%aKsh
173 .=re ud¾f.damfoaY ix.%yh
bf.kqï b.ekaùï ls%hdldrlïbf.kqï b.ekaùï ls%hdldrlïbf.kqï b.ekaùï ls%hdldrlïbf.kqï b.ekaùï ls%hdldrlïbf.kqï b.ekaùï ls%hdldrlï
ls%hdldrlu - 1ls%hdldrlu - 1ls%hdldrlu - 1ls%hdldrlu - 1ls%hdldrlu - 1
f.da,ShlrKh flfrys f;dr;=re ikaksfõok ;dlaIKh n,md we;s wdldrh
úpdrd;aul j úuikak'
ls%hdldrlu - 2ls%hdldrlu - 2ls%hdldrlu - 2ls%hdldrlu - 2ls%hdldrlu - 2
- fuh lKavdhï ls%hdlrluls - f.da,ShlrKh flfrys f;dr;=re ikaksfõok ;dlaIKfhys n,mEu my;
wxY hgf;a mka;s ldur idlÉPdjlg ,la lrkak'
) wd¾Ól wxYh ) foaYmd,k wxYh ) iudc yd ixialD;suh wxYh ) mdßißl wxYh
N+f.da, úoHdj 13 jk fY%aKsh
174 .=re ud¾f.damfoaY ix.%yh
ksmqK;dj - 13ksmqK;dj - 13ksmqK;dj - 13ksmqK;dj - 13ksmqK;dj - 13
YS% ,xldfõ iudc wd¾Ól mßj¾;khg f;dr;=re ;dlaIKfhaYS% ,xldfõ iudc wd¾Ól mßj¾;khg f;dr;=re ;dlaIKfhaYS% ,xldfõ iudc wd¾Ól mßj¾;khg f;dr;=re ;dlaIKfhaYS% ,xldfõ iudc wd¾Ól mßj¾;khg f;dr;=re ;dlaIKfhaYS% ,xldfõ iudc wd¾Ól mßj¾;khg f;dr;=re ;dlaIKfhafufyjr mÍlaId lrhsfufyjr mÍlaId lrhsfufyjr mÍlaId lrhsfufyjr mÍlaId lrhsfufyjr mÍlaId lrhs
ksmqK;d uÜguksmqK;d uÜguksmqK;d uÜguksmqK;d uÜguksmqK;d uÜgu 13'1 YS% ,xldfõ iudc" wd¾Ól" mßj¾;kfhys ,d f;dr;=re
;dlaIKh n,md we;s wdldrh ;=,kd;aul j úu¾Ykh lrhs'
^ld,Éfþo 10&^ld,Éfþo 10&^ld,Éfþo 10&^ld,Éfþo 10&^ld,Éfþo 10&
bf.kqï M,bf.kqï M,bf.kqï M,bf.kqï M,bf.kqï M, • YS% ,xldfõ iudc wd¾Ól mßj¾;khg f;dr;=re ;dlaIKfha
wjYH;dj meyeÈ,s lrhs'
• YS% ,xldfõ foaYmd,ksl m%;sm;a;s ieliSfï § f;dr;=re
;dlaIKfha wod<;ajh ;=,kd;aul j fmkajd fohs'
• YS% ,xldfõ wd¾Ól ixj¾Okfha § lDIsld¾ñl wxYhg f;dr;=re
;dlaIKh fhdod .ekSfï jeo.;alu ú.%y lrhs'
• YS% ,xldfõ ld¾ñl ixj¾Ok wNsfhda. yuqfõ f;dr;=re
;dlaIKfha odhl;ajh meyeÈ,s lrhs'
• YS% ,xldfõ M,odhs fiajd wxYhla mj;ajd f.k hdug f;dr;=re
;dlaIKh fhdod.; yels wdldrh ú.%y lrhs'
ye¢kaùuye¢kaùuye¢kaùuye¢kaùuye¢kaùu
f;dr;=re ;dlaIKh 21 jk ishji kj f,dalhlg fhduq l< hq.hla f,i fmkajd
Èh yelsh' f.da,ShlrKh yuqfõ ´kEu rglg yqol,dj lghq;= lsßug fkdyels ù we;'
kj oekqu fudfyd;ska fudfyd; iaftdagkh fjñka f,dj mqrd jHdma; fõ' tneúka hï
rgla ixj¾Okh flfryss fhduq ùfï § f;dr;=re ;dlaIKh flfrys fhduq ùu wksjd¾hh
wx.hla njg m;a ù we;' fuu tallh u.ska YS% ,xldfõ iudc wd¾Ól mßj¾;khg
f;dr;=re ;dlaIKfhys odhl;ajh yd wNsfhda. ms<sn| N+f.da, úoHd;aul oDIaáhlska idlÉcd
flfrhs'
úIh lreKq meyeÈ,s lr.ekSSug w;aje,laúIh lreKq meyeÈ,s lr.ekSSug w;aje,laúIh lreKq meyeÈ,s lr.ekSSug w;aje,laúIh lreKq meyeÈ,s lr.ekSSug w;aje,laúIh lreKq meyeÈ,s lr.ekSSug w;aje,la
- f;dr;=re ;dlaIKh 21 jk ishjfia f,dalh kj u.lg fhduq lr we;'
- ÿrl:kh" mrs.Klh yd wfkl=;a f;dr;=re ikaksfõok udOH tlsfklg
iïnkaO fjñka f,dalh úYaj .ïudkhla njg mßj¾;kh ù we;'
- ;dlaIKsl jYfhka ÈhqKq rgj,a fndfyduhla ksIamdok" wf,úlrK yd
fiajd wxY i|yd f;dr;=re ;dlaIKh Wmfhda.S lrf.k ;u ld¾hhka
ld¾hlaIu yd M,odhS wdldrfhka bgqlr .eksug fhduq ù ;sfí'
- YS% ,xldfõ iudc wd¾Ól mßj¾;khg f;dr;=re ;dlaIKh fhdod .ekSfï
ld,Sk wjYH;dj yd oekg we;s ndOl y÷kd .ekSu jeo.;a fõ'
N+f.da, úoHdj 13 jk fY%aKsh
175 .=re ud¾f.damfoaY ix.%yh
YS% ,xldfõ iudc wd¾Ól mßj¾;kh i|yd f;dr;=re ;dlaIKh n,md we;s wdldrh my;
wxY hgf;a idrxY l< yels h'
wd¾Ól wxYh yd f;dr;=re ;dlaIKh
YS% ,xldfõ lDIs ld¾ñl lghq;= i|yd f;dr;=re ikaksfõok ;dlaIKh fhdod.; yels
úNj;d we;;a wju uÜgñka fuf;la fhdod f.k we;'
- úúO fNda. j.d lsÍug wjYH oekqu wka;¾cd,h yryd ,nd .ekSu
- f.dùka jHdmdßlhka yd fiajd imhkakka w;r oekqu yqjudre lr .ekSu
Wod ( fjf<|fmd< ñ, .Kka" m¾fhaIK wkdjrK" kj fidhd .ekSï'
- lDIsl¾uhg wod< j ld,.=Ksl yd foaY.=Ksl f;dr;=re ,nd .ekSu
- lDIsl¾uh iïnkaO úúO rcfha yd fm!oa.,sl wdh;k lDIs iïm;a
ixrlaIKhg yd l<ukdlrKhg N+f.da,Sh f;dr;=re moaO;s GIS & Ndú;
fldg is;shï iliaa lsÍu yd Bg wu;r j f;dr;=re ikaksfõok ;dlaIKfha
b;d jeo.;a WmlrKhla jk f.da,Sh ia:dk .; lsÍfï moaO;sh ^ GPS &
Ndú; lsÍu'
- úfYaIfhka fmdfydr" m<sfndaO kdYl" lDIsld¾ñl yd wfkl=;a fhojqï
ksIamdokh lrk iud.ï f;dr;=re ikaksfõok ;dlaIKh nyq, j fhdod
f.k we;' îc ksIamdokh" lDIs rihdksl øjH" frda.j,ska f;dr fnda.
ksIamdokh" úoHd.dr ;=< cd;Hka;r m%ñ;Skag wkqj îc mÍlaIdj" mY=
iïm;a ixrlaIKh" lDIs hkaf;%damlrK" lDIs m%pdrl lghq;='
Wod ( nj¾ iud.u" fya,Sia iud.u" n%jqkaia iud.u fï w;r YS% ,xldj ;=<
bÈßfhka isáhs'
YS% ,xldfõ ld¾ñl flaI;%h wfkl=;a flaI;%j,g idfmalaI j f;dr;=re ikaksfõok
;dlaIKh Ndú;h w;ska bÈßfhka isáhs' ta w;r"
- lDIsmdol ld¾ñl wuqøjH ksIamdokh i|yd rdcH yd fm!oa.,sl iud.ï
f;dr;=re ;dlaIKh nyq, j fhdod .kshs' Wod ( gh¾ yd áhqí ksIamdokh
" iskS ksIamdokh'
- YS% ,xldj ;=< weÕ¨ï l¾udka;h úYd, f,i jHdma; j we;s w;r fï i|yd
uyd mßudK f,i f;dr;=re ikaksfõok ;dlaIKh Ndú;hg .kshs'
Wod ( kùk fudaia;r" ú,dis;d wdÈh y÷kd .ekSu" kùk ;dlaIKsl oekqu
yd WmlrK ,nd .ekSu" wuqøjH ,nd .ekSu" kj fj<|fmd< y÷kd.ekSu"ñ, .Kka ;srKh lsÍu
fujeks lreKq u.ska YS% ,xldfõ ld¾ñl flafIa;%h ;=< f;dr;=re ikaksfõok;dlaIKh Ndú; lsÍfï j¾Okhla mj;sk nj meyeÈ,s h'
N+f.da, úoHdj 13 jk fY%aKsh
176 .=re ud¾f.damfoaY ix.%yh
fiajd wxYhg wjOdkh fhduq lsÍfï § o fuu ;;a;ajh oel.; yels h'
- nexl= - .kqfokq" uqo,a yqjudre" fplam;a yqjudrej" fmd,sh ilia lsÍu
- l¾udka;Yd,d - ie,iqï lsÍu" ksIamdokh" ;;a;aj md,kh" weiqreï lsÍu'
- uqøK fCI;%h - ie,iqï lsÍu" uqøKh
- f;dr;=re ikaksfõok ;dlaIKh Wmfhda.s lr .ekSu ;=<ska fiajd wxYhg
jvd;a ksjerÈ j ie,iqï ilia lsÍug yd mj;ajd f.k hdug yels ù we;'
flfia jqj o fjk;a fndfyda rgj,a yd iei£fï § YS% ,xldj iudc
mßj¾;khg f;dr;=re ;dlaIKh fhdod f.k we;af;a iSñ; m%udKhlsks'
- j¾;udkfha f,dalfha ;dlaIKsl jYfhka ÈhqKq rgj,a fndfydauhla
fiajdodhslhskaf.a wjYH;d i|yd" fndfyda fCIa;% f;dr;=re ;dlaIKsl
Wmdx. yd iïnkaO fldg we;'
- fiajd iemhSfï § Rcqj u fiajdfhdaclhska yd fiajdodhlhska yuqùu
jeo.;a fkdjk w;r úúO Wmdx. u.ska úfYaIfhka mß.Kl cd,.;
fiajd i|yd iïnkaO ù ;u ld¾hhka ´kEu rgl" ´kEu m%foaYhl isg"
´kEu fõ,djl bgqlr .ekSug myiqlï we;'
Wod ( rdcH mßmd,kh
nexl== fiajh - uqo,a yqjudrej
wOHdmkh - wka;¾cd,h Tiafia úúO mdGud,d" úNd.j,g
fmkS isàu jeks fiajd ,nd .ekSug yelsùu'
fi!LHh - frda. ks¾Kh yd m%;sldr i|yd fg,s fuäiska
(Tele medicine &
m%jdyk - .=jka" kdjql f.dvìï m%jdyk moaO;s cd, .;
lsÍu myiqfjka l< yels ùu'
foaYmd,k wxYh yd f;dr;=re ;dlaIKhfoaYmd,k wxYh yd f;dr;=re ;dlaIKhfoaYmd,k wxYh yd f;dr;=re ;dlaIKhfoaYmd,k wxYh yd f;dr;=re ;dlaIKhfoaYmd,k wxYh yd f;dr;=re ;dlaIKh
- YS% ,xldj ;=< f;dr;=re ikaksfõok ;dlaIKh ls%hd;aul lsÍu Wfoid
m%;sm;a;s rduqjla ilia fldg we;' fuh B YS% ,xld E -Sri Lanka kï fõ'
fï u.ska wfmalaId lrkqfha cd;sl ixj¾Okh id¾:l f,i ls%hd;aul
lsÍu i|yd f.da,Sh oekqu flakaø lr .ekSuhs'
- YS% ,xldj ;=< úúO jQ mßmd,k lghq;= ilia lsÍu" ls%hd;aul lsÍu yd
we.hSu i|yd f;dr;=re ;dlaIKh úúO rdcH wdh;k fomd¾;fïka;= u.ska
m%fhdackhg .kq ,nhs'
- rdcH wdrlaIdj iïnkaOfhka o f;dr;=re ikaksfõok ;dlaIKh fnfyúka
fhdojd ;sfí' Wod ( N+f.da,sh ia:dk .; lsÍfï moaO;sh ^GIS)yryd
hqOuh m%foaYj, ksjerÈ is;shï ilia lsÍu;a" f.da,Sh ia:dk.; lsÍfï
moaO;sh (GPS) yryd hqO m%foaY wdY%s; f;dr;=re laIKsl j ,nd .ekSu;a
lrkq ,nhs'
N+f.da, úoHdj 13 jk fY%aKsh
177 .=re ud¾f.damfoaY ix.%yh
- wka;¾cd,fha úúO jQ fjí wvú u.ska foaYmd,k{hka Pkao lghq;= mj;ajd
f.k hdu i|yd f;dr;=re ikaksfõok ;dlaIKh Wmfhda.s fldg .kshs'
Wod ( úúO mlaI u.ska Pkao odhlhka oekqj;a lsÍug" wfkla mlaI
ms<sn|j;a rfÜ mj;sk foaYmd,k jgmsgdj meyeÈ,s lr ,Sug;a
Wmfhda.s fldg .ekSu'
ixiAlD;sl yd iudðhSh wxYh i|yd f;dr;=re ;dlaIKh fhdod .ekSuixiAlD;sl yd iudðhSh wxYh i|yd f;dr;=re ;dlaIKh fhdod .ekSuixiAlD;sl yd iudðhSh wxYh i|yd f;dr;=re ;dlaIKh fhdod .ekSuixiAlD;sl yd iudðhSh wxYh i|yd f;dr;=re ;dlaIKh fhdod .ekSuixiAlD;sl yd iudðhSh wxYh i|yd f;dr;=re ;dlaIKh fhdod .ekSu
- f;dr;=re ;dlaIKh u.ska úYd, u n,mEulg ,la ù we;af;a iudÔhSh yd
ixialD;sl wxYh fõ'
- kd.ßl m%foaY wdYs%; j fuu ;dlaIKh fhdod .ekSu .%dñh m%foaYj,g jvd
by< uÜgul mj;shs' .%dñh m%foaYj,g idfmalaI j kd.ßl m%foaYhka
ys mß.Kl wka;¾cd,h" cx.u ÿrl:k yd wfkl=;a ;dlaIKsl Wmdx.
