13718150 death squads the killing never stops

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THE DEATH SQUADS

A death squad is an armed squad that kills civilians, terrorists or guerillas. These groupstend to commit extrajudicial assassinations / extra-judicial killings and forceddisappearances of persons. These killings are often conducted in ways meant to ensurethe secrecy of the killers' identities, so as to avoid accountability and ensuredeniability.[1][2]

Death squads are often, but not exclusively, associated with the violent politicalrepression under dictatorships, totalitarian states and similar regimes. They typically havethe tacit or express support of the state, as a whole or in part (see state terrorism). Deathsquads may comprise a secret police force, paramilitary group or official governmentunits with members drawn from the military or the police. They may also be organized asvigilante groups.

Death squads differ from terrorist groups in that their violent actions are often used tomaintain the power of a local or national elite, rather than intending to disrupt theirexisting authority per se. Foreign powers may aid states where death squads are active,usually without the international criticism that would be involved when supporting statesthat support terrorism. Some death squads, including those with links with corrupt elites,have been classified as terrorist organizations.

Death squads can kill or commit premeditated attacks against political opponents, allegedrebel sympathizers and any other people deemed "dangerous" or simply "undesirable" byauthorities or local groups (e.g. homeless and squatters). They may also act to remove

ethnic or political groups whose existence does not serve the purposes of the ruling elite(ethnic cleansing, politicide).

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Death_squad(for more information)



Death Squad Leader ‘Was Top CIA Agent’; Facing War Crimes

Charges at the International Criminal Court at The Hague

http://www.sundayherald.com/international/shinternational/display.var.2497030.0.0.php

Sunday 22nd March 2009

THE late President Milosevic's secret police chief and organiser of Serb death squadsduring the genocidal ethnic cleansing of disintegrating Yugoslavia was the United States'top CIA agent in Belgrade, according to the independent Belgrade Radio B92.

The claim that from 1992 until the end of the decade, Jovica Stanisic, head of Serbia'smurderous DB Secret Police, was regularly informing his CIA handlers of the thinking inMilosevic's inner circle has shocked the region.

Stanisic is said to have loyally served his two masters for eight years. He is facing warcrimes charges at the International Criminal Court at The Hague.

In the terrifying years of Yugoslavia's internecine wars, he acted as the willing "muscle"behind Milosevic's genocidal campaigns in Croatia, Kosovo and Bosnia, includingSebrenica.

According to the charges he faces, Stanisic was "part of a joint criminal enterprise thatincluded former Serbian president Slobodan Milosevic and other Serbian politicians".

Dermot Groome, The Hague's chief prosecutor, has specifically accused him of sendingin the Serb Scorpion and Red Beret death squads into the states seeking independencefrom Belgrade. Stanisic has pleaded not guilty.

Like in a Cold War spy thriller, Serbia's secret police chief met his CIA handlers in safe

houses, parks and boats on the river Sava to betray his master's action plans. He provided,it is claimed, information on the whereabouts of Nato hostages, aided CIA operatives intheir search for Muslim mass graves and helped the US set up secret bases in Bosnia tomonitor the implementation of the 1995 Dayton peace accord.

This has raised awkward questions for Washington. With Stanisic providing chapter andverse of the genocidal slaughter of Croats, Bosnians and Albanians from the early 1990s,should President Clinton have cut a deal with Milosevic at Dayton, Ohio, ending theBosnian war on such equitable terms for the Serbs? Or, using Stanisic's evidence, shouldthe Americans not have unmasked Milosevic and Radovan Karadzic, the then head of Republika Srpska, as genocidal war criminals and demanded their surrender?

From his prison cell at The Hague, Stanisic countered the charges facing him with an aidememoir portraying himself as "a person who had sought to moderate Milosevic and haddone a great deal to moderate the crisis".

In an unusual move, the CIA has submitted classified documents to the court that confirmStanisic's "undercover operative role in helping to bring peace to the region and aidingthe agency's work. He helped defuse some of the most explosive actions of the Bosnianwar."



In an interview with the Los Angeles Times, William Lofgren, his original CIA recruiterand handler, now retired, said: "Stanisic provided valuable information from Milosevic'sinner circle. But he never took money from the CIA, worked with the agency onoperations or took steps that he would have considered a blatant betrayal of his boss."

Thus the judges at The Hague are having to judge a man who allegedly sent the Scorpiondeath squads to Srebrenica to "deal" with men and boys fleeing the UN-protected Muslimenclave, while working with the CIA trying to end Milosevic's ethnic wars.

The way the CIA apparently viewed their Belgrade "asset" is revealed in an interviewwith Balkan Insight, a little known south-east European publication.

The emerging picture is a quaint reflection from a hall of mirrors. Greg Miller of the LosAngeles Times, writing about the links between the CIA and the Serb secret police chief,is quoted as saying: "As I said in the LAT story, the CIA do not see Stanisic as achoirboy. When you talk to people who work in espionage, this is often the case.

"Because of the nature of that job, of that assignment, they are working with people whodo not have unblemished records, it would be difficult for them to be effective if theyonly worked with people who had unblemished records.

"People in Belgrade who have been following the career of Jovica Stanisic would say thatthis was a guy who was an expert in his field; he was a highly-trained and highly-effective spy. His motivation may have been that he wanted to know what the UnitedStates was up to.

"He did not believe that Milosevic was taking the country in the right direction - so hewanted to influence events. He saw himself as an important guy who could pull stringsbehind the scenes to make things happen in Belgrade."

Stanisic apparently did so on his own terms, while trying to remain a loyal Serb. He didnot succeed.

Now he is having to account for his actions as Milosevic's loyal lieutenant at The Hague.

Until now, President Obama has been discouraging retrospective

investigations of Bush lawbreaking by Sen. Patrick Leahy, but Hersh hasopened an ugly can of worms that can't be resealed.

Stopping the operation of American death squads, as the Commander-in-Chief has just apparently done, is one thing. But now that news about themhas been made public by the most respected investigative reporter of our

time, it's unthinkable that George W. Bush and Dick Cheney will not be

called to answer for possible war crimes.



Investigative reporter Seymour Hersh describes 'executive assassination

ring'

By Eric Black | Published Wed, Mar 11 2009 11:17 am

REUTERS/Fadi Al-AssaadJournalist Seymour Hersh speaking in Doha at an Al Jazeeraforum on the media in 2007.

At a “Great Conversations” event (MP3) at the University of Minnesota last night,legendary investigative reporter Seymour Hersh may have made a little more news than

he intended by talking about new alleged instances of domestic spying by the CIA, and

about an ongoing covert military operation that he called an “executive assassination

ring.”

Hersh spoke with great confidence about these findings from his current reporting, which

he hasn’t written about yet.

In an email exchange afterward, Hersh said that his statements were “an honest response

to a question” from the event’s moderator, U of M Political Scientist Larry Jacobs and

“not something I wanted to dwell about in public.”



Hersh didn’t take back the statements, which he said arise from reporting he is doing for

a book, but that it might be a year or two before he has what he needs on the topic to be

“effective...that is, empirical, for even the most skeptical.”

The evening of great conversation, featuring Walter Mondale and Hersh, moderated by

Jacobs and titled “America’s Constitutional Crisis,” looked to be a mostly historical

review of events that have tested our Constitution, by a journalist and a high government

official who had experience with many of the crises.

And it was mostly historical, and a great conversation, in which Hersh and Mondale

talked about the patterns by which presidents seem to get intoxicated by executive power,

frustrated by the limitations on that power from Congress and the public, drawn into

improper covert actions that exceed their constitutional powers, in the belief that they canget results and will never be found out. Despite a few references to the Founding Fathers,

the history was mostly recent, starting with the Vietnam War with much of it arising from

the George W. Bush administration, which both men roundly denounced.

At the end of one answer by Hersh about how these things tend to happen, Jacobs asked:

“And do they continue to happen to this day?”

Replied Hersh:

“Yuh. After 9/11, I haven’t written about this yet, but the Central Intelligence Agency

was very deeply involved in domestic activities against people they thought to be

enemies of the state. Without any legal authority for it. They haven’t been called on it

yet. That does happen.

"Right now, today, there was a story in the New York Times that if you read it carefully

mentioned something known as the Joint Special Operations Command -- JSOC it’s

called. It is a special wing of our special operations community that is set upindependently. They do not report to anybody, except in the Bush-Cheney days, they

reported directly to the Cheney office. They did not report to the chairman of the joint

chiefs of staff or to Mr. [Robert] Gates, the secretary of defense. They reported directly to

him. ...



"Congress has no oversight of it. It’s an executive assassination ring essentially, and

it’s been going on and on and on. Just today in the Times there was a story that its

leaders, a three star admiral named [William H.] McRaven, ordered a stop to it because

there were so many collateral deaths.

"Under President Bush’s authority, they’ve been going into countries, not talking to

the ambassador or the CIA station chief, and finding people on a list and executing

them and leaving. That’s been going on, in the name of all of us.

"It’s complicated because the guys doing it are not murderers, and yet they are

committing what we would normally call murder. It’s a very complicated issue. Because

they are young men that went into the Special Forces. The Delta Forces you’ve heard

about. Navy Seal teams. Highly specialized.

"In many cases, they were the best and the brightest. Really, no exaggerations. Really

fine guys that went in to do the kind of necessary jobs that they think you need to do to

protect America. And then they find themselves torturing people.

"I’ve had people say to me -- five years ago, I had one say: ‘What do you call it when you

interrogate somebody and you leave them bleeding and they don’t get any medical

committee and two days later he dies. Is that murder? What happens if I get before a

committee?’

"But they’re not gonna get before a committee.”

Hersh, the best-known investigative reporter of his generation, writes about these kinds of

issues for The New Yorker. He has written often about JSOC, including, last July that:

“Under the Bush Administration’s interpretation of the law, clandestine military

activities, unlike covert C.I.A. operations, do not need to be depicted in a Finding,because the President has a constitutional right to command combat forces in the field

without congressional interference.”

(“Finding” refers to a special document that a president must issue, although not make

public, to authorize covert CIA actions.)



Here is a tape of the full Mondale-Hersh-Jacobs colloquy, a little over an hour, without

the audience Q and A. If you want to look for the Hersh statement quoted above, it’s

about at the 7:30 mark.

The rest of the evening was, as expected, full of worry and wisdom and quite a bit of

Bush-bashing.

Jacobs walked the two elder statesmen through their experiences of:

• The My Lai massacre, which Hersh first revealed publicly and which he last

night called “the end of innocence about us and war.”

• The Pentagon Papers case, which Mondale called the best example of the“government’s potential for vast public deception.”

• Henry Kissinger’s secret dealings, mostly relating to the Vietnam War. (Hersh,

who has written volumes about Kissinger, said that he will always believe that

whereas ordinary people count sheep to fall asleep, Kissinger “has to count

burned and maimed Cambodian babies.”)

• The Church Committee investigation of CIA and FBI abuses, in which

Mondale played a major role. (He talked about the fact that FBI director J. Edgar

Hoover not only spied on Martin Luther King but literally tried to drive him to

suicide.)

• The Iran Contra scandal. (Hersh said the Reagan administration came to office

with a clear goal of finding a way to finance covert actions, such as the funding of

the Nicaraguan Contras, without appropriations so that Congress wouldn't know

about them. Mondale noted that Reagan had signed a law barring further aid to

the Contras, then participated in a scheme to keep the aid flowing. Hersh said that

two key veterans of Iran-Contra, Dick Cheney and national security official Elliot

Abrams, were reunited in the George W. Bush White House and decided that the

key lesson from Iran-Contra was that too many people in the administration knewabout it.)

• And the Bush-Cheney years. (Said Hersh: “The contempt for Congress in the

Bush-Cheney White House was extaordinary.” Said Mondale of his successor,

Cheney, and his inner circle: “they ran a government within the government.”

Hersh added: “Eight or nine neoconservatives took over our country.” Mondale



said that the precedents of abuse of vice presidential power by Cheney would

remain "like a loaded pistol that you leave on the dining room table.")

Jacobs pressed both men on the question of whether the frequent abuses of power show

that the Constitution fails, because these things keep happening, or whether it works,

because these things keep coming to light.

Mondale stuck with the happy answer. “The system has come through again and again,”

he said. Presidents always think they will get away with it, but eventually reporters like

Hersh bring things to light, the public “starts smelling this stuff,” the courts and the

Congress get involved. Presidents “always, in the long run, find out that the system is

stronger than they are.”

Hersh seemed more troubled by the repetitions of the pattern. The “beautiful thing about

our system” is that eventually we get new leaders, he said. “The evil twosome, Cheney

and Bush, left,” Hersh said. But he also said “it’s really amazing to me that we manage to

get such bad leadership, so consistently.”

And he added that both the press and the public let down their guard in the aftermath of

9/11.

“The major newspapers joined the [Bush] team,” Hersh said. Top editors passed the

message to investigative reporters not to “pick holes” in what Bush was doing. Violations

of the Bill of Rights happened in the plain sight of the public. It was not only tolerated,

but Bush was re-elected.

And even Mondale admitted that one of his greatest successes, laws reforming the FBI

and CIA in the aftermath of the Church Committee, were supposed to fix the problem so

that “we would never have these problems again in the lifetime of anyone alive at the

time, but of course we did.”

The CIA responds to Seymour Hersh (via MinnPost)

By Eric Black | Published Thu, Mar 12 2009 1:53 pm



http://www.minnpost.com/ericblackblog/2009/03/12/7344/the_cia_responds_to_seymour_hersh_via_minnpost

"Utter nonsense," is the quote from CIA spokester George Little.

In case you're out of context, I wrote yesterday about comments famed investigative

reporter Seymour Hersh made Tuesday night at the U of M, which included a description

of a story he is working on that he said would show that "the Central Intelligence Agency

was very deeply involved in domestic activities against people they thought to be

enemies of the state. Without any legal authority for it. They haven’t been called on it

yet. That does happen."

CIA spokester Little emailed me:

"I saw your story on Seymour Hersh’s recent allegations regarding CIA activities since

9/11. If you wish, you can attribute the quoted portion that follows to me, in name, as a

CIA spokesman:

'This is utter nonsense.'"

I spoke to Little to clarify whether he was aware of the basis for Hersh's statement (which

I am not, only that it's based on his reporting) or whether he was categorically stating that

nothing the CIA has done post-9/11 could be reasonably characterized as domestic

activities against people they thought to be enemies of the state. He said it was a

categorical denial. He doesn't know what Hersh claims, but any claim that the CIA has

engaged in domestic spying is "complete and utter nonsense," saith Little on behalf of the

CIA.

I have solicited a comment from Hersh.

Israel's death squads: A soldier's story

Sunday, 1 March 2009



A former member of an Israeli assassination squad has broken his silence for the firsttime. He spoke to Donald Macintyre

The Israeli military's policy of targeted killings has been described from the inside for thefirst time. In an interview with The Independent on Sunday, and in his testimony to anex-soldiers' organisation, Breaking the Silence, a former member of an assassinationsquad has told of his role in a botched ambush that killed two Palestinian bystanders, aswell as the two militants targeted.

The operation, which took place a little over eight years ago, at the start of the presentintifada, or uprising, left the former sharpshooter with psychological scars. To this day hehas not told his parents of his participation in what he called "the first face-to-faceassassination of the intifada".

As the uprising unfolded, targeted assassinations became a regularly used weapon in thearmoury of the Israel military, especially in Gaza, where arrests would later become lesseasy than in the West Bank. The highest-profile were those of Hamas leaders Ahmed

Yassin and Abdel Aziz Rantisi in 2005, and of Said Siyam in the most recent offensive.But the targeting of lower-level militants, like the one killed in the operation described bythe former soldier, became sufficiently common to attract little comment.

The incident described by the ex-soldier appears almost trivial by comparison with somuch that has happened since in Gaza, culminating in more than 1,200 Palestiniancasualties inflicted by Operation Cast Lead this January. It might have been forgotten byall except those directly affected, if it had not been for the highly unusual account of it hegave to Breaking the Silence, which has collected testimony from hundreds of formertroops concerned about what they saw and did – including abuses of Palestinians – duringtheir service in the occupied territories.

That account, expanded on in an interview with the IoS, and broadly corroborated byanother soldier's testimony to Breaking the Silence, directly challenges elements of themilitary's official version at the time, while casting new light on the tactic of targetedassassination by the Israeli Defence Forces (IDF). So do comments by the father of oneof the Palestinians killed, and one who survived, also traced by the IoS.

Our source cannot be identified by name, not least because by finally deciding to talk about what happened, he could theoretically be charged abroad for his direct role in anassassination of the sort most Western countries regard as a grave breach of internationallaw. From a good home, and now integrated into civilian life in the Tel Aviv area, theformer soldier is about 30. Intelligent and articulate, and with a detailed memory of many

aspects, he is scrupulous in admitting his recall of other points may be defective.

The former conscript said his special unit had trained for an assassination, but was thentold it would be an arrest operation. They would fire only if the targeted man hadweapons in his car. "We were pretty bombed it was going to be an arrest. We wanted tokill," he said. The unit then went south to Gaza and took up position. It was 22 November2000.



The squad's main target was a Palestinian militant called Jamal Abdel Razeq. He was inthe passenger seat of a black Hyundai being driven north towards Khan Younis by hiscomrade, Awni Dhuheir. Both men were wholly unaware of the trap that was waiting forhim near the Morag junction. This section of the main Salahadin north-south road inGaza went straight past a Jewish settlement. Razeq was used to seeing an armoured

personnel carrier (APC) beside the road, but he had no idea that its regular crew had beenreplaced by men from an elite air force special unit, including at least two highly trainedsharpshooters.

Since before he even left his home in Rafah that morning, Shin Bet – the Israeliintelligence service – had been monitoring Razeq's every move with uncanny accuracy,thanks to a running commentary from the mobile phones of two Palestinian collaborators,including one of his own uncles. The man who was to kill him says he was "amazed" atthe detail relayed to the unit commander from Shin Bet: "How much coffee he had in hisglass, when he was leaving. They knew he had a driver [and] ... they said they hadweapons in the trunk, not in the car. For 20 minutes we knew it was going to be a simplearrest because they had no weapons in the car."

But then, he says, the orders suddenly changed. "They said he had one minute to arrive,and then we got an order that it was going to be an assassination after all." He thinks itcame from a war room set up for the operation and his impression was that "all the bigchiefs were there", including a brigadier general.

The two militants would still have suspected nothing as they approached the junction,even when a big Israel Defence Forces (IDF) supply truck lumbered out of a side turningto cut them off. They would have had no way of knowing the truck was full of armedsoldiers, waiting for this moment. A 4x4 was deployed by the road, only in case"something really wrong" happened.

But something did go wrong: the truck moved out too soon, and blocked not only themilitants in their black Hyundai, but the white Mercedes taxi in front of them. It wascarrying Sami Abu Laban, 29, a baker, and Na'el Al Leddawi, 22, a student. They wereon their way from Rafah to Khan Younis to try to buy some scarce diesel to fire the breadovens.

As the critical moment approached, the sharpshooter said he began to shake from thewaist down. "What happens now is I'm waiting for the car to come and I am losingcontrol of my legs. I have an M16 with digicom [special sharpshooter sights]. It was oneof the strangest things that ever happened to me. I felt completely concentrated. So theseconds are counted down, then we started seeing the cars, and we see that two cars are

coming, not one. There was a first car very close to the following one and when the truck came in, it came in a bit early, and both cars were stopped.Everything stopped. They gaveus two seconds and they said, 'Shoot. Fire.'" Who gave the order, and to whom? "The unitcommander ... to everybody. Everybody heard 'Fire'."

The target, Razeq, was in the passenger seat, closest to the APC. "I have no doubt I seehim in the scope. I start shooting. Everyone starts shooting, and I lose control. I shoot for



one or two seconds. I counted afterwards – shot 11 bullets in his head. I could have shotone shot and that's it. It was five seconds of firing.

"I look through the scope, see half of his head. I have no reason to shoot 11 bullets. Ithink maybe from the fear, maybe to cope with all the things that are happening, I justcontinue shooting."

As far as he can recall, the order to fire was not specific to the sharpshooters in the APC.He cannot know for certain if the troops in the truck thought wrongly that some of thefire was directed at them from the cars. But he says that after he stopped "the firing getseven worse. I think the people in the truck started to panic. They're firing and one of thecars starts driving and the commander says, 'Stop, stop, stop, stop!' It takes a few secondsto completely stop and what I see afterwards is that both cars are full of holes. The firstcar, too, which was there by coincidence."

Razeq and Dhuheir, the militants, were dead. So were Abu Laban and Al Leddawi.Miraculously, the driver of the taxi, Nahed Fuju, was unscathed. The sharpshooter can

remember only one of the four bodies lying on the ground. "I was shocked by that body.It was like a sack. It was full of flies. And they asked who shot the first car [theMercedes] and nobody answered. I think everybody was confused. It was clear that it hadbeen a screw-up and nobody was admitting [it]." But the commander did not hold aformal debriefing until the unit returned to its main base.

"The commander came in and said, 'Congratulations. We got a phone call from the PrimeMinister and from the Minister of Defence and the chief of staff. They all congratulatedus. We succeeded perfectly in our mission. Thank you.' And from that point on, Iunderstood that they were very happy." He says the only discussion was over the real risk there had been of soldiers' casualties from friendly fire in the shoot-out, in which at leastone of the IDF's own vehicles was hit by ricocheting bullets, and at the end of which atleast one soldier even got out of the 4x4 and fired at an inert body on the ground.

Saying his impression was "they wanted the press or the Palestinians to know they wereraising a step in our fight", he adds: "The feeling was of a big success and I waited for adebriefing that would ask all these questions, that would show some regret for somefailure, but it didn't happen. The only thing that I felt is that the commanders knew that itwas a very big political success for them."

The incident immediately caused something of a stir. Mohammed Dahlan, then head of the Fatah-run Preventative Security in Gaza, called it a "barbaric assassination". Theaccount given at the time to the press by Brigadier General Yair Naveh, in charge of IDF

forces in Gaza, was that it had been intended as an arrest operation, but that sensingsomething amiss, Razeq had pulled out a Kalashnikov rifle and attempted to open fire atthe Israeli forces, at which point the troops shot at his vehicle. While Razeq was the maintarget, it was claimed, the two victims in the taxi were were also Fatah activists "with tiesto Razeq".

Mr Al Leddawi said last week that his son's presence was a tragic accident of timing andthat the family had never heard of the other two men. "It was all by coincidence that they



were there," he said. "We have nothing do with the resistance in this family." Beyondsaying that he had received "not a shekel" in compensation, the taxi driver, Mr Fuju, didnot want to talk to us in Rafah last week. "You want to interview me so the Israelis canbomb my house?"

The Israeli military said in response to detailed queries about the incident and thediscrepancies between its account at the time and that of Palestinians, and now the ex-soldier, that it takes "human rights violations very seriously" but "regrets that Breakingthe Silence does not provide it with details or testimony of the incidents it alleges in orderto allow for a thorough investigation". It added that "these soldiers and commanders didnot approach senior commanders ... with their complaints during their service."

Our revelations in brief: Secret unit on a mission to kill

The Independent on Sunday has obtained an account which, for the first time, detailsservice in one of the Israeli military's assassination squads.

A former conscript has told the IoS and an ex-soldiers' organisation of his part in anambush that went wrong, accidentally killing two men as well as the two militantstargeted.

The ex-soldier, a trained sharpshooter, says he fired 11 bullets into the head of themilitant whose death had been ordered by his superiors. The squad was initially told itwas going on an arrest mission, but was then ordered on a minute's notice to shoot to kill.

Instead of the flaws in the operation being discussed afterwards, the squad was told it had"succeeded perfectly" and had been congratulated by the Prime Minister and chief of staff.

The former soldier, who was psychologically scarred by the incident, has never told hisparents what happened.

From Afghanistan to Africa

The Return of U. S. Death Squads

By CONN HALLINAN

United Nations officials charge that secret “international intelligence services” areconducting raids to kill Afghan civilians, then hiding the perpetuators behind an“impenetrable” wall of bureaucracy.



Philip Alston of the UN Human Rights Council said that “heavily armed internationals”leading local militias have killed scores of Afghan civilians. Coalition forces have killedmore than 200 Afghan civilians since January.

He called the raids, which operate independent of the US and NATO military commands,“unacceptable.” Alston pointed to a specific incident last January in which two brotherswere killed during a raid in the southern city of Kandahar, an area where the Taliban havea strong presence.

“The [two] victims are widely acknowledged, even by well informed governmentofficials, to have no connection to the Taliban, and the circumstance of their deaths issuspicious,” he said.

When Alston tried to investigate the murders, however, he hit a stonewall. “Not only wasI unable to get any international military commander to provide their version of whattook place, but I was unable to get any military commander to even admit that theirsoldiers were involved,” the UN official told the Financial Times.

Suspicion has fallen on the U.S. Central Intelligence Agency (CIA), which led suchteams into Afghanistan during the 1990s in an attempt to capture or kill Osama bin Ladin,and again during the 2001 invasion.

According to Alston, the shadow units work out of two bases: U.S. Camp Ghecko nearKandahar, and a base in the province of Nangarhar. “It is absolutely unacceptable forheavily armed internationals, accompanied by heavily armed Afghan forces, to bewondering around conducting dangerous raids that too often result in killings withoutanyone taking responsibility for them,” he wrote in a recent UN report.

Something very similar may be going on in Iraq. In his latest book, “The War Within,”

Bob Woodward writes that the U.S. military has a program to “locate, target and kill keyindividuals in extremist groups.” Last month U.S. Special Forces killed the son andnephew of the governor of Salahuddin Province north of Baghdad. Unlike the shootingsat roadblocks by U.S. troops, a common occurrence, Iraqi investigators say the two menwere essentially executed.

A U.S. spokesman said the raid was conducted to capture a “suspected Al Qaeda in Iraqoperative,” and that the man was injured when he “charged” the American troops. Theother “suspected terrorist” was wounded and arrested. “Both men were armed andpresented hostile intent,” the spokesman said.

But according to a spokesman for Governor Hamed al-Qaisi, U.S. troops broke into the

house at 3 AM and shot the governor’s 17-year old son to death while he slept. Thenephew, hearing the commotion, tried to enter the room and was gunned down as well.

The killings are similar to one near Karbala in June, where a cousin of current Iraqi PrimeMinister Nuri Kamal al-Maliki was killed. In both cases, Iraqi authorities were kept in thedark about the impending raids.



The question is: are Special Forces in Iraq and CIA units in Afghanistan carrying outclandestine hits? In most places in the world, those groups are called “death squads.”

* * *

Mercenaries are on a roll. Last month’s Associated Press story that the infamous

mercenary firm Blackwater Worldwide was getting out of the private army business wasa mistake. A company spokesman said the reporter had misunderstood him. Indeed, asthe Iraq war winds down, firms like Blackwater, Triple Canopy and DynCorp are findingnew markets to exploit, many of them in Africa.

As conservative military analyst David Isenberg points out in his column, “Dogs of War,” mercenaries are, in a sense, returning to their modern roots. “The progenitor formany of today’s private security firms was the South-Africa-based Executive Outcomes,which fought in Angola and Sierra Leone,” says Isenberg.

Executive Outcomes and the South African Army were routed by Angolan and Cubantroops during Angola’s long and bloody civil war, a conflict that was fueled in large partby apartheid Pretoria and the US, along with help from Zaire and the People’s Republicof China.

But the defeat was hardly a major setback for the mercenary industry. It’s hard to keep jackals down.

Cold War conflicts created a growth market, and, coupled with the ReaganAdministration’s passion for privatization, mercenary organizations like the U.S. MilitaryProfessional Resources Inc. (MPRI) and DynCorp became players in Latin America andthe Balkans conflict.

While Ronald Reagan’s and George W. Bush’s administrations generally get the creditfor this privatization drive, as Tim Shorrock points out in his book, “Spies for Hire: TheSecret World of Intelligence Outsourcing,” it was Bill Clinton who really brought privateenterprise into the business of gathering intelligence and fighting wars.

According to Shorrock, Clinton “picked up the cudgel where the conservative Reagan leftoff,” and by the end of his last term, had cut 360,000 federal jobs, while spending onprivate contractors had jumped 44 percent over 1993.

The right-wing Heritage Foundation, a major force in the current Bush Administration,called Clinton’s 1996 budget the “boldest privatization agenda put forth by any presidentto date.”

One obvious advantage to hiring Blackwater, DynCorp, MPRI, and Triple Canopy wasthat it short circuits Congressional oversight, bypasses pesky obstacles like the UniformCode of Military Justice, and hides the cost of the wars.

Now the mercenaries are returning to their old haunts in Africa to train “peacekeepers.”The problem is that today’s “peacekeeper” may become tomorrow’s thug. Anexamination of training programs by the U.S. Army’s Strategic Studies Institute found



that “Every armed group that plundered Liberia over the past 25 years had at its core”U.S. trained soldiers.

Addressing the current training of Liberian soldiers by DynCorp, the study warns there isa definite downside “to creating an armed elite.” If the U.S. withdraws its training funds,“Liberia will be sitting on a time bomb; a well-trained and armed force of elite soldierswho are used to good pay and conditions of service, which may be impossible for thegovernment of Liberia to sustain on its own.”

MPRI is training militaries in Benin, Ethiopia, Ghana, Kenya, Mali, Malawi, Nigeria,Rwanda and Senegal. DynCorp is doing the same in Darfur and Somalia. While thecover story is fighting terrorism and ensuring stability, U.S. military intervention—directand through mercenaries and its client state, Ethiopia—has thoroughly destabilizedSomalia, creating a crisis that rivals Darfur.

While the malnutrition rate in Darfur is 13 percent, in some areas of Somalia it is 19percent. The UN considers 15 percent to be the “emergency threshold.

“The situation in Somalia is the worst on the continent,” says the UN’s top official inSomalia, Ahmedou Ould-Abdallah.

According to Eric Laroche, the head of the UN’s humanitarian services in Somalia,conditions were much better under the Islamic Courts Union that the U.S-sponsoredinvasion overthrew. “It was much more peaceful and much easier for us to work. TheIslamist s didn’t cause us any problems,” he said.

In spite of Blackwater’s reputation as trigger-happy cowboys who gunned down 17unarmed Iraqi civilians last year, the company may soon see action in the Sudan. Actressand Darfur activist Mia Farrow recently met with the corporation’s owner, Erik Prince, to

discuss using the company in a military role in the western Sudan.

According to a 2007 study by the industrial College of the Armed Forces, “Africa may dofor the [mercenary] industry in the next 20 years what Iraq has done in the past fouryears, provide a significant growth engine.”

Behind that growth, says Nicole Lee of TransAfrica, “is nothing short of a sovereigntyand resource grab.” The National Energy Policy Development Group estimates that by2015, a quarter of U.S. oil imports will come from Africa. Most of these will come fromthe Gulf of Guinea and the western regions of North Africa, but Sudan has the secondlargest reserves on the continent.

The U.S. has established a military command for the region—Africom—but no nationhas agreed to host it yet. While suspicions about U.S. goals in Africa run high, thosedoubts apparently don’t extend to U.S.-based mercenary organizations. While countriesare holding Africom at arm’s length, those same countries are embracing Blackwater,DynCorp. Triple Canopy, and MPRI.

Mercenaries are not just an American phenomena. Israel has begun privatizing itssecurity checkpoints using the Israeli mercenary company Modiin Ezrahi According to a



spokesman for the Ministry of Defense, “By the end of the year all the people [guards] atthe checkpoints will be civilians.”

Israel claims it is replacing the army with mercenaries because it wants to demilitarize thecheckpoints, but peace activists say that argument is nonsense. Hanna Barag of thehuman rights organization Machsom Watch says the civilian security guards are“Rambos” who behave no differently than Israeli soldiers.

The UN reports an increase in “significant difficulties” since the mercenaries took over.

Daniel Levy, a former advisor to current Israeli Defense Minister Ehud Barak, says thereal reason is that it walls off the Israeli population from the burdens of trying to control2.5 million Palestinians. “It separates [the occupation] from Israeli society,” he told theFinancial Times, “these guys [mercenaries] don’t go home and tell their mothers whatthey are doing.”

In the end, the bottom line is the bottom line. Private contractors in Iraq—190,000strong—will cost U.S. taxpayers an estimated $100 billion by the end of 2008.



Death Squads in El Salvador:

A Pattern of U.S. Complicity

by David Kirsch

Covert Action Quarterly, Summer 1990

In 1963, the U.S. government sent 10 Special Forces personnel to El Salvador to helpGeneral Jose Alberto Medrano set up the Organizacion Democratica Nacionalista(ORDEN)-the first paramilitary death squad in that country. These Green Berets assisted



in the organization and indoctrination of rural "civic" squads which gathered intelligenceand carried out political assassinations in coordination with the Salvadoran military.

Now, there is compelling evidence to show that for over 30 years, members of the U.S.military and the CIA have helped organize, train, and fund death squad activity in El

Salvador.

In the last eight years, six Salvadoran military deserters have publicly acknowledged theirparticipation in the death squads. Their stories are notable because they not only confirmsuspicions that the death squads are made up of members of the Salvadoran military, butalso because each one implicates U.S. personnel in death squad activity.

The term "death squad" while appropriately vivid, can be misleading because it obscurestheir fundamental identity. Evidence shows that "death squads" are primarily military orparamilitary units carrying out political assassinations and intimidation as part of theSalvadoran government's counterinsurgency strategy. Civilian death squads do exist but

have often been comprised of off-duty soldiers financed by wealthy Salvadoranbusinessmen.

It is important to point out that the use of death squads has been a strategy of U.S.counterinsurgency doctrine. For example, the CIA's "Phoenix Program" was responsiblefor the "neutralization" of over 40,000 Vietnamese suspected of working with theNational Liberation Front.

Part of the U.S. counterinsurgency program was run from the Office of Public Safety(OPS). OPS was part of U.S. AID, and worked with the Defense Department and the CIAto modernize and centralize the repressive capabilities of client state police forces,

including those in El Salvador. In 1974 Congress ordered the discontinuation of OPS.

In spite of the official suspension of police assistance between 1974 and 1985, CIA andother U.S . officials worked with Salvadoran security forces throughout the restrictedperiod to centralize and modernize surveillance, to continue training, and to fund keyplayers in the death squad network.

Even though the U.S. government's police training program had been thoroughlydiscredited, the Reagan administration found other channels through which to reinstatepolice assistance for El Salvador and Honduras. Attached to this assistance is therequirement that the president certify that aid recipients do not engage in torture, political

persecution, or assassination. Even so, certain members of Congress showed concernover the reinstatement of police aid to repressive regimes. In a Senate Foreign RelationsCommittee hearing, Senator Claiborne Pell (Dem.-Rhode Island) asked, "I was talkingabout cattle prods specifically. Would they be included or not?"

Undersecretary of State for Latin American Affair Elliott Abrams replied, "Well, I wouldsay that in my view if the police of Costa Rica, with their democratic tradition, say thatfor crowd control purposes they would like to have 50 shot [sic] batons, as they are called



in a nonagricultural context, I would personally want to give it to them. I think thatgovernment has earned enough trust, as I think we have earned enough trust, not to bequestioned, frankly, about exporting torture equipment. But I would certainly be in favorof giving it to them if they want it."

Death Squad Members, Testimony

Cesar Vielman Joya Martinez, a soldier in the First Infantry Brigade's Department 2(Intelligence), is the most recent Salvadoran to admit his involvement in death squadactivity. At a November 1, 1989 press conference Joya Martinez stated that certainmilitary units in Department 2 carried out "heavy interrogation" (a euphemism fortorture) after which the victims were killed. The job of his unit was to execute people bystrangulation, slitting their throats, or injecting them with poison. He admitted killingeight people and participating in many more executions. He stated that the Brigade

Commander had sent written orders to carry out the killings and that the use of bulletswas forbidden because they might be traced to the military.

Joya Martinez also claims that one of the U.S. advisers working with the First Brigade satat a desk next to his and received "all the reports from our agents on clandestine captures,interrogations...but we did not provide them with reports on the executions. They did notwant to hear of the actual killings." U.S. advisers authorized expenses for such extras asblack glass on squad vans to allow executions to take place unobserved; provided $4,000for the monthly budget; and conducted classes in recruiting informants and conductingintelligence reconnaissance.

Another Salvadoran soldier, Ricardo Castro, is the first officer to come forward withinformation about death squad activity. Castro graduated from West Point in 1973 andwas a company commander in the Salvadoran Army. He translated for several U.S.advisers who taught, among other subjects, interrogation techniques. Castro claims thatone U.S. instructor worked out of the Sheraton Hotel (taken over briefly during theNovember 1989 FMLN offensive) and emphasized psychological techniques. Castrorecalled a class where Salvadoran soldiers asked the adviser about an impasse in theirtorture sessions:

He was obviously against torture a lot of the time. He favored selective torture.... Whenthey learned some thing in class, they might go back to their fort that night and practice....

I remember very distinctly some students talking about the fact that people were conkingout on them...as they were administering electric shock. 'We keep giving him the electricshock, and he just doesn't respond. What can we do?'.... The American gave a broad smileand said, 'You've got to surprise him. We know this from experience. Give him a jolt. Dosomething that will just completely amaze him, and that should bring him out of it."

Castro revealed that he held monthly briefings with then deputy CIA chief of station in ElSalvador Frederic Brugger who had recruited him for intelligence work after meeting at



an interrogation class. Castro also claimed to have knowledge of the perpetration of largemassacres of civilians by Army Department 5.

In December 1981, he met in Morazan Province with one of the officers that the U.S.instructor had advised. "They had two towns of about 300 people each, and they were

interrogating them to see what they knew. Since I...knew something about interrogations,he said he might want me to help. The Major told me that after the interrogation, theywere going to kill them all." Castro was, however, reassigned and did not participate.Later, his pro-government mother told him, "You know, son, these guerrillas, they inventthe wildest lies. They say that in December, 600 civilians were killed in Morazan." "Oh,shit, I was hoping I'd been dreaming it," he thought. "I later found out, they did go in andkill them after all."

Rene Hurtado worked as intelligence agent for the Treasury Police, one of the threeSalvadoran paramilitary forces. After a falling out with an officer, he fled to Minnesota,took refuge with a Presbyterian Church congregation, and began describing routine

torture methods used by paramilitary forces. These included beatings, electric shock,suffocation, and mutilation. He described techniques such as tearing the skin from "interrogation" subjects, sticking needles into them, or beating them in such a manner thatlasting internal injuries but no telltale external marks would be sustained. According toHurtado, CIA employees and Green Berets taught some of these torture techniques to theTreasury Police in Army staff headquarters.

General John Vessey, chairman of the Joint Chiefs of Staff, was particularly disturbed bythe implication of the Green Berets and initiated an investigation. The investigator fromthe Army Criminal Investigation Division stated, "My job was to clear the Army's nameand I was going to do whatever [was] necessary to do that." Hurtado refused to cooperate

with the investigator on the advice of a member of Congress whom the churchparishioners had called upon. When the investigator was told this by the minister, heresponded, "Tell Mr. Hurtado that the Congressman has given him very costly advice.When I went to El Salvador to investigate his allegations, at the advice of the U.S.Ambassador, I did not talk to members of the Salvadoran military. If I go again and talk to the military, we don't know who will be hurt, do we?''

Following revelations of U.S. involvement in death squad activities, the House andSenate Intelligence Committees reported on allegations of U.S. complicity in death squadactivity. The Republican-dominated Senate panel confirmed that Salvadoran officialswere involved, but denied any direct U.S. role, keeping certain portions of its report

classified. The House Committee stated that, "U.S. intelligence agencies have notconducted any of their activities in such a way as to directly encourage or support death-squad activities." Rep. James Shannon (Dem.-Mass.), who requested the inquiry,commented that the report was "certainly not as conclusive as the committee makes itsound.''

Varelli, Carranza, Montano, and others



Frank Varelli is the son of a former Salvadoran Minister of Defense and National Policecommander. When Varelli's family came to the U.S. in 1980, Varelli started working asan FBI informant. Years later, he publicly revealed his role in FBI covert operationsagainst domestic organizations opposing Reagan's Central American policy. He has alsoasserted that the Salvadoran National Guard gave him death lists which he compared to

lists of Salvadorans in the U.S. awaiting deportation back to El Salvador. Varelli believessome may have been killed on their return to El Salvador. He reported these contacts withthe National Guard to the FBI.

Former Colonel Roberto Santivanez claimed that the then chief of the SalvadoranTreasury Police, Nicolas Carranza, was the officer most active with the death squads.Colonel Carranza is also alleged to have received $90,000 annually from the CIA.Carranza has confirmed the close working relationship of the paramilitary forces withU.S. intelligence. "[They] have collaborated with us in a certain technical manner,providing us with advice. They receive information from everywhere in the world, andthey have sophisticated equipment that enables them to better inform or at least confirm

the information we have. It's very helpful.''

Carlos Antonio Gomez Montano was a paratrooper stationed at Ilopango Air Force Base.He claimed to have seen eight Green Beret advisers watching two "torture classes" duringwhich a 17-year-old boy and a 13-year-old girl were tortured. Montano claimed that hisunit and the Green Berets were joined by Salvadoran Air Force Commander RafaelBustillo and other Salvadoran officers during these two sessions in January 1981. ASalvadoran officer told the assembled soldiers, "[watching] will make you feel more likea man.''

Above are the accounts of the death squad deserters. Non military sources have also

reported the participation of U.S. personnel. For example, another (highly placedanonymous civilian) source maintained that Armed Forces General Staff Departments 2and 5 (organized with help from U.S. Army Colonel David Rodriguez, a Cuban-American) used tortures such as beating, burning and electric shock. U.S. involvementhas also been asserted in sworn accounts by some victims of torture. Jose Ruben CarrilloCubas, a student, gave testimony that during his detention by the Long DistanceReconnaissance Patrol (PRAL) in 1986, a U.S. Army Major tortured him by applyingelectric shocks to his back and ears.

Various sources have reported the use of U.S.-manufactured torture equipment. ReneHurtado, for example, explained, "There re some very sophisticated methods...of

torture..[like the machine] that looks like a radio, like a transformer; it s about 15centimeters across, with connecting wires. It says General Electric on it...."

Many other documented accounts of brutality by U.S. trained and advised military unitsexist. Indeed, the elite Atlacatl Battalion has been implicated in several massacres overthe past ten years and members of the battalion have been indicted for the Novemberslayings of the six Jesuit priests and two women.



"were" on its payroll and are helping organize violent repression in Haiti. Luis Moreno,an employee of State Department, has bragged he helped Colombian army create adatabase of subversives, terrorists and drug dealers." His superior in overseeing INS forSoutheastern U.S., is Gunther Wagner, former Nazi soldier and a key member of now-defunct Office of Public Safety (OPS), an AID project which helped train

counterinsurgents and terrorism in dozens of countries. Wagner worked in Vietnam aspart of Operation Phoenix and in Nicaragua where he helped train National Guard.Article also details massacres in Indonesia. Haiti Information, 4/23/1994, pp. 3,4

CIA personnel requested transfers 1960-7 in protest of CIA officer Nestor Sanchez'sworking so closely with death squads. Marshall, J., Scott P.D., and Hunter, J. (1987). TheIran-Contra Connection, p. 294

CIA. 1994. Mary McGrory op-ed, "Clinton's CIA Chance." Excoriates CIA over AldrichAmes, support for right-wing killers in El Salvador, Nicaraguan Contras and Haiti'sFRAPH and Cedras. Washington Post, 10/16/1994, C1,2

Angola: Death Squads

Angola, 1988. Amnesty International reported that UNITA, backed by the U.S., engagedin extra-judicial executions of high-ranking political rivals and ill-treatment of prisoners.Washington Post, 3/14/1989, A20

Bolivia: Death Squads

Bolivia. Between October 1966-68 Amnesty International reported between 3,000 and8,000 people killed by death squads. Blum, W. (1986). The CIA A Forgotten History, p.264

Bolivia, 1991. A group known as "Black Hand" shot twelve people on 24 November1991. Killings were part of group's aim to eliminate "undesirable" elements from society.Victims included police officers, prostitutes and homosexuals." Washington Post11/25/1991, A2

Bolivia: Watch List

Bolivia, 1975. CIA hatched plot with interior ministry to harass progressive bishops, andto arrest and expel foreign priests and nuns. CIA was particularly helpful in supplyingnames of U.S. and other foreign missionaries. The Nation, 5/22/1976, p. 624

Bolivia, 1975. CIA provided government data on priests who progressive. Blum, W.

(1986). The CIA A Forgotten History, p. 259

Brazil: Watch List

Brazil, 1962-64. Institute of Research and Social Studies (IPES) with assistance fromU.S. sources published booklets and pamphlets and distributed hundreds of articles tonewspapers. In 1963 alone it distributed 182,144 books. It underwrote lectures, financedstudents' trips to the U.S., sponsored leadership training programs for 2,600 businessmen,students, and workers, and subsidized organizations of women, students, and workers. In



late 1962 IPES member Siekman in Sao Paulo organized vigilante cells to counterleftists. The vigilantes armed themselves, made hand-grenades. IPES hired retiredmilitary to exert influence on those in active service. From 1962-64 IPES, by its ownestimate, spent between $200,000 and $300,000 on an intelligence net of retired military.The "research group" of retired military circulated a chart that identified communist

groups and leaders. Black, J.K. (1977). United States Penetration of Brazil, p. 85

Brazil: Death Squads

Brazil, circa 1965. Death squads formed to bolster Brazil's national intelligence serviceand counterinsurgency efforts. Many death squad members were merely off-duty policeofficers. U.S. AID (and presumably the CIA) knew of and supported police participationin death squad activity. Counterspy 5/6 1979, p. 10

Brazil. Death squads began appear after 1964 coup. Langguth, A.J. (1978). HiddenTerrors, p. 121

Brazilian and Uruguayan death squads closely linked and have shared training. CIA on atleast two occasions co-ordinated meetings between countries' death squads. Counterspy5/6 1979, p. 11

Brazil, torture. After CIA-backed coup, military used death squads and torture. Blum, W.(1986). The CIA A Forgotten History, p. 190

Cambodia: Watch List

Cambodia, 1970. Aided by CIA, Cambodian secret police fed blacklists of targetedVietnamese to Khmer Serai and Khmer Kampuchea Krom. Mass killings of Vietnamese.Valentine, D. (1990). The Phoenix Program, p. 328

Cambodia: Death Squads

Cambodia, 1980-90. U.S. indirect support for Khmer Rouge-- U.S. comforting massmurderers. Washington Post, 5/7/1990, A10 editorial

Central America: Death Squads

Central America, circa 1979-87. According to Americas Watch, civilian non combatantdeaths attributable to government forces in Nicaragua might reach 300, most MiskitoIndians in comparison 40-50,000 Salvadoran citizens killed by death squads andgovernment forces during same years, along with similar number during last year of Somoza and still higher numbers in Guatemala. Chomsky, N. (1988). The Culture of Terrorism, p. 101

Central America, 1981-87. Death toll under Reagan in El Salvador passed 50,000 and inGuatemala it may approach 100,000. In Nicaragua 11,000 civilians killed by 1968. Deathtoll in region 150,000 or more. Chomsky, N. (1988). The Culture of Terrorism, p. 29



Central America. See debate carried in Harpers "Why Are We in Central America? OnDominoes, Death Squads, and Democracy. Can We Live With Latin Revolution? TheDilemmas of National Security." Harpers, 6/1984, p35

Central America, 1982-84. Admiral Bobby Inman, former head of NSA, had deepdistaste for covert operations. Inman complained that the CIA was hiring murderers toconduct operations in Central America and the Middle East - eventually Inman resigned.Toohey, B., and Pinwill, W. (1990). Oyster: the Story of the Australian SecretIntelligence Service, pp. 215-6

Chile: Watch List

Chile, 1970-73. By late 1971 the CIA in near daily contact with military. The stationcollecting the kind of information that would be essential for a military dictatorship aftera coup: lists of civilians to be arrested, those to be protected and government installationsoccupied at once. Atlantic, 12/1982, p. 58

Chile, 1970-73. CIA compiled lists of persons who would have to be arrested and a rosterof civilian and government installations that would need protection in case of militarycoup against government. Corn, D. (1994). Blond Ghost: Ted Shackley and the CIA'sCrusades, p. 251

Chile, 1972-73. Drew up lists those to be arrested immediately, or protected after a coupby military. Sergeyev, F.F. (1981). Chile, CIA Big Business, p. 163

Chile late 1971-72. CIA adopted more active stance re military penetration programincluding effort to subsidize anti-government news pamphlet directed at armed services,compilation arrest lists and its deception operation. CIA received intelligence reports oncoup planning throughout July, August and September 73. U.S. Congress, Church

Committee Report. (1976) v 7, p. 39

Chile. Chilean graduates of AIFLD, as well as CIA-created unions, organized CIA-financed strikes which participated in Allende's overthrow. In 1973 AIFLD graduatesprovided DINA, Chile's secret police, with thousands of names of fellow unionists whowere subsequently imprisoned and tortured and executed. Counterspy 4/1981, p. 13

Chile. Blum, W. (1986). The CIA A Forgotten History, 240

Chile, 1973-74. After 1973 coup, U.S. Embassy intelligence types gave their files on theChilean and foreign left to the junta's military intelligence service (SIM). NACLA(magazine re Latin America) 8/74, p. 28.

Chile, 1973. The military prepared lists of nearly 20,000 middle-level leaders of people'sorganizations, scheduled to be assassinated from the morning of the coup on. The list of some 3,000 high-level directors to be arrested. Lists detailed: name, address, age,profession, marital status, and closest personal friends. It alleged U.S. military missionand the CIA involved in their preparation. Moa 186. From late June on plotters began tofinalize lists of extremists, political leaders, Marxist journalists, agents of internationalcommunism, and any and all persons participating with any vigor in neighborhood,



communal, union, or national organization. The Pentagon had been asked to get the CIAto give the Chilean army lists of Chileans linked to socialist countries. Names sorted intotwo groups: persons not publicly known but who important in leftist organizations; and,well-known people in important positions. 20,000 in first group and 3,000 in second.Second group to be jailed, the first to be killed. Sandford, R.R. (1975). The Murder of

Allende, pp. 195-6

CIA provided intelligence on "subversives" regularly compiled by CIA for use in suchcircumstances. Blum, W. (1986). The CIA A Forgotten History, p. 194

Columbia: Watch List

Colombia. Luis Moreno, an employee of State Department, bragged he helpedColombian army create a database of subversives, terrorists and drug dealers. HaitiInformation, 4/23/94, pp. 3,4

Columbia: Death Squads

Colombia. MAS (Muerte A Secuestradores): "Death to Kidnappers," Colombianantiguerrilla death squad founded in December 1981 by members of Medellin cartel, Calicartel, and Colombian military. Scott, P. and Marshall, J. (1991). Cocaine Politics, p. 261.

Colombia, 1993-94. Amnesty International called Colombia one of worst "killing fields."U.S. is an accomplice. William F. Schultz, human rights group's newly appointedExecutive Director for the U.S., told a news conference that using fight against drugs as apretext - Colombian government doesn't reign in [its forces]. About 20,000 people killedsince 1986 in one of Latin America's most "stable democracies." only 2% politicalkillings related to drug trafficking and 70% by paramilitary or military. U.S. probably acollaborator and much of U.S. aid for counternarcotics diverted to "killing fields." AI

report said human meat is sold on black market and politicians gunned down along withchildren, homosexuals, and drug addicts. U.S. support because of Colombia's strategicposition. No one is safe, people killed for body parts. Washington Times, 3/16/1994, p.a15

Costa Rica: Watch List

Costa Rica, 1955. Ambassador Woodward reported the government should be urged tomaintain closer surveillance over communists and prosecute them more vigorously, andthe government should be influenced to amend the constitution to limit the travel of communists, increase penalties for subversive activities and enact proposed legislationeliminating communists from union leadership. Meanwhile USIA aka USIS programs "to

continue to condition the public to the communist menace" should be maintained. ZMagazine, 11/1988, p. 20

Cuba: Watch List

Cuba, 1955-57. Allen Dulles pressed Batista to establish with CIA help, a bureau for therepression of communist activities. Grose, P. (1994). Gentleman Spy: the Life of AllenDulles, p. 412



Cuba: Death Squads

Cuba, 1956-95 CIA's war against Cuba and Cuba's response. In 1956, CIA established inCuba the infamous Bureau for the Repression of Communist Activities, BRAC -- secretpolice that became well known for torture and assassination of Batista's politicalopponents. Unclassified W/1994-1995 16-17

Dominican Republic: Watch List

Dominican Republic, 1965. CIA composed list of 55 communist ringleaders of projectedtakeover of government. Crozier, b. (1993). Free Agent, p. 58

Dominican Republic: Death Squads

Dominican Republic, cover, 1965. 18 public safety program advisers, 6 of whom CIA.Police organized La Banda, a death squad. Lernoux, P. (1982). Cry of the People, p. 187

Eastern Europe: Watch List

East Europe, USSR, 1952-93. Radio Free Europe researchers have hundreds of thousandsof file cards on prominent east bloc citizens and a staff of 160 researchers. WashingtonPost, 4/4/1993, p. A19

East Timor: Death Squads

East Timor, 1975-76. Role of U.S. Government, CIA/NSA, and their Australiancollaborators in East Timor is another example of support for genocide which joins a longlist of similar cases. Carter and Ford administrations have been accomplices in themassacre of anywhere between one-in-ten (Indonesian foreign minister Mochtar's latestfigure) and one-in-two Timorese. Counterspy, Spring 1980, p. 19

Ecuador: Watch List

Ecuador, 1962. Subversive control watch list. With agent from Social Christian partyCIA will form five squads composed of five men for investigative work on subversivecontrol watch list. Agee, P. (1975). Inside the Company: CIA Diary, pp. 240, 247

Ecuador, 1963. The CIA maintained what was called the lynx list, aka the subversivecontrol watch list. This a file that might have 50 to 500 names. People on the list weresupposed to be the most important left-wing activists whose arrest we might effectthrough the local government. Would include place and date of birth, wife's name, wherethey worked, and biological data on the whole family, including schools the children

attended, etc. In Ecuador the CIA paid teams to collect and maintain this typeinformation. Agee, (1981). White Paper Whitewash, p. 55

Egypt: Watch List

Egypt, Pakistan, 1993. 4/16/1993 2 teams from CIA and FBI to Peshawar to check information given them by Egyptian intelligence services. Egyptians reported terroristgroups based in Peshawar belong to "Arab Afghans" with ties to fundamentalist Muslims



in U.S. CIA specialists met with officers of Mukhabarat Al-Amat who had list of 300Egyptians believed to be hard inner core of Jihad led by Mohammed Sahwky Islambuli.Names of various terrorists. On request by CIA and others, 100 expulsions on 4/10.Intelligence Newsletter, 4/29/1993, pp. 1,5

El Salvador: Watch List

El Salvador, 1980-89. On TV D'Aubuisson, using military intelligence files, denouncedteachers, labor leaders, union organizers and politicians. Within days their mutilatedbodies found. Washington had identified most leaders of death squads as membersSalvadoran security forces with ties to D'Aubuisson. Washington Post op-ed by DouglasFarah, 2/23/1992, p. C4

El Salvador, 1982-84. Significant political violence associated with Salvadoran securityservices including National police, National Guard, and Treasury Police. U.S.Government agencies maintained official relationships with Salvadoran securityestablishment appearing to acquiesce in these activities. No evidence U.S. personnel

participated in forcible interrogations. U.S. Did pass "tactical" information to alertservices of action by insurgent forces. Information on persons passed only in highlyunusual cases. Senate Intelligence Committee, October 5, 1984, pp. 11-13

El Salvador: Death Squads

El Salvador, 1961-79. Vigilante organization called Democratic National Organization(Orden) created early 1960s to further control countryside. Created in 1961 but abolishedin 1979. But quickly regained and even surpassed former vicious role. Today its membersform the core of civil defense corps. White, R.A. (1984). The Morass, p. 133

El Salvador, 1961-84. During the Kennedy administration, agents of the U.S. government

set up 2 security organizations that killed thousands of peasants and suspected leftistsover the next 15 years. Guided by Americans, these organizations into the paramilitaryunits that were the death squads: in 1984 the CIA, in violation U.S. law, continued toprovide training, support, and intelligence to security forces involved in death squads.Over the years the CIA and U.S. military organized Orden, the rural paramilitary andintelligence net designed to use terror. Mano Blanco grew out of Orden, which a U.S.ambassador called the "birth of the death squads;" conceived and organized Ansesal, theelite presidential intelligence service that gathered files on Salvadoran dissidents andgave that information to the death squads; recruited General Medrano, the founder of Orden and Ansesal as a CIA agent; supplied Ansesal, the security forces, and the GeneralStaff with electronic, photographic, and personal surveillance of individuals who later

assassinated by death squads; and, trained security forces in the use of investigativetechniques, weapons, explosives, and interrogation with "instruction in methods of physical and psychological torture. The Progressive, 5/1984, pp. 20-29

El Salvador, 1963. U.S. government sent 10 special forces personnel to El Salvador tohelp General Jose Alberto Medrano set up Organizacion Democratica Nacionalist(Orden)--first paramilitary death squad in that country. These green berets assisted inorganization and indoctrination of rural "civic" squads which gathered intelligence and



carried out political assassinations in coordination with Salvadoran military. Now there iscompelling evidence to show that for over 30 years, members of U.S. military and CIAhave helped organize, train, and fund death squad activity in El Salvador. Covert ActionInformation Bulletin (Quarterly), Summer 1990, p. 51