Ndú;h idfmalaI j jeä ù ;sfí'
- wd.ñl lghq;=" NdIdj" úfõlh yd úfkdaodxY" lS%vd" fi!kao¾hd;aul lghq;=
.Dy ks¾udKh" kCI;%h" we÷ï me<÷ï" wdydr mdk" wej;=ï mej;=ï wdÈh
f;dr;=re ;dlaIKh ksid úúO fjkialïj,g ,la ù we;'
- NdIdj mq¿,a ù we;s w;r kj jpk" fhojqï" úYaj fldaI" Yío fldaI" flá
mKsúv fï wdYs%; uDÿldx." fjí wvú /ila ìys ù ;sfí'
- úfõlh yd úfkdaodxY i|yd rEmjdysks" jev igyka" mß.Kl lS%vd" Ñ;%mg"
jd¾;d jev igyka wdÈh ks¾udKh ù we;' fuu fCIa;%h idudðh Ôú;hg
úYd, n,mEula isÿlrhs'
- fi!kao¾hd;aul wxYh ;=< kj Y%jH oDIH WmlrK /ila u ìys ù ;sfnk
w;r m%didx.sl l,d flaI;%fha o ÈhqKqjla olakg ,efí'
- we÷ï" me<÷ï" ú,dis;d iïnkaO fjí wvú mdGud,d uDÿldx. /ila
y÷kd.; yelsh' fï i|yd kùk mkakfha WmlrK Ndú;h mq¿,a ù we;'
- iajdNdúl Wmøj yd fjk;a Wjÿre iïnkaOfhka f;dr;=re ;dlaIKsl j
,nd .eksu" ñksiqka oekqj;a lsÍu yd f;dr;=re fnod yeßu i|yd fhdod
.kq ,nk ;dlaIKh Èfkka Èk j¾Okh fjñka mj;shs'
- tfukau f;dr;=re ikaksfõok ;dlaIKfha Ndú;h;a iu. iudch iEu
w;lskau kùlrKhg ,laj mj;shs' ld,h" Y%uh" úhou wju jYfhka
fhdod jeä m%fhdack ,ne.ekSug yels ù we;'
- mqoa., iïnkaO;d we;s lsÍug " ixiald;sl" iudÔh Wreu ms<sn| mq¿,awjfndaOhla ck;djg ,nd §ug" iudch oekqj;a lsÍu i|yd wdÈ jYfhkaúúO fCIa;% i|yd f;dr;=re ikaksfõok Ndú;h j¾;udkfha § mq¿,afjñka mj;shs'Wod ( úúO ffjoH jevigyka u.ska ck;dj oekqj;a lsÍu" wmod
l<ukdlrKh
N+f.da, úoHdj 13 jk fY%aKsh
178 .=re ud¾f.damfoaY ix.%yh
- rEmjdysksh yd wka;¾cd,h YS% ,dxlsl iudc mßirfha lemS fmfkkfjkialï we;s lsÍug fya;= ù we;s w;r iudcfha hym;g fukau iudcmßydkshg o Rcqj odhl ù we;'
- f;dr;=re ;dlaIKh YS% ,dxlsl ixialD;sl jákdlï ì| jeàug iDcq jodhl ù we;s w;r f;dr;=re ikaksfõok ;dlaIKh iudc yd ixialD;slwxYh flfrys Ndú; lsÍfï § iqmßlaIdldß j yiqrejd .ekSug iEumd¾Yjhla u j.n,d .; hq;= j we;'
wdYs%; .%ka:wdYs%; .%ka:wdYs%; .%ka:wdYs%; .%ka:wdYs%; .%ka:
- E - learning policy
bf.kqï b.ekaùï l%shdldrlïbf.kqï b.ekaùï l%shdldrlïbf.kqï b.ekaùï l%shdldrlïbf.kqï b.ekaùï l%shdldrlïbf.kqï b.ekaùï l%shdldrlï
l%shdldrlu - 01l%shdldrlu - 01l%shdldrlu - 01l%shdldrlu - 01l%shdldrlu - 01 YS% ,xldfõ iudc" wd¾Ól mßj¾;kfhys ,d f;dr;=re ;dlaIKh n,md
we;s wdldrh my; fCIa;% hgf;a ;=,kd;aul j úu¾Ykh lrkak'
- wd¾Ól - foaYmd,k - ixialD;sl yd idudÔhSh wxY
N+f.da, úoHdj 13 jk fY%aKsh
179 .=re ud¾f.damfoaY ix.%yh
ksmqK;dj - 14ksmqK;dj - 14ksmqK;dj - 14ksmqK;dj - 14ksmqK;dj - 14
cd;Hka;r fjf<|dfï § nyqcd;sl iud.ïj, N+ñldj mÍlaIdcd;Hka;r fjf<|dfï § nyqcd;sl iud.ïj, N+ñldj mÍlaIdcd;Hka;r fjf<|dfï § nyqcd;sl iud.ïj, N+ñldj mÍlaIdcd;Hka;r fjf<|dfï § nyqcd;sl iud.ïj, N+ñldj mÍlaIdcd;Hka;r fjf<|dfï § nyqcd;sl iud.ïj, N+ñldj mÍlaIdlrñka foaYSh wd¾Ólh Yla;su;a lsÍug odhl fjhslrñka foaYSh wd¾Ólh Yla;su;a lsÍug odhl fjhslrñka foaYSh wd¾Ólh Yla;su;a lsÍug odhl fjhslrñka foaYSh wd¾Ólh Yla;su;a lsÍug odhl fjhslrñka foaYSh wd¾Ólh Yla;su;a lsÍug odhl fjhs
ksmqK;d uÜguksmqK;d uÜguksmqK;d uÜguksmqK;d uÜguksmqK;d uÜgu 14'1 cd;Hka;r fjf<|dfï § nyq cd;sl iud.ïj,ska we;s jk
n,mEï ;=,kd;aul j mÍlaId lrhs'
^ld,Éfþo 10&^ld,Éfþo 10&^ld,Éfþo 10&^ld,Éfþo 10&^ld,Éfþo 10&
bf.kqï M,bf.kqï M,bf.kqï M,bf.kqï M,bf.kqï M, • wka;¾ cd;sl fjf<|du hkq l=ulaoehs úia;r lrhs'
••••• nyq cd;sl iud.ï hkq fudkjdoehs úia;r lrhs' ta ms<sn| j
lreKq bÈßm;a lrhs'
••••• nyq cd;sl iud.ï wka;¾cd;sl fjf<|dug iïnkaO jk whqre
úia;r lrhs'
••••• nyq cd;sl iud.ï iy cd;Hka;r fjf<|du m%d.aOk wdfhdackfha
§" ;dlaIKh mejÍfï §" iïm;a ksYaldIKfha § yd l<ukdlrK
ls%hdj,sfha § jeo.;ajk whqre y÷kajd fohs'
ye¢kaùuye¢kaùuye¢kaùuye¢kaùuye¢kaùu
f,dalfha cd;Ska w;r ls%hd;aul fj<| .kqfokq ls%hdj,sh wka;¾ cd;sl fjf<|du
f,i ye¢kaúh yelsh' j¾;udk f,dal wd¾Ól ls%hdj,sh ;=< cd;Hka;r fjf<|dug
iqúfYaI ia:dkhla ysñfõ'
úfoaYSh rgj,a tll fyda lsysmhl mj;ajdf.k hkq ,nk wkqnoaO wdh;k fyda
YdLd u.ska ish jHdmdßl lghq;= mj;ajd f.k hkq ,nk uydmßudK iud.ï nyqcd;sl
iud.ï f,i ye¢kafõ'
j¾;udkfha cd;Hka;r fjf<|dfï jákdlfuka 50]lg jeä m%;sY;hla nyq
cd;sl iud.ï úiska ysñ lr f.k we;' tneúka f,dal wd¾Ólh fndfyda ÿrg md,kh
lsÍfï yelshdj nyq cd;sl iud.ï i;=j ;sfí'
ta wkqj f,dal wd¾Ólh ;=< m%d.aOk wdfhdackh" ;dlaIKh yeisrùu" iïm;a
ksYaldIKh yd l<ukdlrKh jeks lghq;=j, § nyq cd;sl iud.ïj, ls%hdldÍ;ajh
ie,lsh hq;= ;;a;ajhl mj;S'
wka;¾ cd;sl fjf<|du yd tys ls%hdldÍ;ajh;a" tys § nyqcd;sl iud.ïj, N+ñldj
yd ls%hdldß;ajh;a ms<sn| j úYaf,aIKd;aul wOHhkhl fh§u fuu tallh b.ekaùfuka
wfmalaId flfrhs'
N+f.da, úoHdj 13 jk fY%aKsh
180 .=re ud¾f.damfoaY ix.%yh
úIh lreKq meyeÈ,s lr.ekSug w;aje,laúIh lreKq meyeÈ,s lr.ekSug w;aje,laúIh lreKq meyeÈ,s lr.ekSug w;aje,laúIh lreKq meyeÈ,s lr.ekSug w;aje,laúIh lreKq meyeÈ,s lr.ekSug w;aje,la
cd;Hka;r fjf<|du yd tys ls%hdldÍ;ajhcd;Hka;r fjf<|du yd tys ls%hdldÍ;ajhcd;Hka;r fjf<|du yd tys ls%hdldÍ;ajhcd;Hka;r fjf<|du yd tys ls%hdldÍ;ajhcd;Hka;r fjf<|du yd tys ls%hdldÍ;ajh
- f,dalfha iEu rglau lskï wdldrhlska fyda cd;Hka;r fjf<|dug iïnkaO ù
we;' ta tlsfkl rgj,a w;r ksIamdok yqjudre lr .ekSfï wjYH;dj ksid h'
- cd;Hka;r fjf<|du cd;ska w;r muKla ls%hd;aul jkakla fkdfõ' úúO
ixúOdk yd wdh;k o cd;Hka;r fjf<|du yd iïnkaO fõ'
- uq,a ld,fha cd;Hka;r fjf<|du fndfyda fihska isÿjqfha oaúmd¾Yúl lghq;a;la
f,isks'
- 1970 oYlh muK jk úg nyqcd;sl iud.ï cd;Hka;r fjf<|dfï m%n, ;SrK
.kafkl=f.a ;;a;ajhg m;aùu jeo.;a h'
- 1980ka miq ld,h jk úg cd;Hka;r fjf<|dug úúO ls%hdldÍka iïnkaO ùu
olakg ,efí' l,dmsh ixúOdk yd fjf<| ixúOdk fuys§ jeo.;a h'
- úúO rgj,a w;r fyda foaYmd,k lKavdhï w;r foaYmd,k lreKq ksrdlrKh
lr .ekSu i|yd fhdod .kakd wúhla f,i o cd;Hka;r fjf<|du fhdod .kakd
wjia:d ;sfí' Wod ( fjf<| iïndOl mekùu
- cd;Hka;r fjf<|du f,dalfha rgj, ixj¾Ok ls%hdj,shg n,mEï lrkq ,nk
w;r ta u.ska f,dalfha rgj, ixj¾Okfha wiu;=,s; rgd y÷kd.; yelsh'
- uq¿ cd;Hka;r fjf<|dfuka 70]la muK ixflakaøKh ù we;af;a ixj¾ê;
l,dmfha h'
nyqcd;sl iud.ïnyqcd;sl iud.ïnyqcd;sl iud.ïnyqcd;sl iud.ïnyqcd;sl iud.ï
- 1950 - 1960 oYl ;=< weußld tlai;a ckmoh i;= úYd, iud.ï ish jHdmdr
lghq;= hqfrdamSh rgj, o wdrïN lrk ,È' miqj hqfrdamd rgj,a yd cmdkh o
fuh wkq.ukh lrñka ish jHdmdr fjk;a rgj, msysgqjk ,o w;r fuh
nyqcd;sl iud.ï jHdma;ùfï wdrïNl wjia:dj f,i ie,lsh yels h'
- oekg f,dalfha nyq cd;sl iud.ï 600la muK ls%hd;aul fõ' bka 300la muK
weußld tlai;a ckmoh i;= tajd h' 160 la muK cmdkfha iud.ï jk w;r
60la muK tlai;a rdcOdkshg wh;a fõ' b;sß iud.ï wfkla ixj¾ê; rgj,a
-j,g wh;ah Encarta Encyclopedea - 2008&'
- fuu iud.ï úiska fjk;a rgj, Rcq úfoaY wdfhdack ^Foriegn direct invest-
ments - FDI& fhdojkq ,nhs'
- nyq cd;sl iud.ïj, ls%hdldß;ajh issh jHdmdr lghq;= mj;ajd f.k hk rgj,
foaYSh l¾udka;lrejkag we;s lrk n,meu w;suy;a h'
- Tjqkaf.a m%pdrK cd,h yd úúO Wmdh yd Wml%uYS,s ls%hdud¾. iu. foaYSh
jHdmdßlhskag ;rÕ lsÍug wisreh' th foaYSh jHdmdr ÿ¾j, lsÍug fya;= fõ'
N+f.da, úoHdj 13 jk fY%aKsh
181 .=re ud¾f.damfoaY ix.%yh
- Monsanto - USA, Unilever - UK, Merck - UK, Glaxo - UK, ICI - UK, Mitsui
Toafsy - Japan, Bayer - Germany, Shell - UK/ Netherlands, Cargills - USA f,dj
m%Odk nyqcd;sl iud.ï lsysmhls'
m%d.aOk wdfhdackhm%d.aOk wdfhdackhm%d.aOk wdfhdackhm%d.aOk wdfhdackhm%d.aOk wdfhdackh
- ixj¾Okh fjñka mj;sk rgj, wvq wdodhu ksid m%d.aOk wdfhdackh i|yd
uqo,a fkdue;' tu rgj, wd¾Ólh m%d:ñl øjH wmkhkh u; r|d mej;Su;a"
cd;Hka;r fjf<|du nyq cd;sl iud.ï úiska yeisrùu;a ksid fjf<| fYaIh
wjdisodhl ùu fuhg fya;=fõ'
- tneúka ixj¾Okh fjñka mj;sk rgj,a wd¾Ól ixj¾Okh i|yd úfoaYSh
wdfhdack u; jeä n,dfmdfrd;a;= ;nd we;'
- ixj¾Okh fjñka mj;sk rgj, ksIamdok úhoï wvq neúka nyq cd;sl iud.ï
tu rgj, uqo,a wdfhdackh lsÍug jeä keUqrejla olajhs'
- ixj¾Okh fjñka mj;sk fndfyda rgj,a úfoaY wdfhdack mq¿,a lr .ekSu
msKsi ;u wd¾Ólh újD; lsÍu fyda ,sys,a lsÍu" lïlre kS;sÍ;s ,sys,a lsÍu" nÿ
m%;sm;a;s ,sys,a lsÍu" wdfhdaclhka i|yd wjYH há;, myiqlï ie,iSu jeks
ls%hdud¾. wkq.ukh lrñka isà'
- tfy;a úfoaY wdfhdackj, iDcq m%;s,dN ysñjkafka wdfhdackh isÿlrk iud.ïj,gh'tfia jqj;a ixj¾Okh fjñka mj;sk rgj, mj;akd uq,H .eg¨ ksidixj¾Ok ls%hdodufha § úfoaY wdfhdack flfrys wjOdkh fhduq lsÍu uq,slúl,amhla njg m;aj ;sfí'
- j¾;udkfhaa nyqcd;sl iud.ï jeä jYfhka Ökh" uef,aishdj" isx.mamqrej";dhs,ka;h" ol=Kq fldßhdj" ;dhsjdkh jeks w.aksÈ. wdishdkq rgj,;a n%iS,h"fulaisfldaj jeks ,;ska weußldkq rgj,;a ish m%d.aOk wdfhdack isÿ lrkq,en we;'
- Ökh" uef,aishdj jeks rgj,a Rcq úfoaY wdfhdack ;u rgg weo.ekSug lghq;=lrk w;r u ;ukaf.a Rcq úfoaY wdfhdack fjk;a rgj, fhdojd ;sîu o kjm%jK;djls'
- úfoaYSh m%d.aOk u.ska wdfhdackh ,nd .kakd rgg /lshd wjia:d ysñùu" mqyqKqwjia:d ,eîu há;, myiqlï ixj¾Okh ùu jeks m%;s,dN ysñfõ'
- Ökh" uef,aishdj" isx.mamqrej miq.sh oYlh ;=< úfoaY wdfhdack mq¿,a lr.ekSu u.ska wd¾Ólhka ÈhqKq lr.;a rgj,a h'
- Ñkh rEmjdyskS ksIamdokh iïnkaOfhkq;a" uef,aishdj" .=jka úÿ,s hka;%
ksIamdokh iïnkaOj;a f,dj m%uqLhska njg m;aj we;s w;r nyq cd;sl iud.ï
yryd ,nd.;a úfoaYsh m%d.aOk wdfhdack thg fya;= ù we;'
;dlaIKh mejÍu;dlaIKh mejÍu;dlaIKh mejÍu;dlaIKh mejÍu;dlaIKh mejÍu
- rgla ixj¾Okh ùfï § ;dlaIK oekqu yd Ys,amSh l=i,;d bjy,a fõ' tneúka
ÈhqKq ;dlaIKh fkdue;sùu m%d.aOk W!k;dj fukau .eg¨jls'
- lsishï rgla ;u rgg úfoaY wdfhdack ,nd .ekSfï tla mrud¾:hla jkqfha ta
N+f.da, úoHdj 13 jk fY%aKsh
182 .=re ud¾f.damfoaY ix.%yh
iu. úfoaYSh ;dlaIKh mjrd .ekSu ;=<ska ;u rfÜ ;dlaIKsl Ys,amSh oekqu
j¾Okh lr .ekSuhs'
- tfy;a nyqcd;sl iud.ï ish wdfhdack isÿ l< muKska u ;dlaIKh mejÍula
isÿfõo hkak .eg¨jls'
- ksIamdok l¾udka; fndfyduhl È Y%u úfYaISlrKh hgf;a tu lghq;= isÿ
flfrk neúka ;dlaIKh mejÍu isÿjkafka hï iSudjla hgf;a h' ta wkqj
Y%ñlhkaf.a iïmq¾K ksmqK;dj jeäÈhqKqùula wfmalaIs; wdldrfhka isÿfkdfõ'
- tkï Y%u úfYaISlrKh ksid iïmq¾K ;dlaIKh mejÍula isÿfkdùu yd ;dlaIKh
mejÍfï iSudjla mej;Suhs'
- tfy;a nyqcd;sl iud.ï úiska ;u fiajlhska i|yd mqyqKq jevuq¿" úfoaYsh
YsIH;aj" l<ukdlrK mqyqKq ùï wdÈh ,nd fok wjia:dj o ;sfí'
- tfukau úfoaY wdfhdack iu. ;u rg ;=< fkdue;s ;dlaIKsl WmlrK yd
Ys,amSh l%u ,nd.; yelsùu jdishls'
iïm;a ksYaldIKhiïm;a ksYaldIKhiïm;a ksYaldIKhiïm;a ksYaldIKhiïm;a ksYaldIKh
- mDÓúfha we;s iajNdúl iïm;a ñksidf.a m%fhdackh i|yd iajdNdúl mßirfhka
Wlyd .ekSu iïm;a ksYaldIKh f,i ye¢kaúh yelsh'
- ixj¾Okh fjñka mj;sk rgj,g ;ukaf.a fndfyda iïm;a ksYaldIK lghq;=
i|yd wdfhdackh lsÍug uqo,a iy ;dlaIKh fkdue;' tneúka tu rgj,ga
iïm;a ksYaldIK lghq;= i|yd úfoaYSh wdfhdaclhka fj; keUqreùug isÿ j
;sfí'
- iïm;a ksYaldIK lghq;=j, muKla fhfok nyqcd;sl iud.ï we;' wms%ldkq
rgj, ;U" r;%x jeks iïm;a ksYaldIK lghq;=j, tu iud.ï ksr; j we;'fufia
,nd.kakd iïm;a ksYaldIKh lrk rg ;=<u ksIamdok lghq;= i|yd fhdod
.ekSu fjkqjg wuqøjH f,i f.khdu .eg¨jls'
- iïm;a ksYaldIKfha § ;srir nj ms<sn| wjOdkh fhduq fkdlsÍu;a m%udKh
blaujd iïm;a ksYaldIKh lsÍu;a isÿfõ'
- we;eï rgj,a ;u iïm;a wkd.; m%fhdackh i|yd iqrlaIs; lr .ekSfï Wmdh
ud¾.hla f,i ixj¾Okh fjñka mj;sk rgj, iïm;a ksYaldIK lghq;=j,
fh§u olakg ,efí'
- kej; we;s fkdjk iïm;a iy kej; we;s ùug §¾> ld,hla .;jk iïm;a
wêl f,i ksYaldIKh lsÍu .eg¨jla njg m;a j we;' fufia ,nd.kakd
iïm;a
- nyqcd;sl iud.ï úiska ixj¾Okh fjñka mj;sk rgj, iïm;a m%fhdackhg
.ksñka ksIamdok isÿfldg ta i|yd fmagkaÜ n,m;% ,nd .ekSu ksid miq ld,Sk
j tu iïm;a ysñ rgg tajdfhdod .ksñka ksIamdok isÿl< fkdyels ùu o
m%Yakhla nj g m;aj we;'
N+f.da, úoHdj 13 jk fY%aKsh
183 .=re ud¾f.damfoaY ix.%yh
- ffcùh iïm;a fydrlu o Piracy of bio resources& j¾;udkfha iïm;a ksYaldIKh
iïnkaO .eg,qjls'
l<ukdlrKhl<ukdlrKhl<ukdlrKhl<ukdlrKhl<ukdlrKh
- wka;¾cd;sl fjf<|dfï § l<ukdlrKh jeo.;a idOlhls' fjf<|fmd<"
fjf<| m%;sm;a;s" iïm;a" lïlre" uq,H jeks wxYj, l<ukdlKh fuys §
jeo.;afõ'
- cd;Hka;r fyda l,dmSh jYfhka fjf<| ixúOdk we;s lrf.k ;sîu tla
l<ukdlrK uqf,damdhls'
- f.da,Sh wd¾Ólhg .e<fmk mßÈ l<ukdlrejka mqyqKq lsßu yd ta i|yd
l<ukdlrK mdi,a we;slr ;sîu o jeo.;a fõ'
- ixj¾Okfha § úúO wxY y÷kd.ekSu i|yd l<ukdlrKhla mj;ajd .ekSu
jeo.;a fõ'
- wd¾Ólh újD; lsÍu" md,kh lsÍu ms<sn| m%;sm;a;s l<ukdlrKh o jeo.;ah'
- nyqcd;sl iud.ï iu. .e<fmk mßÈ cd;sl m%;sm;a;s .<md .ekSfï § l<ukdlrK
mqyqKqj jeo.;afõ'
wdYS%; .%ka:wdYS%; .%ka:wdYS%; .%ka:wdYS%; .%ka:wdYS%; .%ka:
- wdßhfiak" iïm;a" ^2004&' f.da,ShlrKh findoyu yd udkj ixy;sfha
brKu" weia' f.dvf.a iy ifydaorfhda fld<U 10'
- fykakdhl"kd,Sks" ^2004&' udkqI N+f.da, úoHdj" weia' f.dvf.a iy
ifydaorfhda fld<U 10'
- Encarta Encyclopedea, (2008).