El Salvador, 1963. National Democratic Organization (Orden) formed as pro-governmentorganization with assistance from CIA, U.S. military advisers, AID's police trainingprogram. Orden supervised by Salvadoran national security agency, intelligenceorganization of military. CIA chose "right hand man," Jose Medrano, to direct Orden.Orden served as base for death squad operations and sanctioned in 1970-79 all "aboveground" unions. Barry, T., and Preusch, D. (1986). AIFLD in Central America, p. 33

El Salvador, 1965-85. For a report of CIA supporting death squad activities in ElSalvador see "Spark," 4/1985, pp. 2-4

El Salvador, 1966. Developed death squads with help of green berets. Campaign usedvigilantes to employ terror. Later called civil defense corps. White, R.A. (1984). The

Morass, pp. 101-3

El Salvador, 1968. AIFLD creates Salvadoran Communal Union (UCS) whichemphasized self help for rural farmers and not peasant organizing. Initially, UCS hadsupport military government. By 1973 UCS seen as too progressive and AIFLD officiallyexpelled. U.S. funding UCS continued through training programs and privatefoundations. UCS charged with ties to Orden, organization which carried out death squadactivity. With failing pro-government union efforts, AIFLD called back to control UCS in1979. Barry, T., and Preusch, D. (1986). AIFLD in Central America, p. 34

El Salvador, 1976-85. Attended conferences of World Anti-Communist League: RobertoD'Aubuisson, El Salvador. Former major in military intelligence; charged with being

responsible for coordinating nation's rightist death squads. Established Arena politicalparty with assistance of U.S. new right leaders. Anderson, J. L.. and Anderson, S. (1986).Inside the League

El Salvador, 1979-84. House Intelligence Committee investigation of U.S. intelligenceconnections with death squad activities concluded U.S. intelligence agencies "have notconducted any of their activities in such a way as to directly encourage or support deathsquad acts." House Intelligence Committee, annual report, 1/2/1985, pp. 16-19

El Salvador, 1979-88. Death squads recruited under cover of boy scouts. Boys operatedas a death squad known as Regalados Armed Forces (FAR). They murdered unionofficials, student leaders and teachers accused of being guerrilla sympathizers. HermanTorres, a death squad member, learned that the scouts part of nationwide net based on theparamilitary organization known as Orden and coordinated from the main militaryintelligence unit known as Ansesal run by D'Aubuisson. After coup of 1979, Orden andAnsesal officially disbanded. In 1982, when Arena won control of the constituentassembly, the top legislative body was turned into a center for death squads. Anotherdeath squad called the secret anti-communist army (ESA). Bush and North in 12/11/1983were sent to make it clear U.S. would not tolerate death squads. Perez Linares boasted he



killed Archbishop Romero on 3/24/1980. Catholic Church's human rights office reports1991 death squad and government killings in first half of 1988 double the number of 1987. Mother Jones, 1/1989, pp. 10-16

El Salvador, 1980-84. Colonel Roberto Santivanez, former chief of the SalvadoranArmy's special military intelligence unit, testified before U.S. Senators and Congressmen.He charged that Roberto D'Aubuisson was the principal organizer of the death squads,along with Colonel Nicolas Carranza, the head of the country's Treasury Police. He saidCarranza also serves as a paid CIA informer. Other reports said Carranza received$90,000 a year for providing intelligence to the CIA. Washington Post, 4/1/1984

El Salvador, 1980-84. Former U.S. Ambassador to El Salvador, Robert White, said theReagan administration covered up information that Salvadoran rightist RobertoD'Aubuisson ordered the killing of Archbishop Romero. Washington Post, 2/3/1984,2/7/1984

El Salvador, 1980. Former U.S. Ambassador Robert White, said D'Aubuisson presided

over a lottery to select which Salvadoran military officer would assassinate ArchbishopRomero, gunned down on 3/24/1980. White said the U.S. Embassy received aneyewitness account of the 3/22 meeting that plotted Romero's murder. Washington Postfrom Associated Press, 3/1984

El Salvador, 1981-83. Colonel Carranza, leader of Salvador's infamous Treasury Police,oversaw the government reign of terror in which 800 people were killed each month.Carranza received $90,000 a year from the CIA from 1979-84 Reportedly living inKentucky. The Nation, 6/5/1988, p. 780

El Salvador, 1981-84. House Intelligence Committee concluded "CIA did not directlyencourage or support death squad killings. Report added that "some intelligence

relationships with individuals connected with death squads" may have given theimpression that the CIA condoned, because it was aware of, some death squad killings."Washington Post, 1/14/1985, A20

El Salvador, 1981-84. Senate Intelligence Committee reported several Salvadoransecurity and military officials have engaged in death squads acts. Large numbers of low-level personnel also involved. Death squads have originated from the Treasury Police andthe National Guard and police. Washington Post, 10/12/1984

El Salvador, 1981-84. The CIA and military advisers have helped organize, trained,financed and advised Salvadoran army and intelligence units engaged in death squadactivities and torture. Information from two well-informed sources in Salvadorangovernment. Christian Science Monitor, 5/8/1984, p. 1

El Salvador, 1981-88. Discussion of the use of death squads in El Salvador (Noindication of direct CIA participation). The Nation, 5/8/1989, p. 625

El Salvador, 1986. Despite extensive government labor clamp down (including NationalGuard raid of hospital workers strike), Irving Brown, known CIA and head AFL-CIO'sDepartment of International Affairs, issues report claiming "a shift away from violent



repression and an improvement in human rights." Statement incredible in light of deathsquad attacks on unionists. Barry, T., and Preusch, D. (1986). AIFLD in Central America,p. 35

El Salvador, 1987. Central American death squads reported operating in the Los Angelesarea. NACLA (magazine re Latin America), 6/1987, pp. 4-5

El Salvador, 1988. Americas Watch in September said the military killed 52 civilians infirst 6 months, compared with 72 in all of 1987. In 1988 the Salvadoran rebels havestepped up the war. Washington Post, 11/26/1988, A1&18

El Salvador. AID public safety advisors created the national police intelligence archiveand helped organize Ansesal, an elite presidential intelligence service. Dossiers theseagencies collected on anti-government activity, compiled with CIA surveillance reports,provided targets for death squads. Many of 50,000 Salvadorans killed in 1981-85Attributable to death squad activity. National Reporter, Winter 1986, p. 19

El Salvador. Covert Action Information Bulletin (Quarterly) 12:14-15;12:5-13.

El Salvador. Medrano "the father of the death squads, the chief assassin of them all,"according to Jose N. Duarte. On 23 March 1985, Medrano was assassinated. Medrano in1984 admitted he had worked for the CIA in 1960-69. The Progressive, 6/1985, p. 11

El Salvador. Administration sources said at height of rightist death squad activity, Reaganadministration depended on commanders of right wing death squads. The U.S. sharedsome intelligence with them. U.S. intelligence officers developed close ties to chief deathsquad suspects while death squads killed several hundred a month and totaling tens of thousands. Washington Post, 10/6/1988, A 39 and 43

El Salvador. Article contrasting results of Senate Committee 1984 news accounts of official cooperation between CIA and Salvadoran security officers said to be involved indeath squad activities. First Principles, 12/1984, pp. 2-4

El Salvador. CIA supplied surveillance information to security agencies for death squads.Blum, W. (1986). The CIA A Forgotten History, pp. 321, 327

El Salvador. Falange mysterious death squad comprising both active and retired memberssecurity forces. Conducts death squad activities. Covert Action Information Bulletin(Quarterly), 4/1981, p. 14

El Salvador. Formation of Organisation Democratica Nacionalista Orden Formed in 1968

by Medrano. Forces between 50,000 and 100,000. From 1968-79, Orden official branchof government. First junta attempted to abolish, but group reorganized as NationalDemocratic Front. Example of Orden death squad acts. Covert Action InformationBulletin (Quarterly), 4/1981, p. 14

El Salvador. See Dickey article re slaughter in El Salvador in New Republic, 12/13/1983,entitled "The Truth Behind the Death Squads." fn Dickey, C. (1985). With the Contras, p.286



El Salvador. The CIA and U.S. Armed forces conceived and organized Orden, the ruralparamilitary and spy net designed to use terror against government opponents. Conceivedand organized Ansesal, the presidential intelligence service that gathered dossiers ondissidents which then passed on to death squads. Kept key security officers with knownlinks to death squads on the CIA payroll. Instructed Salvadoran intelligence operatives

"in methods of physical and psychological torture." Briarpatch, 8/1984 p. 30 from the5/1984 Progressive

El Salvador. UGB (Union Guerrilla Blanca) (white warriors union). Headed byD'Aubuisson, who trained at International Police Academy. D'Aubuisson claims closeties CIA. Former ambassador White called D'Aubuisson a "psychopathic killer." CovertAction Information Bulletin (Quarterly), 4/1981, p. 14

El Salvador, 1979-88. See "Confessions of an Assassin," article. Herman Torres Cortez isthe assassin who was interviewed and tells of death squad operations in El Salvador.Mother Jones, 1/1989, p. 10

El Salvador, 1983. Vice President Bush delivered an ultimatum to Salvadoran military tostop death squad murders. Mother Jones, 8/1986, p. 64

El Salvador, 1987. Assassins, certainly sponsored by and probably members of Salvadoran security forces, murder Herbert Ernesto Anaya, head of Salvadoran civilrights commission and last survivor of commission's eight founders. Prior harassment of Anaya solicited neither protest nor protection from Duarte or U.S. administration.Contrary to popular opinion, death squad activity has not waned. "Selective killings of community leaders, labor organizers, human rights workers, rural activists and othershave replaced wholesale massacres" since signing of Arias plan. Los Angelesorganization "El Rescate" has compiled chronology of human rights abuses. The Nation,11/14/1987, p. 546

El Salvador. CIA took more than two years 1980-83 begin seriously analyzing paperscaptured from D'Aubuisson. ICC 242. Papers said reveal death squad supporters,atrocities. Marshall, J., Scott P.D., and Hunter, J. (1987). The Iran-Contra Connection, p.22

El Salvador, 1988. Death squad activity surged in El Salvador in 1988 after a period of relative decline. Amnesty International report "El Salvador: Death Squads -- AGovernment Strategy," noted in NACLA (magazine re Latin America) 3/1989, p. 11

El Salvador, 1989. Although human rights monitors consistently link death squad acts tothe Salvadoran government, many U.S. media report on death squads as if they anindependent or uncontrollable force. Extra, Summer, 1989, p. 28

El Salvador, 1989 Member of Salvadoran army said first brigade intelligence unit armytroops routinely kill and torture suspected leftists. First brigade day-to-day armyoperations carried out with knowledge of U.S. military advisers. CIA routinely paysexpenses for intelligence operations in the brigades. U.S. has about 55 advisers inSalvador. Washington Post, 10/27/1989, A1,26



El Salvador, circa 1982-84. Ricardo Castro, a 35 year old Salvadoran army officer, aWest Point graduate, said he worked for the CIA and served as translator for a U.S.official who advised the military on torture techniques and overseas assassinations.Castro personally led death squad operations. The Progressive, 3/1986, pp. 26-30

El Salvador, domestic, 1986-87. Article "The Death Squads Hit Home." For decades theyterrorized civilians in El Salvador, now they are terrorizing civilians in the U.S. The FBIshared intelligence about Salvadoran activists in the U.S. with Salvador's notorioussecurity services. The Progressive, 10/1987, pp. 15-19

El Salvador. Office of Public Safety graduate Colonel Roberto Mauricio Staben was,according to journalist Charles Dickey "responsible for patrolling--if not contributing to--the famous death squad dumping ground at El Payton a few miles from its headquarters."also, Alberto Medrano, founder of El Salvador's counterinsurgency force Orden, was anoperations graduate. Finally, Jose Castillo, who was trained in 1969 at the U.S.International Police School, later became head of National Guard's section of specialinvestigations which helped organize the death squads. The Nation, 6/7/1986, p. 793

El Salvador. Former death squad member Joya Martinez admitted death squad operationscarried out with knowledge and approval 2 U.S. military advisers. LA Weekly, 1/25/1990

El Salvador. DCI report to House Intelligence Committee re CIA connections with deathsquads. National security archives listing.

El Salvador. FBI's contacts with the Salvadoran National Guard. Information in SenateIntelligence Committee Report, 7/1989, pp. 104-5

El Salvador. Former San Francisco police officer accused of illegal spying said heworked for CIA and will expose CIA's support of death squads if he prosecuted. Tom

Gerard said he began working for CIA in 1982 and quit in 1985 because he could nottolerate what he saw. He and Roy Bullock are suspected of gathering information frompolice and government files on thousands of individuals and groups. Informationprobably ended up with B'nai B'rith and ADL. CIA refused to confirm Gerard's claim.Gerard said there is proof CIA directly involved in training and support of torture anddeath squads in El Salvador, Honduras, and Guatemala during mid 1980s. Proof in hisbriefcase San Francisco police seized. Gerard said several photos seized by police showCIA agents attending interrogations, or posing with death squad members. WashingtonTimes, 4/28/1993, A 6

El Salvador, 1963-90. In 1963 U.S. sent 10 Special Forces to help General Madrano setup Organizacion Democratica Nacionalista (Orden), a death squad. Evidence this sortactivity going on for 30 years. Martinez, a soldier in First infantry brigade's department 2,admitted death squad acts. Said he worked with two U.S. Advisers. Castro, anothersoldier, talks about death squads and U.S. contacts. Rene Hurtado, former agent withTreasury Police, gives his story. Covert Action Information Bulletin (Quarterly) Summer1990, pp. 51-53

El Salvador, 1973-89. El Salvador's ruling party, Arena, closed off fifth floor of NationalAssembly building to serve as HQ for national network of death squads following



Arena's 20 March 1988 electoral victory. Hernan Torres Cortez, a former Arena securityguard and death squad member, said he was trained and recruited by Dr. AntonioRegalado under orders of Roberto D'Abuisson intelligence service, Ansesal, in 1973.Official network was broken up in 1984 following Vice President Bush's visit, but wasreinstated in 1988. Intelligence Newsletter, 1/18/1991, p. 5

El Salvador, 1979-90. A detailed discussion of Salvador's death squads. Schwarz, B.(1991). American Counterinsurgency Doctrine and El Salvador, pp. 41-3

El Salvador, 1980-84. Expatriate Salvadorans in U.S. have provided funds for politicalviolence and have been directly involved in assisting and directing their operations.Senate Intelligence Committee, October 5, 1984, p. 15

El Salvador, 1980-84. Numerous Salvadoran officials involved in death squad activities -most done by security services - especially the Treasury Police and National Guard.Some military death squad activity. Senate Intelligence Committee, October 5, 1984, 15

El Salvador, 1980-89. D'Aubuisson kept U.S. on its guard. Hundreds of releaseddeclassified documents re relationship. Washington Post, 1/4/1994, A1,13

El Salvador, 1980-89. Declassified documents re 32 cases investigated by United Nationsappointed Truth Commission on El Salvador reveal U.S. officials were fully aware of Salvadoran military and political leaders' complicity in crimes ranging from massacre of more than 700 peasants at El Mozote in 1981 to murder of 6 Jesuit priests in 1989, andthousands of atrocities in between. Lies of our Time 3/1994, pp. 6-9

El Salvador, 1980-89. President Reagan and Vice President Bush instituted polices refighting communists rather than human rights concerns. From 11/1980 through 1/1991 alarge number of assassinations - 11/27, 5 respected politicians; 12/4, rape and murder of 3

American nuns and a lay workers; 2 American land reform advisers on 1/4/1981.Archbishop Romero killed 3/1980. There clear evidence D'Aubuisson's involvement butReagan administration ignored. On TV, D'Aubuisson, using military intelligence files,denounced teachers, labor leaders, union organizers and politicians. Within days theirmutilated bodies found. Washington had identified most leaders of death squads asmembers Salvadoran security forces with ties to D'Aubuisson. With U.S. outrage atbloodshed, U.S., via Bush, advised government slaughter must stop. Article discussestorture techniques used by security forces. Washington Post op-ed by Douglas Farah,2/23/1992, C4

El Salvador, 1980-90. COL Nicolas Carranza, head of Treasury Police, on CIA payroll.Minnick, W. (1992). Spies and Provocateurs, p. 32

El Salvador, 1980-90. State panel found that mistakes by U.S. diplomats, particularly inprobing 1981 massacre of civilians at El Mozote, undercut policy during Salvador's civilwar. Findings in 67-page study ordered by Secretary of State Christopher. Sen. Leahysaid report "glosses over...the lies, half-truths and evasions that we came to expect fromthe State Department during that period." Sen. Dodd said "report is sloppy, anemic andbasically a whitewash..." Washington Times, 7/16/1993, A12 and Washington Post,7/16/1993, A16



El Salvador, 1980-91. Truth Commission report says 19 of 27 Salvadoran officersimplicated in 6 Jesuit murders were graduates of U.S. Army's School of Americas in FortBenning, Ga. Almost three quarters of Salvadoran officers accused in 7 other massacreswere trained at Fort Benning. It called school for dictators. Since 46 it has trained morethan 56,000 Latin soldiers. Graduates include some of region's most despicable military

strongmen. Now, when U.S. wants to build democracy, school an obstacle. Newsweek investigation turned up hundreds of less than honorable grads. At least 6 Peruvianofficers linked to a military death squad that killed 9 students and a professor weregraduates. Four of five senior Honduran officers accused in Americas Watch report of organizing a death squad, Battalion 316, were trained there. A coalition charged 246Colombian officers with human rights violations; 105 were school alumni. Honoredgraduates include General Suarez, a brutal dictator of Bolivia; General Callejas Ycallejas,chief of Guatemalan intelligence in late 1970s and early 1980s, when thousands politicalopponents were assassinated; and Honduran General Garcia, a corrupt person; and,Hernandez, armed forces chief of Colombia suspected of aiding Colombian drugtraffickers. Newsweek, 8/9/1993, pp. 36-7

El Salvador, 1980-92. "Secret of the Skeletons: Uncovering America's Hidden Role in ElSalvador." Pathologists uncovered 38 small skeletons in El Mozote. In 1981 soldiers of ACRE, immediate reaction infantry battalion created by U.S., herded children intobasement and blew up building. U.S. officials denied any massacre had taken place andkept on denying for years. About 800 residents killed. Armed service leaders said theyconducted war on part of Reagan and Bush administrations with bi-partisan supportCongress since 1984; received daily assistance from State Department, DOD and CIA.Truth Commission investigating via U.S. Government interagency committee. State andCIA not cooperating with commission. CIA not giving one document on formation of death squads, prepared in 1983 for congressional intelligence committees. Kidnap-for-profit ring against Salvadoran business community. With U.S. Encouragement,

Salvadoran government arrested several members of ring. One was a death squadassassin, Rudolfo Isidro Lopez Sibrian, who implicated in deaths of 2 American laboradvisers. Washington Post, 11/15/1992, C1,2

El Salvador, 1980-93. 11/5/1993 release of thousands pages of intelligence reports showsevery U.S. diplomat, military officer, and intelligence operative who worked with ElSalvador's military and political leaders in 1980s knew most of those involved inorganizing death squads. State Department officials lied to Congress. Intelligence reportsdetailed precise information on murder, kidnapping, and coup plots, and death squadfunding, involving people like VP Francisco Merino and current Arena candidateArmando Calderon Sol. At least 63,000 Salvadoran civilians - equivalent of 3 million

Americans were killed - most by government supported by U.S. The Nation, 11/29/1993,p. 645

El Salvador, 1980-93. Approximately 50-page article on the massacres at El Mozote.Article by Mark Danner. New Yorker, 12/6/1993

El Salvador, 1980-93. Article by Jared Toller, "Death Squads Past, Present & Future."discusses recent cases of FMLN members being murdered by resurgent death squads.Only left is calling for full implementation of UN Truth Commission's recommendations



- purging armed forces, full investigation into death squads, etc. Truth Commission hadrecommended U.S. make it files available. U.S. Had refused to turn over 1983 FBI reporton death squads organization in Miami. Salvadoran government is the death squads.Member of a death squad now imprisoned and seeking amnesty, Lopez Sibrian, explainedparticipation of Arena luminaries in kidnappings, bombings and attacks on National

University. He implicated the mayor of San Salvador in various acts. Link between phoneservice, Antel, and national intelligence police. Antel records calls of left and passes themto police. (The secret anti-communist Army, a former death squad, were regulars of now-disbanded Treasury Police). Upcoming elections may have generated increase in deathsquad activity. Z magazine, 1/1994, pp. 14-5

El Salvador, 1980-93. Colman McCarthy comments of UN's Truth Commission reportand the Reagan-Abrams "fabulous achievement." Washington Post, 4/6/1993, D22

El Salvador, 1980-93. Letter to editor by Thomas Buergenthal of law school at GeorgeWashington U., who was a member of the Truth Commission for El Salvador. He deniesnews story that there was a chapter in the report that dealt with the structure and finances

of the groups was withheld. He bemoans the ability of the commission to thoroughlyinvestigate all aspects. Washington Post, 11/30/1993, A24

El Salvador, 1980-93. Report of UN's Truth Commission re enormous crime of agovernment that killed upwards of 70,000 civilians between 1980-92. Report refutesofficial statements made by Reagan and Bush administrations - when officials deniedleaders of Salvadoran armed forces were using execution, rape and torture to sustain theirpower - reports says they were. We need a truth report on our own government per Rep.Moakley. Truth report adds growing body evidence U.S. Government officials may haveparticipated in perpetuation of atrocities in El Salvador. In 1960s, CIA advisers helpedcreate a nationwide informant net. In 1981, team of military advisers led by Brig. Gen.

Frederick Woener sent to determine "rightist terrorism and institutional violence."Salvadorans generally dismissed notion that terror was a bad idea. One of Colonels,Oscar Edgardo Casanova Vejar, was one covering up rape and murder of fourchurchwomen. Woener recommended U.S. proceed and give $300-400 million aid. U.S.officials claimed churchwomen had run a roadblock and there was no massacre at ElMozote. Neil Livingstone, a consultant who worked with Oliver North at NSCconcluded, "death squads are an extremely effective tool, however odious, in combatingterrorism and revolutionary challenges." op-ed by Jefferson Morley, an Outlook editor.Washington Post, 3/28/1993, C1,5

El Salvador, 1980-93. Salvador's ruling party moved to declare amnesty for those namedin United Nations.-sponsored Truth Commission. Investigators said 85% of complaintslaid to government death squads. Discusses D'Aubuisson's implication in ArchbishopRomero's assassination. Washington Post 3/17/1993 a25

El Salvador, 1980. Ten former death squad members were ordered killed in Santiago deMaria on 27 December 1980 by Hector Antonio Regalado, who felt they knew too much.Intelligence Newsletter, 10/4/1988, p. 6



El Salvador, 1981-84. There are two versions of first page of a CIA report, "El Salvador:Dealing With Death Squads," 1/20/1984. CIA released first version in 1987, amongcongressional debate over aid to El Salvador. Second version, which contradicts first,declassified by CIA in 11/1993. As recently as 10/1992, CIA continued to releasecensored version in response to FOIA requests. Redacted version implies death squad

problem overcome - non censored version show this is not true. New York Times,12/17/1993, A19

El Salvador, 1981-89. Salvadoran atrocity posed agonizing choice for U.S. COL RenePonce, chief of staff of Salvador's armed forces, has been accused of ordering murder of six Jesuit priests, their housekeeper and her daughter at Central American University.Newly available U.S. documents show U.S. knowingly and repeatedly alignedthemselves with unsavory characters during 1980s while defending them to U.S. Public.Diplomatic cables found among more than 10,000 recently declassified State, Pentagonand CIA documents, reveal extent U.S. policy makers chose to overlook Ponce'sbrutality. U.S. officials long labeled Ponce a right-wing extremist tied to death squads.But documents make clear U.S. played down unsavory side of Ponce. Details from

correspondence between Ambassador Walker and Baker. In 10/1983, CIA prepared a"briefing paper on right-wing terrorism in El Salvador" that described Ponce as asupporter of death squads. Impact Bush's visit in 1984 to push for human rights wasminimal. By 7/1989, CIA reported that Ponce "espouses moderate political views." Poncerefused repeated requests to pursue those responsible for deaths of Jesuits. WashingtonPost, 4/5/1994, A13

El Salvador, 1981-90. Government operation at El Mozote consisted of Army, NationalGuard and the Treasury Police in operation rescue. By early 1992, U.S. spent more than 4billion in civil war lasting 12 years and that left 75,000 dead. New Yorker, 12/6/1993, p.53

El Salvador, 1981-90. In 1981 over 10,000 political murders committed by Salvadoranmilitary and its death squads. In 1990 there were 108 such murders. Schwarz, B. (1991).American Counterinsurgency Doctrine and El Salvador, p. 23

El Salvador, 1981-92. Article "Death-Squad Refugees," discusses case of Cesar VielmanJoya Martinez, extradited by Bush to El Salvador to face murder charges for being part of a death squad that he claims operated with knowledge of defense minister Ponce andother top officials. FOIA documents show U.S. helping prepare extradition request forSalvadoran government. Truth Commission's report vindicates Joya. Texas Observer(magazine), 3/26/1993, pp. 9-10

El Salvador, 1981-92. Some U.S. special operations soldiers in El Salvador during civilwar want Pentagon to admit they more than advisers. They say they also fought. Armymemo given Newsweek says, "most personnel serving in an advisory capacity weredirectly engaged in hostile action." Newsweek, 4/5/1993

El Salvador, 1981-92. Truth Commission report implicates top Salvadoran officials inordering or covering up murders of four U.S. churchwomen and six Jesuit priests; andSalvadoran troops massacred many hundreds at El Mozote. Four Dutch journalists killed



3/17/1982 were deliberately ambushed by Salvadoran army. Denials by then top U.S.government officials now exposed. U.S. government supported war with $6 billion. TheNation, 4/12/1993, p. 475

El Salvador, 1981-93. 12 years of tortured truth on El Salvador - U.S. declarationsundercut by United Nations. Commission report. For 12 years, opponents of U.S. policyin Central America accused Reagan and Bush administrations of ignoring widespreadhuman rights abuses by the Salvadoran government and of systematically deceiving oreven lying to Congress and people about the nature of an ally that would receive $6billion in economic and military aid. A three-man United Nations.-sponsored TruthCommission released a long-awaited report on 12 years of murder, torture anddisappearance in El Salvador's civil war. Commission examined 22,000 complaints of atrocities and attributed 85 percent of a representative group of them to Salvadoransecurity forces or right-wing death squads. It blamed remainder on guerrilla FarabundoMarti National Liberation front (FMLN). In May 1980, for instance, when Carter wasstill President, security forces seized documents implicating rightist leader D'Aubuissonin the murder of Archbishop Oscar Romero. In Fall of 1981, Army Brig. Gen. Fred

Woerner supervised preparation of a joint U.S.-Salvadoran internal military "Report of the El Salvador Military Strategy Assistance Team," which noted that "the (Salvadoran)armed forces are reluctant to implement vigorous corrective actions for abuses in the useof force." One reason so many people found it hard to believe U.S. officials could nothave known more about rights abuses and acted more aggressively to curb them is thatthe U.S. was deeply involved in running the war, from intelligence gathering to strategyplanning to training of everyone from officers to foot soldiers. By 1982, U.S.. militaryadvisers were assigned to each of the six Salvadoran brigades, as well as each of 10smaller detachments. The U.S. put tens of millions of dollars into developing the ultra-modern national intelligence directorate to coordinate intelligence gathering anddissemination. U.S. military and CIA officials participated in almost every important

meeting. Most brigades had a U.S. intelligence officer assigned to them, as well as a U.S.liaison officer. U.S. advisers regularly doled out small amounts of money, usually lessthan $1,000 at a time, for intelligence work. The U.S. was not informed of arrests orcaptures Unless they specifically asked. "They never asked unless there was a specificrequest because someone in Washington was getting telegrams." El Mozote, the reportsaid, was work of U.S.-trained Atlacatl battalion, part of a days-long search-and-destroysweep known as "Operation Rescue." In fact, the report said, the soldiers massacred morethan 500 people in six villages. In El Mozote, where the identified victims exceeded 200,"the men were tortured and executed, then women were executed and finally, thechildren" Washington Post, 3/21/1993

El Salvador, 1981-93. A discussion of the media's treatment of the El Mozote massacresand the U.S. media's treatment of that story. Lies of our Time, 6/1993, pp. 3-4

El Salvador, 1981-93. Thomas Enders, former Assistant Secretary of State for Inter-American Affairs from 1981-83, writes op-ed defending U.S. officials' testimony remassacre at El Mozote as now confirmed by UN's Truth Commission report. WashingtonPost, op-ed 3/29/1993, A19



El Salvador, 1981-93. United Nations. Commission on Truth to release report on crimescommitted against civilians in Salvador's 12-year civil war. Defense Minister Poncealready resigned. Washington Post Outlook, 3/14/1993, C1,2

El Salvador, 1981-94. Armando Calderon Sol considered shoo-in to win Presidency inimpending elections. Calderon began his political career as a member of a seven-man,neo-fascist group under D'Aubuisson's guidance that supported death squad operations.Calderon has all worst elements of D'Abuisson without any redeeming qualities. WhenD'Abuisson running death squads out of his office, Calderon was his private secretaryand a loyal soldier in a terrorist cell - Salvadoran National Movement (MNS). In 1981,D'Abuisson unified MNS into Arena party. Washington Post, Outlook, 4/17/1994, C1,3

El Salvador, 1981. Detailed article on "The Truth of El Mozote," by Mark Danner. NewYorker, 12/6/1993, pages 51 and ending on page 103

El Salvador, 1981. Skeletons verify killing of Salvadoran children of El Mozote, ElSalvador. Washington Times, 10/21/1992, A9 and Washington Post, 10/22/1992, A18

El Salvador, 1982-84. Significant political violence associated with Salvadoran securityservices including National police, National Guard, and Treasury Police. U.S.government agencies maintained official relationships with Salvadoran securityestablishment appearing to acquiesce in these activities. No evidence U.S. personnelparticipated in forcible interrogations. U.S. did pass "tactical" information to alertservices of action by insurgent forces. Information on persons passed only in highlyunusual cases. Senate Intelligence Committee, October 5, 1984, pp. 11-13.

El Salvador, 1982-84. "Recent Political Violence in El Salvador," Report of SenateIntelligence Committee. Committee found ample evidence that U.S. policy was to opposepolitical violence. U.S. government accorded high priority to gathering intelligence on

political violence. President Bush and his demarche in 1983. P8. U.S. governmentRelationship with Robert D'Aubuisson - bio on him. U.S. Government contact with himlimited. Roberto Santivanez, director of Ansesal 1978-79. He claimed he himself hadengaged in death squad activity and had a relationship with U.S. through CIA and thatCOL Carranza had ties to CIA. Colonel Nicolas Carranza had extensive ties to Arena andNational Conciliation (PCN) parties. He involved in various activities of interest to U.S.in various positions. Senate Intelligence Committee, October 5, 1984, pp. 1-11

El Salvador, 1983-90. Former Salvadoran army intelligence agent who applied forpolitical asylum in U.S. convicted in court of entering country illegally. Joya-Martinez'srequest for political asylum still pending. Washington Post, 9/19/1990, A5

El Salvador, 1985. In 2/1985, CIA reported that behind Arena's legitimate exterior lies aterrorist network led by D'Aubuisson using both active-duty and retired militarypersonnel..." main death squad was "the Secret Anti-communist Army," described byCIA as the paramilitary organization of Arena - from the National Police and othersecurity organizations. These were funded directly from Washington. Death squadsbecame more active as 1994, election approached. Columbia, possibly leading terroriststate in Latin America, has become leading recipient of U.S. military aid. Since 1986,



more than 20,000 people have been killed for political reasons, most by Colombianauthorities. More than 1,500 leaders, members and supporters of the Labor Party (UP)have been assassinated since party established in 1985. Pretext for terror operations iswar against guerrillas and narcotraffickers. Former a partial truth, latter a myth concoctedto replace the "communist threat." Pmers works hand-in-hand with drug lords, organized

crime, and landlords. National Police took over as leading official killers while U.S. aidshifted to them. Targets include community leaders, human rights and health workers,union activists, students, members of religious youth organizations, and young people inshanty towns. Sale of human organs. Case of Guatemala. Shift of 1962, under Kennedyadministration from hemispheric defense to "internal security:" war against the internalenemy. Doctrines expounded in counterinsurgency manuals. Internal enemy extends tolabor organizations, popular movements, indigenous organizations, opposition politicalparties, peasant movements, intellectual sectors, religious currents, youth and studentgroups, neighborhood organizations, etc. From 1984 through 1992, 6,844 Colombiansoldiers trained under U.S. International Military Education and Training Program(MET). Z Magazine, 5/1994, 14 pages

El Salvador, 1986-87. See article "Death Squad Update, Investigating L.A.'s SalvadoranConnection." Los Angeles Weekly, 8/7/1987

El Salvador, 1986-89. Joya Martinez, former death squad member, who said two U.S.advisers attached to his unit and gave funds of 9500 month. Article names otherSalvadoran death squad members. Unclassified, 7/1990

El Salvador, 1986. In 1986, Salvadoran authorities, with help of FBI, cracked a kidnap-for-hire ring in which death squads posing as leftist rebels kidnapped some of nation'swealthiest businessmen. Schwarz, B. (1991). American Counterinsurgency Doctrine andEl Salvador, p. 28

El Salvador, 1987-89. Jesuit labeled ardent communist two years before by Salvadoran,U.S. officials. Religious News Service, 5/9/1990, p. 1

El Salvador, 1987-89. Salvadoran woman defecting to U.S. said she worked for deathsquad and provided information on six people who killed. Her claims back up those of her supervisor, Cesar Joya Martinez, who linked death squad acts to U.S. funding. BostonGlobe, 3/16/1990, in First Principles, 4/1990, p. 10

El Salvador, 1988-89. Joya Martinez, former member intelligence department 1st armyBrigade of Salvador's army. Said U.S. advisers funded their activity, but unaware of death squad. Washington Post, 11/19/1989, F2

El Salvador, 1988. Amnesty International report of 26 October 1988 noted "black list"are supplied to Salvadoran media by Salvadoran intelligence services. During first sixmonths of 1988, number of murders by death squads tripled over same period of previousyear. Most prominent victim was Judge Jorge Alberto Serrano Panameno who was shotin May 1988. Increase reflects rise to power of 1966 class from national military school.Class members include Colonel Rene Emilio Ponce, new chief of staff of armed forces aswell as director of Treasury Police. They command five of country's six brigades, five of



seven military detachments, three security forces as well as intelligence, personnel andoperations posts in high command. Intelligence Newsletter, 11/16/1988, pp. 5,6

El Salvador, 1989-91. According to confidential Salvadoran military sources, decision tomurder six Jesuit priests was made at a 15 November 1989 meeting of seniorcommanders (CO) at the Salvadoran military school. Those allegedly present were:Colonel Benavides, CO of the school; General Juan Rafael Bustillo, then CO of Salvadoran Air Force - in 1991 assigned to embassy in Israel; General Emilio Ponce, thenchief of staff - in 1991 minister of defense; and Colonel Elena Fuentes, CO of 1stbrigade. Initiative for murders came from Colonel Bustillo. For a listing of direct andcircumstantial evidence supporting allegation, see statement of Rep. Joe Moakley, Task Force on El Salvador, 11/18/1991

El Salvador, 1989. CIA officer visited bodies of dead priests. Officer was senior liaisonwith (DNI) the national intelligence directorate. U.S. probably knew Salvadoran militarybehind assassinations but did not say anything for seven weeks. State Department paneldid not review actions of CIA or DOD. Washington Post, 7/18/1993, C1,4

El Salvador, 1989. Congressman criticized a 11/ 1987 report in which Latin Americanand U.S. military leaders accused Rev. Ignacio Ellacuria and several other theologians of supporting objectives of communist revolution. Father Ellacuria, Rector of Jesuituniversity in San Salvador, was murdered on 11/16/ 1989. Religious News Service,5/11/1990, p. 1

El Salvador, 1989. Joya Martinez and Jesuit murders. Martinez says his unit whichplayed major role in 12/1989 murder of Jesuit priests had U.S. government advisors. INStrying to deport Martinez. Unclassified, 9/1990, p. 6

El Salvador, 1989. Salvadoran Archbishop Rivera accused U.S. officials of subjecting a

witness to the slaying of 6 Jesuit intellectuals to brainwashing and psychological torment.Washington Post, 12/11/1989, A23,24

El Salvador, 1989. U.S. military adviser Benavides told FBI, later recanted, thatSalvadoran army chief of staff and others knew of plan to kill six Jesuit priests.Washington Post, 10/29/1990, A17,21

El Salvador, 1990. Amnesty International reported a significant surge in number of killings by army-supported death squads this year. 45 people killed between January andAugust this year, compared with 40 reported in 1989. Washington Post, 10/24/1990, A14

El Salvador, 1990. Cesar Vielman Joya-Martinez, former member Salvadoran First

brigade death squad, sentenced to 6 months in jail for illegally reentering U.S. 6 yearsafter he deported. Washington Post, 12/8/1990, A22

El Salvador, 1991. Salvadoran minister of defense and other top generals attended 1989meeting where decision was made to murder six Jesuit priests, according to confidentialsources. Allegation was made by an attorney working for Rep. Moakley (D-MA), whosetask force released a six page statement directly linking Salvadoran high command toslayings. Washington Times, 11/18/1991, A2



El Salvador, 1991. Summary executions continued in El Salvador despite the presence of Onusal, the UN observer mission monitoring human rights violations. In a 1991 report,Onusal noted government made few attempts to investigate slayings. Report also accusedFMLN for recruiting fifteen-year-olds. Washington Times, 12/3/1991, A8

El Salvador, 1992. Cesar Vielman Joya Martinez, former Salvadoran death squadmember, to be deported. Washington Post editorial, 10/23/1992, A20

El Salvador, 1993. Right-wing death squads undermining fragile peace per UN chief incampaign for March 1994 elections. Washington Times, 11/25/1993, A15

El Salvador, Central America, 1981-1993. Salvadoran death squads set up as aconsequence of Kennedy administration decisions. Killers were Treasury Police and themilitary who were trained in intelligence and torture by U.S. U.S. personnel staffedmilitary and intelligence apparatus. Generals selected and trained by U.S. were mostnotorious killers. 1984 FBI report on death squads never released. For savage expose of School of Americas' killers, see Father Roy Bourgeois's School of the Americas Watch,

Box 3330, Columbus Ga. 31903; (706) 682-5369. The Nation, 12/27/1993, p. 791

El Salvador, 1989-1990. Joya Martinez testified role played by U.S. officials in deathsquad killings carried out by U.S. trained first infantry Brigade's intelligence unit. TwoU.S. military advisers controlled intelligence department and paid for unit's operatingexpenses. His unit performed 74 executions between April and July 1989. WashingtonPost confirmed U.S. advisers work in liaison with First brigade and CIA pays expensesfor intelligence operations in the brigades. Martinez said his first brigade unit attached toU.S.-trained Atlacatl battalion, which slaughtered the Jesuit priests. Member of his unit,Oscar Mariano Amaya Grimaldi has confessed to slayings. In These Times, 8/14/1990, p.17

Europe: Watch List

Europe, 1945-92. Operation Gladio. First scandal was discovery of assassination teams in1952 linked to Bundes Deutscher Judged - a right-wing political organization in Hesse,Germany. They prepared list of German politicians who [might cooperate with Soviets].BBC (1992). Gladio - Timewatch (Transcript of 3 part program), pp. 19-20

Georgia: Watch List

Georgia, 1993. Woodruff worked for 2 months as CIA's Tbilisi station chief posing as aState Department regional-affairs officer. He to help Guguladze upgrade Georgianintelligence service and to monitor factional struggle. Newsweek 8/23/1993, p. 18

Germany: Watch List

Germany, 1950-54. In about 1950 pacifist ideas to be eradicated. U.S. formed Germanyouth league (Bund Deutscher Jurgend (BDJ)) in Frankfurt. Psychological indoctrinationgiven by Paul Luth. BDJ was a militant organization, a counterweight to communist-runfree German youth (FDJ) run from East Berlin to infiltrate w. German youth. BDJ passedletters and brochures through Iron Curtain and pasted slogans on walls. Chancellor



Adenauer wanted cold war and wanted to use the BDJ. Otto John told by State officialZinn that it had uncovered neo-Nazi unit BDJ run by Peters, that was organizing secretfiring exercises and training for partisan warfare in the Odelwald. BDJ had drawn up ablacklist of left-wing socialists who were to be arrested or even murdered in event of attack from east. [early version of Gladio political and staybehind operation]. John, O.

(1969). Twice Through the Lines: the Autobiography of Otto John, pp. 210-15

Germany, 1950-90. Bonn officials said government to disband secret resistance netOperation Gladio. Section consisted of former Nazi SS and Waffen-SS officers as well asmembers of an extreme right-wing youth group that drew up plans to assassinate leadingmembers of Socialist Democratic Party in event of USSR-invasion. "Statewatch"compilation filed June 1994, p. 11

Germany, 1952-91. CIA's stay-behind program caused scandal in 1952 when WestGerman police discovered CIA working with a 2,000-member fascist youth group led byformer Nazis. Group had a black list of people to be liquidated in case of conflict with theUSSR. Makeup of lists. Lembke case. The Nation, 4/6/1992, p. 446

Germany, 1953. (Stay-behind operation Gladio?). In 1953 mass arrests of neo-Nazimilitant organization within ranks of German youth fellowship (BDJ) discovered. Groupheld secret night maneuvers in Odenwald with CIA instructors. They preparing for warwith East Germany and prepared lists of communists, left-wing sympathizers andpacifists who were to be arrested in case of emergency. Members encouraged to infiltrateEast German youth league (FDJ). Operation exposed in press and scores of youthsarrested in East Germany as spies, propagandists or provocateurs, and sentenced to termsof up to nine years of hard labor. Hagan, l. (1969). The Secret War for Europe, p. 78

Germany, 1953. U.S. Intelligence officer told Otto John, head of BFV, one of its agentsin East Germany to defect with a list of East German agents in West. 35 Communist spiesarrested after Easter. Later it found many of those arrested were innocent. Arrestsfollowed with apologies. Disaster caused by over-zealous U.S. intelligence officer. WestGerman businessmen as consequence afraid to do business with east. This a goal of U.S.Policy - was this a deliberate "mistake?" Hagan, l. (1969). The Secret War for Europe, p.81

Greece: Watch List

Greece, 1967. After CIA-backed coup, the army and police seized almost 10,000prisoners, mostly left-wing militants, though political leaders of all shades takenincluding prime minister Kanelopoulos and members of his Cabinet, trade union

members, journalists, writers, etc. The lists had been provided by the sympathizers in thepolice and the secret service. Final lists kept up to date by COL George Ladas. Details of fate of the arrestees. Tompkins, P. (Unpublished manuscript). Strategy of Terror, pp. 13-8

Guatemala: Watch List

Guatemala, 1954. Death squads and target lists. Schlesinger, S., & Kinzer, S. (1983).Bitter Fruit 197, pp. 207-8, 221



Guatemala, 1954. Goal of CIA was apprehension of suspected communists andsympathizers. At CIA behest, Castillo Armas created committee and issued decree thatestablished death penalty for crimes including labor union activities. Committee givenauthority declare anyone communist with no right of defense or appeal. By 11/21/1954committee had some 72,000 persons on file and aiming to list 200,000. Schlesinger, S., &

Kinzer, S. (1983). Bitter Fruit, p. 221

Guatemala, 1954. The U.S. Ambassador, after overthrow of Arbenz government, gavelists of radical opponents to be eliminated to Armas's government. NACLA 2/1983, p 4.The military continued up to at least 1979 to use a list of 72,000 proscribed opponents,drawn up first in 1954. NACLA (magazine re Latin America) 2/1983, p. 13

Guatemala, 1954. After Armas made president, labor code forgotten and workerorganizers began disappearing from united fruit plantations. Hersh, B. (1992). The OldBoys, p. 353

Guatemala, 1954. Department of State Secretary Dulles told Ambassador Peurifoy to

have the government scour the countryside for communists and to slap them withcriminal charges. A few months later the government began to persecute hundreds forvague communist crimes. The Nation, 10/28/1978, p. 444

Guatemala, 1954 U.S. Ambassador Peurifoy, after Arbenz resigned, gave Guatemalanarmy's chief of staff a list of "communists" to be shot. The chief of staff declined. TheNation 6/5/1995, pp. 792-5

Guatemala, 1981-89. Israeli Knesset member General Peled said in Central AmericaIsrael is 'dirty work' contractor for U.S. Helped Guatemala regime when Congressblocked Reagan administration. Israeli firm Tadiran (then partly U.S.-owned) suppliedGuatemalan military with computerized intelligence system to track potential

subversives. Those on computer list had an excellent chance of being "disappeared." Itwas "an archive and computer file on journalists, students, leaders, leftists, politicians andso on." Computer system making up death lists. Cockburn, A. & Cockburn, L. (1991).Dangerous Liaison, p. 219

Guatemala, 1985-93. CIA collected intelligence re ties between Guatemalan insurgentsand Cuba. CIA passed the information to U.S. military, which was assisting Guatemalanarmy extinguish opposition. Washington Post, 3/30/1995, A1,10

Guatemala, 1988-91. CIA station chief in Guatemala from 1988 to 1991 was a CubanAmerican. He had about 20 officers with a budget of about $5 million a year and an equalor greater sum for "liaison" with Guatemalan military. His job included placing andkeeping senior Guatemalan officers on his payroll. Among them was Alpirez, whorecruited for CIA. Alpirez's intelligence unit spied on Guatemalans and is accused byhuman rights groups of assassinations. CIA also gave Guatemalan army information onguerrillas. New York Times, 4/2/1995, A11

Guatemala: Death Squads



Guatemala, 1953-84. For 30 years the CIA has been bankrolling a man reported to bebehind right-wing terror in Central America. The CIA's protégé, Mario SandovalAlarcon, former Vice President Of Guatemala, now heads the National LiberationMovement (NLM) founded in 1953 by CIA as a paramilitary force to overthrow Arbenz.By mid-1960s Sandoval emerged as head of the organization. The White Hand or La

Mano Blanco with close ties to the NLM was responsible for as many as 8000 deaths inthe 1960s plus more in the 1970s. Sandoval a pillar of the World Anti-communistLeague. The CIA still funds Sandoval. Jack Anderson, Washington Post, 1/30/1984

Guatemala, 1954-76. Effect of CIA coup organized labor all but wiped out. Unionmembership dropped 100,000 to 27,000 immediately and continued decline thereafter, inpart due to death squad activity. Barry, T., and Preusch, D. (1986). AIFLD in CentralAmerica, p. 21

Guatemala. Police trained by AID public safety program murdered or disappeared 15,000people. Lernoux, P. (1982). Cry of the People, p. 186

Guatemala, 1954-84. See Jack Anderson column "Links Reported Among Latin DeathSquads." Washington Post, 1/12/1984, N. VA., p. 15

Guatemala, 1970-72. Under Arana presidency, with Mario Sandoval Alarcon and othersinvolved in right-wing terrorism, Arana unleashed one of the most gruesome slaughtersin recent Latin American history (only in Chile, following the coup against Allende wasthe degree of violence greater). The New York Times reported in June 1971 that at least2000 Guatemalans were assassinated between 11/1970 and 5/1971; most corpses showedsigns of torture. Most of killing attributed to the officially supported terroristorganizations Ojo Por Ojo (an eye for an eye) and Mano Blanca. Jones, S., and Tobis, D.(Eds.). (1974). Guatemala, pp. 202-3

Guatemala, 1970-87. Violence by security forces organized by CIA, trained in torture byadvisors from Argentina, Chile. Supported by weapon, computer experts from Israel.Marshall, J., Scott P.D., and Hunter, J. (1987). The Iran-Contra Connection, p. 133

Guatemala. 1960-82. Trained military death squads who used "terror tactics" from killingto indiscriminate napalming of villages. Special Forces almost certainly participated inoperations despite Congressional prohibition. Marshall, J., Scott P.D., and Hunter, J.(1987). The Iran-Contra Connection, p. 193

Guatemala, 1954. The U.S. ambassador, after overthrow of Arbenz government, gavelists to Armas of radical opponents to be eliminated. NACLA (magazine re LatinAmerica) 2/1983, p. 4

Guatemala, 1985. The World Anti-communist League's point man, Mario SandovalAlarcon, remains a League member even after exposed as a death squad patriarch whowas on the CIA payroll. Jack Anderson, Washington Post, 8/9/1986

Guatemala, 1989. Climate of terror grips Guatemala. Killers, bombers said to targetcivilian rule. Washington Post, 9/29/1989, A 45



Guatemala, circa 1968-70. U.S. counterinsurgency program turned area into bloody warzone taking the lives of thousands of peasants. Formed Mano Blanca or White Hand. Planused through out country in 1970. NACLA (magazine re Latin America), 3/74, p. 19

Guatemala. Article by Gary Bass and Babette Grunow on the Guatemalancounterinsurgency forces. Lies of our Time, 6/1993, pp. 11-13

Guatemala. At least three of recent G-2 chiefs were paid by CIA. Crimes are merelyexamples of a vast, systematic pattern; [the guilty] are only cogs in a large U.S.government apparatus. Colonel Hooker, former DIA chief for Guatemala, says, "it wouldbe an embarrassing situation if you ever had a roll call of everybody in Guatemalan armywho ever collected a CIA paycheck." Hooker says CIA payroll is so large that itencompasses most of Army's top decision-makers. Top commanders paid by CIA includeGeneral Roberto Matta Galvez, former army chief of staff, head of presidential GeneralStaff and commander of massacres in El Quiche department; and General Gramajo,defense minister during the armed forces' abduction, rape and torture of Dianna Ortiz, anAmerican nun. Hooker says he once brought Gramajo on a tour of U.S. Three recent

Guatemalan heads of state confirm CIA works closely with G-2. Gen. Oscar HumbertoMejia Victores (military dictator from 1983 to 1986) how death squads had originated, hesaid they started "in the 1960s by CIA." General Efrain Rios Montt (dictator from 1982 to1983 and the current congress president), who ordered main high-land massacres (662villages destroyed, by army's own count), said CIA had agents in the G-2. CIA deathsquads by Allan Nairn. The Nation, 4/17/1995

Guatemala. CIA works inside a Guatemalan army unit that maintains a network of torturecenters and has killed thousands of Guatemalan civilians. G-2, since at least 60s, has beenadvised, trained, armed and equipped by U.S. undercover agents. One of Americanagents who works with G-2, is Randy Capister. He has been involved in similar

operations with army of neighboring El Salvador. A weapons expert known as JoeJacarino, has operated through out Caribbean, and has accompanied G-2 units onmissions into rural zones. Jacarino [possibly a CIA officer]. Celerino Castillo, a formeragent of DEA who dealt with G-2 and CIA in Guatemala, says he worked with Capisteras well as with Jacarino. Colonel Alpirez at La Aurora base in Guatemala Deniedinvolvement in deaths of Bamaca and Devine. He said CIA advises and helps run G-2.He praised CIA for "professionalism" and close rapport with Guatemalan officers. Hesaid that agency operatives often come to Guatemala on temporary duty, and train G-2.CIA gives sessions at G-2 bases on "contra-subversion" tactics and "how to managefactors of power" to "fortify democracy." During mid-1980s G-2 officers were paid byJack McCavitt, then CIA station chief. CIA "technical assistance" includes

communications gear, computers and special firearms, as well as collaborative use of CIA-owned helicopters that are flown out of piper hangar at La Aurora civilian airportand from a separate U.S. Air facility. Guatemalan army has, since 1978, killed more than110,000 civilians. G-2 and a smaller, affiliated unit called Archivo have long been openlyknown in Guatemala as the brain of the terror state. With a contingent of more than 2,000agents and with sub-units in local army bases, G-2 coordinates torture, assassination anddisappearance of dissidents. CIA Death Squads by Allan Nairn. The Nation, 4/17/1995



Guatemala, 1954-95. For at least five years, Colonel Alpirez was also a well-paid agentfor CIA and a murderer, a U.S. Congressman says. Alpirez has been linked to the murderof Michael Devine, an American innkeeper who lived and worked in the Guatemalan jungle, and the torture and killing of Efrain Bamaca Velasquez, a leftist guerrilla who wasthe husband of Jennifer Harbury. CIA ties began in 1954, when Alpirez was about five

years old. The CIA engineered a coup in Guatemala that overthrew a leftist president andinstalled a right-wing military regime. CIA's station in Guatemala began recruiting youngand promising military officers who would provide information on the left-wingguerrillas, the internal workings of Guatemala's intertwined military and politicalleadership, union members, opposition politicians and others. Alpirez was sent in 1970 toSchool of the Americas (SOA), an elite and recently much-criticized U.S. Army academyat Fort Benning, Ga. Human-rights groups and members of congress point out that SOA'sgraduates include Roberto D'Aubuisson, leader of death squads in El Salvador; 19Salvadoran soldiers named in the 1989 assassination of six Jesuit priests and threesoldiers accused of the 1980 rape and murder of four U.S. church workers; Lt. Gen.Raoul Cedars and other leaders of the military junta that ran Haiti from 1991 to 1994;

General Hugo Banzer, dictator of Bolivia from 1971 to 1978, and General ManuelAntonio Noriega of Panama, now imprisoned in U.S. In 1970s Alpirez was an officer in acounterinsurgency unit known as Kaibiles. Kaibiles became notorious in the early 1980s,known as scorched earth years, when tens of thousands of Indians were killed as militaryswept across rural Guatemala, systematically destroying villages. Guatemalangovernment's own count, campaign left 40,000 widows and 150,000 orphans. In late1980s, Alpirez served as a senior official of an intelligence unit hidden within the generalstaff and became a paid agent of CIA who paid him tens of thousands of dollars a year.Intelligence unit, known as "Archivo," or archives, stands accused of assassination,infiltration of civilian agencies and spying on Guatemalans in violation of the nation'sConstitution. Archivo works like the CIA. "It was also working as a death squad." NewYork Times, 3/25/1995

Guatemala, 1954-95. U.S. Undercover agents have worked for decades inside aGuatemalan army unit that has tortured and killed thousands of Guatemalan citizens, perthe Nation weekly magazine. "working out of the U.S. Embassy and living in safe housesand hotels, agents work through an elite group of Guatemalan officers who are secretlypaid by CIA and implicated personally in numerous political crimes and assassinations''unit known as G-2 and its secret collaboration with CIA were described by U.S. andGuatemalan operatives and confirmed by three former Guatemalan heads of state.Colonel Julio Roberto Alpirez, Guatemalan officer implicated in murders of guerrillaleader Efrain Bamaca Velasquez -- husband of an American lawyer -- and rancherMichael Devine discussed in an interview how intelligence agency advises and helps run

G-2. He said agents came to Central American country often to train G-2 men and hedescribed attending CIA sessions at G-2 bases on "contra-subversion'' tactics and "how tomanage factors of power'' to "fortify democracy'' the Nation quoted U.S. and Guatemalanintelligence sources as saying at least three recent G-2 chiefs have been on CIA payroll --General Edgar Godoy Gatan, Colonel Otto Perez Molina and General Francisco OrtegaMenaldo. `It would be embarrassing if you ever had a roll call of everybody inGuatemalan army who ever collected a CIA paycheck,'' report quoted Colonel GeorgeHooker, U.S. DIA chief in Guatemala from 1985 to 1989, as saying. Human rights group



Amnesty International has said Guatemalan army killed more than 110,000 civilianssince 1978 with G-2 and another unit called Archivo known as main death squads.Reuters, 3/30/1995

Guatemala, 1960-90. Human rights groups say at least 40,000 Guatemalans"disappeared" in last 3 decades. Most were poor Indians. Anthropologists, led by Clydesnow, dug away at a village site. Maria Lopez had a husband and a son in one grave. Shesaid on morning of valentine's day 1982, members of anti-guerrilla militia took herhusband and others. They had refused to join militias known as civil self-defense patrolsand were killed. Six unknown clandestine graves in San Jose Pacho. Human rights groupsblame most disappearances on army-run civil self-defense patrols set up underpresidencies of General Lucas Garcia and brig. Gen. Rios Montt. There are hundreds of clandestine graves filled with victims of the militias, right-wing death squads and brutalcounterinsurgency campaigns. Washington Times, 8/5/1992, p. A9

Guatemala, 1970-95. Jennifer Harbury's story. Time, 4/3/1995, p. 48

Guatemala, 1981-95. DIA reports re MLN particularly disturbing, as they raise gravequestions about extent of U.S. knowledge of MLN activities in earlier years when MLNleader Mario Sandoval Alarcon was tied to Reagan Administration's efforts to supportContras. Having come to power in 1954 with the CIA-backed overthrow of ColonelJacobo Arbenze, MLN leader Sandoval was accused in 1980 by Elias Barahona, formerpress secretary to the Guatemalan Interior Minister, of having worked for CIA. Head of National Congress from 1970 to 1974, at which time he was made vice president, aposition he kept until his term expired in 1978, Sandoval is widely regarded as father of Latin America's "death squads." In 1970's, he had a close relationship with RobertoD'Aubuisson, deputy chief of El Salvador's national security agency (Anseal).D'Aubuisson reportedly was behind El Salvador's death squads. Sandoval was so close to

Reagan administration that he was one of only two Guatemalans invited to attendReagan's inauguration. Intelligence - a computerized intelligence newsletter published inFrance, 4/24/1995, p. 1