N+f.da, úoHdj 13 jk fY%aKsh
184 .=re ud¾f.damfoaY ix.%yh
bf.kqï b.ekaùï ls%hdldrlïbf.kqï b.ekaùï ls%hdldrlïbf.kqï b.ekaùï ls%hdldrlïbf.kqï b.ekaùï ls%hdldrlïbf.kqï b.ekaùï ls%hdldrlï
ls%hdldrlï -1ls%hdldrlï -1ls%hdldrlï -1ls%hdldrlï -1ls%hdldrlï -1
- wka;¾cd;sl fjf<|du ye|skaùu" tys wdrïNl iajNdjh" ls%hdldÍka"
nyqcd;sl iud.ïj, ld¾hNdrh ^wka;¾cd;sl fjf<|du ;=<& hk f;aud
Tiafia f;dr;=re f.dkqjla iemhSug Wmfoia fokak'
ls%hdldrlï - 2ls%hdldrlï - 2ls%hdldrlï - 2ls%hdldrlï - 2ls%hdldrlï - 2
- nyq cd;sl iud.ïj, ls%hdldß;ajh iy ixj¾Okh fjñka mj;sk rgj,
wd¾Ólh hk f;audj hgf;a flaj, mejreulg Wmfoia fokak'
N+f.da, úoHdj 13 jk fY%aKsh
185 .=re ud¾f.damfoaY ix.%yh
ksmqK;dj - 15 ksmqK;dj - 15 ksmqK;dj - 15 ksmqK;dj - 15 ksmqK;dj - 15l,dmSh ixúOdkhka ys N+ñldj mÍlaId lrñka l,dmShl,dmSh ixúOdkhka ys N+ñldj mÍlaId lrñka l,dmShl,dmSh ixúOdkhka ys N+ñldj mÍlaId lrñka l,dmShl,dmSh ixúOdkhka ys N+ñldj mÍlaId lrñka l,dmShl,dmSh ixúOdkhka ys N+ñldj mÍlaId lrñka l,dmSh
iyfhda.S;djg fhduq fjhsiyfhda.S;djg fhduq fjhsiyfhda.S;djg fhduq fjhsiyfhda.S;djg fhduq fjhsiyfhda.S;djg fhduq fjhs
ksmqK;d uÜguksmqK;d uÜguksmqK;d uÜguksmqK;d uÜguksmqK;d uÜgu 15'1 f;dard.;a l,dmSh ixúOdkhka ys ld¾hNdrh úu¾Ykhlrhs'
^ld,Éfþo 10&^ld,Éfþo 10&^ld,Éfþo 10&^ld,Éfþo 10&^ld,Éfþo 10&bf.kqï M, bf.kqï M, bf.kqï M, bf.kqï M, bf.kqï M, • f;dard.;a l,dmSh ixúOdkj, idudðl rgj,a kï lrhs'
• f;dard.;a l,dmSh ixúOdkj, idudðl rgj,a is;shï .; lrhs'• tla tla ixúOdkj, ld¾hNdrh y÷kd .kshs'• tla tla l,dmSh ixúOdkj, ld¾hNdrh úu¾Ykh lrñkaa
l,dmSh iyfhda.S;dj, wkkH;dj ms<sn| wdl,am f.dvk.d.kshs'
ye¢kaùuye¢kaùuye¢kaùuye¢kaùuye¢kaùuf,dalfha rdcHhka úúO wjYH;d i|yd fjk;a rdcHhka iu. in|;d mj;ajdf.k
hkq ,nk w;r tajd cd;Hka;r iïnkaO;d f,i ye¢kaúh yelsh' tfuka u f,dj iEurgla u ;u rfÜ ksoyi" iaffjßNdjh" wdrlaIdj ms<sn| j o ie,ls,su;a fõ' tfuka u tlargl ls%hd;aul jk foaYmd,k" iudc wd¾Ól m%;sm;a;s ;j;a rgl ls%hd;aul jk m%;sm;a;syd fkd.e<msh yels h' tfy;a cd;shla jYfhka yqfol,dj lghq;= lsÍug lsisu rglgfkd yelsh' cd;Hka;r in|;d we;s lr .ekSfï by< u wjia:djla f,i cd;Ska úúOwruqKq i|yd talrdYS ùu fyj;a f,dalfha rgj,a w;r wfkHdakH hemSu jvd;a iqrlaIs;uÜgñka mj;ajd .ekSug cd;Hka;r ixúOdk msysgqjd f.k ;sfí'
iajdëk rdcHhka folla fyda Bg jeä .Kkl idudðl;ajh ysñ" tu rgj,wfkHdakH iyfhda.S;dj fjkqfjka lghq;= lrk" tfuka u idudchSh" wd¾Ól yd ixialD;sllghq;= i|yd myiqlï i,iñka úúO úêúOdk i,ik wdh;k wka;¾ cd;sl ixúOdkf,i ye¢kaúh yelsh'
fuu ixúOdk f.da,Sh uÜgñka fuka u hï hï N+f.da,Sh l,dm wdYs%;j o msysgqjdf.k we;' tlai;a cd;skaf.a ixúOdkh f,dal uÜgñka ls%hd;aul jk f,dj m%uqL; ucd;Hka;r ixúOdkh fõ'
l,dmSh ixúOdkhl iajNdjh jkafka th lsishï N+f.da,Sh l,dmhla uq,a fldgf.k we;s ùuhs' tfy;a we;eï úg tu N+f.da,Sh l,dmfhka neyer msysá rgj,a o tuixúOdkj, idudðl;ajh orkq ,nhs' j¾;udkh jk úg f,dalfha iEu N+f.da,Sh l,dmhlau ksfhdackh jk mßÈ l,dmSh ixúOdk msysgqjd f.k we;'
fuu tallfhka wfmalaId lrkqfha l,dmSh ixúOdkhka jk l,dmSh iyfhda.S;dji|yd jk ol=Kq wdishd;sl ixúOdkh" w.aksÈ. wdishdkq ix.uh" hqfrdamd ix.uh " W;=reweußldkq ksoyia fj<| .súiqu iy wms%ldkq wd¾Ól fldñiu ms<sn| j lreKq wOHhkhlsÍuhs'
N+f.da, úoHdj 13 jk fY%aKsh
186 .=re ud¾f.damfoaY ix.%yh
úIh lreKq meyeÈ,s lr.ekSsug w;aje,laúIh lreKq meyeÈ,s lr.ekSsug w;aje,laúIh lreKq meyeÈ,s lr.ekSsug w;aje,laúIh lreKq meyeÈ,s lr.ekSsug w;aje,laúIh lreKq meyeÈ,s lr.ekSsug w;aje,la
ol=Kq wdishd;sl l,dmSh iyfhda.S;d ixúOdkhol=Kq wdishd;sl l,dmSh iyfhda.S;d ixúOdkhol=Kq wdishd;sl l,dmSh iyfhda.S;d ixúOdkhol=Kq wdishd;sl l,dmSh iyfhda.S;d ixúOdkhol=Kq wdishd;sl l,dmSh iyfhda.S;d ixúOdkh ^ ^ ^ ^ ^South Asian Asso-
ciation for Regional Cooperarion - SAARC)
- msysgqjd .ekSfï uq,sl woyi bÈrsm;a lrkq ,enqfõ 1970 oYlfha nx.a,dfoaYfhaysgmq ckdêm;s ishdW¾ ryuka (Ziaur Rahman) úisks'
- 1983 cq,s ui kjÈ,a,s kqjr oS l,dmSh úfoaY f,alïjreka úiska iyfhda.S;dj m<lsÍug tlÕ jQ lafIa;% 9la ms<sn| ie,eiau m%ldYhg m;a lrkq ,enQ w;r thkjÈ,a,s m%ldYh kñka ye¢kafõ'
- lDIsl¾uh" .%dóh ixj¾Okh" ikaksfõokh" ld,.=K úoHd" fi!LH yd ck.yklghq;=" m%jdykh" ;eme,a fiajd" úoHdj yd ;dlaIKh" lS%vd l,d iy ixialD;sllghq;= fuu lafIa;% 9 fõ'
- 1985 foieïn¾ 8 Èk nx.,dfoaYfha vld ^Dhaka& ys § ol=Kq wdishdkq l,dmShiyfhda.S;d ixúOdkh ^SAARC& ks, jYfhka wdrïN úh'
- nx.a,dfoaYh" N+;dkh" bkaÈhdj" ud,Èjhsk" fkamd,h" mlsia:dkh yd YS% ,xldjfuu iuq¿j ksfhdackh lf<a h'
- j¾;udk idudðlhka 8 ls 1' we*a.ksia:dkh 2' nx.a,dfoaYh 3' N+;dkh 4' bkaÈhdj 5' ud,Èjhsk 6' fkamd,h 7' mdlsia:dkh 8' YS% ,xldj
we*a.ksia:dkh 2007 jif¾ wfm%a,a 3 od isg idudðl;ajhg tla jQ rgls'
id¾la ixúOdkfha wruqKq yd ld¾hNdrh- ol=Kq wdishdkq rgj, ck;djf.a iqN isoaêh yd Ôjk ;;a;ajh kxjd,Su ;=<ska
È<sÿlu ;=rka lsÍu'
- l,dmh ;=< wdydr iqrlaIs;;dj we;s lsÍu i|yd id¾la lDIsld¾ñl uOHia:dkhla
yd wdrlaIs; wdydr ixÑ;hla nx.,dfoaYfha msysgqùu'
- ;%ia;jdoh je<elaùu i|yd rdcH uÜgfï kdhlhska ;SrKj,g t<öu yd ;%ia;jdoh
je<elaùfï .súiqï ls%hd;aul lsÍu'
- wd¾Ól m%dj¾Okh yd fi!LH .eg¨ úi§u i|yd cmdk id¾la úfoaY wruqo, yd
ol=Kq wdishdkq ixj¾Ok wruqo, u.ska uq,Huh yd øjHuh wdOdr ,nd§u yd
iyfhda.S;dj we;s lsÍu'
- fjf<|du iïnkaOfhka mekke.S we;s .eg¨ wju lsÍu yd l,dmSh rgj,a w;r
fjf<|du iïnkaO lghq;=j, m%j¾Okhla we;s lsÍu i|yd
) ol=Kq wdishdkq jrKSh fjf<| .súiqu ^SAPTA& ls%hd;aul lsÍu'
) ol=Kq wdishdkq ksoyia fjf<| m%foaYh ^SAFTA& we;s lsÍu'
N+f.da, úoHdj 13 jk fY%aKsh
187 .=re ud¾f.damfoaY ix.%yh
- ol=Kq wdishdkq jrKSh fjf<| .súiqu uq,sl wxY 4la Tiafia ls%hd;aul fõ'
1' idudðl rgj, wd¾Ól iy ld¾ñl uÜgu by< kexùug tu rgj, ;srenÿ jHqyh" úfoaY fj<| rgdj ms<sn| wjOdkh fhduq lr tlsfkldg iykie,fik wkaoñka lghq;= lsÍu
2' .súiqu ls%hd;aul ùu wÈhfrka wÈhr mÍlaId lrkq ,nk úuiSï u.ska tysj¾Okh i|yd wjYH mshjr .ekSu'
3' b;du;a wvq ixj¾Okhla we;s rgj, wjYH;djka wkqj j¾Kd;aul l%uiïnkaOfhka tlÕ;djla we;s lr .ekSu
4' wuqøjH" ksñ NdKav" w¾O ksñ NdKav jYfhka ish¨ u ksIamdoki|yd .súiqu wod< ùu'
- fuu .súiqfï jeo.;a u wxYh jkafka l,dmSh rgj, ksIamdokh lrk NdKavwf,úfha § nÿ iyk ,nd§uhs'
- ol=Kq wdishdkq rgj,a jdKsc lghq;=j, § uqyqK mdk wNsfhda. ch .ekSu i|ydlsishï m%udKhlg ima;d .súiqu Wmldß jkq we;'
w.aksÈ. wdishdkq cd;Skaf.a ix.uh ^w.aksÈ. wdishdkq cd;Skaf.a ix.uh ^w.aksÈ. wdishdkq cd;Skaf.a ix.uh ^w.aksÈ. wdishdkq cd;Skaf.a ix.uh ^w.aksÈ. wdishdkq cd;Skaf.a ix.uh ^The Association of South East
Asian Nations - ASEAN)
- 1967 wf.daia;= 8 Èk ;dhs,ka;fha nexfldla k.rfha § idudðl rgj,a 5l aiyNd.S;ajfhka fuu ixúOdkh msysgqjd .kakd ,§'
- bkaÿkSishdj" uef,aishdj" ms,smSkh" isx.mamqrej yd ;dhs,ka;h wdishdkaixúOdkfha wdrïNl idudðl rgj,a fj;s'
- nDDkdhs" úhÜkduh" ,d´ih" ñhkaudrh yd ldïfndach ^lïmqÑhdj& miqj tlajQ idudðl rgj,a h' ta wkqj uq¿ idudðl rgj,a ixLHdj 10 ls'
wdishdka ixúOdkfha wruqKq iy ld¾hNdrh ) l,dmfha iduh yd ia:djrNdjh ;yjqre lsÍug lghq;= lsÍu
) iyfhda.S;dj u; taldnoaO wd¾Ól l%uhla idudðl rgj, ls%hd;aul lsÍu) wfkHdakH iyNd.s;aj u; iy iyfhda.fhka m¾fhaIKd;aul wxY ÈhqKq
lsÍu') idudðl rgj, fj<| lghq;= lr .kakd w;r u cd;Hka;r jdKsc lghq;=
-j, § we;s jk m%Yakj,g uqyqK §fï ud¾. ÈhqKq lsÍu') wdydr iqrlaIs;dj we;s lsÍu i|yd mY= iïm;a ixj¾Okhg yd jk jHdmD;s
i|yd kjiS,ka;fhka wdOdr ,nd .ekSu') ëjr lghq;= ixj¾Okh i|yd lekvdfjka wdOdr ,nd .ekSu') iajNdúl wdmodj,g uqyqK§u i|yd f;dard.;a w.aksÈ. wdishdkq rgj,
wdmod ikaksfõok uOHia:dk msysgqùu') wdishdka úoHd ;dlaIKsl lñgq msysgqùu') fjf<|du iïnkaO wNsfhda. ch.ekSu i|yd iykodhs ;Srenÿ m%;sm;a;s
ls%hd;aul lsÍu'
N+f.da, úoHdj 13 jk fY%aKsh
188 .=re ud¾f.damfoaY ix.%yh
hqfrdamd ix.uh ^hqfrdamd ix.uh ^hqfrdamd ix.uh ^hqfrdamd ix.uh ^hqfrdamd ix.uh ^European Union)
- hqfrdamd ix.uh idudðl rgj,a 27 lska iukaú; wd¾Ól iy foaYmd,k ix.uhls'
- 1993 fkdjeïn¾ 1 jk Èk udiaá%ÉÜ iïuq;sh ^Treaty of Mastricht& kñkaye¢kafjk .súiqu u.ska hqfrdamd ix.uh ia:dms; lrk ,È'
- fuys wdrïNl idudðl rgj,a 6ls" fn,aðhu" m%xYh" tjlg ngysr c¾uksh"b;d,sh" ,laiïn¾.a iy fko¾,ka;h tu idudðl rgj,a h'
- j¾;udkfha idudðl rgj,a ixLHdj 27ls' Tiaá%hdj *ska,ka;h ,eÜúhdj refïkshdj
fn,aðhu m%xYh ,s;=fõkshdj iaf,dajelshdjn,af.aßhdj c¾uksh ,laiïn¾.a iaf,dafõkshdjihsm%ih .S%ish fuda,agd iamd[a[hfpla ckrch ykaf.aßhdj fko¾,ka;h iaùvkhfvkaud¾lh wh¾,ka;h fmda,ka;h tlai;a rdcOdkshtiaf;dakshdj b;d,sh mD;=.d,h
- hqfrdamd ix.uh ;=< md,k lghq;= mj;ajd f.k hkq ,nkafka iqmsß cd;sl;ajh^Supranationalism& iy wka;¾ wdKavq md,k l%uh Intergovermentalism& hk l%ufoflys iïñY%s; ^Hybrid& wdldrhlg h'
- hqfrdamd ix.ufha wruqKq yd ld¾hNdrh) ish¨u idudðl rgj, ck;dj NdKav yd fiajd m%d.aOk talSh fjf<|
fmd<la hgf;a ksoyia ;;a;ajhg m;a lsÍu uq,sl mrud¾:h úh') ta wkqj ish,q idudðl rgj, fjf<|du" lDIsl¾uh" ëjr m%dfoaYSh ixj¾Okh
wdÈ ish,q lghq;= fmdÿ m%;sm;a;s hgf;a ls%hd;aul fõ') hqfrdamd ix.ufha idudðl rgj,a w;r ;ks uq,H tallhla f,i hqfrda
^Euro& y÷kajd §u') oekg rgj,a 16la hqfrda uqo, Ndú; lrk w;r tu rgj,a 16 we;=<;a
l,dmh hqfrda l,dmh ^Euro Zone& kñka ye¢kafõ'
hqfrda y÷kajd§fï uq,sl wruqKq 4la úh
1' ix.ufha rgj,a w;r NdKav yqjudre lsÍfï myiqj yd tla tla rgj, úúOjHjydr uqo,a yqjudreùfï § isÿjk mdvqj bj;a lsÍu'
2' idudðl rgj, úksuh wjodku bj;alsÍu yd ta ;=<ska wdfhdack Èßu;a lsÍu'3' tlai;a hqfrdamhla f.dvke.Su yd hqfrdamd wd¾Ólhla f.dvke.Sug miqìu kexùu4' weußldkq fvd,rh fjkqjg Yla;su;a úl,amhla bÈßm;a lsÍu yd fvd,rh
fjkqjg hqfrda j ia:djr lr .ekSu'- ix.ufha rgj,a w;r ckhdg ksoyfia ixirKh ùfï myiqj i,id§u'- ta ;=<ska Y%ñlhka ixirKh ùug bv i,id §u'- ixj¾Okh fjñka mj;sk rgj, uq,H m%Yak u.yrjd .ekSu i|yd ueÈy;aùu'- udkj ysñlï iqrlaIs; lsÍu fjkqfjka lghq;= lsÍu'
-
N+f.da, úoHdj 13 jk fY%aKsh
189 .=re ud¾f.damfoaY ix.%yh
wms%ldkq wd¾Ól fldñiu wms%ldkq wd¾Ól fldñiu wms%ldkq wd¾Ól fldñiu wms%ldkq wd¾Ól fldñiu wms%ldkq wd¾Ól fldñiu ^The Economic Commission For Africa - ECA)
- 1958 È tlai;a cd;Skaf.a wd¾Ól yd iudc uKav,fha l,dmSh fldñika iNd 5katlla f,i wms%ldkq wd¾Ól fldñiu msysgqjk ,§'
- wms%ldkq rgj, ixj¾Okh Wfoid" idudðl rgj, iudc wd¾Ól ixj¾OkhgWmldÍùu" wka;¾ l,dmSh tluq;=lu jeä ÈhqKq lsÍu" wka;¾ cd;sl iyfhda.S;djixj¾Okh lsÍu fuu fldñiu msysgqùfï uq,sl wruqKq úh'
- wms%ldkq wd¾Ól fldñiu ish wruqKq yd b,lal bgqlr .ekSu i|yd tys ls%hdldÍie,eiau wfkdakH f;aud folla hgf;a ls%hd;aul lsÍug ie,iqï lr we;'tkï) l,dmSh wka;¾ iyfhda.S;dj ;=<ska wms%ldkq ix.ufha oelau iy m%uqL;d
Wkkaÿ lrùu') wms%ldkq rgj, úfYaI wjYH;d iy ta ;=<ska u;=jk f.da,Sh wNsfhda. y÷kd
.ekSu'- fuu uq,sl f;aud folg wkqj wms%ldkq wd¾Ól fldñiu ish wNsu;d¾: bgqlr
.ekSu i|yd .;a ls%hdud¾. lsysmhla fõ'- fjf<|du iy há;, myiqlï ms<sn| l,dmSh wka;¾ iïnkaO;dj jeä ÈhqKq
lsÍug wjYH ls%hdud¾. .ekSu'- ixj¾Okh i|yd f;dr;=re ikaksfõok ;dlaIKh" úoHdj yd ;dlaIKsl l%uYs,am
fhdod .ekSu'- ta ta rgj, hymd,kh iy l,dmSh rgj,a w;r wfkHdakH iqyoYS,s iyfhda.S;dj
j¾Okh lsÍu i|yd wjYH ls%hdud¾. .ekSu'- idudðl rgj, øßø;dj msgq oelSu iy ;sridr ixj¾Okh i|yd ls%hdud¾.
.ekSu'- fuu ls%hdud¾. ish idudðl rgj,a fj; jvd;a M,odhs f,i ls%hd;aul lrùu
i|yd wms%ldkq wd¾Ól fldñifï m%foaYSh ld¾hd, 5la we;'- idudðl rgj, ixj¾Okh i|yd kùlrK yd fiajdjka lsysmhla my; wxY
hgf;a jHdma; lsÍug wms%ld wd¾Ól fldñiu ls%hdud¾. f.k we;' tajd my;oelafõ') m%;sm;a;s úYaf,aIKh yd WmfoaYk fiajd) iyNd.s;aj j¾Okh ^idudðl rgj,&) ;dlaIKsl iydh) ikaksfõok yd oekqu yqjudre lr .ekSu') m%dfoaYSh l,dmj, ls%hdldß;ajh i|yd iydh ùu) m%dfoaYSh wd¾Ól iudc msysgqùu
N+f.da, úoHdj 13 jk fY%aKsh
190 .=re ud¾f.damfoaY ix.%yh
idudðl rgj,a
fndÜiajdkd we,Ôßhdj fifky,aleurEka wekaf.da,dj peâBðma;=j fnkska fgdf.datß;s%hdj n¾lsskdmdfida f,fidf;dab;sfhdamshdj nqrekaä ,hsîßhdj>dkd flamaj¾Ü uev.ialrhflkahdj fldufrdia fudieïìla.efndka isïndífõ,sìhdj .skshdj ieïìhdju,dú iul .skshdj áhqksishdjfudßIia gekaidkshdj uOHu wms%ldjW.kavdj rejkavdj iajdis,ka;hkeñìhdj ud,s iqvdkhkhsðßhdj fldkaf.da ckrch khsc¾iSfI,aia ishrd,sfhdaka whsjßfldaiaÜfidaud,shdj fudfrdlaflda ol=Kq wms%ldjfudßfÜkshdj fldkaf.da m%cd;ka;%jd§ ckrch.eïìhdj .sksìiõ
W;=re wefußldkq ksoyia fj<| .súiqu W;=re wefußldkq ksoyia fj<| .súiqu W;=re wefußldkq ksoyia fj<| .súiqu W;=re wefußldkq ksoyia fj<| .súiqu W;=re wefußldkq ksoyia fj<| .súiqu (North American Free Trade Agreement -
NAFTA)
- W;=re wefußld l,dmh ;=< ;s% md¾Yúl fjf<| yjq,la f,i ^Trilateral trade
bloc in North America& weußld tlai;a ckmoh" lekvdj iy fulaisfldaj hkrgj,a ;=k úiska w;aika ;nk ,o .súiquls'
- fuu fjf<| .súiqu ls%hd;aul jqfha 1994 § h'- fuu .súiqu wefußld tlai;a ckmoh yd lekvdj w;r ls%hd;aul jk tlai;a
ckmo lekvd ksoyia fjf<| .súiqula f,i jvd;a iqúfYaI fjhs'- W;=re weußldkq ksoyia fjf<| .súiqfuys w;sf¾l wxY 2la ls%hd;aul fjhs'
1' W;=re wefußldkq mßir iyfhda.S;d .súiqu ^NAAEC)
2' W;=re wefußldkq lïlre iyfhda.S;d .súiqu ^NAALC)
- W;=re weußldkq ksoyia fjf<| .súiqfï m%Odk wruqK wefußld tlai;a ckmoh"lekvdj iy fulaisfldaj w;r fjf<|du iy wdfhdack lghq;= iïnkaO jmj;sk ndOl bj;a lsÍuhs'
- ta wkqj 1994 jk úg wefußld tlai;a ckmoh fulaisfldafjka wdkhkhlrkq ,nk NdKav j¾. j,ska 1$2 i|yd;a tlai;a ckmoh fulaisfldajgwmkhkh lrk NdKav j¾. j,ska 1$3 muK i|yd;a ;Sre nÿ bj;a lrkq ,eîh'
- wjqreÿ 10la ;=< tlai;a ckmofhka fulaisfldajg wmkhkh lrk lDIsld¾ñlksIamdok lsysmhla yer wfkl=;a ish¨ u NdKav i|yd ;sre nÿ bj;a lsÍuglghq;= lsÍug o ls%hdud¾. f.k we;'
- lekvdj iy wefußld tlai;a ckmoh w;r fndfyda fjf<| .kqfokq isÿjkafka;Srenÿ rys;j h'
N+f.da, úoHdj 13 jk fY%aKsh
191 .=re ud¾f.damfoaY ix.%yh
wdYs%; .%ka:wdYs%; .%ka:wdYs%; .%ka:wdYs%; .%ka:wdYs%; .%ka:- fifkúr;ak" pdñkao" ^2004&' f,dal ixúOdk 1" weï'ã' .=Kfiak iy iud.u'- fifkúr;ak" pdñkao" 2004&' f,dal ixúOdk 11" weï'ã' .=Kfiak iy iud.u'- udkj ysñlï iy cd;Hka;r in|;d" w;sf¾l lshùï fmd; cd;sl wOHdmk
wdh;kh iy udkj ysñlï wOHhk flakaøh'- w.w.w. wikipedia .org
- Encarta Encyclopedea, (2008).