Guatemala, 1984-95. Article, "Murder as Policy." Washington was supportingGuatemalan army in a number of ways: green berets trained Kaibul massacre force, thearmy's self-proclaimed "messengers of death." U.S. openly sold weapons to Guatemala -used in massacre in Santiago Atitlan. Hundreds of U.S. troops (mostly National Guard)helped civic action and road building in massacre zones. The Nation, 4/24/1995, pp. 547-8

Guatemala, 1985-93. CIA collected intelligence re ties between Guatemalan insurgents

and Cuba - CIA passed the information to U.S. military, which was assisting Guatemalanarmy extinguish opposition. Washington Post, 3/30/1995, A1,10

Guatemala, 1985-95. Bombings against military-reformist Christian Democratic Party(DCG) of then President Vinicio Cerezo to topple Cerezo, who perceived as being toosoft on rebels. A 10/1988 DIA intelligence report alerted American authorities that MLN,which was involved in "plotting a coup against Cerezo in the past," is "now apparentlyprepared to use violent tactics to undermine DCG government." MLN "is reportedly



planning a bombing campaign directed against members of ruling DCG. MLN intends touse recently obtained explosives to target personal vehicles of DCG Congressionalrepresentatives in order to frighten them. After assessing their impact, MLN will considerinitiating a second stage of its anti-DCG campaign that will include killing of variousindividuals. MLN has selected potential targets in Guatemala city. U.S. Army and DIA,

getting regular, high-level intelligence from senior Guatemalan army officers and othersources about crimes, notably murder, being committed by Guatemalan army personnel.Source and depth of intelligence raises questions about what U.S. Government actuallyknew about Guatemalan army complicity in civilian murders in that country throughoutthe 1980s, including alleged involvement of Guatemalan Colonel Julio Roberto Alpirez,then a CIA agent, in 1990 and 1992 murders of American innkeeper Michael Devine andguerrilla fighter Efrain Bamaco Velazquez, husband of an American, Jennifer Harbury.Intelligence - a computerized intelligence newsletter published in France, 4/24/1995, p. 1

Guatemala, 1988-91. CIA station chief in Guatemala from 1988 to 1991 was a CubanAmerican. He had about 20 officers with a budget of about $5 million a year and an equalor greater sum for "liaison" with Guatemalan military. His job included placing and

keeping senior Guatemalan officers on his payroll. Among them was Alpirez, whorecruited others for CIA. Alpirez's intelligence unit spied on Guatemalans and is accusedby human rights groups of assassinations. CIA also gave Guatemalan army informationon the guerrillas. New York Times, 4/2/1995, A11

Guatemala, 1989. 25 students in two years killed by squads. Entire university studentassociation has been silenced. U.S. backed governments in virtual genocide have morethan 150,000 victims. AI called this genocide a "government program of politicalmurder." The Nation, 3/5/1990, cover, p. 308

Guatemala, 1990-95. Member of House Intelligence Committee, Robert G. Torricelli (D-

NJ.) said, in letter to President Clinton, that a Guatemalan military officer who orderedkillings of an American citizen and a guerrilla leader married to a North American lawyerwas a paid agent of CIA. CIA knew of killings, but concealed its knowledge for years.Another member of House Intelligence Committee confirmed Torricelli's claims.Torricelli wrote in letter to President that the "Direct involvement of CIA in the murderof these individuals leads me to the extraordinary conclusion that the agency is simplyout of control and that it contains what can only be labeled a criminal element." ColonelJulio Roberto Alpirez, Bamaca, and Michael Devine. Tim Weiner, New York Times,3/23/1995

Guatemala, 1990-95. Article, El Buki's Tale - Murder of Michael Devine. Covert ActionInformation Bulletin (Quarterly), Summer 1995, pp. 32-37

Guatemala, 1990-95. Article, The Agency, Off Target. Two Deaths, a Rogue CIAInformant and a Big Pot of Trouble. Re deaths of Michael Devine and Efrain BamacaVelasquez - Harbury's husband. CIA paid Colonel Alpirez $43,000 after it learned of cover up of deaths. U.S. News & World Report, 4/10/1995, p. 46

Guatemala, 1990-95. Assassin of Michael Devine and of the husband of JenniferHarbury, Colonel Julio Roberto Alpirez, was on CIA's payroll and had attended School of



Americas (SOA) on two separate occasions. In January 1995 when State and NSC piecedtogether what CIA knew, the ambassador demanded removal of CIA's station chief. CIAfought to stop disclosure of its relationship with the Colonel. Administration officialsbegan to mistrust what CIA was saying about the case. The Colonel first came to U.S. In1970 as an army cadet at SOA. He returned to SOA in 1989, to take year long Command

and General Staff course when he was already on CIA payroll. In 1990, Michael Devine,who ran a hotel, apparently stumbled on a smuggling operation involving Guatemalanmilitary. He was killed. New York Times, 3/24/1995, A3

Guatemala, 1990-95. CIA last month removed its station chief in Guatemala for failing toreport promptly information linking a paid CIA informer to the slaying of a Guatemalanguerrilla fighter married to Jennifer Harbury. Guatemalan army Colonel Julio RobertoAlpirez, was paid $44,000 by CIA in 1992 for secretly supplying intelligence on the civilwar. At time of payment CIA had evidence linking him to the slaying of U.S. citizenMichael Devine (after he found about a military smuggling operation or because he had aweapon). Washington Post, 3/25/1995, A1,20

Guatemala, 1990-95. Clinton has threatened to fire anyone in CIA who withheldinformation from him about activities of its informant in Guatemala, Colonel JulioRoberto Alpirez. What is more likely to be agency's undoing is its failure to tell congressthat only six months after he graduated from command-level courses at School of Americas Colonel Alpirez, a member of military intelligence on agency's payroll, orderedmurder of a U.S. citizen, William Devine, and then torture-murder of husband of anAmerican woman. White House officials, and President Clinton in particular, were veryangry about Guatemalan affair but NSC Anthony lake was arguing that there is noevidence that CIA tried to deceive president. Los Angeles Times reported that late lastyear State Department found information about Devine murder in its files that appearedto have originated with CIA and had not been passed on to White House. This discovery

prompted State Department and White House to ask CIA for more information. Stateinitially asked CIA for information on rebel Commandante Efrain Bamaca Velasquez andreceived a few modest files. Several weeks later, State again asked CIA for informationbut this time on "Commandante Everardo," which was Commandante Bamaca's well-known nom de guerre. Only then did CIA produced incriminating data that it held solelyunder that name. CIA has tried to ease situation with a rare "leak" about itself to press.On 3/24, Los Angeles Times quoted "CIA sources" as saying Agency was only told afterthe fact that its Guatemalan informant, Colonel Alpirez, was present at killing in 1990 of Devine, a U.S. citizen who ran a popular tourist resort in Guatemala. CIA insisted to thepaper that it cut ties with Colonel at that point, but, significantly, sources did not put adate on rupture. That gave it "wiggle room" to say it didn't find out about Colonel's

involvement in March 1992 torture-murder of Bamaca until early this year. CIA gaveColonel Alpirez a "final payment" of $44,000 at about time of Bamaca's murder. PerNational public radio commentator Daniel Schorr, CIA station chief in Guatemala hasbeen fired for failing to relay information. But New York Times says he was reassignedto Langley in January, after U.S. Ambassador to Guatemala accused him of withholdinginformation. CIA has assigned its inspector General, Fred Hitz, to investigate. CIAstation chief in Switzerland, who held a top position at Department of Operations (DO)Latin American Division from 1990 to 1992, is now being questioned, as is Jack Devine,



who headed division from January 1983 until last October. He was appointed AssociateDeputy Director of Operations in October after John MacGaffin was removed from thatpost for secretly giving an award to a senior operative who had just been disciplined inAmes case. Devine's successor is a woman, first to direct a DO division. She is in her50s, was previously station chief in El Salvador, and is said by officials outside CIA to be

very forthcoming about case. Intelligence - a computerized intelligence newsletterpublished in France, 3/27/1995, p. 30

Guatemala, 1990-95. Guatemalan soldiers killed Michael Devine under orders fromColonel Mario Garcia Catalan, per convicted soldier, Solbal. He killed as the armyconvinced he had bought a stolen rifle. They tortured him before killing him. Solbal saysColonel Alpirez gave food and shelter to the killers. Washington Times, 5/15/1995, A13

Guatemala, 1990-95. Letter from Congressman Torricelli to President Clinton aboutinvolvement of CIA in two murders in Guatemala. 3/22/1995

Guatemala, 1990-95. Rep. Robert Torricelli, D-NJ., who is on the HPSCI, has requested

an investigation from the Justice Department on role of the CIA in the murder of MichaelDevine and Efrain Bamaca Velasquez. Request was made in a letter to President Clinton.Guatemalan intelligence officer who ordered the murders, Colonel Julio Roberto Alpirez,was a paid agent of the CIA. Torricelli claims that the NSA, CIA, State Department., andNSC covered up the involvement of a paid agent in the murders. Devine, who was killedin 1990, was an American citizen and Velasquez, who was killed in 1992, was married toan U.S. Citizen. CNN Headline News, 3/23/1995 and AP, 3/23/1995

Guatemala, 1990-95. Revelations about a CIA informer linked to two murders (Devineand Bamaca) in Guatemala helped exhume embarrassing relationship between U.S.military and intelligence personnel and a Central American regime notorious for humanrights violations. Washington Post, 4/2/1995, A29

Guatemala, 1990-95. Tim Weiner article "A Guatemalan Officer and the CIA." Colonel isrecalled as a "good soldier" and a murdering spy. New York Times, 3/26/1995

Guatemala, 1990-95. Two colonels suspended in Guatemala for covering up 1990 killingof Michael Devine. One was a paid CIA informant at time of killing. Colonel MarioGarcia Catalan also suspended. Washington Post, 4/27/1995, A29

Guatemala, 1990-95. Wife of Michael Devine discusses slaying of her husband. NewYork Times, 3/28/1995, A1,6

Guatemala, 1991-94. State Department reported in 1991, that "military, civil patrols and

police continued to commit a majority of major human rights abuses, includingextrajuridicial killings torture and disappearances." Guatemalan counterinsurgencycampaign devised by U.S. counterinsurgency experts Caesar Sereseres and ColonelGeorge Minas. Former served as a consultant to RAND Corporation and StateDepartment's Office of Policy Planning. Minas served as military attache in Guatemala inearly 1980s. Both encouraged population control such as Vietnam-style military-controlled strategic hamlets and civilian defense patrols. Today Guatemala is largestwarehouse for cocaine transshipments to U.S. Drug trade run by military which tries to



blame the leftists. Covert Action Information Bulletin (Quarterly), Spring 1994, pp. 28-33

Guatemala, 1991-95. U.S. Had information in 10/1991 linking a paid CIA informer inslaying of a U.S. citizen. Colonel Roberto Alpirez was dropped from CIA's payroll butremained a contact through 7/1992 -- when he allegedly ordered another killing of EfrainBamaca Velasquez - husband of Jennifer Harbury. Washington Post, 3/24/1995, A1,27

Guatemala, 1992. Rights abuses in Guatemala continue, paramilitary civilian patrols -self defense patrols - accused of campaign of terror, control rural areas. Patrols answer tomilitary. Washington Post, 10/4/1992, A35

Guatemala, 1995. President Clinton said he would dismiss any CIA official who withheldinformation on death of Jennifer Harbury's husband. Rep Torricelli said CIA withheldinformation for years. Washington Times, 3/25/1995, A3

Guatemala, 1970-95. Discussion of Torricelli, Harbury, Devine, Bamaco, etc. The deathof husband of Harbury not a rogue operation. This was standard operating procedure inEl Salvador and Guatemala and elsewhere around the globe. CIA organized death squads,financed them, equipped them, trained them, etc. That's what the CIA does. Once in adecade the U.S. public hears about this. CIA should be abolished. The CIA misleadCongress about the Devine case. Getting rid of CIA is not enough - the CIA did not actalone. The National Security Agency and the Army may have been involved inGuatemala. The Progressive, 5/1995, pp. 8,9

Haiti: Watch List

Haiti, 1986-93. In 1986 the CIA funded the national intelligence service (SIN) underguise of fighting narcotics - but SIN never produced drug intelligence and used CIA

money for political operations. Sin involved in spying on so-called subversivegroups...they doing nothing but political repression...they targeted people who were forchange. CIA used distorted data to discredit Aristide. NACLA (Magazine re LatinAmerica), 2/1994, p. 35

Haiti, 1990-94. Emannuel Constant, leader of Haiti's FRAPH hit squad, worked for CIAand U.S. intelligence helped launch FRAPH. Haiti's dreaded attaches paid for by a U.S.Government-funded project that maintains sensitive files on Haiti's poor. The Nation,10/24/1994, 458

Haiti, 1990-94. U.S. officials involved in refugee policy have backgrounds suggestive of Phoenix-like program activities. Luis Moreno, State Department, has background in

counterterrorism. Gunther Wagner, senior intelligence officer at INS's southwest regionaloffice, assigned to investigate repression against repatriated refugees. Wagner had servedas public safety adviser to Vietnamese National Special Branch for 5 years and lateradvised Somoza's National Guard. INS database on all asylum interviews at Guantanamo.INS, on demand, gave State Department unrestricted access to all interview files. U.S.Officers hand Haitian authorities computer print-outs of names of all Haitians beingrepatriated. CIA funded service intelligence nacionale (SIN), who's de facto primaryfunction was a war against popular movement - including torture and assassination - a



fact admitted by a CIA officer to an official in Aristide's government. U.S. shares "anti-narcotics intelligence" with Haitian military. The Progressive, 4/1994, p. 21

Haiti, 1991-94. Asylum-promoting project gets family information that fed into acomputer project that could be used to target for repression. The Progressive, 9/1994, pp.19-26

Haiti, 1991-94. Seven chief attaches arranged killings and brought victims to houses.Four of the seven worked for Centers for Development and Health (CDS), funded byU.S. AID. One was Gros Sergo, and other was Fritz Joseph who chief FRAPH recruiterin Cite Soleil. Two others are Marc Arthur and Gors Fanfan. CDS files track every familyin Cite Soleil. The Nation, 10/24/1994, p. 461

Haiti, 1994. AID programs for Haitian popular groups; Immigration and Naturalizationservice, with computerized files on 58,000 political-asylum applicants and armyintelligence S-2 section of 96th Civil Affairs Battalion assigned to monitor refugees atGuantanamo Bay. Per Capt. James Vick, unit develops networks of informants and works

with marine corps counterintelligence in "identifying ringleaders of unrest and inweeding out troublemakers." 96th's files enter military intelligence system. GuntherWagner, a former Nazi, served with U.S. In Phoenix operation in Vietnam, and inNicaragua - now heads State Department's Cuba-Haiti task force. Pentagon's Atlanticcommand commissioned Booz, Allen, Hamilton, to devise a computer model of Haitiansociety. Results of study given. Priority of study to build an "organized informationbank...." no change expected in ruling clique of Haiti. Article by Allan Nairn. The Nation,10/3/1994, pp. 344-48

Haiti: Death Squads

Haiti. CIA officer assigned 1973-75 Coordination with Ton-Ton Macoute, "Baby Doc"

Duvalier's private death squad. Covert Action Information Bulletin (Quarterly), 9/1980,p. 16

Haiti, 1985-93. CIA created an intelligence service in Haiti: National IntelligenceService, (SIN) from its initials in French, to fight cocaine trade, but unit becameinstrument of political terror whose officers engaged in drug traffic, killings and torture.Unit produced little drug intelligence. U.S. cut ties to group after 1991 military coup.New York Times, 11/14/1993 pp. 1,12

Haiti, 1986-93 INS database on all asylum interviews at Guantanamo. INS, on demand,gave State Department unrestricted access to all interview files. U.S. officers handHaitian authorities computer print-outs of names of all Haitians being repatriated. CIAfunded service intelligence nacionale (SIN), who's de facto primary function was a waragainst popular movement - including torture and assassination - a fact admitted by a CIAofficer to an official in Aristide's government. U.S. shares "anti-narcotics intelligence"with Haitian military. The Progressive, 4/1994, p. 21

Haiti, 1990-94. Clinton administration denied report CIA helped set up Haiti's pro-armyMilitia - FRAPH. Officials refused to comment whether FRAPH leader EmmanuelConstant was a paid CIA informant. "Nation" article said Constant worked for both the



CIA and the DIA. Colonel Collins of DIA and Donald Terry of CIA were his contacts.Collins urged Constant to set up FRAPH. Mr. Constant, per Washington Times, was apaid U.S. Informant on Haitian political activities and assisting anti-drug efforts.Relationship broken off early this year. FRAPH has been linked to murders, publicbeatings and arson. CIA officers in past worked with Haiti's national intelligence service.

Washington Times, 10/7/1994, A16

Haiti, 1990-94. Emannuel Constant, leader of Haiti's FRAPH hit squad, worked for CIAand U.S. Intelligence helped launch FRAPH. Haiti's dreaded attaches paid for by a U.S.Government-funded project that maintains sensitive files on Haiti's poor. In 10/3/1994,issue of Nation carried Nairn's article "The Eagle is Landing," he quoted a U.S. officialpraising Constant as a young republican that U.S. Intelligence had encouraged to formFRAPH. Constant confirmed that account. He first said his handler was Colonel Patrick Collins, DIA attache in Haiti, and later claimed another U. S. official urged him to formFRAPH. Collins first approached Constant while he taught a course at HQs of CIA-runnational intelligence service (SIN) and built up a computer data base at Bureau of Information and Coordination. FRAPH originally was called Haitian Resistance League.

Constant was working for the CIA at SIN while it attacked the poor. The Nation,10/24/1994, p. 458

Haiti, 1991-94. Emmanuel Constant (son of a Duvalier general), who had been on theCIA payroll since the mid-'1980s. With U.S. intelligence advice, formed FRAPH, apolitical front and paramilitary death squad offshoot of the Haitian army, that began tosystematically target democratic militants and hold the country hostage with severalarmed strikes. On 10/11/1993, day U.S.S. Harlan County and U.S. and Canadian soldierswere to land, even though CIA had been tipped off, FRAPH organized a docksidedemonstration of several dozen armed thugs. Ship turned around. U.S. asylum processingprogram hand-picked and exported almost 2,000 grassroots leaders. In three years after

coup, 7,000-man army and its paramilitary assistants killed at least 3,000 and probablyover 4,000 people, tortured thousands, and created tens of thousands of refugees and300,000 internally displaced people. Covert Action Information Bulletin (Quarterly),Winter 1994/1995, pp. 7-13

Haiti, 1991-94. Haitian paramilitary chief spied for CIA. Emmanuel "Toto" Constant,head of Haiti's notorious FRAPH, secretly provided information to U.S. intelligencewhile his group killed people. Constant paid by CIA for giving intelligence officersinformation about Aristide beginning shortly after Aristide ousted in 9/1991 coup. CIAdropped him last Spring. Constant's organization blamed for killing hundreds of supporters of Aristide - and organizing demonstration that drove off U.S. troop-carrying

Harlan County last October. In "Nation" article, U.S. Defense Attache, Colonel Patrick Collins, had encouraged Constant to form FRAPH. U.S. intelligence agencies hadextensive penetration of Haitian military and paramilitary groups. Using Constant assource may explain why CIA's reporting on Aristide was skewed. FRAPH not formeduntil 8/1993, 9 months after Collins left Haiti. Washington Post, 10/9/1994, A1,30

Haiti, 1993. Young men kidnapped by armed thugs seldom reappear. Under de factogovernment, as many as 3000 may have been killed. Aristide negotiating his return withUN. The Nation, 5/3/1993, p. 580



Haiti, 1995. Interview with Allan Nairn, April 1995 "Criminal Habits." Z Magazine6/1995, pp. 22-9

Honduras: Death Squads

Honduras, 1981-87. Florencio Caballero, who served as a torturer and a member of a

death squad, said he was trained in Texas by the CIA. He said he was responsible for thetorture and slaying of 120 Honduran and other Latin American citizens. The CIA taughthim and 24 other people in a army intelligence unit for 6 months in interrogation.psychological methods -- to study fears and weaknesses of a prisoner, make him stand up,don't let him sleep, keep him naked and isolated, put rats and cockroaches in his cell, givehim bad food, throw cold water on him, change the temperature. Washington Post,6/8/1988, B3

Honduras, circa 1982-87. Army Battalion 3/16, a special counterinsurgency force whichmany considered a kind of death squad, was formed in 1980. Florencio Caballero, aformer battalion member, described a clandestine paramilitary structure for repressing

leftists. Caballero, who studied interrogation techniques in Houston, said the CIA wasextensively involved in training squad members. NACLA 2/1988, p. 15, from New York Times, 5/2/1987

Honduras, March 1986. Apart from CIA training of a battalion implicated in death squadactivities and torture, Honduran army defector said CIA arranged a fabricated forced"confession" by kidnapped prisoner that he headed a guerrilla front and had plannedattacks against U.S. installations. This in operation truth. Chomsky, N. (1988). TheCulture of Terrorism, p. 239

Honduras. General G. Alvarez Martinez, CIA-Contra point man in Honduras, had deathsquad operation run by Ricardo Lau. Alvarez godfather to new CIA Chief of Station's

daughter. Marshall, J., Scott P.D., and Hunter, J. (1987). The Iran-Contra Connection, pp.78-9

Honduras, 1982-86. Zuniga told congressional staffers about the 316 Battalionestablished with the knowledge and assistance of the U.S. Embassy. By 1984 more than200 Honduran teachers, students, labor leaders, and opposition politicians had beenmurdered. The CIA had knowledge of the killings. Zuniga killed in 9/1985. MotherJones, 4/1987, p. 48

Honduras. Capt. Alexander Hernandez, a graduate of U.S. International Police servicestraining program, has played a central role in Honduran death squad activities and thewar in Nicaragua. Early 1986 New York Times reports that CIA was providing "trainingand advice in intelligence collection" to Hernandez' unit "as part of a program to cut off arms shipments from Nicaragua to leftist rebels in Honduras and El Salvador." New York Times also says that CIA knew of the assassinations but "looked the other way." TheNation, 6/7/1986, p. 793

Honduras, circa 1981-84. Honduran government established a secret unit that seized,interrogated, tortured, and murdered more than 130 people between 1981-84. Unit namedBattalion 316. Unit operated with CIA supervision and training and received U.S.



instruction in interrogation, surveillance and hostage rescue. Commander of unit in firstyears was a graduate of International Police Academy. NA, 2/20/1988, pp. 224-5 Theclandestine houses and command post of 316 were visited by CIA agents. NA, 1/23/1988,p. 85

Honduras, Nicaragua, 1982. A Contra commander with the FDN admitted he helpedorganize a death squad in Honduras with the approval and cooperation of the CIA.Honduran government agreed to host the death squad and provide it with cover, since thegroup would kill Honduran dissidents at the government's request. The commanderadmitted he participated in assassinations. CIA "Colonel Raymond" congratulated thesquad. The Progressive, 8/1986, p. 25

Honduras, Nicaragua, 1984-85. Honduran army investigators report that Contras havebeen involved in death-squad killings in Honduras. At least 18 Hondurans and anunknown number of Salvadorans and Nicaraguans have been killed by the Contras.Washington Post, 1/15/1985, A12

Honduras, 1980-83. Agents of Battalion 316, a Honduran death squad, receivedinterrogation training in Texas from CIA in 1980. CIA agents maintained contact withunit in early 1980's, visiting detention centers during interrogation and obtainingintelligence gleaned from torture victims. See Americas Watch "Human Rights inHonduras" (May 1987). Dillon, S. (1991). Commandos, p. 101

Honduras, 1980-83. Gustavo Alvarez, formerly head of police, in 1981 a general runningentire armed forces. Worked closely with U.S. on Contras. Alvarez had organizedmilitary intelligence Battalion 316 - first Honduran death squad. Argentines sent 15-20officers to work with Alvarez on Contras. Senior officer Osvaldo Riveiro. Garvin, G.(1992). Everybody Has His Own Gringo, p. 41

Honduras, 1980-89. CIA and State Department worked with a Honduran military unitcalled Battalion 316 during the 1980s. Unit was responsible for cracking down ondissidents. AP, 6/12/1995. Honduran special prosecutor for human rights asking the U.S.to turn over classified information on Ambassadors John Negroponte and Chris Arcosand several CIA agents connected to the disappearance of dissidents in the 1980s. AP,6/13/1995

Honduras, 1980-89. Colonel Gustavo Alvarez Martinez shot to death in 1989. Alvarezspent years networking with fascists and ultra right terrorists who in World Anti-communist League and its sister organization, the Latin American Anti-communistConfederation, or CAL. He most famous for streamlining Honduras's death squads and

uniting them under his control. Alvarez gathered together the National Front for theDefense of Democracy, the Honduran Anti-communist Movement (MACHO), and theAnti-communist Combat Army --death squads all-- and combined them with severalgovernmental forces, including the Fuerzas de Seguridad Publica (FUSEP), DepartmentoNacional de Investigaciones (DIN), and Tropas Especiales Para Selva y Nocturnas(TESON). With Director of Central Intelligence Casey, Alvarez and Negroponte turnedHonduras into a staging ground for Contra incursions into Nicaragua. Honduran Congressissued Decree 33, which declared terrorist anyone who distributed political literature,



associated with foreigners, joined groups deemed subversive by the government,damaged property, or destroyed documents. Alvarez's forces murdered upwards of 500people. He ousted as Honduras's dictator in 1984 and became special consultant toRAND Corporation. Lies of our Time, 3/1994, pp. 3-5

Honduras, 1980-89. Eleven senior officers who are believed to have been involved withBattalion 316 have been convicted on charges of kidnapping, torturing and attempting tomurder six students in 1982. Officers include one general, nine colonels, and one captain.AP, 7/25/1995

Honduras, 1980-89. See entry in Liaison from Baltimore Sun, 6/11-18/1995

Honduras, 1980-93. CIA-trained death squad issue in presidential campaign. In early1980s, Battalion 3-16, of Honduran military whose members instructed by and workedwith CIA "disappeared" scores of activists. Both candidates accusing other of connections to Battalion 3-16. In 1980 25-Honduran officers to U.S. for training persworn testimony in International Court by Honduran intelligence officer who participated

- Florencio Caballero. Group trained in interrogation by a team from FBI and CIA.Training continued in Honduras. U.S. Trainers joined by instructors from Argentina andChile - sessions focused on surveillance and rescuing kidnap victims. Battalion 3-16engaged in a program of systematic disappearances and murder from 1981 to 1984. ByMarch 1984, 100-150 students, teachers, unionists and travelers picked up and secretlyexecuted. Squads, according to Inter-American Court of Human Rights, belonged to 3-16. Squads modus operandi included weeks of surveillance of suspects followed bycapture by disguised agents using vehicles with stolen license plates, interrogation,torture in secret jails followed by execution and secret burial. CIA's connection to 3-16confirmed by General Alvarez, who created and commanded squad from 1980 through1984. He later became chief of police and then head of the armed forces. Alvarez said

CIA "gave good training, lie detectors, phone-tapping devices and electronic equipmentto analyze intelligence." CIA men informed when 3-16 abducted suspected leftists. Whenbodies found, 3-16 put out story they killed by guerrillas. CIA looked other way.Ambassador Negroponte in 1982 denied existence of death squads. State Department wasattacking as communist, anti-democratic and a terrorist group, Committee for Defense of Human Rights in Honduras that was exposing 3-16. In a barracks coup, Alvarez forcedinto exile in Miami and became paid consultant to Pentagon writing study on low-intensity conflict. Members of 3-16 still in positions of power in government.Congressional intelligence committee in 1988 looked into CIA's role with 3-16, butfindings never published. Op-ed by Anne Manuel. Washington Post, 11/28/1993, C5

Honduras, 1982-83. Ex-guard Benito "Mack" Bravo reportedly killed dozens of Contrarecruits at his La Ladosa training base near El Paraiso. Mack suspected many wereSandinista infiltrators. In one case, FDN ordered four ex-guardsmen executed forinsubordination and allegedly selling arms to El Salvador's FMLN. They also had beenaccused of killing recruits. Honduran military participated in the execution. Dillon, S.(1991). Commandos, pp. 118-124

Honduras, 1988. Director human rights commission in Honduras and associate killed byassassins. The Progressive, 2/1990, p. 46



Honduras, 1988. Honduran human rights leader Ramon Custodio Lopez accusedBattalion 3-16 of murdering a politician and a teacher on 14 January 1988. Custodiorelied on testimony by former battalion member sergeant Fausto Caballero. In11/30/1988. Honduras was condemned by Inter-American Court of Human Rights in1988 for disappearance of Angel Manfredo Velazquez. Battalion 3-16, along with DNI

(Directorate of National Intelligence), and FUSEP (National Police) were implicated, allof which have received training from CIA. Intelligence Parapolitics, 9/1988, p. 8

Honduras, 1988. Jose Isaias Vilorio, an intelligence officer and former death squadmember, was shot dead on 1 January 1988. Isaias was to testify before Inter-AmericanCourt on Human Rights (New York Times, 20 January 1988). Human rights leader andlegislator Miguel Pavon was killed on 14 January 1988 after testifying before Inter-American Court. Also killed was Moises Landaverde, a teacher who was riding inPavon's car at the time of attack. Intelligence Parapolitics, 3/1988, p. 12

Honduras, Argentina, 1980-89. A survivor tells her story: treatment for a leftist - kicksand freezing water and electric shocks. In between, a visitor from CIA. CIA worked

closely with the Honduran military while the military tortured and killed dissidentsduring the 1980s, human rights groups said. A government official also said Argentinemilitary advisers, with U.S. support, were brought in to help monitor leftist activism. "Atleast nine Argentine military (officers), supported by the CIA, trained many Honduranofficers to prevent communism from entering Honduras," said Leo Valladares of thegovernment's human rights commission. Bertha Oliva, head of committee of relatives of the disappeared, claimed CIA knew of disappearances by Honduran security forces andthat "the U.S. Embassy had absolute power in this country." in the first of a series of fourarticles, the Baltimore Sun reported Sunday that CIA and the State Departmentcollaborated with a secret Honduran military unit known as Battalion 316 in the 1980s incracking down on Honduras dissidents. Following a 14-month investigation. In order to

keep up public support for Reagan administration's war efforts in Central America, U.S.officials misled congress and the public about Honduran military abuses. Collaborationwas revealed in classified documents and in interviews with U.S. and Honduranparticipants. Among those interviewed by the Sun were three former Battalion 316torturers who acknowledged their crimes and detailed the battalion's close relationshipwith CIA. Ramon Custodio, president of non-government human rights commission, saida former member of Battalion 316, Florencio Caballero, disclosed that CIA in early1980s took 24 soldiers to the U.S. for training in anti-subversive techniques. At the time,Custodio said, "Honduras' policy was oriented to detaining and summarily executingthose who did not please the government or the military." Battalion 316 was created in1984 and its first commander was General Luis Alonso Discua, current armed forces

chief. A government report subsequently blamed it in the cases of 184 missing people.Baltimore Sun, 6/15/1995

Honduras, Israel. During Contra war Honduran military intelligence officers on doublesalary from CIA and Colombian drug cartels, who saw advantage of using Honduranairstrips for transiting cocaine under cover of war effort. Israelis also trained Hondurandeath squads. Cockburn, A. and Cockburn, L. (1991). Dangerous Liaison, p. 225



Honduras, Assassinations, 1980-84. CIA and Contras accused of running Honduran deathsquads, killing over 200. CIA officials "looked the other way" when people disappeared.Violence tapered off after ouster of CIA backed military commander Alvarez. RicardoLau running Contra intelligence, also death squads. Accused arranging assassinationArchbishop Romero in El Salvador. Marshall, J., Scott P.D., and Hunter, J. (1987). The

Iran-Contra Connection, pp. 132-3

Indonesia: Watch List

Indonesia, 1963-65. U.S. trained unionist spies laid groundwork for post 1965 coupgestapu massacre of leftists by gathering intelligence on leftist unionists. Counterspy,Winter 1979, p. 27

Indonesia, 1965-66. "U.S. officials' lists aided Indonesian blood bath in '60s." U.S.officials supplied the names of thousands of members of Indonesian Communist Party(PKI) to the army that was hunting them down and killing them in a crackdown brandedas one of the century's worst massacres, former U.S. Diplomats and CIA officials say.