bf.kqï b.ekaùï ls%hdldrlïbf.kqï b.ekaùï ls%hdldrlïbf.kqï b.ekaùï ls%hdldrlïbf.kqï b.ekaùï ls%hdldrlïbf.kqï b.ekaùï ls%hdldrlï
ls%hdldrlu - 1ls%hdldrlu - 1ls%hdldrlu - 1ls%hdldrlu - 1ls%hdldrlu - 1
- lKavdhï mejreula f,i f;dard.;a l,dmSh ixúOdk ms<sn| j f;dr;=re imhdf.k ì;a;s mqj;am;la ks¾udKh lsÍu'
- mka;sfha isiqka iqÿiq wdldrhlg lKavdhï lr .kak' ixúOdk 5 i|yd lKavdhï5la ilia lr .ekSu u.ska ls%hdldrlu myiqfjka iïmq¾K lsÍug yelsjkq we;'
- iqÿiq l%uhlg wod< l,dmSh ixúOdk 5 lKavdhïj,g fnod fokak'- ;ukag wod< ixúOdkh ms<sn| j my; i|yka úia;r we;=<;a jk fia ì;a;s
mqj;am; ks¾udKh lsÍug Wmfoia fokak') ixúOdkfha ku) ks, ,dxckh iy f;aud mdgh) ks, Ochla ;sfí kï th) wdrïNl Èkh iy uq,ia:dkh) idudðl rgj,a iy uq,ia:dkh oelafjk is;shu) ixúOdkfha jHqyh) ixúOdkfha wruqKq) iuq¿ ms<sn| úia;r) fjk;a f;dr;=re
- wjYH u. fmkaùu iy Wmfoia ,nd fokak- bf.kqï M, mokï lr.ksñka we.ehSï lghq;= isÿ lrkak'
N+f.da, úoHdj 13 jk fY%aKsh
192 .=re ud¾f.damfoaY ix.%yh
N+f.da, úoHdj N+f.da, úoHdj N+f.da, úoHdj N+f.da, úoHdj N+f.da, úoHdj III
m%fhda.sl N+f.da, úoHdjm%fhda.sl N+f.da, úoHdjm%fhda.sl N+f.da, úoHdjm%fhda.sl N+f.da, úoHdjm%fhda.sl N+f.da, úoHdj
N+f.da, úoHdj 13 jk fY%aKsh
194 .=re ud¾f.damfoaY ix.%yh
ksmqK;dj - 04ksmqK;dj - 04ksmqK;dj - 04ksmqK;dj - 04ksmqK;dj - 04
o;a; yd f;dr;=re úYaf,aIKh lsÍu w¾: ksrEmKh yd bÈßm;ao;a; yd f;dr;=re úYaf,aIKh lsÍu w¾: ksrEmKh yd bÈßm;ao;a; yd f;dr;=re úYaf,aIKh lsÍu w¾: ksrEmKh yd bÈßm;ao;a; yd f;dr;=re úYaf,aIKh lsÍu w¾: ksrEmKh yd bÈßm;ao;a; yd f;dr;=re úYaf,aIKh lsÍu w¾: ksrEmKh yd bÈßm;a
lsÍu i|yd ixLHdk yd m%ia;dßl l%u Ndú; lrhslsÍu i|yd ixLHdk yd m%ia;dßl l%u Ndú; lrhslsÍu i|yd ixLHdk yd m%ia;dßl l%u Ndú; lrhslsÍu i|yd ixLHdk yd m%ia;dßl l%u Ndú; lrhslsÍu i|yd ixLHdk yd m%ia;dßl l%u Ndú; lrhs
^ld,Éfþo 10&^ld,Éfþo 10&^ld,Éfþo 10&^ld,Éfþo 10&^ld,Éfþo 10&
ksmqK;d uÜguksmqK;d uÜguksmqK;d uÜguksmqK;d uÜguksmqK;d uÜgu 4'1 o;a; uQ,dY% úu¾Ykh lrhs'
bf.kqï M,bf.kqï M,bf.kqï M,bf.kqï M,bf.kqï M, l o;a; ks¾jpkh lrhs'
l o;a;j, úfYaIs; ,laIK meyeÈ,s lrhs'
l o;a; j¾. lr olajhs'
l o;a; ckkh lsÍfï yd j.= .; lsÍfï jeo.;alu meyeÈ,s
lrhs'
l o;a; .nvd lsÍfï úúO l%u y÷kdf.k meyeÈ<s lrhs'
l o;a; ksrEmKh lsÍfï úúO l%u y÷kd.kshs'
ye¢kaùuye¢kaùuye¢kaùuye¢kaùuye¢kaùu
N+f.da, úoHdj wdrïNfha isg u úúO f;dr;=re bÈßm;a lsÍu i|yd ixLHd o;a;
Wmfhda.S lr .;a nj meyeÈ,s h' WIaK;ajh" j¾Idm;kh" c, Odß;dj" ck ixLHdj" lDIs
l¾uh" ksIamdokh wd§ jYfhka tajd úúO iajrEm .kq ,eîh' úúO o;a; m%;sckkh
lsÍfuka miq ñksid yd mßirh ms<sn| j N+f.da, úoHd;aul ks.ukj,g t<öug tajd
bjy,a úh' N+f.da, úoHdfõ § Ndú; lrk o;a; fndfyda ÿrg wjldYsh yd ld,Sk jHdma;sh
olajk tajd ùu úfYaI;ajhls'
kQ;k ;dlaIKsl ÈhqKqj iu`. u o;a; tla /ia lsÍfï yd .nvd lr .ekSfï kj l%u
y÷kd f.k we;' mß.Kl Ndú;h ksid o;a; .nvd lsÍu" j.=.; lsÍu yd j¾.SlrKh hk
ld¾hhka ys YS>% j¾Okhla we;s ù ;sfí'
N+f.da, úoHdfõ § Ndú; jk úúO o;a; y÷kd .ekSu;a tu o;a; ksrEmKh flfrk
úúO l%u y÷kd .ekSu;a fuu tallfha uQ,sl wruqK fõ'
úIh lreKq meyeÈ,s lr.ekSug w;aje,laúIh lreKq meyeÈ,s lr.ekSug w;aje,laúIh lreKq meyeÈ,s lr.ekSug w;aje,laúIh lreKq meyeÈ,s lr.ekSug w;aje,laúIh lreKq meyeÈ,s lr.ekSug w;aje,la
l o;a; y÷kd .ekSuo;a; y÷kd .ekSuo;a; y÷kd .ekSuo;a; y÷kd .ekSuo;a; y÷kd .ekSu
ks¾jpkhks¾jpkhks¾jpkhks¾jpkhks¾jpkh
- m%udKd;aul fyda .=Kd;aul f;dr;=re iuQyhla o;a; f,i ye¢kafõ'
- f;dr;=re ixLHd;aul j bÈßm;a lsÍfï § tajd ixLHd o;a; f,i ye¢kafõ'- ;dlaIK ÈhqKqj;a iu`. úúO flaIa;%j, o;a; Ndú;h mq¿,a f,i jHdma;
fjñka mj;shs'
N+f.da, úoHdj 13 jk fY%aKsh
195 .=re ud¾f.damfoaY ix.%yh
o;a;j, úfYaIs; ,laIKo;a;j, úfYaIs; ,laIKo;a;j, úfYaIs; ,laIKo;a;j, úfYaIs; ,laIKo;a;j, úfYaIs; ,laIK
- o;a; m%udKd;aul fyda .=Kd;aul núka hqla;h'
- tajd úYaf,aIKhkag Ndckh l< yelsh'
- o;a; myiqfjka .nvd l< yelsh'
- tajd wjYH jq úg myiqfjka kej; ,nd .; yelsh'
- ld,Sk o;a; wkqidrfhka Wmk;s oelaúh yelsh'
- N+f.da, úoHdfõ § wm Ndú; lrk o;a;j, lemS fmfkk ,laIKh jkqfha
tajd fnfyúka u wjldYSh fyda ld,Sk jHdma;s ms<sn`o tajd ùu h'
o;a; j¾.o;a; j¾.o;a; j¾.o;a; j¾.o;a; j¾.
o;a; úúO f,i j¾. l< yelsh'
- m%udKd;aul
- .=Kd;aul o;a;
- m%d:ñl o;a; yd oaù;shsl o;a;
- ixúOdkd;aul o;a; yd wixúOdkd;aul o;a;
- iduqysl o;a; yd wiuqys; o;a;
- ika;;sl o;a; yd úúlaa; o;a;
o;a; nexl=jo;a; nexl=jo;a; nexl=jo;a; nexl=jo;a; nexl=j
- o;a; .nvd lr ;eìh yels ùu'
- wjYH wjia:djkayS § o;a; kej; ,nd .; yelsùu
- o;a; .nvd lr .ekSfï udOH
ixhqla; ;eá
wka;¾cd,h
mß.Klh
fmd;am;a
o;a; ckkho;a; ckkho;a; ckkho;a; ckkho;a; ckkh
- o;a; ckkh ye¢kaùu'
- o;a; ckkfha wjYH;dj'
- o;a; ckkh lsÍfï l%u'
o;a; j¾.SlrKh yd j.=.; lsÍuo;a; j¾.SlrKh yd j.=.; lsÍuo;a; j¾.SlrKh yd j.=.; lsÍuo;a; j¾.SlrKh yd j.=.; lsÍuo;a; j¾.SlrKh yd j.=.; lsÍu
- /ia lr.;a o;a; iuQyhla w¾:j;a woyila m%ldY fkdlrhs'
- ksjerÈ j ixúOdkh l< miq o;a; wkqidrfhka úYaf,aIKhla lr ks.ukj,gt<öug yelshdj ,efí'
- ksjerÈ j o;a; ixúOdkh i|yd tajd j.= .; flfrhs'
- úúO wjYH;d wkqj o;a; úúOdldrfhka j¾. lrkq ,efí'
N+f.da, úoHdj 13 jk fY%aKsh
196 .=re ud¾f.damfoaY ix.%yh
o;a; ksrEmkho;a; ksrEmkho;a; ksrEmkho;a; ksrEmkho;a; ksrEmkh
- ixLHd o;a;j,ska lshfjk lreKq jvd;a myiqfjka wjfndaO lr .ekSu
i|yd úúO l%u Ndú; l< yelsh'
- ta i|yd m%ia;dr" rEm igyka" is;shï wdÈh fhdod .efka'
bf.kqï b.ekaùï l%shdldrlïbf.kqï b.ekaùï l%shdldrlïbf.kqï b.ekaùï l%shdldrlïbf.kqï b.ekaùï l%shdldrlïbf.kqï b.ekaùï l%shdldrlï
l%shdldrlu - 1l%shdldrlu - 1l%shdldrlu - 1l%shdldrlu - 1l%shdldrlu - 1
- my; olajd we;s o;a; j¾. y÷kd .; yels jk mßÈ iqÿiq ixLHd o;a; tl;=
lrkak'
1' m%udKd;aul o;a;
.=Kd;aul o;a;
2' m%d:ñl o;a;
oaú;Shsl o;a;
3' ixúOdkd;aul o;a;
wixúOdkd;aul o;a;
4' iduQys; o;a;
wiuQys; o;a;
5' ika;;sl o;a;
úúla; o;a;
- myiqfjka f;areï .; yels jk mßÈ tajd m%o¾Yk mqjrejl ilia lrkak'
- fuh flaj, fyda lKavdhï l%shdldrlula f,i ixúOdkh l< yelsh'
- ixLHd o;a; ,nd .ekSu i|yd fhdod .; yels f,aLk lsysmhla my; oelafõ'
1' Y%S ,xld uy nexl== jd¾;d
2' ck yd ixLHd f,aLk fomd¾;fïka;= o;a;
3' ld,.=K úoHd fomd¾;fïka;= o;a;
4' N+f.da, úoHd mdG .%ka:
5' mqj;am;a yd i`.rd wdÈfha m<jk Ydia;%Sh ,sms
N+f.da, úoHdj 13 jk fY%aKsh
197 .=re ud¾f.damfoaY ix.%yh
ksmqK;d uÜguksmqK;d uÜguksmqK;d uÜguksmqK;d uÜguksmqK;d uÜgu 4'24'24'24'24'2 o;a; tla/ia lsÍfï l%u mÍlaId lrhs'o;a; tla/ia lsÍfï l%u mÍlaId lrhs'o;a; tla/ia lsÍfï l%u mÍlaId lrhs'o;a; tla/ia lsÍfï l%u mÍlaId lrhs'o;a; tla/ia lsÍfï l%u mÍlaId lrhs'
^ld,Éfþo 15&^ld,Éfþo 15&^ld,Éfþo 15&^ld,Éfþo 15&^ld,Éfþo 15&
bf.kqï M,hbf.kqï M,hbf.kqï M,hbf.kqï M,hbf.kqï M,h l úúO wOHhkj, § o;a; tla/ia lsÍfï wjYH;dj úia;r
lrhs'
l o;a; tla/ia lsÍfï § ix.ykh fyda ksheÈh f;dard .ekSfï
jeo.;alu meyeÈ,s lrhs'
l o;a; tla/ia lsÍfï úúO l%u y÷kajhs'
l o;a; tla/ia lsÍfï úúO l%u j, mj;akd jdis yd wjdis
meyeÈ,s lrhs'
l lrkq ,nk wOHhkhg wkqj o;a; tla/ia lsÍug iqÿiq u
l%u fhdod .ekSfï yelshdj ,nd .kshs'
ye¢kaùuye¢kaùuye¢kaùuye¢kaùuye¢kaùu
lsishï wOHhkhla i|yd f;dard .kakd .eg¨j ;SrKh lsÍfuka miq N+f.da,
úoHd{hdf.a B<`. ld¾hh jkafka ta ms<sn| o;a; /ia lsÍuh' ;ud f;dard .kakd wOHhkfha
uq,sl wruqqKq wkqj o;a; /ia lsÍu i|yd fhdod .; hq;= l%u úúO fõ'
wOHhkh i|yd f;dardf.k we;s ix.ykh úYd, kï tys f;dr;=re /ia lsÍu wiSre
yd wêl úhoï iys; ld¾hhla njg m;a fõ' tjka wjia:djka ys § ix.ykfha ksheÈhla
f;dard .kq ,efí'
o;a; /ia lsÍfï §" ksÍlaIKh" ñkqï" idlÉPd" m%Yakdj,s" mqia;ld, yd mß.Kl
uQ,dY%" is;shï" .=jka PdhdrEm yd pkaøsld m%;sìïn jeks úúO l%shd ud¾. w;ßka tlla fyda
lsysmhla iqÿiq mßÈ fhdod .; yelsh' ;u wOHhkhg wkqj f;dard .kakd l%uj, jdis yd
wjdis o fuys § ie,ls,a,g .; hq;=h'
fuu tallfhka n,dfmdfrd;a;=jkafka o;a; tla /ia lsÍfï úúO l%u yd tajdfha
jdis wjdis yd tu l%u o;a; tla/ia lsÍug fhdod .; yels wdldrh;a wOHhkh lsÍuhs'
úIh lreKq meyeÈ,s lr.ekSug w;aje,laúIh lreKq meyeÈ,s lr.ekSug w;aje,laúIh lreKq meyeÈ,s lr.ekSug w;aje,laúIh lreKq meyeÈ,s lr.ekSug w;aje,laúIh lreKq meyeÈ,s lr.ekSug w;aje,la
l o;a; tla/ia lsÍfï l%uo;a; tla/ia lsÍfï l%uo;a; tla/ia lsÍfï l%uo;a; tla/ia lsÍfï l%uo;a; tla/ia lsÍfï l%u
ksheÈh hkq l=ulao@ksheÈh hkq l=ulao@ksheÈh hkq l=ulao@ksheÈh hkq l=ulao@ksheÈh hkq l=ulao@
- wfmalaIs; wOHhkhg wh;a iuia;h ix.ykh f,i ye¢kafõ'
- ix.ykh m%udKfhka úYd, wjia:djka ys § o;a; tla /ia lsÍu i|yd
ksheÈhka f;dard .kq ,efí'
N+f.da, úoHdj 13 jk fY%aKsh
198 .=re ud¾f.damfoaY ix.%yh
- ix.ykhlska wOHhkh i|yd f;dard .kakd ixLHdj ksheÈh f,i ye¢kafõ
Wod ( ix.ykh
m%dfoaYsh f,alï fldÜGdihl isák iïmq¾K iuDoaê,dNs mjq,a
tall ixLHdj
Wod ( ksheÈh
tu iïmq¾K iuDoaê,dNs mjq,aj,ska f;dard.;a fldgila
- ksheÈh f;dard .ekSfï § ix.ykh ksjerÈ j ksrEmKh ùug kï l,amkdldÍ
j úoHdkql+, l%uhlg tu ksheÈh f;dard .; hq;= fõ'
- ksheÈ l%u .Kkdjla fõ'
01' ir, iiïNdú $ wyUq kshe§u - wyTq f,i ksheÈh f;dard .ekSu'
02' fmdl=re ksheÈh - ix.ykh" ldKav fyj;a fmdl=rej,g fjka lr
ksheÈh f;dard .ekSu'
03' l%uj;a ksheÈh - f,aLkhka weiqßka l%ñl ms<sfj<lg f;dard .ekSu
04' úksYaph ksheÈh - wOHhkh i|yd jvd;a u iqÿiq hhs m¾fhaIlhd
úiska úksYaph lrkq ,nk mqoa.,hka fyda ldKav"
ksheÈh f,i f;dard .ekSu'
- fuu m%Odk ksheÈ j¾. y;rg wu;r j j¾;udkfha fhdod .kakd fjk;a
l%u o we;'
Wod ( j¾;udk wf<ú iólaIKj, § fhfok fldagd ksheÈh ^Quata Sample)
ksÍlaIKhksÍlaIKhksÍlaIKhksÍlaIKhksÍlaIKh
----- wOHhkhg wod< f;dr;=re ksÍlaIKh lsÍfuka o;a; tla /ia lsÍu" ksÍlaIKh
f,i ye¢kafõ'
- Rcq ksÍlaIKh ( wod< lreKq iqmßlaIdldÍ j ksÍlaaIKh lr f;dr;=re
/ia lrkq ,efí' Wod ( k.rhl r: jdyk .ukd .uk rgdj fiùu'
- iyNd.s;aj ksÍlaIKh ( wOHhkh lrkq ,nk flaIa;%hg wOHhkh lrkakd
o m%fõY ù ta ms<sn| f;dr;=re ksÍlaIKh lsÍu' Wod ( hdplhka ms<sn|
f;dr;=re /ia lsÍfï § ;ud o hdplfhla f,i yeisfrñka f;dr;=re /ia
lsÍu'
ñkqïñkqïñkqïñkqïñkqï
----- we;eï o;a; /ia lsÍu i|yd ñkqï lsÍug isÿ fõ
- úfYaIfhka N+f.da, úoHdfõ § jeo.;a jk ld,.=Ksl yd foaY.=Ksl f;dr;=re
/ia lrkafka WmlrK weiqßka ñkqï ,nd .ekSu ;=<sks' Wod ( j¾Idm;kh"
WIaK;ajh" wd¾ø;dj wdÈh
- we;eï úg idlÉPd" m%Yakdj,S u`.ska f;dr;=re /ia lsÍfï § mßudK ñkqï
Ndú; flf¾ (Scale).