Robert J. Martens, Former member of embassy's political section said, "it really was a bighelp to the army.... They probably killed a lot of people..." Martens said. He headed anembassy group of state Department and CIA officials that spent two years compiling thelists. He said he delivered them to an army intermediary. The lists were a detailed who'swho of the leadership of the PKI that included names of provincial, city and other localPKI members and leaders of mass organizations. Ambassador Marshall Green, his deputyJack Lydman, and political section chief Edward Masters admitted approving the releaseof the names. Army intermediary was an aide to Adam Malik. The aide, Tirta KentjanaAdhyatman, confirmed that he had met with Martens and received lists of thousands of names...given to Sukarno's HQs. Information on who captured and killed came toAmericans from Suharto's HQs, according to former CIA deputy chief of station Joseph

Lazarsky. Lazarsky said "we were getting a good account in Jakarta of who was beingpicked up,"..."the army had a 'shooting list' of about 4,000 to 5,000 people." Lazarskysaid the check-off work was also carried out at CIA's intelligence directorate in D.C. Byend of January 1966, "the checked off names were so numerous the CIA analysts inWashington concluded the PKI leadership had been destroyed." Washington Post,5/21/1990, A5

Indonesia, 1965-66. In response to Kathy Kadane's May 21 article in Washington Post,Robert J. Martens responds "it is true I passed names of PKI leaders and senior cadresystem to non-communist forces during the six months of chaos between the so-calledcoup and the ultimate downfall of Sukarno. The names I gave were based entirely onIndonesian communist press and were available to everyone. This was senior cadresystem of the PKI few thousand at most out of the 3.5 millions claimed party members. Icategorically deny that I headed an embassy group that spent two years compiling thelists." Washington Post, 6/2/1990, A18

Indonesia, 1985. Indonesia: years of living dangerously. CIA's role in bloody coup inIndonesia in 1965. Utne Reader. 2/1991, p. 38, two pages

Indonesia: Death Squads



Indonesia, 1965-66 Indonesian generals approached U.S. for equipment "to arm Moslemand nationalist youths for use in central Java against the PKI." Washington responded bysupplying covert aid, dispatched as "medicines." Washington Post, 6/13/1990, A 22

Indonesia, 1965-66. Kathy Kadane's story for States News Service disclosed part playedby CIA and State Department officials in 1965-66 blood bath in Indonesia. Kadanereported that U.S. officials in Jakarta furnished names of about 5,000 communist activiststo the Indonesian army and then checked off the names as the army reported theindividuals had been killed or captured. The Nation, 7/9/1990, p. 43

Indonesia, 1965. CIA and State Department officials provided name lists to Indonesianarmy that killed 250,000. The Progressive, 7/10/1990, p. 9

Indonesia, 1965. Ex-agents say CIA compiled death lists for Indonesians. San FranciscoExaminer, 5/20/1990

Indonesia, 1965-66. Article by Michael Vatikiotis and Mike Fonte; Rustle of Ghosts.(1965 Indonesian coup). Far Eastern Economic Review, 8/2/1990, 2 pages

Indonesia, 1965-85. Death squads roam at will, killing subversives, suspected criminalsby thousands. Blum, W. (1986). The CIA A Forgotten History, p. 221

Iran: Watch List

Iran, 1953-54. CIA gave Shah intelligence on Tudeh party facilitate anti-TudehCampaign. Gasiorowski, M.J. (1990). "Security Relations Between the United States andIran, 1953-1978," p. 150

Iran, 1953-64. CIA station chiefs in regular contact with Shah and working level liaisonrelationship with SAVAK established by 5-man training team and smaller unit in

SAVAK HQs for several years after training team left. CIA and SAVAK exchangedintelligence including information on Tudeh party. Gasiorowski, M.J. (1990). "Securityrelations between the United States and Iran, 1953-1978," pp. 255-56

Iran, 1953. CIA prepared an arrest list for the overthrow operation. Copeland, M. (1989).The Game Player, p. 190

Iran, 1953. U.S. Army colonel working for CIA under cover of military attache worked toorganize and train intelligence organization for Shah. Trained on domestic security,interrogation. Primary purpose of (Bakhtiar's intelligence unit later to become SAVAK)to eliminate threats to Shah. Gasiorowski, M.J. (1990). "Security Relations Between the

United States and Iran, 1953-1978" p. 150

Iran, 1954. Year after coup American cryptographic experts and CIA agent playedimportant part in rooting out conspiracy army officers linked to Tudeh Party. Kwitny, J.(1984). Endless Enemies, p. 165

Iran. During Shah's reign, thousands people killed. Many killed at Shah's directive.Rafizadeh, M. (1987). Witness, p. 134



Iran, 1983. CIA identifies to Iranian government 200 leftists who were then executed.The Nation, 12/13/1986, p. 660

Iran, 1983. In 1983, when the Tudeh party was closed down, the CIA gave the Khomenigovernment a list of USSR KGB agents operating in Iran. Two hundred suspects wereexecuted, 18 USSR diplomats expelled and Tudeh party leaders imprisoned. WashingtonPost, 1/13/1987, A1,8

Iran, 1983. To curry favor with Khomeni, the CIA gave his government a list of USSRKGB agents and collaborators operating in Iran. The Khomeni regime then executed 200suspects and closed down the communist Tudeh party. Khomeni then expelled 18 USSRdiplomats, and imprisoned the Tudeh leaders. Washington Post, 11/19/1986, A28

Iraq: Watch List

Iraq, 1963. CIA supplied lists of communists to Baath party group that led coup so thatcommunists could be rounded up and eliminated. Cockburn, A. and Cockburn, L. (1991).Dangerous Liaison, p. 130

Israel: Death Squads

Israel. Prime Minister Yitzhak Shamir headed a special hit squad during his ten years inMossad. Shamir headed the assassination unit from 1955-64 that carried out attacks onperceived enemies and suspected Nazi war criminals. Shamir recruited former membersof the Stern Gang. Washington Times, 7/4/1992, A8

Israel, 1992. Article, "How Israeli Commandos Are Waging an Undercover War InOccupied Territories." In January 1992, Israeli army launched all-out offensive to end"Red Intifadeh." Undercover units "Arabized" produced a rash of deaths under

controversial circumstances leading to claims commando units are death squads. SinceIntifadeh began in 1987, 775 Palestinians killed; 680 more slain by their brethren mostlyfor collaboration. Human-rights organizations contend Sayarot shoot first and ask questions later. Time 8/31/1992, pp. 49-50

Israel, 1992. Israel's assassination squad, Duvdevan or Cherry has killed one of its ownby mistake. Intelligence Newsletter, 7/23/1992, p. 5

Israel, 1992. Israeli army had discharged commander of undercover unit for issuingorders to shoot at Palestine activists. Unit code-named Samson has had threecommanders fired or placed on trial within three years. More than 30 Palestinians killedthis year by undercover troops, who usually dress as Arabs. Washington Post, 8/26/1992,

A14

Israel, Honduras, 1981-89. In 1981 Leo Gleser, "co-owner" of International Security andDefense Systems (ISDS) -- a leading Israeli "security" firm (Israeli Foreign Affairs2/1987, 5/1987, /1987, 2/1988, 3/1989) identified repeatedly as an Israeli entity -- beganbuilding Battalion 316, a unit of Honduran military intelligence which disappeared,tortured, then killed its victims. Honduran General Walter Lopez Reyes who C-I-CHonduran armed forces 1984-86, said "we had Israeli advisers in Special Forces. They



seconded to Special Forces by Israeli mod, although they came officially as "non-governmental." Their front they training security groups but [they really] specialoperations courses on how take over bldgs, planes, hostages...Contras also takingcourses...there coordination between them and CIA. Israeli Foreign Affairs, 4/1989, p.1,4

Israel, South Africa, 1986-91. Israel trained members of Inkatha hit squads aimed atAfrican National Congress, a disillusioned former leader of Zulu organization hasrevealed. Israeli Foreign Affairs, 2/20/1992, p. 3

Israel. Ranks as fifth largest exporter of arms in world, according CIA estimates, and hasbecome essential element global counterinsurgency business. "Hit lists" used by deathsquads in Guatemala have been computerized with Israeli assistance and Uzi machineguns the standard weapon of death squads. Covert Action Information Bulletin(Quarterly), Summer 1988, p. 5

Italy: Watch List

Italy, 1950-59. All Italian "SIFAR" counterespionage officers collected biographies onevery deputy and senator. List increased to include Ecclesiastics: 45,000 dossiers on themalone, 157,000 altogether, 30,000 dealing with Italians in world of business and industry.Drop copies went to CIA. De Lorenzo's outfit to become a tool for CIA. Tompkins, P.(Unpublished manuscript). Strategy of Terror, pp. 8-12

Italy, 1959-67. Carabinieri drew up plan Piano Solo - for paramilitary to intervene inorder to restore public order. Secret services had massive program of surveillance of Italian political and business figures. This partly intended to identify left-wing suspectswho would be rounded up and imprisoned in concentration camps on Sardinia.Investigation revealed creation of personal intelligence dossiers began in 1959 and

157,000 files amassed. SIFAR (military intelligence) dossiers emphasized unfavorablesignificance. SIFAR dossiers routinely deposited at CIA HQs. SIFAR planedmicrophones in Papal apartments and President's Rome residence. Operation ordered byde Lorenzo at request of CIA station chief Colby. Some years earlier Rome CIA stationchief Thomas Karamessines had asked General de Lorenzo, then head of SIFAR, fordossiers on [left-leaning] politicians and in particular for Moro's circle of collaborators.Willan, P. (1991). Puppetmasters, pp. 35-7

Italy, 1960-70. General de Lorenzo, whose SIFAR became SID, implemented newGladio project to neutralize subversive elements. Known as parallel SID, it reached intonearly every institution. Group set up at request of Americans and NATO. Knights of

Malta, as well as freemasonry, and its most notorious lodge - Propaganda Due, or P-2, farmore influential. Licio Gelli, a knight. Joined U.S. Army's CIC. To ferret out dissidents,they prepared watch lists on thousands. 157,000 files found in Ministry of Interior. CIAobtained duplicates. Covert Action Information Bulletin (Quarterly), Summer 1994, p. 24

Italy, 1960-70. Operation Solo - a planned coup against a leftist government did not occur- but it was based on Operation Gladio. Giovanni de Lorenzo, as chief of secret services,compiled dossiers, including tapes and photos, on some 150,000 people - priests,



politicians and unionists. He drew up plan to arrest many politicians, take over radio andTV, seize offices and newspapers of left-wing parties. De Lorenzo was organizing aduplicate of Operation Gladio in case left gained too much power. "Statewatch"compilation, filed June 1994

Latin America: Death Squads

Latin America, labor. AIFLD collected detailed information about Latin American laborleaders under pretext surveys necessary for AID-financed worker's housing projects.AIFLD able obtain personal and political history union members, with address andphotos. Given CIA role in Chile, Uruguay and Brazil coups, among others, it probablethis information passed to military regimes and their secret police. DL p. 238 fromLernoux, P. (1982). Cry of the People. pp. 212, 220

Liaison, 1960. Target lists maintained by all Western Hemisphere division stations.Maintain in case local government asks for assistance in preventive detention of dangerous persons. Agee, P. (1975). Inside the Company: CIA Diary, p. 114

Latin America. CIA organizes right wing terrorist organizations that attack andassassinate leftist politicians and others without implicating foreign governments. Groupsinclude "La Mano Blanco" and "Ojo Por Ojo" (Guatemala), "La Banda" (Dominicanrepublic), and "Death Squad" (Brazil). Counterspy, 3/1973, p. 4

Latin America. CIA trained assassination groups such as Halcones in Mexico, the ManoBlanca in Guatemala, and the Escuadron de la Muerte in Brazil. NACLA (magazine reLatin America) 8/1974, p. 11

Latin America, 1953-84. The activities of the death squads, formed under CIAsponsorship in 1954 Are loosely controlled by an international organization known as La

Mano Blanco (the White Hand). The front group is the CAL, Latin American Anti-communist Federation, the Latin American affiliate of the World Anti-communistLeague. Jack Anderson, Washington Post, 1/13/1984

Latin America. Terrorist groups created in most countries. Groups such as "La ManoBlanco" attack and assassinate leftist politicians and others feared by militarygovernments, doing so without implicating police or military. CIA implicated in attemptsto organize the right into terrorist organizations. Counterspy, __/1973, p. 4

Latin America, 1960-95. Colonel Alpirez accused killer of American innkeeper andguerrilla leader, graduated from School of Americas in 1989. Other notable alumniinclude: Manuel Noriega and Omar Torrijos, former Panamanian strongmen; Roberto

D'Aubuisson, leader of Salvadoran death squads; Roberto Viola and Leopoldo Galtieri,leaders of argentine dirty war; Michael Francois, former Haitian police chief; 19 of 27Salvadoran officers cited for murder of six Jesuit priests; 10 of 12 Salvadoran officersinvolved in El Mozote massacre; 105 of 247 Colombian officers cited for human rightsviolations in 1992; and, former dictators of Bolivia, Ecuador, and Peru. Time. 4/10/1995,p. 20



Latin America, 1976. An Argentinean told Scherrer, legal attache (FBI) Santiago, thatOperation Condor, a nascent program among military intelligence services of some LatinAmerican countries designed to locate and eliminate one another's fugitive terrorists andexiled dissidents. Ambitious leader of Chilean DINA trying to institutionalize process.Branch, T. and Proper, E. (1983). Labyrinth, p. 123

Latin America, Operation Condor, Paraguay, 1970-92. 12/1992 a Paraguayan judge in apolice station found documentary history of decades of repression and U.S. intelligencecooperation with Paraguay and other regional dictatorships. Archives detail fates of hundreds, possibly thousands, of Latin Americans secretly kidnapped by right-wingregimes of the 1970s. Paper trail revealing elusive conspiracy among security services of Argentina, Bolivia, Brazil, Chile, Paraguay and Uruguay to eliminate foes without regardto borders. Sketchy outlines of Operation Condor, can be partially filled in. Some of documents already disappeared. Finders had unearthed jumbled mountain of papersoutlining police and military intelligence activities during recently overthrown Stroessnerregime. HQs of Paraguayan technical police revealed more documents. 4 tons records.Data confirmed arrest and killing of politicians and exchange of prisoners with

Argentina, Chile and Uruguay. Discovered documents a bombshell that led to arrest of some of Stroessner's old regime. Southern Cone repression killed 50,000, disappeared30,000 - the majority in Argentina and 400,000 imprisoned. U.S. gave inspiration,financing and technical assistance for repression. CIA's technical services division(TSD), provided electrical torture equipment. Covert Action Information Bulletin(Quarterly), Fall 1994, pp. 7-13

Lain America, 1993. James Carroll wrote editorial about U.S. Army's School of Americas in Fort Benning. It is "the U.S. school that teaches militaries how to torture."Among renowned alumni are various Latin American strongmen, including dictators inBolivia, Argentina, El Salvador and Panama. In Peru 6 of army officers charged with

recent murders of 9 students were School of Americas alumni. In Honduras, 4 of thehigh-ranking officers who helped create "Battalion 316" death squad graduated from theschool. In Columbia, the list of officers designated by human rights organizations asworst offenders reads like an honor roll from Fort Benning. In El Salvador, 2 of 3 officerscited for the assassination of Archbishop Romero, 3 of 5 convicted of killing 3 Maryknollnuns and their lay associate, and 19 of the 26 officers implicated by United Nations."Truth Commission" investigation of murder of Jesuits, were graduates. "For decadesalumni of the School of Americas have helped fill morgues and mass graves of an entirecontinent." Colonel Louis Michel Francois has been most closely linked to Haiti deathsquads, and he is an alumni of the school just as is General Raoul Cedars one of thoseCIA agents. Z Magazine, 2/1994, p. 24

Mexico: Death Squads

Mexico, 1957-89. The Mexican DFS (Federal Security Directorate) like many Western-hemisphere intelligence organizations was creation of CIA. DFS has state of the artcomputer and records systems. Through DFS CIA able to keep tabs on all embassies inMexico City. DFS works closely with U.S. In the suppression of leftists and politicalparties. In early 1970s, Nazar created the Brigada Blanca, a right-wing death squad thatkilled hundreds, probably thousands of Mexican students and political activists. Zacaris



Osorio Cruz, a member of death squad, testified in Canada that, between 1977-82, he partof team that killed between 60-150 people. Penthouse, 12/1989

Mexico, 1977-89. U.S. looked the other way when Nazar, head of DFS used his infallible(interrogation) techniques on behalf American agencies while he carried out hundreds,perhaps thousands of political executions of Mexican leftists and political dissidents. DFS(Federal Security Directorate) administering drug traffic. Penthouse, 12/1989

Nicaragua: Watch List

Joseph Adams, a former Marine intelligence officer, who served as chief of security forAldolfo Calero, helped maintain a list of civilians marked for assassination when Contraforces entered Nicaragua. The Progressive, 3/1987, p. 24

Nicaragua: Death Squads

Nicaragua, 1983-89. Enrique Bermudez, a Contra leader, said in Contra raids oneconomic targets in northern Nicaragua, particularly coffee plantations and farming

cooperatives, any resistance brought brutal retribution. Commandantes in field authorizedto select those to die. Bermudez ordered prisoners to have throats cut rather than wastebullets. Terrell, J., and Martz, R. (1992). Disposable Patriot, p. 149

Nicaragua, 1985-89. "Death squad" reports re Sandinistas first circulated by the CIA-funded Puebla Institute in 1991 as coming from the UN and OAS. When checked out,this proved to be not true. Unclassified, 9/1992, p. 14

Nicaragua, circa 1940-79. Under name Anti-Communist League Nicaragua. Conservativeestimates say 30,000 died four decades prior 1978-79 civil war. Lernoux, P. (1982). Cryof the People. pp. 81, 94

Norway: Watch List

Norway, 1947-90. Operation Gladio, formed in 1947, kept track of communists andbecame part of intelligence service in 1948. Norwegian branch exposed in 1978, when anarms cache discovered. "Statewatch" compilation filed June 1994, p. 12

Panama: Watch List

Panama, 1989-90. U.S. says 90 prisoners now held in Panama. Most of those detainedhad been picked up by U.S. Forces based on wanted lists compiled by U.S. andPanamanian authorities. Washington Post, 1/19/1990, A16

Panama, 1989. Several hundred people on list Endarra government seeks to detain. Theyarrested by U.S. troops. Most political activists and labor leaders were wanted. TheNation, 1/29/1990, p. 115

Paraguay: Watch List

Paraguay, 1972-83. The Paraguayan government expelled an author and released adocument supplied by the U.S. Embassy. The document, marked secret, includes the



author among a list of Paraguayans said to have visited the USSR bloc. Washington Post2/5/1983, A1,21

Philippines: Death Squads

Philippines. Article "Death Squads in the Philippines," by Doug Cunningham. Covert

Action Information Bulletin (Quarterly), Winter 1988 pp. 22-3

Philippines. Military used hunter killer unit called scout rangers to find enemy and eitherattack or report back to battalion combat teams. Blaufarb, D.S. (1977). TheCounterinsurgency Era, p. 28

Philippines. Probable U.S. support for vigilante death squads in the Philippines. Used incoordination with other programs making up a total low intensity conflict profile.National Reporter, Fall 1987, pp. 24-30

Philippines, 1950-54. Military man who helped Lansdale was Charles Bohannan andLansdale's chief Filipino associate was Colonel Napoleon Valeriano whose "skull

squadrons" beheaded suspected Huks. Karnow, S. (1989). In Our Image, p. 350

Philippines, 1969-83. Marcos' land reform failed and he approved creation of "Monkees"a group used to intimidate and even murder Marcos' rivals. Karnow, S. (1989). In OurImage. p.378

Philippines, 1973-83. In Philippines 1,166 persons were killed from 1972-83. Humanrights groups say most of victims were opponents of President Marcos. Washington Post,4/12/1984, A21

Philippines, 1986-87. "Vigilante Terror" a report of CIA-inspired death squads in thePhilippines. National Reporter, Fall 1987, pp. 24-31

Philippines, 1986. See chapter "Direct U.S. Role in Counterinsurgency." includes psywaroperations, vigilante and death squads. USIA anti-communist campaign of distributingfilms and written materials. Film "Amerika" shown. Use of Asian-American Free LaborInstitute Operations. In 1985, AAFLI spent up to $4 million on organizational efforts, themoney coming from the National Endowment for Democracy (NED). Bello, W. (1987).U.S. Sponsored Low Intensity Conflict in the Philippines

Philippines, March 1986. Reagan signs finding increasing CIA involvement in Philippinecounterinsurgency operations. New Aquino government is allegedly perpetrating a purgeof opposition, carried out by more than 50 death squads. Ramsey Clark, who investigated

death squad activity in 1987, wrote in June that "the victims of vigilante violence areoverwhelmingly poor farmers, workers, slum dwellers, and others who are pushing forsignificant land reform, wage increases and protection workers' rights, as well as thosewho oppose U.S. military bases." Upsurge in death squad activities are coincident withincreased CIA aid and was preceded by visit to Philippines by Maj. Gen. John Singlaub.The Nation, 9/19/1987, pp. 259-60

Puerto Rico: Watch List



Puerto Rico. FBI has institutionalized repression. It created "subversive" lists with namesof more than 150,000 "independentistas" who often find themselves thrown out of work.FBI agents organized and trained death squads within the Puerto Rican police departmentNACLA (magazine re Latin America), 8/1990, p. 5

Puerto Rico: Death Squads

Puerto Rico, 1978. "Puerto Rico's Death Squad Requiem on Cerro Maravilla: the PoliceMurders in Puerto Rico and the U.S. Government Cover-up." A book by Manuel Suarezreviewed in the Progressive, 12/1988, pp. 40-42

Russia: Watch List

Russia, 1994. FBI to open Moscow office with an eye on nuclear trafficking. FBI hasabout 20 posts abroad at U.S. Embassies with its agents serving as legal attaches. Theyrange in size from one agent to as many as eight, plus support staff. FBI director Freehsaid the FBI working to set up joint police/intelligence data base with authorities inRussia and Germany. Washington Times, 5/26/1994, A3

South Africa: Watch List

South Africa, 1962. A tip from a paid CIA informant led to 1962 arrest of NelsonMandela leader of the African National Congress. A CIA officer claimed "we haveturned Mandela over to the South African security branch." Washington Post, 6/11/1990,A18

South Africa: Death Squads

South Africa. Article, "South African Death Squad Plot: A Missing Piece to a Puzzle theMedia Won't Solve," by Jane Hunter. Extra, 11/1992, p. 26 South Africa. See article

"South African Death Squads." Covert Action Information bulletin (Quarterly) Summer1990, pp. 63-66

South Africa, 1980-89. Details of South Africa's death squads by a former police CaptainDirk Coetzee. Group tracked and killed ANC activists in Swaziland, Botswana andLesotho. Newsweek, 11/27/1989, p. 56

South Africa, 1980-90. Apartheid's fiercest warriors in 1980s were South Africa's armyspecial forces, police force known as Koevoet (crowbar), and Portuguese-speaking"buffalo" battalion who ran a campaign of assassination and sabotage against the AfricanNational Congress. Newsweek, 9/14/1992, p. 45

South Africa, 1991-92. 75 COSATU (labor union) members killed during past two yearsby security forces. Many other attacks. Briarpatch magazine (Canada), 10/1992, pp. 55-6

South Africa, 1992. Slaughter in South Africa. Newsweek 9/21/1992, p. 57

South America: Watch List



South America, 1970-79. U.S. Legal attache Buenos Aires, FBI agent Robert Scherrer,sent cable to D.C. Describing operation. Operation Condor the code-name for collection,exchange and storage intelligence re leftists, communists and Marxists. Establishedbetween cooperating intelligence services in South America to eliminate Marxistactivities. Operation provided for joint operation against targets in member

countries...third and secret phase of operation involves formation of special teams frommember countries who travel anywhere in world to carry out sanctions up toassassination against terrorists from member countries. Special team from OperationCondor could be sent to locate and surveil target. When located, a second team would besent to carry out sanction. 1979 Senate Report, based on CIA files, says "such a phasethree operation planned in 1974 and planned on killing 3 European leftists" - one Carlos.Plot foiled when CIA discovered it and warned host countries - France and Portugal. U.S.military officers sent under auspices of AID oversaw formation of technical police. Onefolder of archives has correspondence between Paraguayan ministers and U.S. ArmyColonel Robert Thierry, who was serving as "public administration adviser," whosupervised formation of the technical police. Letters from FBI agent Scherrer advising

Paraguayan police re targets. CIA also worked with Paraguayans. Deputy DCI, VernonWalters, visited country in 1976 who apparently approved abortive effort to get falsepassports for 2 Chilean DINA agents - Armando Fernandez and Michael Townley - whoen route to U.S. To assassinate Orlando Letelier. The case of Eugenio Berios. CovertAction Information Bulletin (Quarterly) 12, 57, 8, 9

South America: Death Squads

South America, 1976. Letelier killed by right wing Cuban exiles called "Gusanos" whoare paid and trained by CIA and "Chilean Gestapo" DINA. Gusanos regularly engage interrorism against Cuba and Latin American and Caribbean countries. Tactics includeblowing up airplanes, embassies, fishing boats, and kidnappings. Gusanos connected with

police of other right wing governments such as Venezuela. Certain gusano operationsdirected by CIA; Other unilateral operations of DINA. Counterspy, 12/1976, p. 10