N+f.da, úoHdj 13 jk fY%aKsh
199 .=re ud¾f.damfoaY ix.%yh
idlÉPdidlÉPdidlÉPdidlÉPdidlÉPd
----- ix.ykfha fyda ksheÈfha idudðlhska yuq ù iïuqL idlÉPd mj;ajd tu`.ska
wod< f;dr;=re ,nd .ekSu fuys § isÿfõ'
- idlÉPdj i|yd ksjerÈ mqoa.,hska f;dard .ekSu" idlÉPdfõ § ksjerÈ f;dr;=re
,nd .; yels jk mßÈ m%Yak ie,iqï lr .ekSu wdÈh fuys § jeo.;afõ'
m%Yakdj,Sm%Yakdj,Sm%Yakdj,Sm%Yakdj,Sm%Yakdj,S
----- wOHhkhg wod< j ilia lr .;a m%Yakdj,shla Ndú; lsÍu ;=<ska o;a; tla
/ia lsÍu m%Yakdj,S iólaIKh hkqfjka ye¢kafõ'
- m%Yakdj,sh wod< mqoa.,hka fj; fhduq lr thg ms<s;=re ,nd .ekSu isÿ
flf¾'
- m%Yakdj,S fhduq lsÍu úu¾Ylhkaf.a ud¾.fhka fyda ;eme,a u.ska hjd wdmiq
ms<s;=re ,nd .ekSu hk l%u fol Tiafia isÿ l< yelsh'
mqia;ld, uQ,dY%mqia;ld, uQ,dY%mqia;ld, uQ,dY%mqia;ld, uQ,dY%mqia;ld, uQ,dY%
----- m%ldYhg m;a l< f,aLk fyda m%ldYhg m;a fkdlrk ,o f,aLk wdY%s; o;a;
tla /ia lsÍu i|yd fuu l%uh Ndú; l< yelsh'
- mqia;ld, uQ,dY% f,i mqj;am;a" i`.rd iy jd¾;d wdÈh ye¢kaúh yelsh'
- tajd ,nd .;a uQ,dY%h igyka l< hq;=h'
mß.Kl uQ,dY%mß.Kl uQ,dY%mß.Kl uQ,dY%mß.Kl uQ,dY%mß.Kl uQ,dY%
----- j¾;udkfha jvd;a m%p,s; kùk; u jQ oaú;Shsl o;a; /ia lsÍfï l%u Ys,amhls
- fï u.ska jvd;a blaukska kj; u o;a; ,nd .ekSfï yelshdj we;'
- mq¿,a mrdihl f;dr;=re ,nd .; yelsùu yd fnod yeÍug yelsh'
- wka;¾cd,h o;a; /ia lsÍfï jeo.;a mß.Kl uQ,dY%hls' wka;¾ cd,fhka
f;dr;=re fiùfï § wka;¾cd, fijqï hka;% Ndú; flfrhs'
is;shï" .=jka PdhdrEm" pkaøsld m%;sìïn" mska;+r yd PdhdrEmis;shï" .=jka PdhdrEm" pkaøsld m%;sìïn" mska;+r yd PdhdrEmis;shï" .=jka PdhdrEm" pkaøsld m%;sìïn" mska;+r yd PdhdrEmis;shï" .=jka PdhdrEm" pkaøsld m%;sìïn" mska;+r yd PdhdrEmis;shï" .=jka PdhdrEm" pkaøsld m%;sìïn" mska;+r yd PdhdrEm
----- o;a; tla /ia lsÍfï l%ufõofha § by; uQ,dY% b;d jeo.;a jk nj meyeÈ,sh'
- tu uq,dY%j,ska N+ñ mßfNdackh" jk .ykh" ld,.=Ksl f;dr;=re"
foaY.=Ksl f;dr;=re" N+ úIu;d f;dr;=re ms<sn| o;a; ,nd .; yelsh'
- fuu uq,dY% N+f.da, úoHd{hdg b;d u jeo.;a fõ'
N+f.da, úoHdj 13 jk fY%aKsh
200 .=re ud¾f.damfoaY ix.%yh
bf.kqï b.ekaùï l%shdldrlïbf.kqï b.ekaùï l%shdldrlïbf.kqï b.ekaùï l%shdldrlïbf.kqï b.ekaùï l%shdldrlïbf.kqï b.ekaùï l%shdldrlï
l%shdldrlu - 1l%shdldrlu - 1l%shdldrlu - 1l%shdldrlu - 1l%shdldrlu - 1
- fuh ldKavdhï l%shdldrlula fia ixúOdkh l< yelsh'
- Tn m%foaYhg wod< jk mßÈ iqÿiq wOHhkhla lsÍu i|yd ud;Dldjla f;dard
.kak'
- f;dard .kakd ud;Dldj ir,jq;a" myiqfjka o;a; /ia lr.; yels ud;Dldjla
ùu;a iqqÿiq h
- f;dard .; yels ud;Dldj,g WodyrK lsysmhla my; oelafõ
1' m%foaYfha .%dóh nexl=fjka Kh ,nd §u ms<sn| wOHhkhla
2' m%foaYfha iqq¿ mßudK jHdmdßlfhda uqyqKmdk .eg¨ ms<sn| wOHhkhla
3' m%foaYfha fnda. j.dj i|yd bvï mßfNdackh
4' mdi,a isiqkaf.a Èkm;d meñKSu
5' mdi,g isiqka meñfKk úúO udOHhka
- o;a; /ia lsÍu i|yd fhdod .; yels úúO l%u fyda l%uhla f;dard .kak
- o;a; tla /ia lsÍu i|yd iqÿiq mshjr .kak'
- o;a; m%;sckkh fldg iqÿiq ks.uk j,g meñfKkak'
- ks.uk we;=<;a jd¾;djla ms<sfh, lr bÈßm;a lrkak'
N+f.da, úoHdj 13 jk fY%aKsh
201 .=re ud¾f.damfoaY ix.%yh
ksmqK;d uÜguksmqK;d uÜguksmqK;d uÜguksmqK;d uÜguksmqK;d uÜgu 4'34'34'34'34'3 o;a; úYaf,aIKh yd újrKh lrhs'o;a; úYaf,aIKh yd újrKh lrhs'o;a; úYaf,aIKh yd újrKh lrhs'o;a; úYaf,aIKh yd újrKh lrhs'o;a; úYaf,aIKh yd újrKh lrhs'
^ld,Éfþo 31&^ld,Éfþo 31&^ld,Éfþo 31&^ld,Éfþo 31&^ld,Éfþo 31&
bf.kqïM,bf.kqïM,bf.kqïM,bf.kqïM,bf.kqïM, l o;a; ixúOdkh lsÍfuka w¾:j;a woyia m%ldY l< yels
wdldrh meyeÈ,s lrhs'
l o;a; ixúOdkh fldg j.= .; lsÍfï ir, l%u y÷kd
.kshs'
l o;a; ms<sn| w¾: ksrEmkh i|yd flakaøSh m%jK;dj
yd wmlsrKh fhdod .kshs'
l o;a; ksrEmKh i|yd m%ia;dr yd igyka fhdod .ekSfï
jeo.;alu m%ldY lrhs'
l o;a;j, iajNdjh wkqj tajd jvd fyd¢ka ksrEmKh
flfrk is;shï úoHd;aul l%u f;dard .ekSug yqrefjhs'
ye¢kaùuye¢kaùuye¢kaùuye¢kaùuye¢kaùu
N+f.da, úoHd;aul lreKq bÈßm;a lsÍfï § ixLHd o;a; bÈßm;a lsÍu nyq, j isÿ fõ'
fndfyda úg ixLHd bÈßm;a lrkqfha j.= jYfhks' tfy;a ixLHd j.=j,ska u;= flfrk
lreKq o" meyeÈ,ss j" laIKsl j wjfndaO lr .ekSug we;s wmyiqj ixLHd j.= j, we;s
m%Odk .eg¨jhs' u;= flfrk lreKq lsysmh wjfndaO lr .ekSu i|yd ixLHd j.=j jßka
jr lshùug isÿ fõ'
ixLHd j.=jlska lshfjk m%Odk lreKq jvd meyeÈ,sj;a" ksrjq,aj;a m%ldY lsÍu i|yd
úúO l%u Wmfhda.S lr.kq ,efí' úúO m%ia;dr yd igyka fï i|yd fhdod .efka'
ixLHd f,aLkj,ska lshfjk lreKq jvd;a wdl¾IKSh f,i oDIH udOHfhka oelaùu
ckm%sh j we;' o;a; úúO l%u u`.ska ksrEmKh lsÍfï § lreKq lsysmhla ie,ls,a,g .ekSu
jeo.;a h' ixLHd j.=j u.ska w¾: olajk úfYaI ,laIK yd tu ,laIK biau;= flfrk
fia fhdod .; yels m%ia;dr fyda igyka l%uh l=ula o hkak f;dard .ekSu fuys § jeo.;a
fõ' tfuka u tys ksrjoH;dj fuka u is;a.kakd iq¨ nj o ie,ls,a,g .; hq;=h'
fuu mdvfï wruqK jkafka o;a; f;areï .ekSu i|yd ir, ixLHdk Ys,am l%u fhdod
.ekSu;a" o;a; ksrEmKh i|yd m%ia;dr yd igyka l%u fhdod .ekSu;a ms<sn| wjfndaOhla
,nd§u h'
N+f.da, úoHdj 13 jk fY%aKsh
202 .=re ud¾f.damfoaY ix.%yh
úIh lreKq meyeÈ,s lr.ekSug w;aje,laúIh lreKq meyeÈ,s lr.ekSug w;aje,laúIh lreKq meyeÈ,s lr.ekSug w;aje,laúIh lreKq meyeÈ,s lr.ekSug w;aje,laúIh lreKq meyeÈ,s lr.ekSug w;aje,la
l o;a; úYaf,aIKh yd újrKho;a; úYaf,aIKh yd újrKho;a; úYaf,aIKh yd újrKho;a; úYaf,aIKh yd újrKho;a; úYaf,aIKh yd újrKh
o;a; ixúOdkho;a; ixúOdkho;a; ixúOdkho;a; ixúOdkho;a; ixúOdkh
- o< iajrEmfhka mj;sk ixúOdkh fkdl< o;a; iuQyhla ke;fyd;a o;a;
jHdma;shla w¾:j;a woyila m%ldY fkdlrhs'
- ksjerÈ j ixúOdkh l<" úoHd;aul fm< .eiaùula l< o;a; jHdma;shla hï
lsis w¾:hla f.k fokjd muKla fkdj tu o;a; wkqidrfhka úYaf,aIKhla
bÈßm;a lsÍug o yelshdj ,efí'
- ksjerÈ j o;a; ixúOdkh lsÍu i|yd úúO jQ o;a; j.= ms<sfh, l< yelsh'
o;a; j.= ms<sfh, lsÍuo;a; j.= ms<sfh, lsÍuo;a; j.= ms<sfh, lsÍuo;a; j.= ms<sfh, lsÍuo;a; j.= ms<sfh, lsÍu
- ixLHd; jHdma;sh (Frequency distribution)
ixLHd; jHdma;sh y÷kd .ekSug fmr o;a; jHdma;sh yd o;a;je, ms<sn| oek
.ekSu m%fhdackj;ah' lsishï o;a; iuqyhla o;a; jHdma;shla ^ Data distri
bution) f,i ye¢kafõ j.=j 4'3'1
Wod ( tla;rd úÿy,l 12 jk fY%aKshl isiqka 30 fofkl=f.a nr kg j,ska my;
oelafõ' tys olajd we;af;a ixLHd o;a; iuQyhls' ^4'3'1 j.=j&
47 48 46 51 52 49
53 45 52 54 47 52
50 54 50 49 58 50
49 56 56 51 58 48
51 60 50 59 50 53
4'3'1 j.=j
by; o;a; iuQyh wdfrdayK l%uhg fyda wjfrdayK l%uhg fm< .iajd
o;a;je, ^ Data array& ielish yelsh ^4'3'2 j.=j&
45 46 47 47 48 48 49 49 49 50 50 50 50 50 51 51
51 52 52 52 53 53 54 54 56 56 58 58 59 60
4'3'2 j.=j
ixLHd; jHdma;sh hkq wdfrdayK fyda wjfrdayK l%uhg ms<sfh, lrk ,o o;a; ljr
jdr .Kkla ;sfíoehs ne,suhs' tu o;a; úys§fï iajNdjh wkqj wiuqys; ixLHd; jHdma;sh
yd iuqys; ixLHd; jHdma;sh f,i fldgia follg fnÈh yelsh'
wiuqys; ixLHd; jHdma;shwiuqys; ixLHd; jHdma;shwiuqys; ixLHd; jHdma;shwiuqys; ixLHd; jHdma;shwiuqys; ixLHd; jHdma;sh
o;a; iuQyfha wka;¾.; jk jdr .Kk oelafjk fia ms<sfh, lr .kakd j.=j"
tu o;a; iuQyfha wiuqys; ixLHd; jHdma;sh f,i y÷kd.; yelsfõ'
12 jk fY%aKsfha isiqkaf.a nr wiuqys; ixLHd; jHdma;shla fia fm< .eia jq
úg my; oelafjk mßÈ j.= .; l< yelsh ^4'3'3 j.=j&
N+f.da, úoHdj 13 jk fY%aKsh
203 .=re ud¾f.damfoaY ix.%yh
úp,H ^x& ixLHd;h ^f&
45 1
46 1
47 2
48 2
49 3
50 5
51 3
52 3
53 2
54 2
56 2
58 2
59 1
60 1
tl;=j 30
4'3'3 j.=j
iuqys; ixLHd; jHdma;shiuqys; ixLHd; jHdma;shiuqys; ixLHd; jHdma;shiuqys; ixLHd; jHdma;shiuqys; ixLHd; jHdma;sh
wiuqys; ixLHd; jHdma;shl o;a; úYd, ixLHdjla we;s úg tu o;a; mx;s m%dka;r
j,g fnod tla tla mka;s m%dka;rhg wod< ixLHd;h fh§ we;s jdr .Kk& olajd ms<sfh,
lr .;a j.=j iuqys; ixLHd; jHdma;shla fõ ^4'3'4 j.=j&
mx;s m%dka;r m%.Kkh ,l=K ixLHd;h
^nr kg& ( f)
45 - 47 1111 04
48 - 50 1111 1111 10
51 - 53 1111 111 08
54 - 56 1111 04
57 - 59 111 03
60 - 62 1 01
tl;=j 30
4'3'4 j.=j
iuqÉÑ; ixLHd; jHdma;shiuqÉÑ; ixLHd; jHdma;shiuqÉÑ; ixLHd; jHdma;shiuqÉÑ; ixLHd; jHdma;shiuqÉÑ; ixLHd; jHdma;sh
iuqys; ixLHd; jHdma;shl lsishï mka;s m%dka;rhl ixLHd;h iy Bg my< mka;s
N+f.da, úoHdj 13 jk fY%aKsh
204 .=re ud¾f.damfoaY ix.%yh
m%dka;rj, ixLHd;hkaf.a tl;=j tu mka;s m%dka;rhkaf.a iuqÉÑ; ixLHd;h hkqfjka
ye¢kafõ' tjeks iuqÉÑ; ixLHd;hka oelafjk j.=j iuqÉÑ; ixLHd; jHdma;sh f,i
y÷kajhs ^4'3'5 j.=j&
mx;s m%dka;r ixLHd;h ^f& iuqÉÑ; ixLHd;h
45 - 47 04 04
48 - 50 10 14
51 - 53 08 22
54 - 56 04 26
57 - 59 03 29
60 - 62 01 30
4'3'5 j.=j
flakaøSh m%jK;djflakaøSh m%jK;djflakaøSh m%jK;djflakaøSh m%jK;djflakaøSh m%jK;dj
- ixLHd o;a; je,l idrdxY woyila olajk w.hhka fia flakaøSh m%jK;dj
ye¢kaúh yelsh'
- flakaøSh m%jK;d olajk m%Odk ñkqï ;=kls'
) ud;h
) uOHkHh
) uOHia:h
ud;hud;hud;hud;hud;h
- ud;h hkq o;a; iuqyhl jeä u jdr ixLHdjla fmkajk ixLHdjhs'
- iduqysl o;a;j, § ud;h fiùu myiqh' tys § ixLHd; úiqrefï by< u
jdr .Kkla we;s mka;s m%dka;rfha uOH w.h ud;h f,i ie,fla'
- we;eï o;A; jHdmD;sj, ud;h tllg jeäúh yelsh'
- tjeks wjia:dj, § flakaøSh m%jK;dj olajk ñkqula f,i ud;h ÿ¾j,
tlla fõ'
uOHkHhuOHkHhuOHkHhuOHkHhuOHkHh
- flakaøSh m%jK;dj uksk jvd;a fhda.H ñkqula f,i uOHkHh ie,fla'
- fmdÿ jHjydrfha § idudkH .Kk f,i ye¢kafjkafka o fuh u h'
- ixLHd; iuQyhl ftlHh uq¿ ixLHd .Kkska fnÿ úg uOHkHh ,efí'
- uOHkHh fiùu i|yd fhdok ir, iQ;%h fufiah'
N+f.da, úoHdj 13 jk fY%aKsh
205 .=re ud¾f.damfoaY ix.%yh
= uOHkHh
= o;a;j, tl;=j
n = o;a; ixLHdj
- wiuqys; o;a; je,l uOHkHh fiùu fï wkqj wmyiq jk ksid tajd
iuqys; úiqreulg ilia fldg uOHkHh fiúh yelsh'
- ta i|yd fhdod .; yels iq;%h fufiah'
= uOHkHh
= ixLHd;h
X = mka;s m%dka;rfha udOH w.h ixLHd; .Kkska
jeä l< úg ,efnk w.h
n = o;a; ixLHdj
- ud; lKav .; fldg by; mßÈ uOHkHh .Kkh lsÍu o ;rula wmyiq
ld¾hhls'
- .Kkh myiq lsÍu i|yd jvd ir, iq;%hla fhdod .; yelsh'
= uOHkHh
= Wml,ams; uOHkH we;s mka;sfha uOH w.h
C = mka;s m%dka;rh
= wm.ukh yd ixLHd;h .=K lsÍfuka ,efnk
ixLHdj, ftlHh
= o;a; ixLHdj
- uOHkHh fiùu i|yd by; olajd we;s iq;% 3 ka"
- ixLHd o;a; iq¿ .Kkla we;s úg 1 iq;%h o
- ixLHd o;a; rdYshla we;s úg 2 yd 3 jk iq;% o fhdod .; yelsh
- ud; nyq, j we;s úg fhdod .kafka 3 jk iq;%hhs
uOHia:huOHia:huOHia:huOHia:huOHia:h
- o;a; je,l by< w¾Oh yd my< w¾Oh fjka flfrk ia:dkh uOHia:h hs'
ixLHd iuQyhla fm< .eiaùfuka miq yßhg u ueo msysá ixLHdjh's
- ixLHd .Kk T;af;a .Kkla jQ úg ueo ixLHdjla we;' brÜfÜ .Kkla
jQ úg uOHia:h fidhd .ekSu i|yd ueo msysá w.hka fofla idudkH
.Kkh l< hq;=h'
ud;h" uOHkHh yd uOHia:fha we;s jeo.;aluud;h" uOHkHh yd uOHia:fha we;s jeo.;aluud;h" uOHkHh yd uOHia:fha we;s jeo.;aluud;h" uOHkHh yd uOHia:fha we;s jeo.;aluud;h" uOHkHh yd uOHia:fha we;s jeo.;alu
- uOHkHh o;a; úiqreul ish¨ o;a; ksfhdackh lrhs' tla o;a;hl wvq jeä
ùula uOHkHh fjkiaùulg n,mdhs'
N+f.da, úoHdj 13 jk fY%aKsh
206 .=re ud¾f.damfoaY ix.%yh
- uOHkHfhka uq¿ ixLHdj ms<sn| ye`.Sula o we;s flf¾' uOHkHh o;a;
ixLHdfjka .=K l< úg uq¿ tl;=j fidhd.; yelsh'
- uOHkHfhka flakaøSh m%jK;dj oelajqj o tu`.ska ,l=Kq úisÍu ms<sn| woyila
.; fkdyelsh'
- uOHia:fhka ixLHdj, by<" my< w¾O fjka l< o tu ixLHdj, ÿria:
nj ms<sn| woyila fkdoelafõ'
- jeä jdr .Kkla fh§ we;s ixLHd ms<sn| wjfndaOhla ,eîug ud;h jeo.;a
jqj o ixLHd je,l ud; .Kkdjla ;sîu tys we;s ÿ¾j,luls'
N+f.da, úoHdj 13 jk fY%aKsh
207 .=re ud¾f.damfoaY ix.%yh
bf.kqï b.ekaùï l%shdldrlï bf.kqï b.ekaùï l%shdldrlï bf.kqï b.ekaùï l%shdldrlï bf.kqï b.ekaùï l%shdldrlï bf.kqï b.ekaùï l%shdldrlï
l%shdldrlu - 1l%shdldrlu - 1l%shdldrlu - 1l%shdldrlu - 1l%shdldrlu - 1
my; oelafjkafka 1964 isg 1988 olajd jir úismyl j¾Idm;k o;a;hka h' tu
o;a;hka ,nd f.k we;af;a wïn,kaf.dv rcfha f.dúmf<ys msyssá ld,.=K o;a;
uOHia:dkfhks ^j¾Idm;kh ñ,s óg¾ j,sks&'
j¾Ih j¾Idm;kh j¾Ih j¾Idm;kh j¾Ih j¾Idm;kh
ñ' ó ñ'ó ñ'ó
1964 737 1974 579 1984 870
1965 1445 1975 1452 1985 955
1966 1182 1976 468 1986 859
1967 1043 1977 781 1987 925
1968 885 1978 1059 1988 566
1969 1454 1979 997
1970 1104 1980 1030
1971 960 1981 638
1972 990 1982 1389
1973 1276 1983 569
01' fuu jir 25 ;=< j¾Idm;kfha uOHkHh fidhkak ^ta i|yd 1 iQ;%h
fhdod.kak&'
02' fuu ixLHd fhdod f.k 2 yd 3 iq;% wkqj uOHkHh fiùu i|yd iqÿiq j.=jla
ilia lrkak' tu j.=fõ ;sìh hq;= Ys¾I fufiah'
l mka;s m%dka;rh ( C
l uOH ,laI w.h (
l ixLHd;h ( f
l wm.ukh ( d
l ixLHd; wm.ukh ( fd
03' iq;% ;=fkka u ,efnk uOHkH w.hhka ixaikaokh lr woyia olajkak'
04' fuu j¾Idm;k ixLHdjka ys uOHia:h fidhkak'
05' ixLHd;h wkqj fuys ud;h fidhkak'
N+f.da, úoHdj 13 jk fY%aKsh
208 .=re ud¾f.damfoaY ix.%yh
wmlsrKhwmlsrKhwmlsrKhwmlsrKhwmlsrKh
wmwmwmwmwmlsrKh ms<sn| ñkqïj, wjYH;djlsrKh ms<sn| ñkqïj, wjYH;djlsrKh ms<sn| ñkqïj, wjYH;djlsrKh ms<sn| ñkqïj, wjYH;djlsrKh ms<sn| ñkqïj, wjYH;dj
----- flakaøsh m%jK;dj ms<sn| ñkqïj,ska o;a; úisÍu ms<sn| woyia m%ldYfkdfõ'
- wka;.dó w.hhka o bka m%ldY fkdfõ'- tu ksid uOHkHh iu. wmlsrKh ms<sn| ñkqul Ndú;h o jeo.;a h'
- úp,H;dj ms<sn`o woyila bka f.dvk.d.; yelsh'
- mrdih yd wm.ukh fï w;r jeo.;a h'
mrdihmrdihmrdihmrdihmrdih
- wmlsrKh olajk ir, ñkquls'- by< u w.h yd my< u w.h w;r mr;rh mrdih fõ'
- ñkqï l%uhla f,i mrdifha we;s wvq mdvq
p;=¾:lp;=¾:lp;=¾:lp;=¾:lp;=¾:l
- o;a; jHdma;sh fldgia y;rlg fn§u
- my, pd;=¾:lh Q1 - 25%
fojk pd;=¾:lh Q2 - 50% ^uOHkHh&
;=kajk pd¾;=:lh^by< pd¾;=:lh& Q3 - 75%
wka;¾ pd;=¾:l mrdihwka;¾ pd;=¾:l mrdihwka;¾ pd;=¾:l mrdihwka;¾ pd;=¾:l mrdihwka;¾ pd;=¾:l mrdih- Q
3 yd Q
1 w;r fjki
- wka;¾ p;=¾:l mrdih wvq" jeä jk úg o;a;j, wmlsrKh o wvq jeäfõ
uOHkH wm.ukhuOHkH wm.ukhuOHkH wm.ukhuOHkH wm.ukhuOHkH wm.ukh
- idudkH wm.ukh" ksrfmalaI uOHkH wm.ukh f,i o ye¢kafõ'- uOHkH wm.ukh by< ixLHdjla jQ úg wmlsrKh o jeä fõ'
iïu; wm.ukhiïu; wm.ukhiïu; wm.ukhiïu; wm.ukhiïu; wm.ukh- wmlsrKh mss<sn| jvd ;¾ldkql+, ñkqula nj- uOHkHfha isg we;s wm.ukhka ys we;s j¾.fha j¾. uQ,h nj- iïu; wm.ukh ixLHd uOHkH o;a;hl meyeÈ,s f;dr;=re /ila fy<s
jk nj
N+f.da, úoHd{hd úiska fhdod.kq ,nk o;a; fndfyda úg wjldYSh
jHdma;s ms<sn`o tajdh'wjldYSh jHdma;sfha úp,H;djka yd tajdg
fya;= oelaùu N+f.da, úoHd wOHkhka ys uq,sl ,laIKhs' o;a;
ksrEmKhg fmr úúO l%u u`.ska o;a; ú.%y lsÍu N+f.da, úoHd{hd
i;= jeo.;a ld¾hhla o jkafkah'
sh
N+f.da, úoHdj 13 jk fY%aKsh
209 .=re ud¾f.damfoaY ix.%yh
bf.kqï b.ekaùï l%shdldrlï bf.kqï b.ekaùï l%shdldrlï bf.kqï b.ekaùï l%shdldrlï bf.kqï b.ekaùï l%shdldrlï bf.kqï b.ekaùï l%shdldrlï
l%shdldrlu - 2l%shdldrlu - 2l%shdldrlu - 2l%shdldrlu - 2l%shdldrlu - 2
- fï i|yd wïn,kaf;dg j¾Idm;kh ixLHd f,aLkh fhdod .kak' ^msgq wxl
206&
- tu f,aLkh wkqj my; i|yka tajd .Kkh lrkak'
01' mrdih
02' m<uqjk pd;=¾Ólh
03' ;=kajk pd;=¾Ólh
04' wka;¾ pd;=¾Ólh mrdih
05' iïu; wm.ukh
N+f.da, úoHdj 13 jk fY%aKsh
210 .=re ud¾f.damfoaY ix.%yh
l o;a; ksrEmKho;a; ksrEmKho;a; ksrEmKho;a; ksrEmKho;a; ksrEmKh
- o;a; ksrEmKh i|yd m%ia;dr yd igyka mq¿,a f,i fhdod .kS'
- N+f.da, úoHd úIfha § jeo.;a jk úúO ixLHd o;a; by; l%uj,ska ksrEmKh
flfrhs'
foaY.=Ksl o;a; ( WIaK;ajh" j¾Idm;kh" mSvkh" wd¾ø;dj
wd¾Ól o;a; ( lDIsl¾uh" l¾udka;" wdkhk" wmkhk
iudÔh o;a; ( ck ixLHdj" fmdaIKh" fi!LHh" wd.uk ú.uk
- o;a;" m%ia;dr yd igyka u`.ska oelaùfï jdis
) f;dr;=re rdYshla ixlaIsma; j bÈßm;a lsÍug yelsùu'
) f;dr;=re w¾:j;a j bÈßm;a lsÍfï yelshdj'
) úp,Hhka folla w;r iyiïnkaO;dj myiqfjka oelaùfï yelshdj
) o;a; myiqfjka úYaf,aIKh lsÍfï yelshdj'
) u;= l< hq;= woyi biau;= lsÍu i|yd iqqÿiq u l%uh fhdod .ekSfï
yelshdj'
- o;a;" oDIH udOHfhka bÈßm;a lsÍfï § ie,lsh hq;= lreKq lsysmhls
) mßudKh
) iqplh
) ud;Dldj
) j¾K Ndú;h
) rduqj
) o;a; uQ,dY%h
cd, f¾Lhcd, f¾Lhcd, f¾Lhcd, f¾Lhcd, f¾Lh
iuqys; ixLHd; jHdma;shla m%ia;drhlska ksrEmKh lsÍula cd, f¾Lfhka isÿ lrhs'
iuqys; ixLHd; jHdma;sfhka y÷kd.; fkd yels oDYHuh úYaf,aIKhla cd, f¾Lfhka
y÷kd .ekSug yels ùu úfYaI fldg ie,lsh yelsh
- cd, f¾Lh ks¾udKfha § my; lreKqj,g wkql+, ùu wjYH fõ'
) m%ia;drfha isria wlaIfha ixLHd;h o" ;sria wlaIfha ixLHd; jHdma;sfha
mx;s m%dka;rj,g wod< úp,Hhka o"
) mx;s m%dka;rj, by< yd my< iSud ks¾Kh lsÍula o wjYH fõ'
Wod ( 4'3'5 j.=fõ oelafjk iuqys; ixLHd; jHdma;sh weiqqfrka
cd, f¾Lhla f.dv ke.Su i|yd 4'3'6 j.=j ilia lr we;'
N+f.da, úoHdj 13 jk fY%aKsh
211 .=re ud¾f.damfoaY ix.%yh
mx;s m%dka;r mx;s iSud ixLHd;h
45 - 47 44'5 - 47'5 04
48 - 50 47'5 - 50'5 10
51 - 53 50'5 - 53'5 08
54 - 56 53'5 - 56'5 04
57 - 59 56'5 - 59'5 03
60 - 62 59'5 - 63'5 01
4'3'6 j.=j
4'3'7 m%ia;drh
wkqrdOmqrfha jd¾Isl j¾Idm;kh 1931 - 1980
^cd, f¾Lh u`.ska&
4'3'8 m%ia;drh
N+f.da, úoHdj 13 jk fY%aKsh
212 .=re ud¾f.damfoaY ix.%yh
- 4'3'8 cd, f¾Lfha isria wlaIfha ixLHd;h o ;sria wlaIfha j¾Idm;k o;a;
mx;s m%dka;r wkqj o olajd we;'
- j¾Idm;kfha ld,Sk úp,H;d jgyd .ekSug cd, f¾Lh WmldÍ fõ'
ixLHd; nyqwi%hixLHd; nyqwi%hixLHd; nyqwi%hixLHd; nyqwi%hixLHd; nyqwi%h
- cd, f¾Lfha uOH ,laI hd lr w¢kq ,nk f¾Ldjka ixLHd; nyq wi%h f,i
ye¢kaúh yelsh'
- ixLHd; nyq wi%h hkq ixLHd; jHdma;sh olajk f¾Çh m%ia;drhls'
- úfYaI ,laIK
♦ ixLHd; nyqwi%h we§fï § tys wdrïNh fuka u wjidkh o ;sria
we,hg hd l< hq;=h'
♦ fuys § wdrïNl mka;shg fmr yd wjidk mka;shg miq" tla mka;shl
wvla ne.ska fuu igykg tla l< hq;=h ^wka;¾ ksfõIKh&'
♦ fuys úfYaI m%fhdackh jkafka tys we;s ixikaokd;aul yelshdjhs'
- my; oelafjkafka wkqrdOmqrfha jd¾Isl j¾Idm;kh 1931 - 1980 oelafjk
cd, f¾Ldj u; weo we;s ixLHd; nyq wi%hls'
4'3'9 m%ia;drh
N+f.da, úoHdj 13 jk fY%aKsh
213 .=re ud¾f.damfoaY ix.%yh
iuqÉÑ; ixLHd;hiuqÉÑ; ixLHd;hiuqÉÑ; ixLHd;hiuqÉÑ; ixLHd;hiuqÉÑ; ixLHd;h
- 4'3'5 j.=fõ iuqys; ixLHd; jHdma;sh wkqj ilik ,o iuqÉÑ; ixLHd;h
olajk igyk n,kak ^12 jk fY%aKsh isiqka 30 lf.a nr olajk ixLHd
jHdma;sh&
mka;s m%dka;rh ixLHd;h iuqÉÑ; iuqÉÑ; ^ & ( f) ixLHd;h m%;sY;h (Cf %)
(Cf)
45 - 47 04 04 13'3
48 - 50 10 14 46'6
51 - 53 08 22 73'3
54 - 56 04 26 86'6
57 - 59 03 29 96'6
60 - 62 01 30 100'0
4'3'10 j.=j
01' ;Srh - mka;s m%dka;r
02' ;Srh - tla tla m%dka;rfha we;s YsIH ixLHdj
03' ;Srh - tla tla ixLHd;fha tl;=j
04' ;Srh - iuqÉÑ; ixLHd;fha m%;sY;h
- ta wkqj iuqÉÑ; ixLHd;h hkq tla tla mka;s m%dka;rhka ys tl;=jhs' tys
wjidk m%dka;rfha tl;=j" uq¿ YsIH ixLHdj jk 30 la fjhs'
iuqÉÑ; ixLHd; m%;sY;hiuqÉÑ; ixLHd; m%;sY;hiuqÉÑ; ixLHd; m%;sY;hiuqÉÑ; ixLHd; m%;sY;hiuqÉÑ; ixLHd; m%;sY;h
- iuqÉÑ; ixLHd;h m%;sY;hla f,i o oelaúh yelsh ^4'3'10 j.=fõ 4 ;Srh&'
- iuqÉÑ; ixLHd; m%;sY;h m%ia;drhla jYfhka o oelaúh yelsh
- fuh iuqÉÑ; ixLHd; m%;sY; jl%h f,i ye¢kafõ (Ogive)
- fuys § ;sria wlaIfha mka;s m%dka;r o isria wlaIfha iuqÉÑ; ixLHd;
m%;sY;h o oelafõ'
- mka;s m%dkaa;rj, by< iSudjkag isria j m%ia;drh we§u i|yd ,laIHh
igyka flf¾ ^igyk n,kak&
- fuu m%ia;drfha úfYaI m%fhdackh jkafka o;a; mrdifha ´kEu w.hhl
m%;sY; ixLHdj m%ia;dßl j .Kkh lsÍfï yelshdjhs'
N+f.da, úoHdj 13 jk fY%aKsh
214 .=re ud¾f.damfoaY ix.%yh
isiqka 30 fokdf.a nr iuqÉÑ; ixLHd; m%;sY; jl%h ^T.Súh&
igyka igyka igyka igyka igyka 4'3'11 m%ia;drh
talsh mßudK igyka yd oaú;aj mßudK igyka
- N+f.da, úoHdj yd iïnkaO o;a; ksrEmkfha § Ndú; jk m%ia;dr yd igyka
talSh mßudK yd oaú;aj mßudK jYfhka b;d ir, j fnod oelaúh yels h'
- m%ia;dr" rEm igyka yd is;shï N+f.da, úoHd úIhh lafIa;%hg b;d m%fhdackj;a
fõ'
- ixLHd;aul o;a; jHdma;shlg oDIH Ñ;%hla ,nd §u ;=<ska úIhh lreKq
ms<sn| wjfndaOh mq¿,a ùu'
- úIhh lreKq rdYshla ixlaIsma; j bÈßm;a lrk l%u fõohla ksid lreKq
wjfndaOh myiq ùu'
- úp,Hhkaf.a yeisÍu" úYaf,aIKh lsÍug yd mqfrdal:khka l< yels ùu
;Sre m%ia;dr;Sre m%ia;dr;Sre m%ia;dr;Sre m%ia;dr;Sre m%ia;dr
- lsishï ixLHd o;a; iuQyhla ;Sre wkqidrfhka bÈßm;a flfrk l%uhls
- ixLHd f,aLkj,g úIhh jk lreKqj, úúO;ajh wkqj fhdod .; yels
;Sre m%ia;dr j¾. rdYshla we;'
- ir, ;Sre" oaú;aj ;Sre" iei÷ï ;Sre" ixhqla; ;Sre yd msróv m%ia;dr bka m%uqL
tajdh'
ir, ;Sre m%ia;drir, ;Sre m%ia;drir, ;Sre m%ia;drir, ;Sre m%ia;drir, ;Sre m%ia;dr
- ;sria yd isria wCI Rcq fldaKdi%ldr j msysgqjd .; hq;=h
- ;Srejl m<, wjfndaOh myiq jk mßÈ iqÿiq m%udKhla úh hq;=h
- ;Sre w;r mr;rh ;Srejl m<,g jvd wvq úh hq;=h
- ir, ;Sre m%ia;drh ;sria fyda isria ;Sre f,i ks¾udKh l< yelsh ^4'3'12 yd
4'3'13 m%ia;dr&
- ld,jljdkqjla iu`. we;s ixLHd o;a; ^Wod ( jd¾Isl idudkH
j¾Idm;kh& ksrEmKh i|yd fndfyda ÿrg ir, isria ;Sre Ndú; flf¾
- ld, jljdkqjla rys; ixLHd o;a; Wod ( Èia;%slal wkqj ù ksIamdokh
iuqÉÑ; i
xLHd;
m%;sY;
N+f.da, úoHdj 13 jk fY%aKsh
215 .=re ud¾f.damfoaY ix.%yh
ksrEmKh i|yd ir, ;sria ;Sre Ndú; flf¾
- ;Sre m%ia;dr iu`. f¾Ld m%ia;dr taldnoaO lsÍfuka úúO ixLHd o;a; ms<sn|
ixikaokd;aul woyia oelaúh yelsh
Wod ( lsishï k.rhl udisl j¾Idm;kh yd WIaK;aj jHdma;sh olajk
isria ;Sre yd f¾Ld taldnoaO m%ia;dr
oaú;aj ;Sre m%ia;droaú;aj ;Sre m%ia;droaú;aj ;Sre m%ia;droaú;aj ;Sre m%ia;droaú;aj ;Sre m%ia;dr
- tlg ne|s ;Sre hq., ne.ska fhdod .efka ^4'3'14 m%ia;drh&'
- hq., mokulska hqla; o;a; w¾:dkaú; j ksrEmKh lsÍu i|yd fhdod .efka
Wod ( jYfhka wdkhk - wmkhk" ia;%S - mqreI" h, - uy ù ksIamdokh
oelaúh yelsh
ieiÿï iuqy ;Sre m%ia;drieiÿï iuqy ;Sre m%ia;drieiÿï iuqy ;Sre m%ia;drieiÿï iuqy ;Sre m%ia;drieiÿï iuqy ;Sre m%ia;dr
- tlg ne¢ ;Sre lsysmhla fhdod .ekSu
- iuqy mokulska hqla; o;a; ixikaokd;aul j ksrEmKh lsÍu i|yd fhdod
.efka
Wod ( Y%S ,xldfõ f;a" fmd,a" rn¾ yd ù ksIamdokh ms<sn| jir lsysmhl
ixLHd o;a;
ixhqla; ;Sre m%ia;drixhqla; ;Sre m%ia;drixhqla; ;Sre m%ia;drixhqla; ;Sre m%ia;drixhqla; ;Sre m%ia;dr
- ixhqla; o;a; bÈßm;a lsÍu i|yd fhdod .efka'
- fuys § isria fyda ;sria ;Sre w¢kq ,nkafka mq¾K ixLHdjkag wod< mßÈ jk
w;r" tu ixLHdj, ixhq;sh wkqj tla tla ;Srej fldgia j,g fnod oelafõ'
- jir lsysmhl Y%S ,xldfõ f;a" fmd,a" rn¾ yd ù ksIamdokh oelaùfï § tla
tla jir i|yd ;Srejla ne.ska o" tu ;Srej ;=< ta ta ksIamdok i|yd fldgia
fjka lr oelaùu WodyrK jYfhka oelaúh yelsh ^4'3'15 yd 4'3'16 m%ia;dr&'
- ixhqla; ;Sre m%ia;drfha u m%fNaohla f,i m%;sY; ;Sre m%ia;drh ye¢kaúh
yelsh'
- th lsishï úp,Hhl ixhq;sh m%;sY;hla f,i oelaúu i|yd fhdod .efka
^4'3'17 m%ia;drh&
msróv msróv msróv msróv msróv
- rgl ck ixLHdfõ jhia jHqyh yd mqñ;sß wkqmd;h ksrEmKh lsÍu i|yd
fhdod .efka'- my< jhia ldKavj, isg by< jhia ldKavj,g hk úg wod< ck ixLHd
l%ufhka wvq jk ksid fuu m%ia;drh msróv yevhla .kshs ^4'3'18 m%ia;drh&
- rgl ck ixLHdj ms<sn| ukd Ñ;%hla tljr ksrEmKh lsÍug yels ùu ksid
fuu m%ia;drh b;d jeo.;a h'
N+f.da, úoHdj 13 jk fY%aKsh
216 .=re ud¾f.damfoaY ix.%yh
bf.kqï b.ekaùï l%shdldrlïbf.kqï b.ekaùï l%shdldrlïbf.kqï b.ekaùï l%shdldrlïbf.kqï b.ekaùï l%shdldrlïbf.kqï b.ekaùï l%shdldrlï
l%shdldrlu - 3l%shdldrlu - 3l%shdldrlu - 3l%shdldrlu - 3l%shdldrlu - 3
- by; oelafjkafka Y%S ,xldfõ f;dard.;a k.r lsysmhl 1997"1998 iy 1999
jir i|yd jd¾Isl j¾Idm;kh ^ñ,s óg¾ j,ska& yd j¾Ifha jeis mej;s Èk
.Kk oelafjk igykls'
- tu ixLHd o;a; wOHhkh lr iqÿiq m%ia;dr l%uhla fhdodf.k tajd ksrEmKh
lrkak'
- Tn f;dard.;a m%ia;dr tu o;a; ksrEmKh i|yd fldf;la ÿrg jeo.;a oehs
olajk igykla ms<sfh, lrkak'
ld,.=K úoHd
uOHia:dkh
wkqrdOmqrh
nKavdrfj,
fld<U
yïnkaf;dg
uykqjr
kqjrt<sh
r;akmqr
;s%l=Kdu,h
j¾Idm;kh
ñ'ñ'
1330
2010
2530
1377
1912
2028
4163
1618
jeis Èk
114
162
159
104
170
199
215
92
1997 1998 1999
j¾Idm;kh
ñ'ñ'
1207
1198
2388
885
1596
1784
4558
1129
jeis Èk
89
128
153
84
158
176
227
67
jeis Èk
111
152
174
93
170
194
228
93
j¾Idm;kh
ñ'ñ'
1193
1431
2888
913
1898
1894
4381
1840
N+f.da, úoHdj 13 jk fY%aKsh
218 .=re ud¾f.damfoaY ix.%yh
Y%S ,xldfõ úfoaY fj<odu 1952 - 1989
^oaú;aj ;Sre m%ia;drh&
4'3'15 m%ia;drh
1986 - 1988 olajd Y%S ,xldfõ m%Odk
fnda. y;frys ksIamdok jákdlu