Syria: Watch List

Syria, 1949. Following CIA coup of March 1949 CIA officer reported over "400Commies" arrested. Middle East Journal 57

Syria, 1949. The Husni Za'im coup of 30 March result of guarantee CIA that once firmlyin power, the U.S. would give de facto recognition with de jure to follow in a few daysand pointed out targets to be seized. Gave him a list of all politicians who might be ableto rally resistance. Copeland, M. (1989). The Game Player, p. 94

Thailand: Death Squads

Thailand, 1965. Death squads. Lobe, T. (1977). United States national security policy andaid to the Thailand police 67-70

Thailand, 1973-76. General Saiyut Koedphon, deputy head of CSOC and close ally of CIA, admitted that CIA was collaborating with a variety of Thai security agencies,including CSOC. Similarly, deputy director of police, Withun Yasawat, said he was



receiving CIA advice and reports as late as 1974. American indoctrination of CSOC andborder patrol police during 1960's produced U.S. desired objectives. "Nawaophon"created ISOC officers who in turn has close contacts with CIA, employed covert tacticsto search out "subversive elements" within the Thai population. Counterspy, Summer1980, p. 14

Thailand, 1973-76. The Krathin Daeng (Red Guars), were groups of rightist students withpolice support that had over 100,000 members including government employees,soldiers, policemen, etc. Group received support and assistance from the internal securitycommand (where CIA had a presence) and the Thai Santiban aka Special Branch. TheRed Guars implicated in numerous bombings, killings, shooting and harassment of laborleaders, peasant leaders, etc. Indochina Resource Center Study, 1/1977

Thailand, 1976. A high-ranking official of Seni Pramoj government told a foreign visitorfew weeks before October 6 coup, both Nawapon and the Red Gaurs were being financedby CIA. Counterspy, 12/1976, p. 52

Thailand, 1976. Over 10,000 students, professors, political figures, labor and farm leadersarrested since coup. U.S. military aid increased. New junta used CIA-trained forces tocrush student demonstrators during coup. 2 right-wing terrorist squads suspected forassassinations tied directly to CIA operations. Bulletin of Concerned Asian Scholars, v9#3, 9/1977, p. 2

Thailand, 1976. Red Gaurs, an organization of the extreme right, staged provocationsagainst progressive students and assassinations of activists of farmers' federation of Thailand. The number of assassinations by right wingers soared in April 1976 duringparliamentary elections. Defense minister Pramarn Adireksan, leader of right wing ThaiNational party, openly proclaimed the slogan "the right kill the left." Syrokonski. (1983).International Terrorism and the CIA, p. 117-118

Thailand, 1976. Thai border police, element of police most involved in counterinsurgencyand which CIA concentrated most of its efforts, carried out an assault by fire againstessentially unarmed students, killing at least 100. Counterspy, 12/1976, p. 52

Turkey: Watch List

Turkey, 1971. Coup carried out by counter-guerrilla, the CIA, the Turkey military andTurkish military intelligence (MIT). CIA solely interested in protecting Americaninterests. CIA assisted MIT in 1960-69 in drafting plans for mass arrests of oppositionfigures similar to the pattern followed in Thailand, Indonesia and Greece. In single nightgenerals ordered 4000 professors, students, teachers and retired officers arrested. Theytortured. Counterspy, 4/1982, p. 25

Uruguay: Watch List

Uruguay. CIA agent associated with death squads. Every CIA station maintainedsubversive control watch list of most important left wing activists. Gave names familiesand friends. Frankovich, A. (1980). On Company Business. TV transcript, 5/9/1980, pp.51-3



Uruguay, liaison, 1964. Biographical data and photos. Uruguay has national voterregistration that effective identity card system. From liaison service CIA station gets fullname, date and place of birth, parents names, address, place of work, etc. and id photos.Information invaluable for surveillance operations, for subversive control watch list andfor a variety of other purposes. CID-361

Uruguay: Death Squads

Uruguay, 1970-72. CIA operations officer used cover of AID public safety advisor tohelp set up Department of Information and Intelligence (DII). DII served as a cover fordeath squad. Counterspy, 5/1979, p. 10

USSR: Watch List

USSR, 1990 KGB Chairman Vladimir Kryuchkov said KGB to protect against anti-Communist forces. Said western intelligence exploiting current instability in USSR."Certain radical movements being masterminded by foreign support. Certain groups hadwritten "blacklists" of people who must be neutralized. Washington Post, 12/12/1990,A18,20

USSR, 1990. KGB's Kryuchkov accuses CIA and other western intelligence agencies of gathering information on workers' movements. Washington Post, 12/23/1990, A1,22

USSR, East Germany, 1949-57. League of Free Jurists (UFJ) kept a blacklist of offendersagainst justice - particularly lawyers and police - and published their activities. Namedwere marked men, whether they came to West as refugees or as accreditedrepresentatives of East Germans. Hagan, L. (1969). The Secret War for Europe, p. 200

USSR, Iran, 1982. Vladimir Kuzichkin, a senior KGB officer in Tehran, defected to the

British. CIA had a sharing agreement with MI6 and became privy to contents of twotrunks full of documents. From those documents CIA prepared name lists of more thanone hundred people, mostly Iranians, working as secret agents in Iran for the USSR.Casey allowed this list be handed to the Iranians - who executed them. Persico, J. (1991).Casey, p. 301

Vietnam: Watch List

Vietnam, 1965-68. U.S./Government of Vietnam create list of active NLF forassassination. After 1968 Tet offensive, names centralized to Phoenix coordinators.Collect names of tens of thousands NLF suspects. Military operations such as My Lai usePhoenix intelligence. By 1973, Phoenix generates 300,000 political prisoners in South

Vietnam. Counterspy, May 1973, p. 22

Vietnam, 1965-70. Details re Vietnam. From 1965-68 U.S. and Saigon intelligenceservices maintained an active list of Viet Cong cadre marked for assassination. Phoenixprogram for 1969 called for "neutralizing" 1800 a month. About one third of Viet Congtargeted for arrest had been summarily killed. Security committees established inprovincial interrogation centers to determine fate of Viet Cong suspects, outside of judicial controls. Green Berets and Navy Seals most common recruits for Phoenix



program. Green Beret Detachment B-57 provided administrative cover for otherintelligence units. One was Project Cherry, tasked to assassinate Cambodian officialssuspected of collaborating with North Vietnamese, KGB. Another was Project Oak targeted against South Vietnamese suspected collaborators. They controlled by SpecialAssistant for Counterinsurgency and Special Activities, which worked with CIA outside

of General Abrams's control. Stein. J. (1992). A Murder In Wartime, pp. 360-1

Vietnam, 1967-73 CIA developed Phoenix program in 1967 to neutralize: kill, capture ormake defect Viet Cong infrastructure. Viet Cong infrastructure means civilians suspectedof supporting Communists. Targeted civilians not soldiers. Phoenix also called PhungHoang by Vietnamese. Due process totally nonexistent. South Vietnamese who appearedon black lists could be tortured, detained for 2 years without trial or killed. Valentine, D.(1990). The Phoenix Program, p. 13

Vietnam, 1967-73 District Intelligence Operations Coordination Center (DIOCC). DienBan center a model for all of Phoenix. Bldg 10' x 40'. Manned by two U.S. Soldiers, 2Census Grievance, one Rural Development cadre, and one Special Branch. DIOCC

intelligence clearinghouse to review, collate, and disseminate information. Immediatelocal reaction. Americans kept files of sources, Viet Cong infrastructure and order of battle. Reaction forces 100 police, 1 PRU unit, guides from census grievance. Marinesscreened civilian detainees using informants and DIOCC's blacklist. Valentine, D.(1990). The Phoenix Program, p.126

Vietnam, 1968-69. Until late 1968, Saigon had run a program under which 500,000 IDcards were issued. Viet Cong made fake ones and many stolen. Viet Cong during Tetassigned teams to go door-to-door to collect them. Saigon reissued cards in 10/1968. By 1May 1969, number of cards issued was 1.5 million. Adams, S. (1994). War of Numbers,p. 181

Vietnam, 1968. Phoenix program quota of 1800 neutralizations per month. Viet CongInfrastructure System (VCIS) fed 3000 names Viet Cong infrastructure into computer atCombined Intelligence Center political order of battle section. Beginning of computerized blacklist. In Saigon DIA, FBI and CIA used computers. Until 1970computerized blacklist a unilateral American operation. Valentine, D. (1990). ThePhoenix Program, 259

Vietnam, 1968. U.S. advisors worked with Government of Vietnam counterparts toestablish a list of those who were active with the NLF and who were vulnerable toassassination. Counterspy, 5/1973, p. 21

Vietnam: Death Squads

Vietnam. Counterterror teams aka Provincial Reconnaissance Units (PRU). Six or dozenmen carried out carefully planned forays, capturing or killing identified communists.Blaufarb, D.S. (1977). The Counterinsurgency Era, pp. 210-11

Vietnam, 1960-93. Montagnards recruited in early 1960s by Special Forces to fight VietCong. Did not surrender until 1992, when they yielded weapons to UN forces inCambodia and brought to U.S. About 600 live in North Carolina. Paul Campbell, former



SF who first American to recruit them. Kay Reibold head of Vietnam highlandsassistance project. Montagnards live in small apartments around Raleigh with low-paying jobs. In 10/1961 Campbell, then a SF Sergeant, sent by CIA to recruit Montagnards. Theyto form village security, but soon being used for long-range reconnaissance and in highlymobile strike forces that hunted Viet Cong for weeks at a time. "We killed many

Vietnamese." Article by W. Booth. Washington Post, 12/27/1993

Vietnam, 1965. CIA station helped create census grievance units. CIA funded, trainedand guided counter terror teams who per Chief of Station de Silva, were "to bring dangerand death to Viet Cong functionaries." Corn, D. (1994). Blond Ghost: Ted Shackley andthe CIA's Crusades, p. 175

Vietnam, 1966-71. Phoenix operation designed to help U.S. military reach crossoverpoint, where dead and wounded exceeded Viet Cong's ability to field replacements. InApril 1967, President Johnson announced formation of Civil Operations andRevolutionary Development Support (CORDS) for pacification. Robert Komer as deputycommander of MACV-CORDS. CORDS budget about $4 billion from 1968-71. CORDS

the management structure for pacification programs. Personnel both military and civilian.By 1971, 3000 servicemen, advisers to ARVN, placed under CORDS. 1200 civilians by1971. U.S. AID responsible for material aid. State and USIA also provided personnel.But CIA played the crucial role. CORDS reinstated civic action teams under nameRevolutionary Development cadre. RD program formed teams of 59 South Vietnamese,divided into 3 11-man security squads and 25 civic action cadres. Teams to spend 6months in a village to fulfill "Eleven criteria and 98 works for pacification." 1.Annihilation of ...cadre; 2. Annihilation of wicked village dignitaries; etc. System placed40,000 two-way radios in villages. Land reform failed. (Photos of Phoenix propagandamaterial). Teams helped create Regional and Popular Forces (RF/PFs). Ruff-puffs,suffered high casualties. They represented half of South Vietnamese government forces,

they had 55-66% of casualties. They inflicted 30% of Communist casualties.Underground paramilitary effort called Phoenix, which included a "census grievance,"stay-behind. He actually a spy. All information fed into intelligence coordination andexploitation program. Vietnamese at Komer's request set up staff that, with CIA, wasresponsible for coordinating intelligence reports on Viet Cong Infrastructure. Informationfrom census grievance, military, police reports. paramilitary units, including CIA'sProvincial Reconnaissance Units and ruff-puffs. Arrestees - those not killed whencaptured - taken to Provincial Interrogation Centers (PIC). Also regional prisons and anational center. All financed by CIA. Problems of coordination and jealousy. Numericalquotas created saying how many VCI to be eliminated each month. Torture used inquestioning. Manning, R., (ed), (1988). War in the Shadows: the Vietnam Experience, pp.

55-65

Vietnam, 1966. In 1966 recycled counter terrorists called Provincial ReconnaissanceUnits (PRU) and managed by CIA officer in CORDS RDC/O Office. Valentine, D.(1990). The Phoenix Program, p. 117

Vietnam, 1968. CIA issued two handbooks in June 1968. One "the Viet Cong KeyOrganization From Central Level Down to Village and Hamlet Levels." Second a manualof procedures from Saigon to DIOCCs. One report said "as DIOCCs and PIOCCs have



Karl Wolff

Yes

Do you have any ancestors who were not Jews?

No

Then I can’t help you.

Wolff continued:

An open grave had been dug and they had to jump into this and lie face downwards. Andsometimes when one or two rows had alreadybeen shot, they had to lie on top of the peoplewho had already been shot and then they wereshot from the edge of the grave.

Shirokaya St. POW camp in Minsk

And Himmler had never seen dead peoplebefore and in his curiosity he stood right up atthe edge of this open grave – a sort of triangular hole – and was looking in.



While he was looking in, Himmler had the deserved bad luck that from one or other of the people who had been shot in the head he got a splash of brains on his coat, and I think it also splashed into his face and he went very green and pale – he wasn’t actually sick,but he was heaving and turned round and swayed and then I had to jump forward and

hold him steady and then I led him away from the grave.

After the shooting was over, Himmler gathered the shooting squadin a semi-circle around him and, standing up in his car, so that hewould be a little higher and be able to see the whole unit, he made aspeech.

Journal of policebattalion 322 - The

Viennese policebattalion was

involved in thearrest and shootingof 916 Jews in the

Minsk ghetto

He had seen for himself how hard the task which they had to fulfilfor Germany in the occupied areas was, but however terrible it allmight be, even for him as a mere spectator, and how much worse itmust be for them, the people who had to carry it out, he could not

see any way round it.

They must be hard and stand firm. He could not relieve them of thisduty, he could not spare them.

In the interests of the Reich, in this hopefully Thousand Year Reich,in its first decisive great war after the take-over of power, they mustdo their duty however hard it may seem.

He appealed to their sense of patriotism and their readiness tomake sacrifices.

Then he drove off and he left this police unit to sort out the future for themselves, to seeif and how far they could come to terms with this – within themselves, because for someit was shock which lasted their whole lives.

Von dem Bach-Zelewski claims to have lectured Himmlerafter the Minsk executions, telling him that the firing squadwere now ruined for life, that they were destined to becomeeither nervous wrecks or ruffians.

Von dem Bach-Zelewski

After the speech Himmler, Nebe, von dem Bach and Wolff inspected an insane asylum at Novinki. Himmler orderedNebe to end the suffering of these people as soon as possible

At the same time Himmler asked Nebe “to turn over in hismind” various other killing methods more humane thanshooting. Nebe asked permission to try out dynamite on thementally ill people.



Von dem Bach and Wolff protested that the sick people were not guinea pigs, butHimmler decided in favour of the attempt. Much later Nebe confided to von dem Bachthat the dynamite had been tried on the inmates with woeful results.

Sources:

The Field Men by French L. MacLean, published by Schiffer Military History Atglen PA1999The Final Solution by G. Reitlinger – Vallentine Mitchell &Co Ltd 1953.The Holocaust – The Jewish Tragedy by Sir Martin Gilbert published by Collins London1986.The Destruction of the European Jews by Raul Hilberg, published by Holmes and Meier,New York 1985.Wiener Library, London

Declassified archives document ties between CIA and Nazis

On June 6, 2006 the US national archives released some 27,000 pages of secret recordsdocumenting the CIA’s Cold War relations with former German Nazi Party members and

officials.

The files reveal numerous cases of German Nazis, some clearly guilty of war crimes,receiving funds, weapons and employment from the CIA. They also demonstrate that USintelligence agencies deliberately refrained from disclosing information about thewhereabouts of Adolf Eichmann in order to protect Washington’s allies in the post-warWest German government headed by Christian Democratic leader Konrad Adenauer.

Eichmann, who had sent millions to their deaths while coordinating the Nazis’ “finalsolution” campaign to exterminate European Jewry, went into hiding in Buenos Airesafter the fall of the Third Reich. Utilizing friendly contacts in the Catholic Church and the

Peron government in Argentina, Eichmann was able to reside in the South Americancountry for 10 years under the alias of Ricardo Klement. He was abducted in 1960 byMossad, Israel’s foreign intelligence agency, put on trial in Israel and executed in 1962.

The documents show that the CIA was in possession of Eichmann’s pseudonym twoyears before the Mossad raid. The CIA received this information in 1958 from the WestGerman government, which learned of Eichmann’s alias in 1952. Both the CIA and theBonn government chose not to disclose this information to Israel because they wereconcerned that Eichmann might reveal the identities of Nazi war criminals holding high



office in the West German government, particularly Adenauer’s national security adviserHans Globke.

When Eichmann was finally brought to trial, the US government used all available meansto protect its West German allies from what he might reveal. According to thedeclassified documents, the CIA pressured Life magazine into deleting references toGlobke in portions of Eichmann’s memoirs that it chose to publish.

In addition to the revelations regarding Eichmann, the documents chronicle the CIA’screation of “stay-behind” intelligence networks in southwestern Germany and Berlin,labeled “Kibitz” and “Pastime,” respectively. The Kibitz ring involved several former SSmembers. In the early 1950s, the CIA provided these groups with money,communications equipment and ammunition so that they could serve as intelligenceassets in the event of a Soviet invasion of West Germany.

The CIA documents were reviewed by Timothy Naftali, a historian with the NationalArchives Interagency Working Group, the government body that oversaw their

declassification and release.According to an article published by Naftali,the stay-behindprogram was dissolved “in the wake of public concerns in West Germany about theresurgence of Neo-Nazi Groups.” Specifically, the Kibitz-15 group, led by an“unreconstructed Nazi,” became a potential source of public embarrassment for the US,as its members were broadly involved in Neo-Nazi activity. [1]

The CIA terminated the program by 1955 and arranged for many of its contacts to beresettled in Canada and Australia. According to the documents, Australia provided fundsfor relocation while the CIA provided its ex-assets with a “resettlement bonus.”

The CIA employed Gustav Hilger, a former adviser to Nazi Foreign Minister Joachimvon Ribbentrop. As an employee of the German foreign office, Hilger was present at the

negotiation of the Stalin-Hitler pact in 1939. The CIA deemed his experience with theUSSR sufficiently valuable to free him from incarceration at Fort Meade in Maryland andemploy him as an intelligence evaluator in West Germany.

In 1948, Hilger moved to the United States and obtained a position at the CIA’s K Streetbuilding in Washington as a researcher and expert on the USSR. Hilger eventually leftthe CIA to work for the West German foreign office.

According to a paper analyzing the CIA documents published by Robert Wolfe, a formersenior archivist at the US National Archives, “it is beyond dispute that Hilger criminallyassisted in the genocide of Italy’s Jews.... During the roundup of Italian Jews in late 1943,a note signed ‘Hilger’ recorded Ribbentrop’s concurrence that the Italians be asked tointern the Jews in concentration camps in Northern Italy, in lieu of immediatedeportation. The SS intended thereby that the Italian Jews and their potential Italianprotectors should believe that internment in Italy was the final destination, rather thaneventual deportation to the murder mills in Poland to be immediately murdered orgradually worked to death. The stated purpose of this ruse was to minimize the number of Italian Jews who would go into hiding to avoid deportation to Poland” [2]



In another instance, the CIA employed Tscherim Soobzokov, a former Nazi gendarmeand Waffen SS lieutenant, who, according to a paper published by Interagency WorkingGroup Director of Historical Research Richard Breitman, “participated in an executioncommando [combat group detailed to executing Jews and Communists en masse] and hadsearched North Caucasian villages for Jews.”

Soobzokov was employed by the CIA for seven years. Over this period, he repeatedlyused his intelligence contacts to avoid investigation by the FBI and the US Immigrationand Naturalization Service (INS) in regard to his complicity in war crimes.

According to Breitman’s paper, CIA examiners noted that Soobzokov was an“incorrigible fabricator” who repeatedly lied about his past in order to conceal hisparticipation in criminal activity. Nevertheless, the CIA shielded him againstinvestigation, at one point sending the INS a document asserting that Soobzokov hadnever worked for the Nazis. [3]

Prior to the outbreak of war, a significant section of the American ruling elite had favored

cooperation with the Nazis as a European hedge against the spread of Bolshevism. HenryFord was notorious for his anti-Semitism and his political affinity for German Fascism,and a number of major American companies retained their business ties with the ThirdReich. Notably, IBM sold Germany the punch cards that were used to catalog the “finalsolution.” (See: “How IBM helped the Nazis IBM and the Holocaust”)

However, as one European nation after another fell before Hitler’s onslaught, the threatof German imperialist dominance in Europe spurred the American ruling class to enterthe European theater.

US imperialism mobilized popular support in its war against the Nazi regime byappealing to the democratic and anti-fascist sentiments of the American people. After the

defeat of Germany, it organized, together with its World War II allies—Britain, theSoviet Union and France—the Nuremburg trials to prosecute top Nazi officials for theircomplicity in war crimes.

However, with the start of the Cold War, the United States reversed its policy of identifying, trying and executing prominent Nazi war criminals. As is starklydemonstrated in the case of Eichmann, the knowledge possessed by many of theseindividuals made trying them inconvenient.

Regardless of its limited prosecution of upper-echelon Nazis, the United States had noqualms about recruiting Nazi Party members and war criminals into its military researchapparatus. Prominent German military developers such as Werner Von Braun andBernhard Tessmann were assimilated into the US rocketry program, while Kurt Blome, aNazi scientist who experimented on concentration camp prisoners, was employed by theUS to develop chemical weapons.

Likewise, the early stages of the Cold War saw high-level Nazi cadres drafted into the USintelligence machine and deployed in Europe, the Middle East and the Americas.According to the Department of Justice Office of Special Investigations (OSI), the bureauassigned to investigate German war criminals living within the US, at least 10,000 Nazis



entered the US between 1948 and 1952.Of the thousands of German Nazis who fled—orwere brought—to the United States, only some 100 have been prosecuted by the OSI.

Notes:

1. Timothy Naftali, “New Information on Cold War CIA Stay-Behind Operations inGermany and on the Adolf Eichmann Case” http://www.fas.org/sgp/eprint/naftali.pdf

2. Robert Wolfe, “Gustav Hilger: From Hitler’s Foreign Office to CIA Consultant”http://www.fas.org/sgp/eprint/wolfe.pdf

3. Richard Breitman, “Tscherim Soobzokov” http://www.fas.org/sgp/eprint/breitman.pdf

Gen. Reinhard Gehlen persuaded the U.S. Army and then the CIA to sponsor hisintelligence network even though he employed numerous former Nazis and known war

criminals.

http://www.gwu.edu/~nsarchiv/NSAEBB/NSAEBB146/index.htm

The CIA and Nazi War Criminals



National Security Archive Posts Secret CIA History

Released Under Nazi War Crimes Disclosure Act

National Security Archive Electronic Briefing Book No. 146

Washington D.C., February 4, 2005 - Today the National Security Archive posted theCIA's secret documentary history of the U.S government's relationship with GeneralReinhard Gehlen, the German army's intelligence chief for the Eastern Front duringWorld War II. At the end of the war, Gehlen established a close relationship with the U.S.and successfully maintained his intelligence network (it ultimately became the WestGerman BND) even though he employed numerous former Nazis and known warcriminals. The use of Gehlen's group, according to the CIA history, Forging an Intelligence Partnership: CIA and the Origins of the BND, 1945-49, was a "double edgedsword" that "boosted the Warsaw Pact's propaganda efforts" and "suffered devastatingpenetrations by the KGB." [See Volume 1: Introduction, p. xxix]

The declassified "SECRET RelGER" two-volume history was compiled by CIA historian

Kevin Ruffner and presented in 1999 by CIA Deputy Director for Operations Jack Downing to the German intelligence service (Bundesnachrichtendienst) in remembranceof "the new and close ties" formed during post-war Germany to mark the fiftieth year of CIA-West German cooperation. This history was declassified in 2002 as a result of thework of The Nazi War Crimes and Japanese Imperial Government Records InteragencyWorking Group (IWG) and contains 97 key documents from various agencies.

This posting comes in the wake of public grievances lodged by members of the IWG thatthe CIA has not fully complied with the mandate of the Nazi War Crimes Disclosure Actand is continuing to withhold hundreds of thousands of pages of documentation related totheir work. (Note 1) In interviews with the New York Times, three public members of the

IWG said:

• "I think that the CIA has defied the law, and in so doing has alsotrivialized the Holocaust, thumbed its nose at the survivors of theHolocaust and also at the Americans who gave their lives in theeffort to defeat the Nazis in World War II." - Formercongresswoman Elizabeth Holtzman

• "I can only say that the posture the CIA has taken differs from allthe other agencies that have been involved, and that's not a positionwe can accept." - Washington lawyer Richard Ben-Veniste

• "Too much has been secret for too long. The CIA has not compliedwith the statute." - Former federal prosecutor Thomas H. Baer

The IWG was established in January 11, 1999 and has overseen the declassification of about eight million pages of documents from multiple government agencies. Its mandateexpires at the end of March 2005.



The documentation unearthed by the IWG reveals extensive relationships between formerNazi war criminals and American intelligence organizations, including the CIA. Forexample, current records show that at least five associates of the notorious Nazi Adolf Eichmann worked for the CIA, 23 other Nazis were approached by the CIA forrecruitment, and at least 100 officers within the Gehlen organization were former SD or

Gestapo officers. (Note 2)

The IWG enlisted the help of key academicscholars to consult during the declassificationprocess, and these historians released their owninterpretation of the declassified material last May(2004) in a publication called US Intelligence and the Nazis. The introduction to this book emphasizes the dilemma of using former Nazis asassets:

"The notion that they [CIA, Army

Counterintelligence Corp, Gehlen organization]employed only a few bad apples will not stand upto the new documentation. Some Americanintelligence officials could not or did not want tosee how many German intelligence officials, SSofficers, police, or non-German collaborators withthe Nazis were compromised or incriminated bytheir past service… Hindsight allows us to see thatAmerican use of actual or alleged war criminalswas a blunder in several respects…there was no compelling reason to begin the postwarera with the assistance of some of those associated with the worst crimes of the war. Lack

of sufficient attention to history-and, on a personal level, to character and morality-established a bad precedent, especially for new intelligence agencies. It also brought intointelligence organizations men and women previously incapable of distinguishingbetween their political/ideological beliefs and reality. As a result, such individuals couldnot and did not deliver good intelligence. Finally, because their new, professed'democratic convictions' were at best insecure and their pasts could be used against them(some could be blackmailed), these recruits represented a potential security problem."(Note 3)

The Gehlen organization profiled in the newly posted CIA history represents one of themost telling examples of these pitfalls. Timothy Naftali, a University of Virginia

professor and consulting historian to the IWG who focused heavily on the declassifiedCIA material, highlighted the problems posed by our relationship with Gehlen: "ReinhardGehlen was able to use U.S. funds to create a large intelligence bureaucracy that not onlyundermined the Western critique of the Soviet Union by protecting and promoting warcriminals but also was arguably the least effective and secure in the North Atlantic TreatyOrganization. As many in U.S. intelligence in the late 1940s had feared would happen,the Gehlen Organization proved to be the back door by which the Soviets penetrated theWestern alliance." (Note 4)



The documents annexed in the CIA history posted today by the Archive echo theobservations of Professor Naftali. While placing much of the blame on the ArmyCounterintelligence Corps' initial approach to Gehlen, this history emphasizes the CIA'sown reluctance to adopt responsibility for Gehlen's organization, yet the documents showthe CIA ultimately embracing Gehlen.

Some of the highlights from this secret CIA documentary history include:

• A May 1, 1952 report detailing how Gehlen and his network wereinitially approached by U.S. army intelligence. (Document 6)

• Two evaluations of the Gehlen operation from October 16 and 17,1946, advising against the transfer of Gehlen's organization to CIGhands and questioning the value of the operation as a whole.(Documents 21 and 22)

• A March 19, 1948 memorandum from Richard Helms, notingArmy pressure for the CIA to assume sponsorship of the Gehlenorganization, and continued concern over the security problemsinherent in the operation. (Document 59)

• A December 17, 1948 report outlining the problems with theGehlen organization, but ultimately recommending CIAassumption of the project. (Document 72)

In answer to the question "Can we learn from history?", the IWG's consulting historiansnoted "The real question is not whether we will make use of our past to deal with thepresent, but rather how well we will do so. To do it well, we need these documents."(Note 5)

"This secret CIA history is full of documents we never would have seen under theFreedom of Information Act, because Congress in 1984 gave the CIA an exemption forits 'operational' files, on the grounds that such files were too sensitive ever to bereleased," commented Thomas Blanton, director of the National Security Archive. "TheNazi War Crimes Disclosure Act has proven this assumption false. Release of these fileshas done no damage to national security, has provided information of enormous publicinterest and historical importance, and however belatedly, has brought a measure of accountability to government operations at variance with mainstream American values."

Documents

Note: Many of the following documents are in PDF format.You will need to download and install the free Adobe Acrobat Reader to view.