4'3'15 m%ia;drh
N+f.da, úoHdj 13 jk fY%aKsh
219 .=re ud¾f.damfoaY ix.%yh
^ixhqla; ;Sre m%ia;drh&
4'3'16 m%ia;drh
Y%S ,xldfõ lDIsl¾ñl wmkhk jákdlu 1989
^m%;sY; ixhqla; ;Sre m%ia;drh&
4'3'17 m%ia;drh
Y%S ,xldfõ ck ixLHdj 1981
^mSrñvldr m%ia;drh&
4'3'18 m%ia;drh
N+f.da, úoHdj 13 jk fY%aKsh
220 .=re ud¾f.damfoaY ix.%yh
ila igykaila igykaila igykaila igykaila igyka
----- fhdod .kakd wruqKq wkqj úúO j¾.fha ila igyka Ndú; l< yelsh'
- ila igykaj, ir, j¾.h ir, fnÿ jD;a; f,i ye¢kafõ'
ir, fnÿ jD;a;ir, fnÿ jD;a;ir, fnÿ jD;a;ir, fnÿ jD;a;ir, fnÿ jD;a;
- ixLHd úp,Hhl ixhq;sh oelaùug fuh fhdod.; yelsh'
- fuh ks¾udKh lsÍu myiqh' uq¿ ixLHdj oelaùu i|yd jD;a;hla o" tys
ixhq;s ixLHd oelaùu i|yd wxYl wkqj tu jD;a;h fnod oelaùu o fuys
§ wkq.ukh lrk l%uhhs ^4'3'19 m%ia;drh&'
Wod ( Y%S ,xldfõ ck ixLHdj cd;s $wd.ï wkqj fn§ hk whqre
tla;rd jirla i|yd oelaùu
- fuys § ta ta ckj¾." tajdfha m%;sY; wkqj jD;a;fha fldaKsl w.h
.Kkh fldg m%ia;drh ks¾udKh l< hq;=h'
- ir, fnÿ jD;a; ixhq;sh olajk ;ks úp,Hhka i|yd fhdod .; yelsh'
- jir lsysmhl f;dr;=re oelaùu i|yd tjeks jD;a; lsysmhla ks¾udKh
l< yelsh'
^ir, fnÿ $ fÊÈ; jD;a;&
4'3'19 m%ia;drh
f¾Ld m%ia;drf¾Ld m%ia;drf¾Ld m%ia;drf¾Ld m%ia;drf¾Ld m%ia;dr
- nyq, j Ndú; jk m%ia;dr úfYaIhls' f;Areï .ekSfï myiqj yd ir, nj
Bg fya;=jhs'
- N+f.da, úoHd is;ssshï fmd;aj, ir, ixLHd o;a; i|yd fndfyda ÿrg
Ndú; fõ'
- f¾Ld m%ia;dr m%Odk j¾. folla fjhs'
1. ir, f¾Ld m%ia;dr
2' iuqy$nyq$ iei÷ï f¾Ld m%ia;dr
N+f.da, úoHdj 13 jk fY%aKsh
221 .=re ud¾f.damfoaY ix.%yh
ir, f¾Ld m%ia;drir, f¾Ld m%ia;drir, f¾Ld m%ia;drir, f¾Ld m%ia;drir, f¾Ld m%ia;dr
- fuh ks¾udKh lsÍfï § ld,h ;sria mßudKfha o w.hhka isria mßudKfha
o fhfoaa'
- m%ia;drh ks¾udKh flfrk mßudKh § we;s ixLHd wkqj fhda.H mßÈ
f;dard .; hq;=h'
- m%ia;drfha fomi w¢kq ,nk isria wlaI fofla w.hhka j¾. folla
oelaúh yelsh' túg tys m%fhdackh jeäh' Wod ( fi,aishia yd
*erkayhsÜ ixLHd oelaùu'
- ie,ls,a, oelaúh hq;= lreKq
1. isria yd ;sria mßudK f;dard .ekSu
2. úYd, jákdlï we;s ixLHd wdikak oyia" oioyia" ñ,shk jeks
ixLHdj,g jeghSu
3' isria mßudKfha olajk jákdlïj, fldgila w;ayeÍug
isÿjkaafka kï 0 f¾Ldfõ isg f;dard .kakd wjuh w;r fldgi
yl=¿jd oelaùu
4. m%ia;dr f¾Ld we§ug fmr ;s;a ;nd .ekSu b;d u iqmÍlaIdldÍ j
l< hq;= nj
iuqy$nyq $ iei÷ï f¾Ld m%ia;driuqy$nyq $ iei÷ï f¾Ld m%ia;driuqy$nyq $ iei÷ï f¾Ld m%ia;driuqy$nyq $ iei÷ï f¾Ld m%ia;driuqy$nyq $ iei÷ï f¾Ld m%ia;dr
- lsishï iuqyhlg wh;a o;a; lsysmhla fï u`.ska ksrEmKh fjhs'
Wod ( ia:dk lsysmhl udisl WIaK;ajh" wmkhk fnda. lSmhl wmkhk
m%udK
- ks¾udKh ir, f¾Ld m%ia;dr ks¾udKhg iudkh ^4'3'20 m%ia;drh&'
ie,lsh hq;= lreKqie,lsh hq;= lreKqie,lsh hq;= lreKqie,lsh hq;= lreKqie,lsh hq;= lreKq
- mßudKh f;dard .ekSfï § ish¨ u ixLHdj,g .e<fmk mßÈ f;dard
.ekSu'
- úúO o;a; i|yd f¾Ld we§fï § úúO j¾K fyda ixfla; fhdod .ekSu'
- tla m%ia;drhl we;=<;a l< hq;= f¾Ld ixLHdj iSud lsÍu ixlS¾K fkdjk
mßÈ weÈh hq;= f¾Ld ixLHdj ;SrKh l< hq;=h&'
N+f.da, úoHdj 13 jk fY%aKsh
222 .=re ud¾f.damfoaY ix.%yh
^f¾Ld m%ia;dr&
4'3'20 m%ia;drh
;%sudK igyka;%sudK igyka;%sudK igyka;%sudK igyka;%sudK igyka
----- ixLHd o;a; ksrEmKh lsÍu i|yd úúO ;%sudK igyka o Wmfhda.S lr
.kS'- iudkqmd;sl" >k yd iudkqmd;sl f.da, fuys § fhdod .kakd m%fhdackj;a
l%u folls'- fïjd fndfyda ÿrg ksrEmKh flfrkqfha is;shï iu`. h'- >k fyda f.da, we§fï § ixLHd o;a; ksrEmKh i|yd tajdfha mßudj
fhdod .kakd ksid tu ixLHd cHdñ;sl jYfhka ilia lr .; hq;= fõ'- oaúudk igykaj,g jvd ;%sudk igyka u`.ska ixLHd yels,Sula isÿ jk
ksid" úYd, mrdihl ixLHd oelaùu i|yd fï l%u m%fhdackj;a h'- .Kkh lsÍu" we§u fuka u f;areï .ekSu w;ska o oaúudk igyka ;rug
u fuh myiq fkdfõ'- ksjerÈ w¾: ksrEmKhla i|yd mßudK igyka fhfok ksid ta u`.ska
by; .eg¨j u`. yrjd .; yelsh'- >k yd f.da, ÿf¾laIsh l%uhg we¢u fyda LKavj,g fn§u fyda l<
fkdyels h'
- >kj,g jvd f.da, oDIHd;aul w;ska is;a .kakd iq¨h'
mska;+r igykamska;+r igykamska;+r igykamska;+r igykamska;+r igyka
----- ck ixLHdj ksIamdokh" jeks ixLHd o;a;hkaf.a m%udKh oelaùu i|yd
mska;+r igyka fhdod .kS'
- fuys we;s jeo.;alu jkafka wod< o;a;hkag wkqj b;d u iqÿiq rEm fhdod
.; yels ùuhs'
Wod ( ck.yk m%udKhka oelaùu i|yd ñksia rEm" gh¾ ksIamdok
ixLHd oelaùu i|yd gh¾ rEm" r: jdyk i|yd r: jdyk rEm
- ksrEmKh l< hq;= ixLHdj, mrdih wkqj iqÿiq mßudKhla f;dard .ekSu
l< hq;=h'
N+f.da, úoHdj 13 jk fY%aKsh
223 .=re ud¾f.damfoaY ix.%yh
- rEm fma<sh wjidkfha § ixLHd o;a;fha ksYaÑ; m%udKh oelaùu i|yd
rEmfhka wvla fyda fldgila olajkq ,efí'
- ixLHd;aul j m%udKh oelaùu i|yd m%fhdackj;a jk igyka l%uhls'
ixLHd;aul is;shïixLHd;aul is;shïixLHd;aul is;shïixLHd;aul is;shïixLHd;aul is;shï
- wjldYsh jHdma;sh olajk ixLHd o;a; ksrEmKh lsÍfï§ ixLHd;aul
is;shï fndfyda ÿrg fhdod .efka'
- ixLHd;aul iss;shï j¾. w;ßka" N+f.da, úoHd wOHhkhkays § iu
ixLHd is;shï fndfyda ÿrg fhdod .efka'
iu ixLHd is;shïiu ixLHd is;shïiu ixLHd is;shïiu ixLHd is;shïiu ixLHd is;shï
- iu jákdlï iys; ia:dk hd fldg w¢kq ,nk f¾Ldjkaf.ka hqla;
jk fyhska iu ixLHd f¾Ld is;shï f,i ye¢kafõ ^4'3'21 m%ia;drh&'
- fN!;sl lreKqj, jHdma;s rgd ksrEmKh lsÍu i|yd fndfyda is;shï
fmd;aj, Ndú; flf¾'
Wod ( ifudaÉP f¾Ld" ifudaIaK f¾Ld" iu j¾Id f¾Ld" iumSvk
f¾Ld" iu .eUqre f¾Ld
- iu ixLHd f¾Ld is;shula ks¾udKh lsÍfï § ie,lsh hq;= lreKq
lsysmhls'
) iu ixLHd f¾Ld w;r wka;rh iudk úh hq;=h'
ixLHd o;a; j, mrdih i,ld weÈh hq;= f¾Ld ixLdj ydwka;rh ;SrKh l< hq;=h'
) f¾Ld ixLHdj wvq jqjfyd;a w¾: ksrEmKh ÿ¾j, jk w;r"f¾Ld ixLHdj jeä jqjfyd;a wkjYH jHdl+,;ajhla we;sfõ'
) iEu f¾Ldjlg u ksYaÑ; jákdlula we;' f¾Ldfõ jákdlu"f¾Ldfõ meyefhka u tys igyka lrkq ,efí'
) ta fjkqjg f¾Ld w;r m%foaYh tl u j¾Kfha úúO m%fNaoj,ska oelaúh yelsh' túg ta i|yd fhduqjla bÈßm;a l<hq;=h'
N+f.da, úoHdj 13 jk fY%aKsh
224 .=re ud¾f.damfoaY ix.%yh
iu ixLHd is;shu
4'3'21 m%ia;drh
wdY%s; uq,dY%wdY%s; uq,dY%wdY%s; uq,dY%wdY%s; uq,dY%wdY%s; uq,dY%
- m%dfhda.sl N+f.da, úoHdj" ^1995&' wOHdmk m%ldYk fomd¾;fïka;=j'
- fmf¾rd" ,d,a" ^1989&' idOk mÍlaIK" cd;sl wOHdmk wdh;kh'
- kùk .=Kfiak ms,sma f,dal is;shï fmd; ^kj ixialrKh&" ^2003&'
- uq;=,sx.ï" tia" ^1978&' wOHdmk ufkdaúoHdj" iriú m%ldYlfhda fld<U 10'
- cd;sl is;shï fmd;" ^2007&' kj ixialrKh'
- ví'ta' ch;siai" ^1995&'uq,sl ixLHd úoHdj'
- Moore David" (2006)' The Basic Practice of Statistics'
N+f.da, úoHdj 13 jk fY%aKsh
225 .=re ud¾f.damfoaY ix.%yh
bf.kqï b.ekaùï l%shdldrlïbf.kqï b.ekaùï l%shdldrlïbf.kqï b.ekaùï l%shdldrlïbf.kqï b.ekaùï l%shdldrlïbf.kqï b.ekaùï l%shdldrlï
l%shdldrlu - 4l%shdldrlu - 4l%shdldrlu - 4l%shdldrlu - 4l%shdldrlu - 4
- by; ixLHd j.=fjka oelafjkafka Y%S ,xldfõ 1998 - 1999 uy lkakfha iy
1999 h, lkakfha Èia;%slal wkqj ù ksIamdok m%udKhka h'
- iqÿiq m%ia;dr yd igyka l%u fhdod .ksñka tu o;a; ksrEmKh lsÍu ms<sn|
flá igykla ms<sfh, lrkak'
ld,mh ydÈia;ss%lalh
f;; a l,dmhf;; a l,dmhf;; a l,dmhf;; a l,dmhf;; a l,dmh
fld<U .ïmy l¿;r .d,a, ud;r lE.,a, r;akmqrh uykqjr kqjrt<sh nÿ,a,
úh< s l,dmhúh< s l,dmhúh< s l,dmhúh< s l,dmhúh< s l,dmh
l=reKe., mq;a;,u ud;f,a fudkrd., hdmkh ls,sfkdÉÑh ukakdru uq,;sõ jjqkshdj wkqrdOmqrh fmdf<dkakrej wïmdr uvl,mqj ;%sl=Kdu,h yïnkaf;dg
uy1998-1999
14349278424345440443464473182338791375011197066773
211575361154471948242140924749179731818519160
182652231378175239859786522983915
h,1999
68259071
2861927972454092534329516297973650
29877
144079185982117119890
--
180842603649
62253172694212545460584299266490
ksIamdokh
tl;=j
21174369137207368415918565716668307672981562096650
355654547136589068132140924749197812244522809
244905347933443923132036108221150405
N+f.da, úoHdj 13 jk fY%aKsh
226 .=re ud¾f.damfoaY ix.%yh
ksmqK;dj - 05ksmqK;dj - 05ksmqK;dj - 05ksmqK;dj - 05ksmqK;dj - 05
f,dalfha fN!;sl yd udkj ixrplj, wjldYSh jHdma;S ksYaÑ; jf,dalfha fN!;sl yd udkj ixrplj, wjldYSh jHdma;S ksYaÑ; jf,dalfha fN!;sl yd udkj ixrplj, wjldYSh jHdma;S ksYaÑ; jf,dalfha fN!;sl yd udkj ixrplj, wjldYSh jHdma;S ksYaÑ; jf,dalfha fN!;sl yd udkj ixrplj, wjldYSh jHdma;S ksYaÑ; j
m%ldY lrhsm%ldY lrhsm%ldY lrhsm%ldY lrhsm%ldY lrhs
^ld,Éfþo 16&^ld,Éfþo 16&^ld,Éfþo 16&^ld,Éfþo 16&^ld,Éfþo 16&
ksmqK;d uÜguksmqK;d uÜguksmqK;d uÜguksmqK;d uÜguksmqK;d uÜgu 5'1 msysàu yd jHdma;sh f,dal wdlD;s is;shïj, ,l=Kq lr kï
lrhs'
bf.kqï M,bf.kqï M,bf.kqï M,bf.kqï M,bf.kqï M, l ld,Sk jYfhka jeo.;a jk m%foaY yd ia:dk f,dal
wdlD;s is;shul ,l=Kq fldg kï lrhs'
l mDÓú wdo¾Y f.da,h u; we;s wlaIdxY yd foaYdxY f,dal
wdlD;s is;shul ,l+Kq lr kï lrhs'
l N+;,h u; we;s m%Odk N+ ,laIK yd foaY.=K l,dm
f,dal wdlD;s is;shul ,l=Kq lr kï lrhs'
l udkj l%shdldrlï yd ck úldY úoHdjg wh;a f;dr;=re
f,dal is;shul ,l=Kq lr kï lrhs'
l ft;sydisl jeo.;alula Wiq,k k.r" .x`.d yd id.r f,dal
iss;shul ,l=Kq lr kï lrhs '
ye¢kaùuye¢kaùuye¢kaùuye¢kaùuye¢kaùu
ñksid ;u meje;au i|yd fN!;sl mßirh úúO m%udKhkaf.ka m%fhdackhg .kS'
fuh m%dfoaYsh" cd;sl yd cd;Hka;r jYfhka úúO fõ' N+f.da, úoHdj úIh ;=<ska bf.k
.kq ,nkafka ñksid ;u fN!;sl mßirh m%fhdackhg .kakd wdldrh yd tys § mßirfha
we;s jkakd jQ fjkialï .ekh'
fN!;sl mßirh hgf;a N+ úIu;d" foaY.=Kh" mi" iajNdúl jDlaI,;d yd fN!;sl
iïm;a jeks fCI;%j,g wjOdkh fhduq flfrk w;r" udkj mßirh hgf;a lDIsl¾uh"
l¾udka;h" ;dlaIKh yd f.da,sh in|;d jeks fCI;%j,g wjOdkh fhduq flfrhs'
by; wOHhkhka isÿ lrk úg f.da,Sh jYfhka tajdfha ia:dkSh msysàu .ek wjfndaOh"
oekqj;a ùu yd kï lsÍug yelshdjla ,nd .ekSu w;HdjYH lreKls' fuf,i ,nd .kakd
oekqu yd l=i,;dj ksid úNd.j, § mss<s;=re ,sùfï § is;shï yd rEm igyka bÈßm;a lsÍug
yelsùfuka by< idOkSh uÜgula lrd <Õdùug yels jkq we;' tfiau mx;s ldur bf.kqï
ld¾hfha § o idudkH Ôú;fha § o f,dal is;shu .ek wjfndaOhla ;sîu ld,Sk wjYH;djls'
tksid mx;s ldurfha § f,dal is;shï ,l=Kq lsÍu úoHd;aul l%uhlg isÿ úh hq;=
nj w;HjYH ldrKhls' ta i|yd u`. fmkaùula fuu fldgiska olajd we;' ish¨u
tallj,g wod< jHdmD;s is;shï ta ta bf.kqï wjia:dj, §u ,l=Kq fldg kï lsÍu fuys
§ wkq.ukh l< yels iqÿiq u ls%hdud¾.h fõ' ta wkqj isiqka ;=< is;shï ,l=Kq lsÍfï
l=i,;d j¾Okh lsÍug u`. fmkaùula fuu fldgiska wfmalaId flfrhs'
N+f.da, úoHdj 13 jk fY%aKsh
227 .=re ud¾f.damfoaY ix.%yh
úIh lreKq meyeÈ,s lr.ekSug w;aje,laúIh lreKq meyeÈ,s lr.ekSug w;aje,laúIh lreKq meyeÈ,s lr.ekSug w;aje,laúIh lreKq meyeÈ,s lr.ekSug w;aje,laúIh lreKq meyeÈ,s lr.ekSug w;aje,la
f,dal is;shï ,l=Kq lsÍfï § fN!;sl l%shdj,S isÿjk ia:dk yd udkqI l%shd isÿjk
ia:dk o ,l=Kq l< hq;=h' fuu ixlS¾K nj ir, lr .ekSu i|yd my; wdldrhg fldgia
lr we;'
ld,Sk jYfhka jeo.;ajk ia:dk
- N+ñ lïmd" c, .e,Sï" kdhhEï jeks iajdNdúl ixisoaê isÿ jQ ia:dk yd
m%foaY
- cd;Hka;r" l,dmSh yd m%dfoaYsh iuq¿" l%Svd" .súiqï" foaYmd,k w¾nqO jeks
isÿùï jQ ia:dk yd m%foaY
wdo¾Y f.da,fha pq,a,sldj yd iïnkaO lreKq
- jeo.;a wlaIdxY yd foaYdxY
- cd;Hka;r Èk f¾Ldj
N+ ;,h u; we;s N+ ,laIK
- l÷ yd l÷ moaO;s" .x`.d ksïk" idkq" uydoaùm" rgj,a" id.r wd.dO" m<sy"
nejqï" fodaKs" uqqyqÿ fjr< ,laIK" wNHka;r c,dY%" Èhje,a" ldka;dr
foaY.=K l,dm
- flmkaf.a foaY.=K j¾.SlrKh yd iïnkaO foaY.=Ksl l,dm
iajdNdúl jDlaI,;d l,dm
udkj l%shdldrlï
- jHdmdßl OdkH j.d m%foaY
- jHdmdßl i;a;aj md,k m%foaY
- iajdNdúl iïm;a jHdma;sh
- ksIamdok l¾udka; m%foaY
- k.r
- jrdh
ck úldY úoHdjg wh;a f;dr;=re
- ckdêl m%foaY
- ck Y=kH m%foaY
- ñ,shk k.r
f.da,sh iïnkaO;dj,g wod< f;dr;=re
- l,dmSh
- cd;Hka;r
N+f.da, úoHdj 13 jk fY%aKsh
228 .=re ud¾f.damfoaY ix.%yh
is;shï ,l=Kq lsÍfï uq,O¾u yd l%shdud¾.is;shï ,l=Kq lsÍfï uq,O¾u yd l%shdud¾.is;shï ,l=Kq lsÍfï uq,O¾u yd l%shdud¾.is;shï ,l=Kq lsÍfï uq,O¾u yd l%shdud¾.is;shï ,l=Kq lsÍfï uq,O¾u yd l%shdud¾.
is;shï ,l=Kq lsÍfï § úúO l%u Ndú; lsÍu je<elaùu i|yd fmdÿ uq,O¾u
lsysmhla muKla my; oelafõ' tu uq,O¾u wkq.ukh lrñka is;shï ,l=Kq
l< yelsh'
^01&^01&^01&^01&^01& ia:dk ,l=Kq lsÍuia:dk ,l=Kq lsÍuia:dk ,l=Kq lsÍuia:dk ,l=Kq lsÍuia:dk ,l=Kq lsÍu
k.r - ksYaÑ; msysàu ^fjr<" .x`.d wkqj&
¥m;a - iqÿiq ixfla;
l÷ uqÿka - iqÿiq j¾K r;=$l¿$ÿUqre
^02&^02&^02&^02&^02& úys§u oelaùuúys§u oelaùuúys§u oelaùuúys§u oelaùuúys§u oelaùu
l÷jeá - wdrïNl iaa:dkh
.x`.d - wjika ia:dkh
Èhje,a - úysfok ÈYdj
m%jdyk ud¾. - rgdj
- j¾K yd ixfla;
- wlaIr mßudKhg wkqj ùu
- wlaIrj, úys§u
^03&^03&^03&^03&^03& jHdma;sh oelaùujHdma;sh oelaùujHdma;sh oelaùujHdma;sh oelaùujHdma;sh oelaùu
N+ úIu;d l,dm jHdma; m%foaY
foaY.=K l,dm iqÿiq j¾K yd ixfla;
fnda. jHdma;sh wlaIr m%udKh yd úys§u
jDlaI,;d jHdma;sh
Lksc jHdma;sh
ck jHdma;sh
^04&^04&^04&^04&^04& j¾K Ndú;hj¾K Ndú;hj¾K Ndú;hj¾K Ndú;hj¾K Ndú;h
Wiaìï - ÿUqre meyeh
;eks;,d - fld< meyeh
c,h - ks,a meyeh
ckdY%s; m%foaY - r;= $ l¿
Èhje,a WIaK& - r;=
Èhje,a Ys;& - ks,a
iuqø ikaê - ks,a
N+f.da, úoHdj 13 jk fY%aKsh
229 .=re ud¾f.damfoaY ix.%yh
fmdÿ Wmfoiafmdÿ Wmfoiafmdÿ Wmfoiafmdÿ Wmfoiafmdÿ Wmfoia
- is;shï ,l=Kq lsÍfï § by; olajd we;s fmdÿ Wmfoia iEu tlla u wkuH tajd
fkdfõ' we;eï úg fjkia jk wjia:d o we;' Wod ( .x`.djla kï
lsÍfï § .x`.dj È.g tys ku ks,a mdáka ,shd oelaùu jvd fhda.H jqj o
úYd, mßudK is;shula ;=< § B;,hla u`.ska .x`.dj fmkakqï lr .x`.dfõ
ku ,sùu fhda.H fõ'
- k.rhl msysàu ,l=Kq lsÍfï § .x`.djg l=uk ÈYdfjka th msysgkafka o
hkak .ek ie,ls,su;a jkak' lDIsl¾ñl m%foaY" i;a;aj md,k m%foaY ,l=Kq
lsÍfï § ksYaÑ; j¾K fkdue;s fyhska iqÿiq jarKhla fyda ixfla; l%uhla
fyda Ndú; lrkak'
- is;shula ,l=Kq lsÍu ixlS¾K jkafka kï is;shu i|yd iqÑhla iemhSu
jvd fhda.H fõ' tfia fkdjqkfyd;a is;shñka lshfjk foa wjfndaO lr
.ekSug wmyiq jkq we;'
N+f.da, úoHdj 13 jk fY%aKsh
230 .=re ud¾f.damfoaY ix.%yh
mdi, mokï lr.;a ;lafiarelrKh - ye¢kaùumdi, mokï lr.;a ;lafiarelrKh - ye¢kaùumdi, mokï lr.;a ;lafiarelrKh - ye¢kaùumdi, mokï lr.;a ;lafiarelrKh - ye¢kaùumdi, mokï lr.;a ;lafiarelrKh - ye¢kaùu
bf.kqï - b.ekaùï iy we.hSu wOHdmk l%shdj,sfha jeo.;a ixrpl ;=kla nj;a bf.kqfuysiy b.ekaùfuys m%.;sh oek.ekSu msKsi we.hSu fhdod.; hq;= nj;a iEu .=rejrfhl=úiska u o; hq;= meyeÈ,s lreKls' tajd wfkHdakH n,mEfuka hq;= j l%shdlrk nj;a tfiau tlsfkflys ixj¾Okh flfrys tu ixrpl n,mdk nj;a .=rejre oks;s' ika;;sl^ksrka;rfhka isÿjk& we.hSï uQ,O¾u wkqj we.hSu isÿúh hq;af;a bf.kSu yd b.ekaùuflfrk w;r;=r § h' fuh bf.kqï b.ekaùï l%shdj,sh wdrïNfha § fyda ueo § fyda w.§ fyda hk ´kEu wjia:djl § isÿúh yels h' tf,i ;u isiqkaf.a bf.kqï m%.;shwe.hsug wfmaCId lrk .=rejrhl= bf.kqu b.ekaúu iy we.hsu ms<sn| ixúOdkd;aulie,eiaula fhdod.; hq;= fjhs'
mdi, mokï lr.;a we.hSï jevms<sfj< yqÿ úNd. l%uhla fyda mÍCIK meje;aùula fydafkdfõ' th y÷kajkq ,nkafka isiqkaf.a bf.kSu;a" .=rejrekaf.a b.ekaùu;a jeä ÈhqKqlsÍu i|yd fhod.kq ,nk ueÈy;a ùula jYfhks' fuh isiqkag ióm j isáñka Tjqkaf.am%n,;d iy ÿn,;d y÷kd f.k tajdg ms<shï fhdoñka isiqkaf.a Wmßu j¾Okh <.d lr.eksug fhdod .; yels jevms<sfj<ls'
bf.kqï - b.ekaùï l%shdldrlï ;=<ska wkdjrK l%shdj,shg isiqka fhduq flfrk w;r".=rejrhd isiqka w;r .ejfiñka Tjqka bgqlrk ld¾h ksÍCIKh lrñka ud¾f.damfoaYl;ajhimhñka lghq;= lsÍu mdi,a mokï lr.;a we.hSï jevms<sfj< l%shd;aul lsÍfï § wfmaCIdflf¾' fuys§ YsIHhd ksr;=re j we.hsug ,laúh hq;= w;r" YsIH yelshd ixj¾Okh wfmaCIs;wkaoñka isÿjkafka oehs .=rejrhd úiska ;yjqre lrkqq ,eìh hq;= fjhs'
bf.kSu iy b.ekaùu u.ska isÿúh hq;af;a isiqkg ksis w;aoelSï ,nd foñka tajd isiqkaúiska ksis mßÈ w;am;a lr f.k ;sfíoehs ;yjqre lr .ekSu h' ta i|yd ksis ud¾f.damfoaYhiemhSu h' we.hSfï ;lafiare lsßfï& fh§ isák .=rejrekag ;u isiqka i|yd fohdldrhlud¾f.damfoaYl;ajh ,nd Èh yels h' tu ud¾f.damfoaY fmdÿfõ y÷kajkafka m%;sfmdaIKh(Feed Back) yd bÈß fmdaIKh (Feed Forward) hkqfjks' isiqkaf.a ÿn,;d yd fkdyelshdwkdjrKh lr.;a úg Tjqkaf.a bf.kqï .eg¨ u. yrjd .eksug m%;sfmdaIKh;a "isiqyelshd iy m%n,;d y÷kd .;a úg tu olaI;d jeä ÈhqKq lsÍug bÈß fmdaIKh;a ,nd §u.=re ld¾hh fjhs'
bf.kqï - b.ekakqï l%shdj,sfha id¾:l;ajh i|yd mdGud,dfõ wruqKq w;frka ljrwruqKq ljr uÜgñka idlaId;a l< yels jQfha oehs y÷kd .eksu isiqkag wjYH fjhs' we.hSïjev ms<sfj< Tiafia isiqka <.d lr.;a m%ùK;d uÜgï ksYaph lsßu fï wkqj .=rejrekaf.an,dfmdfrd;a;= jk w;r isiqka yd ikaksfõokh lsÍug .=rejreka fhduqúh hq;= h' fïi|yd fhdod.; yels fyd|u l%uh jkafka mdi, mokï lr.;a we.hSï l%uh hs'
hf:dala; wruqK iys; j l%shdlrk .=rejreka úiska ;u b.ekakqï l%shdj,sh;a isiqka f.abf.kqï l%shdj,sh;a jvd;a ld¾hCIu lsÍu msKsi jvd fydo ld¾hCIu;dfjka hqla;bf.kqï b.ekakqï iy we.hsï l%u fhdod .; hq;= fjhs' fï iïnJOfhka isiqkag iy.=rejrekag fhdod .; yels m%fõY ms<sn| m%fNao lsysmhla u;= oelafjhs' fïjd fndfydal,l isg .=rejreka fj; úNd. fomd¾;fïka;=j úiska o cd;sl wOHdmk wdh;kh úiskao f;dr;=re iïmdokh lrk ,o l%ufõo fjhs' tfyhska tajd iïnJOfhka mdi,a moaO;sfha.=rejreka fydÈka oekqj;a ù we;ehs wfmaCId flf¾' tu m%fNao fufia h'
N+f.da, úoHdj 13 jk fY%aKsh
231 .=re ud¾f.damfoaY ix.%yh
01' mejreï 02' jHdmD;s03' iólaIK 04' .fõIK05' ksÍCIK 06' m%o¾Yk$ bÈßm;a lsÍï07' fCIa;% pdßld 08' flá ,sÅ; mÍCIK09' jHqy.; rpkd 10' újD; .%ka: mÍCIK11' ks¾udKd;aul l%shdldrlï 12' Y%jK mÍCIK13' m%dfhda.sl l%shdldrlï 14' l:kh15' iaj ks¾udK 16' lKavdhï l%shdldrlï17' ixl,am is;shï 18' oaú;aj igyka c¾k,19' ì;a;s mqj;am;a 20' m%Yak úpdrd;aul jevigyka21' m%Yak yd ms<s;=re fmd;a 22' újdo23' idlÉPd uKav, 24'' iïuka;%K25' laIKsl l:d 26 N+ñld rx.k
y÷kajd § we;s fuu bf.kqï" b.ekaùï l%u iEu tlla u iEu úIhhla iïnJOfhka iEuúIh tallhlg u fhdod .; hq;= hehs wfmaCId fkdflfrhs' ;u úIhhg" úIh tallhg.e<fmk m%fNaohla f;dard .eksug .=rejreka oekqj;a úh hq;=h' j. n,d .; hq;=h' tys oSmy; j.=fjys oelafjk wdldrhg WÑ; ks¾Kdhl mokï lrf.k we.hSug ,la lrkak'fuu .=re ud¾f.damfoaY ix.%yj, .=rejrekag ;u isiqkaf.a bf.kqï m%.;sh ;lafiare lsÍui|yd fhdod.; yels bf.kqï - b.ekakqï yd we.hSï m%fNao ms<sn| i|ykla ;sfí' tajd.=rejreka úiska iqÿiq mßÈ ;u mka;sfha isiqkaf.a m%.;sh ;lafiare lsÍu msKsi fhdod .;hq;= fjhs' tajd Ndú; fkdfldg u. yeÍu isiqkag ;u Ydia;%Sh yelshd fukau wdfõoksl.;s ,CIK;a ufkdapd,l olaI;d;a ms<sn| j¾Okhla <.d lr .eksu;a m%o¾Ykh lsÍu;ams<sn| wvqmdvq we;s lrjhs'
ks¾Kdhl
1' f;dard.;a f;dr;=rej, f;audjg we;s wod< nj2' f;audj m%udKj;a mßÈ f;dr;=re u.ska bÈßm;a ùu'3' bÈßm;a lrk ,o lreKqj, wod< nj'4' ;¾ldkql=, nj yd w¾:dkaú; nj'5' f;dr;=rej,ska iukaú;h wdjrKh ù we;s m%udKh
,enq ,l=Kqj, tl;=j
wjidk ,l=Kq '''''''''''''''''''
,l=Kq m%odkh
ksmqK;d uÜgugmeñK we;
ksmqK;d uÜgug meñK ke;
4
4
4
4
4
3
3
3
3
3
2
2
2
2
2
1
1
1
1
1
''''''''''''' 10
,enq uq¿ ,l=Kq
2
N+f.da, úoHdj 13 jk fY%aKsh
232 .=re ud¾f.damfoaY ix.%yh
mdi, mokï lr.;a we.hSï mdi, mokï lr.;a we.hSï mdi, mokï lr.;a we.hSï mdi, mokï lr.;a we.hSï mdi, mokï lr.;a we.hSï
1 jdrh1 jdrh1 jdrh1 jdrh1 jdrh
^1& YS% ,xldfõ lDIsld¾ñl ;dlaIKh ms<sn| j tajdfha m%fhdackh yd .eg,q ú.%y jkmßÈ jHdmD;s jd¾;djla ms<sfh, lsÍu'wm rfÜ lDIsld¾ñl ;dlaIKfha úúO wxYj,g ksoiqka - kùk hka;% Ndú;h - cdk ;dlaIKh fhdod .ekSu - fmdfydr Ndú;h - kj jdß;dlaIK l%u fhdod .ekSu
by; úúO wxYhka ys m%fhdack yd .eg,qj,g wjOdkh fhduq lsÍu jeo.;a h'
f;dr;=re /ia lsÍfï §;a jHdmD;s jd¾;dj ilia lsÍfï §;a wjOdkh fhduq l<hq;= lreKq - ksYaÑ; ld,hka ;SrKh lsÍu - f;dr;=re /ialsrSu" úYaf,aIKh lsÍu yd ks.ukj,g t<öu - flá jHdmD;s jd¾;djla iemiSu - flaj, ls%hdldrlula f,i ixúOdkh
^ks¾Kdhl 05 i|yd uq¿ ,l=Kq 20& ^ks¾Kdhl 05 i|yd uq¿ ,l=Kq 20& ^ks¾Kdhl 05 i|yd uq¿ ,l=Kq 20& ^ks¾Kdhl 05 i|yd uq¿ ,l=Kq 20& ^ks¾Kdhl 05 i|yd uq¿ ,l=Kq 20&
11 jdrh 11 jdrh 11 jdrh 11 jdrh 11 jdrh
^2& N+f.da, úoHd;aul j jeo.;ajk ld,Sk isÿùï weiqßka tu isÿùu isÿ jQ ia:dkhyd ta ms<sn| j flá igyka we;=<;a f,dal wdlD;s is;shï f.dkqjla ilia lsÍu'
f;dr;=re /ia lsÍfï § ie,lsh hq;= lreKq lsysmhla - i;shl ld,h ;=< f,dalfha isÿjk N+f.da, úoH;aul j jeo.;a jk ld,Sk
f;dr;=re tl;= lsÍu'Wod ( .sksl÷ msmsÍï" c,.e,Sï" N+ñlïmd" mßir iuq¿" mßir fjkialï" m%jdyk fCI;%fha kj fjkialï wdÈh
- tjeks f;dr;=re isÿ jQ ia:dk f,dal is;shul$is;shïj, ,l=Kq fldg kïlsÍu'
- tla tla isÿùu ms<sn| j flá igykla ,shd oelaùu' - ksrfmalaI msysàu oelaùu ^wlaIdxY yd foaYdxY wkqj& - by; ld¾hh i;s 10la ;=< úisß hk f,i mj;ajd .ekSu' - i;s 10 la ;=< ielfik ish¨ is;shï tla fldg is;shï fmd;la ilia
fldg bÈßm;a lsÍu'
úfYaI wjOdkh i|yd - flaj, ls%hdldrlula f,i ixúOdkh l< yels h' - is;shï ,l=Kq lsÍfï § ta i|yd fhfok iïu; Ys,am l%u fhdod .kak' - .=re uÕ fmkaùu yd wëlaIKh ika;;sl j ,eîu jeo.;ah'
^ks¾Kdhl 05 i|yd uq¿ ,l=Kq 20&^ks¾Kdhl 05 i|yd uq¿ ,l=Kq 20&^ks¾Kdhl 05 i|yd uq¿ ,l=Kq 20&^ks¾Kdhl 05 i|yd uq¿ ,l=Kq 20&^ks¾Kdhl 05 i|yd uq¿ ,l=Kq 20&
N+f.da, úoHdj 13 jk fY%aKsh
233 .=re ud¾f.damfoaY ix.%yh
^3& m%foaYfha fyda wdikak m%foaYhl ksrka;rfhka we;s jk iajdNdúl Wmøjhlams<sn| iólaIKhla lsÍu'
ksrka;fhka we;s jk iajNdúl Wmøj - kshÕ - .xj;=r - kdhhEï - wl=Kqier
f;dr;=re tla/ia lsÍu i|yd fhdod.; yels úúO ls%hdud¾. - ksÍlaIKh - idlÉPd - m%Yakdj,S - uq,dY% ^mqj;am;a" .=jka úÿ,sh" rEmjdysksh" wka;¾cd,h&
wjOdkh fhduq l< hq;= lreKq lsysmhla - we;s ùug n,mdk fya;= - Wmøjfha n,mEu - .eg,q wju lr .ekSu i|yd .; yels ls%hdud¾.
ie,lsh hq;= lreKq lsysmhla - fuh flaj, fyda ldKav ls%hdldrlula f,i ixúOdkh l< yelsh' - iólaIKfhka ,nd.;a f;dr;=re we;=<;a jd¾;djla ilia fldg bÈßm;a
l< hq;=h' - tu jd¾;djg rEm igyka" j.=" PdhdrEm wdÈh we;=<;a l< yels h'
^ks¾Kdhl 5 i|yd uq¿ ,l=Kq 20&^ks¾Kdhl 5 i|yd uq¿ ,l=Kq 20&^ks¾Kdhl 5 i|yd uq¿ ,l=Kq 20&^ks¾Kdhl 5 i|yd uq¿ ,l=Kq 20&^ks¾Kdhl 5 i|yd uq¿ ,l=Kq 20&
^4& m%foaYfha msysá l¾udka;hla $l¾udka; Yd,djla f;dardf.k ta ms<sn| f;dr;=retla/ia lsÍfï fCI;% pdßldjla ixúOdkh lsÍu'
ta i|yd m%foaYfha mj;sk idïm%odhsl l¾udka;hla fyda uyd mßudK l¾udka;Yd,djla fyda f;dard.; yelsh'
f;dr;=re /ialsÍfï § wjOdkh fhduq l< hq;= úIhh fCI;% lsysmhla - ia:dk.; ùfï idOlj, n,mEu - úfYaIs; jQ idOl - ksIamdokh - wf<úh - ld,Sk m%jK;d
N+f.da, úoHdj 13 jk fY%aKsh
234 .=re ud¾f.damfoaY ix.%yh
f;dr;=re /ia lsÍu yd jd¾;dj ilia lsÍu - mq¾j iqodku - f;dr;=re /ia lsÍfï úúO ls%hdud¾. - jd¾;djla ilia lsÍu - thg Ñ;% " PdhdrEm" j.= wdÈh we;=<;a lsÍu - ie,eiaulg wkqj .=re uÕ fmkaùu - ks.ukj,g meñKSu
^ks¾Kdhl 05 i|yd uq¿ ,l=Kq 20&^ks¾Kdhl 05 i|yd uq¿ ,l=Kq 20&^ks¾Kdhl 05 i|yd uq¿ ,l=Kq 20&^ks¾Kdhl 05 i|yd uq¿ ,l=Kq 20&^ks¾Kdhl 05 i|yd uq¿ ,l=Kq 20&
111 jdrh111 jdrh111 jdrh111 jdrh111 jdrh
^5& YS% ,xldfõ ixpdrl l¾udka;fha úfYaIs; wxY j¾Okh lsÍu i|yd wkd.;fha §.; yels úúO ls%hdud¾. ms<sn| bÈßm;a lsÍula
ixpdrl jHdmdrfha wkd.; j¾Okh i|yd wjOdkh fhduq l< hq;= úfYaIs;wxYj,g ksoiqka lsysmhla
- fjr< wdYs%; - ffcj moaO;s wdYs%; - wNhN+ñ wdYs%; - fM;sydisl ia:dk wdYs%; - wOHdmkh yd iïnkaO - ixialD;sh yd ck Ôú;h wdY%s; - ;%dickl w;aoelSï wdYs%;
ie,lsh hq;= lreKq lsysmhla
- fuh lKavdhï ls%hdldrlula fia ixúOdkh l< yelsh' - bÈßm;a lsÍu o lKavdhï bÈßm;a lsÍula f,i ixúOdkh lr .; yelsh' - bf.k .;a foa ;u ks¾udK woyia iuÕ bÈßm;a lsÍu jeo.;a h'
Wod ( by; úúO wxY ms<sn| wkd.;fha § ixpdrl jHdmdrh ixj¾Okh l< yels m%foaY oelafjk YS% ,xld is;shula
- jdÑl bÈßm;a lsÍu;a iuÕ is;shï" Ñ;% " mska;=r" mß.Kl ieliqï wdÈhfhdod .ekSu jeo.;a fõ'
^ks¾Kdhl 5 i|yd uq¿ ,l=Kq 20& ^ks¾Kdhl 5 i|yd uq¿ ,l=Kq 20& ^ks¾Kdhl 5 i|yd uq¿ ,l=Kq 20& ^ks¾Kdhl 5 i|yd uq¿ ,l=Kq 20& ^ks¾Kdhl 5 i|yd uq¿ ,l=Kq 20&
N+f.da, úoHdj 13 jk fY%aKsh
235 .=re ud¾f.damfoaY ix.%yh
^6& m%foaYfha fN!;sl mßirh yd udkqI lghq;= w;r we;s iïnkaO;dj mj;akd rgdjms<sn| ksÍlaIK lsÍu'
fï ms<sn| j ksoiqka lsysmhla
- c, ud¾." jeõ wdYs%; j.d ìï jHdma; j meje;Su - N+ñfha fjkialï j.d lghq;=" m%jdyk ud¾. yd jdiia:dk msysgqjd .ekSug
n,md we;s wdldrh - l¾udka; we;sùu i|yd m%foaYfha iïm;a Wmfhda.S jk wdldrh
mÍlaIKh u.ska f;dr;=re bÈßm;a lsÍfï § ie,lsh hq;= lreKq
- fmr ,nd.;a oekqu ;u m%foaYhg iïnkaO lr wOHhkh lsÍu - udkqI lghq;= ;SrKh lsÍfuys ,d fN!;sl mßirh flf;la ÿrg n,md
we;aoehs ks.ukj,g meñKSu' - ksÍlaIKfhka ,nd.;a f;dr;=re jd¾;d lsÍu - fuh iuqy ls%hdldrlula f,i ixúOdkh lsÍu - f;dr;=re bÈßm;a lsÍfï § Ñ;% " mska;=r yd is;shï Ndú; lsÍu
^ks¾Kdhl 05 i|yd uq¿ ,l=Kq 20& ^ks¾Kdhl 05 i|yd uq¿ ,l=Kq 20& ^ks¾Kdhl 05 i|yd uq¿ ,l=Kq 20& ^ks¾Kdhl 05 i|yd uq¿ ,l=Kq 20& ^ks¾Kdhl 05 i|yd uq¿ ,l=Kq 20&