Note: The following CIA history has been split into separate pdf files for each separatedocument or volume introduction, due to its large size. It includes relevant documentsfrom the CIA, Army Intelligence, and CIA predecessor organizations.

Forging and Intelligence Partnership: CIA and the Origins of the BND, 1945-49 .

Edited by Kevin C. Ruffner for CIA History Staff, Center for the Study of

Intelligence, and European Division, Directorate of Operations. 1999. Released May

2002.

Volume 1: Introduction

Volume 1: Part I - Firsthand Accounts

Document 1: Statement of Gerhard Wessel on Development of the German Organization[undated]Document 2: Statement of General Winder on the History of the Organization [undated]Document 3: Statement of Hans Hinrichs on Early History of the Organization [undated]Document 4: Statement of Heinz Danko Herre. April 8, 1953.Document 5: Statement of General Gehlen on Walter Schellenberg Story (Post DefeatResistance) [undated]Document 6: Report of Initial Contacts with General Gehlen's Organization by John R.Boker, Jr. May 1, 1952.Document 7: Statement of Lt. Col. Gerald Duin on Early Contacts with the GehlenOrganization [undated]Document 8: Report of Interview with General Edwin L. Sibert on the GehlenOrganization. March 26, 1970.Document 9: Debriefing of Eric Waldman on the US Army's Trusteeship of the GehlenOrganization during the Years 1945-1949. September 30, 1969.

Volume 1: Part II - Stunde Null

Document 10: Seventh Army Interrogation Center, "Notes on the Red Army-Intelligenceand Security." June 24, 1945.Document 11: Headquarters, Third Army Intelligence Center, Preliminary InterrogationReport, Baun, Hermann. August 16, 1945.Document 12: Captain Owen C. Campbell, Evaluation Section, to Lt. Col. Parker,Enclosing Interrogation Reports No. 5724 and 5725. August 29, 1945.Document 13: Crosby Lewis, Chief, German Mission. October 25, 1945.

Volume 1: Part III - The Vandenberg Report

Document 14: SAINT, AMZON to SAINT, Washington, "Russian Experts of GermanIntelligence Service." January 8, 1946.Document 15: Headquarters, US Forces European Theater (USFET), MilitaryIntelligence Service Center (MISC, "Operation of the Blue House Project." May 11,1946.Document 16: Headquarters, USFET, MISC, CI Consolidated Interrogation Report (CI-CIR) No. 16, "German Methods of Combating the Soviet Intelligence Service." June 3,1946.



Document 17: Headquarters, USFET, MISC, Lt. Col. John R. Deane, Jr. to AssistantChief of Staff, G-2, USFET, "Plan for the Inclusion of the Bolero Group in OperationRusty." July 2, 1946.Document 18: Lewis to Chief, Foreign Branch M (FBM), "Operation KEYSTONE."September 9, 1946, enclosing Lewis to Brigadier General Sibert, G-2, September 6, 1946.

Document 19: Maj. Gen. W.A. Burress, G-2, to Lt. Gen. Hoyt S. Vandenberg, Director of Central Intelligence, "Operation RUSTY - Use of the Eastern Branch of the formerGerman Intelligence Service." With attachments. October 1, 1946.Document 20: Lewis to Richard Helms, Acting Chief of FBM, October 8, 1946,enclosing Lewis to Donald H. Galloway, Assistant Director for Special Operations,September 22, 1946.Document 21: Draft to Deputy A, "Operation Rusty." October 16, 1946.Document 22: Galloway to DCI, "Operation Rusty," October 17, 1946, enclosingHeidelberg Field Base to Chief, IB, "Agent Net Operating in the Bamberg Area," withattachment, September 17, 1946.Document 23: DCI to Maj. Gen. Stephen J. Chamberlin, Director of Intelligence, War

Department, "Operation Rusty-Use of the Eastern Branch of the Former GermanIntelligence Service," November 20, 1946, enclosing Burress to Vandenberg, "OperationRUSTY-Use of the Eastern Branch of the Former German Intelligence Service," October1, 1946.Document 24: Col. W.W. Quinn to Galloway, "Operation RUSTY," December 19, 1946.Document 25: Helms, Memorandum for the Record, "Operation RUSTY." December 19,1946.

Volume 1: Part IV - The Bossard Report

Document 26: Cable, Special Operations to [excised]. January 31, 1947.Document 27: Cable, SO to [excised]. February 10, 1947.

Document 28: Lt. Col. Deane to the German Chief of Operation RUSTY, "Assignment of Responsibilities," February 25, 1947.Document 29: Cable, SO to Frankfurt. March 6, 1947.Document 30: Cable, Heidelberg to SO. March 11, 1947.Document 31: Report, "Operation KEYSTONE." March 13, 1947.Document 32: Cable, SO to Heidelberg. March 14, 1947.Document 33: Samuel Bossard to [Galloway]. March 17, 1947.Document 34: Memorandum to Helms, "American Intelligence Network," withattachment. March 18, 1947.Document 35: Bossard to [excised] Chief, German Mission. March 20, 1947.Document 36: Cable, Heidelberg to SO, March 21, 1947.

Document 37: Report, "American Intelligence in Bavaria." March 29, 1947.Document 38: SC, AMZON to FBM for SC, Washington, "KEYSTONE:LESHCINSKY." March 31, 1947.Document 39: Memorandum to [Galloway] and Bossard, "Evaluation of RUSTY CIReports," with attachments. April 1, 1947.Document 40: Cable, Heidelberg to SO. April 8, 1947.Document 41: [Bossard] to [Galloway]. May 5, 1947.Document 42: Bossard to DCI, "Operation Rusty." May 29, 1947.



Document 43: Galloway to DCI, "Operation RUSTY," June 3, 1947, enclosing Bossardto DCI, "Operation Rusty," with annexes, May 29, 1947.Document 44: Memorandum for [unspecified], "Operation RUSTY," with attachment,[undated]Document 45: DCI to Secretary of State, et al, "Opertation Rusty," [undated], enclosing

"Memorandum on Operation RUSTY," June 6, 1947.Document 46: Cable, Central Intelligence Group to ACS, G-2, European Command, June5, 1947.Document 47: Cable, EUCOM to CIG, June 6, 1947.Document 48: Galloway, Bossard, Memorandum for the Record, June 20, 1947.Document 49: Brig. Gen. E.K. Wright, Memorandum for the Record, June 20, 1947.Document 50: Galloway, Bossard, Helms, "Report of Meeting at War Department 26June 1947." June 26, 1947.Document 51: Bossard, "Recommendations drawn up at request of Gen. Chamberlin forthe attention of Gen. Walsh." June 27, 1947.Document 52: Cable, SO to Heidelberg, June 27, 1947.

Document 53: Cable, SO to Heidelberg, June 27, 1947.Document 54: Cable, Heidelberg to SO, July 25, 1947.Document 55: Chief of Station, Heidelberg to FBM, "RUSTY." October 1, 1947.Document 56: Headquarters, First Military District, US Army, General Orders Number54, "Organization of 7821st Composite Group." December 1, 1947.

Volume 2: Introduction

Volume 2: Part V - The Critchfield Report

Document 57: Chief of Station; Heidelberg to Chief, FBM, "Russian Newspaper Attack on American Intelligence Activities," with attachment. February 6, 1948.

Document 58: Memorandum to Helms, "Operation RUSTY," March 18, 1948.Document 59: Helms to ADSO, "Rusty," March 19, 1948.Document 60: Chief, Foreign Broadcast Information Branch to ADSO, "PRAVDAReport of US Spy Group in USSR Zone of Occupied Germany." March 30, 1948.Document 61: Chief, FBIB to ADSO, "PRAVDA Report of US Spy Group in USSRZone of Occupied Germany." March 31, 1948.Document 62: Chief, Munich Operations Base to Acting Chief of Station, Karlsruhe,"Rusty." July 7, 1948.Document 63: Acting Chief, Karlsruhe Operations Base to Chief, FBM, "RUSTY."August 19, 1948.Document 64: DCI to Chamberlin, August, 31, 1948.

Document 65: Chief of Station, Karlsruhe to Chief, FBM, "RUSTY." October 15, 1948.Document 66: Cable, SO to Karlsruhe, October 27, 1948.Document 67: [Helms] to COS, Karlsruhe, "RUSTY." November 2, 1948.Document 68: [excised] to COS, Karlsruhe, "RUSTY." November 18, 1948.Document 69: Chief, MOB [Critchfield] to Chief, FBM, "Bi-Weekly Letter," (excerpts),December 4, 1948.Document 70: Cable, SO to Karlsruhe, December 14, 1948.Document 71: Cable, Karlsruhe to SO, December 17, 1948.



Document 72: Chief, MOB [Critchfield] to Chief, OSO, "Report of Investigation-RUSTY," with annexes, (excerpts), December 17, 1948.Document 73: Galloway to DCI, "Recommendations in re Operation Rusty." December21, 1948.Document 74: Cable, SO to Munich, Karlsruhe. December 22, 1948.

Document 75: Chief, FBM to COS, Karlsruhe, "Operation Rusty." December 24, 1948.Document 76: Chief, FBM to COS, Karlsruhe, "Operation Rusty," December 28, 1948,enclosing DCI to Maj. Gen. William E. Hall, USAF, "Operation Rusty." December 22,1948.

Volume 2: Part VI - A Year of Decisions

Document 77: Maj. Gen. S. LeRoy Irwin to DCI, "Operation 'RUSTY.'" January 19,1949.Document 78: Helms, Memorandum for the Files, "Operation Rusty." February 1, 1949.Document 79: Chief, FBM to COS, Karlsruhe, "[Gehlen Organization]," February 2,1949.

Document 80: Cable, SO to Karlsruhe. February 8, 1949.Document 81: Cable, SO to Karlsruhe. February 9, 1949.Document 82: Chief, FBM to COS, Karlsruhe, "[Gehlen Organization]," February 9,1949.Document 83: Chief, FBM to COS, Karlsruhe, [untitled], February 10, 1949, enclosingAlan R McCracken, ADSO, to Irwin, "Operation Rusty." February 9, 1949.Document 84: [Critchfield] to Chief, FBM, "Letter to General Hall," with enclosures,February 10, 1949.Document 85: [Critchfield] to Chief, FBM, "[Gehlen Organization]: Procedure forHandling Funds. March 14, 1949.Document 86: Cable, SO to Karlsruhe, March 16, 1949.

Document 87: [Critchfield] to Chief, FBM, "[Gehlen Organization]: Current FinancialSituation." March 21, 1949.Document 88: Executive Officer to Chief of Operations and Chief, FBM, "[GehlenOrganization]," April 1, 1949.Document 89: [Critchfield] to Chief, FBM, "[Gehlen Organization]: Current Situation."April 18, 1949.Document 90: Robert A. Schow, ADSO to Director, CIA, "EUCOM Support for the 7821Composite Group (Operation Rusty)," April 21, 1949.Document 91: [Critchfield] to COS, Karlsruhe, "Organization and Individual SecurityProblems [Gehlen Organization] Staff," May 4, 1949.Document 92: Headquarters, EUCOM to Chief of Staff, US Army Director of

Intelligence, June 6, 1949.Document 93: [Critchfield] to Chief, FBM, "Basic Agreement with [GehlenOrganization]," June 13, 1949.Document 94: [Critchfield] to Chief, FBM, "[Gehlen Organization] General Policy," withenclosures, July 7, 1949.Document 95: [Critchfield] to Chief, FBM, "Basic Considerations in Reviewing theConcept and Mission of [Gehlen Organization]," September 21, 1949.Document 96: [Critchfield] to Chief, FBM, "[Gehlen Organization] - Schneider's



Negotiations with Third Parties," September 22, 1949, enclosing [Critchfield] to Dr.Schneider, "The Coordination and Control of Negotiations with German Political andEconomic Circles and Representatives of Western European Intelligence Services,"September 20, 1949.Document 97: [Critchfield] to Chief, FBM, "Dr. Schneider's Reply to Recent Policy

Guidance Letters," with enclosures, October 12, 1949.

Notes

1. Douglas Jehl, "CIA Said to Rebuff Congress on Nazi Files," New York Times, January30, 2005.

2. Richard Breitman, Norman Goda, Timothy Naftali, and Robert Wolfe, U.S. Intelligence and the Nazis, (Washington, DC: National Archive Trust Fund Board, 2004),377.

3.Ibid, 8-9.

4. Ibid, 406.

5. Ibid, 8.

PLO/Fatah's Nazi training was CIA-sponsored

Historical and Investigative Research - 22 July 2007

http://www.hirhome.com/israel/cia-fatah.htm

The US government has been pushing very hard to give Mahmoud Abbas’s AlFatah its own state, carved out of the Jewish state. Al Fatah (also known as 'the

PLO') was trained in the 1950s by CIA-sponsored German Nazis. These facts are

not widely known or understood.

___________________________________________________________

Table of Contents

( hyperlinked < )

< Did the US government support the creation of Israel?

< Did the US government accept the new Jewish State?

< The US sent Nazis to assist the defeated Egyptians

< Historian Timothy Naftali claims the US had nothing to do with this



< The CIA's Nazis trained Al Fatah in Egypt

___________________________________________________________

Did the US government support the creation of Israel?

_______________________________________________

Many believe that the State of Israel was created thanks to the support of the UnitedStates. But the following facts put the lie to that notion.

It is true that in 1947 the US government voted at the UN in favor of partitioning whathad been British Mandate Palestine into a Jewish and an Arab state. However, the entireState Department was opposed to the creation of a Jewish State. Why then did Trumanorder his UN ambassador to vote in favor of partition? The precipitating event seems tohave been a passionate speech by the Soviet Union's Andrei Gromyko at the UN GeneralAssembly in favor of a Jewish State. Such a speech reduced the US government'spolitical options, for it did not wish to appear in public as less antinazi than the Soviets

[see 1947-48 section].

The Israeli War of Independence (also known as the 1948 War) exploded the year afterthat because a large coalition of Arab armies launched a genocidal attack against the Jewsof what had been British Mandate Palestine. Azzam Pasha, secretary general of the ArabLeague (a British creation), announced that this would be “a war of extermination and amomentous massacre, which will be spoken of like the Mongolian massacres and theCrusades.”[1]

The US and British governments both assisted the Arab attack. The United States slappedan arms embargo on the Israeli Jews. The British government used the troops it still hadnot evacuated from the Middle East to help the Arabs. It also sent the Arab armiescaptured Nazi officers to lead the attempted genocide [see 1947-48 section].[1a] In spiteof all this, the combined Arab armies suffered a bewildering, humiliating defeat in theWar of 1948, and perhaps especially so the Egyptian army.

Did the US government accept the new Jewish State?

_______________________________________________

Historian Christopher Simpson has documented, with material obtained through theFreedom of Information Act, that immediately after 1945 the US government had begunsecretly recruiting a great multitude of Nazis, including many notorious war criminals, in

order to construct the US intelligence services [see 1945 section]. As the WashingtonPost wrote in its review of Simpson's book, “It is no longer necessary -- or possible -- todeny the fact: the U.S. government systematically and deliberately recruited active Nazisby the thousands.”[1b] The Washington Post should have written that it was tens of thousands, however.

Frank Wisner was one of the main architects of the absorption of Nazis to create theCIA.[2] Following Egypt’s defeat in the 1948 war, Simpson explains, “Frank Wisner had



dispatched his top troubleshooter to the Mideast, Kermit (‘Kim’) Roosevelt, to Cairo asearly as 1951 to open secret negotiations with Colonel Gamal Abdel Nasser and hisinsurgent Society of Free Officers,” who were getting ready to launch a coup d’état inthat country.[3]

Notice: after Egypt loses its genocidal war against Israel, the CIA sends its “toptroubleshooter.” A failed genocidal war against Israel is something to fix.

The US sent Nazis to assist the defeated Egyptians

_____________________________________________

Kermit Roosevelt reported to his superiors that there was, in his words, “a large area of agreement” with Nasser. “Nasser asked Roosevelt for aid in building up Egypt’s militaryintelligence and internal security squads,” the inferiority of which had been demonstratedby their defeat against the Israeli Jews. “So CIA director Allen Dulles turned to[Reinhard] Gehlen in 1953 for help in the Egyptian situation.”[3]

Reinhard Gehlen had spearheaded the recruitment of the Nazi infrastructure for the CIA,something he was eminently qualified to do because Gehlen had been “Hitler’s mostsenior military intelligence officer on the eastern front.”[4] In fact, Gehlen was a monster.Simpson explains that

“Gehlen derived much of his information from his role in one of the most terribleatrocities of the war: the torture, interrogation, and murder by starvation of some4 million Soviet prisoners of war. …Prisoners who refused to cooperate wereoften tortured and summarily shot. Many were executed even after they had giveninformation, while others were simply left to starve to death.”[5]

When the US government recruited Gehlen after the war, they asked him to recreate theNazi intelligence infrastructure, and this became known as the ‘Gehlen Org,’ with itsheadquarters in Pullach, West Germany, which country had become a satellite of the US.A great many of the nazis that the US recruited were not part of the ‘Gehlen Org,’because some were brought into the US as immigrants and even turned into US soldiers,while others were used as direct CIA assets in different parts of the world. But certainlythe ‘Gehlen Org’ had within it a sizeable chunk, and many of the important leaders.

Christopher Simpson writes that “at least a half dozen -- and probably more -- of his firststaff of fifty officers were former SS or SD men, including SS Obersturmführer HansSommer (who had set seven Paris synagogues to the torch in October 1941)…”[6] In theyear 2005, historian Timothy Naftali explains that “newly released information from theCIA and the Army,” as a consequence of the Nazi War Crimes Disclosure Act,

“make it possible to assess the extent of Gehlen’s recruitment of former officersof the SD [the intelligence service of the SS] and Gestapo. It turns out that it waswidespread. At least one hundred of Gehlen’s officers and agents had served withthe SD or the Gestapo, and the number may in fact be significantly higher.…some of those hired had participated in the worst atrocities committed by theNazi regime.”[7]



When, following the defeat of the Egyptians in the War of 1948, the US turned to Gehlenfor help in improving Egypt’s intelligence and military capability, Gehlen turned to OttoSkorzeny.

Skorzeny had been an enormous and tremendous Nazi -- the stereotype of the tall,golden-haired ‘Aryan’ that the führer , himself a short brunette, was always so excitedabout. Skorzeny was celebrated in the Nazi press as “Hitler’s favorite commando.” Hewas an expert in sabotage, assassination, and difficult missions behind enemy lines. In1948 he had mysteriously escaped while awaiting trial -- or perhaps not so mysteriously,given that his father-in-law Hjalmar Schacht (Hitler's Finance Minister) had his ownsentence abolished by John McCloy, the US High Commissioner in Germany. Skorzenyplayed an important postwar role in the ratline operations Odessa and Die Spinne thatspirited a great multitude of Nazis to safety.

What Gehlen wanted was for Otto Skorzeny to train the Egyptians. Skorzeny, however,was reticent, so the US government begged, promising him that his Egyptian salarywould be supplemented by a generous CIA subsidy, and that the US would cover all his

operational costs. They also sent a US general to beg in person. But Skorzeny keptplaying the prima donna, so Gehlen pressured father-in-law Hjalmar Schacht to convincehim, finally with success.[8]

Historian Timothy Naftali claims the US had nothing to do with this

________

I must make here a brief parenthesis. Much of Christopher Simpson’s information on allthis comes from Reinhard Gehlen’s own memoirs, written in the 1970s, and from whatMiles Copeland, who worked as a CIA agent in that region, asserted in one of his books.According to Timothy Naftali, writing in 2005, the documents that were more recentlyreleased with the Nazi War Crimes Disclosure Act make it doubtful that the CIA reallyled the effort to give Nazi training to the Egyptian forces. But careful: Naftali is notsaying that the new documentation has refuted the idea that Skorzeny’s Nazis trained theEgyptians; on the contrary, he asserts that “Skorzeny…[and] dozens of aging Nazis…didindeed trek to Cairo in the first years of Nasser’s regime to prepare the Arabs for battlewith the new Jewish state.” According to Naftali, however, the CIA had nothing to dowith Skorzeny.[9]

Naftali is obviously defending the US government from the implicit accusation that itwas preparing a genocidal attack against Israel, but his defense, in light of the facts, is abit strident, and I shall now list the reasons why.

First, when I consult the historian’s footnote at the end I find that the recently releaseddocuments in fact show the CIA trying to bring Skorzeny to the United States, and thatrequests for other CIA documents on the agency’s relationship with Skorzeny have beendenied. Second, according to the same Naftali, a year before the Egyptian operation wasto begin, CIA director Allen Dulles had -- amazingly -- flown all the way to Germany toconfer with Reinhard Gehlen in order to suggest to him that they should work togethernot only in the Soviet sphere but in other parts of the world; Naftali concedes that in



historical context Dulles was probably referring to the Syrian and Egyptian invitations tohave the former Nazis come train their intelligence and military services. Third,according to Naftali there is evidence that the Nazis in Egypt were being sponsored inpart by the embryonic Defense Ministry of Konrad Adenauer.[9] This matters becauseChristopher Simpson documented that the US had installed Konrad Adenauer as West

German prime minister when Gustav Hilger, one of the top Nazis recruited by the USgovernment, had vouched for Adenauer as someone who would support US policies.[10] And what was the US policy for West Germany? Naftali himself explains that it was toturn Reinhard Gehlen into “the first chief of centralized intelligence of WesternGermany” -- in other words, to put the Nazis back in power (this was done in 1956).[11] Finally, there is this: in a different article Naftali documents that the Nazi Leopold vonMildenstein, who participated with Skorzeny in the operation to train the Egyptians,secured immunity for himself -- when arrested by the West German police -- byexplaining that he was a US agent.[12]

Naftali’s confidence that the CIA had nothing to do with the Egyptian operation appearsadventurous, to say the least, especially given that Gehlen boasted in his memoirs that he

had set that operation in motion with “the full approval” of the United States, as Naftalihimself concedes.[13]

The CIA's Nazis trained Al Fatah in Egypt

____________________________________

Coming back to Simpson’s summary of what happened in Egypt, this is what he writes:

“Over the next 18 months Skorzeny used CIA money to recruit for the Egyptiansecurity services about 100 German advisers, many of whom he reached throughneo-Nazi organizations and SS escape networks. Among his wards were HermannLauterbacher, an SS man and former deputy leader of the Hitler Youth, and FranzBuensch, a Goebbels propagandist best known for his pornographic work TheSexual Habits of Jews. Buensch, Gehlen’s resident chief in Cairo, was a veteranof Eichmann’s SS ‘Jewish Affairs’ office. This talented group was later joined byAlois Brunner.”[14]

SS Sturmbannführer Alois Brunner was a man “considered by many to be the mostdepraved Nazi killer still at large.” He had been Adolf Eichmann’s most importantdeportations expert, for he had a “keen sense of the exact types of terror andpsychological manipulation necessary to disarm his victims,” which he employed to getthem into the ghettoes, and then on the trains and to the death camps. In his role as master

exterminator, he “rushed from Berlin to Gestapo offices throughout occupied Europe totrain local Nazi satraps in how to carry out the destruction of Jews quickly andthoroughly.” Thoroughly means precisely that: “He did not neglect the murder of childrenbecause (as he told Berlin lawyer Kurt Schendel, who was pleading on behalf of a groupof French orphans) they were ‘future terrorists.’” According to the Simon WiesenthalCenter, Brunner personally took charge of murdering 128,500 people, and wascondemned to death in absentia by the French government -- but the CIA protected thisman whom Adolf Eichmann characterized as “one of my best men.”[15]



Now, according to the postwar testimony of Adolf Eichmann’s top lieutenant DieterWisliceny, Hajj Amin al Husseini, the former Mufti of Jerusalem, was even moreimportant than Eichmann as an architect of the German Nazi Final Solution. This meansAlois Brunner was also one of Husseini’s “best men.”[16] And Husseini was alreadythere in Egypt when Brunner arrived, because Husseini had taken refuge there after the

war. No doubt they were delighted to see each other.

Adolf Eichmann could not be with Husseini and Brunner, but they must have celebratedthe fact that he was safe: the year before, the 430th Detachment had informed the USHigh Command in Austria that,

“At this time, 1952, the apprehension of war criminals is no longer considered a missionof CIC [Army Counter-Intelligence Corps]. …Therefore, it appears the Salzburg policeauthorities should be advised that the arrest of [Adolf Eichmann] and [his] transfer to CICis no longer desired.”[17]

(The CIA, in fact, always knew where Eichmann was hiding, and protected him.[18])

No doubt Brunner and Husseini lamented not having Eichmann there with them, but atleast Leopold von Mildenstein was there. Mildenstein was one of Goebbels’ greatpropaganda experts, and an expert also in Zionism and the Middle East. Earlier, he had infact mentored Adolf Eichmann himself.

Timothy Naftali explains:

“Mildenstein…turned up in Egypt working for the government of Gamal AbdulNasser. In December 1956, the Turkish press reported that he had been hired byEgypt’s powerful ‘Voice of Arabs’ radio station along with other formerassociates from Goebbel’s organization. Mildenstein’s experience in inciting the

Arabs against Jews in the Second World War was highly prized in Egypt. Thiswas confirmed by a CIA report from Cairo, which listed him among a group of influential former Nazis who were shaping the actions of the Nassergovernment.”[19]

The training of the Egyptian intelligence and military services were not the onlycontributions of the Nazis to the effort to destroy the Jews from Egypt. In 1958, theterrorist Al Fatah (Arab Liberation Movement) was created in Cairo. Who created it? Itwas “organized…by veterans of the Mufti’s [Hajj Amin al Husseini’s] former ArabHigher Committee,” explains historian Howard Sachar. “From the outset,” he says, “theFatah’s reputation depended largely upon the success of its Moslem traditionalistapproach of jihad against Israel, and upon conventional infiltration methods.”[20]

The leader of Al Fatah would be the famous Yasser Arafat. In a declaration that Arafatmade to the Arab press in August of 2002 he made it clear that he was quite proud of hisorigins, for he referred to the former Mufti as “our hero, Hajj Amin al Husseini,” andboasted that he had been Husseini’s soldier in the genocidal War of 1948 against theIsraeli Jews.[21]



In a rare mention of Al Fatah’s origins in the press, David N. Bossie wrote as follows inAugust 2002, in the Washington Times:

“The mufti [Hajj Amin] barely escaped trial for [war crimes] by fleeing to Egyptin 1946. There he made young Yasser Arafat, then living in Cairo, his protégé.The mufti secretly imported a former Nazi commando officer into Egypt to teachMr. Arafat and other teenage recruits the fine points of guerrilla warfare. Mr.Arafat learned his lessons well; the mufti was so proud of him he even pretendedthe two of them were blood relations.”[22]

I make two corrections to what Bossie writes. The first is that Husseini didn't "barelyescape." He escaped easily. After the British government declared in public that it did notconsider Husseini a war criminal (over the protests of British members of parliament inthe House of Commons), the French government, which had Husseini in custody, placedhim on house arrest . He was thus at liberty to make visits to Paris from the luxurioussuburban villa where they 'held' him, and escaped.[22a]

The second correction is that it wasn't Husseini who imported the “former Nazicommando officer.” For this was Otto Skorzeny, whose specialty was precisely the“conventional infiltration methods” for which Al Fatah would become famous. He hadbeen sent to Egypt by the CIA.

The Nazi training of Al Fatah was CIA-sponsored.

The current leader of Al Fatah and president of the so-called ‘Palestinian Authority,’Mahmoud Abbas (a.k.a. Abu Mazen), naturally received this Nazi training as well,because “Abu Mazen is...one of the founders of Fatah, one of the original Arafat band of brothers.”[23]

Left: Mahmoud Abbas. Right: Fatah troops giving the Nazi salute at a rally

The US government is consistent. After assisting the birth pangs of Al Fatah with CIA-sponsored Nazi training, and then mobilizing an entire diplomatic process known as theOslo process to get Al Fatah inside the Jewish state [see 1991 section], in recent times itbrazenly took upon itself to give Al Fatah direct CIA training [see 1994 section], and nowit is pushing with all its superpower might for the final stage of the Oslo process to be



concluded: a fully fledged Fatah terrorist state on Israel’s flank, carved out of the Jewishstate.

_____________________________________________________

Footnotes and Further Reading _____________________________________________________

[1] Sachar, H. 1982. A history of Israel: From the rise of Zionism to our time. New York:Knopf. (p.333)

[1a] Never mind that it was barely three years since the Jews had finished suffering theNazi Final Solution; the British aid to the Arabs included sending captured German Naziofficers to lead the Arab armies that had openly pledged themselves to wipe out the

Israeli Jews. This was demonstrated in a detailed article, which quoted official Britishdocuments at length, and which appeared in The Nation in 1948:

In 1948, the Left-wing Nation magazine exposed British

support/instigation of Arab violence aimed at crushing Israel in

cradle

The British Record on Partition (First part of the article)

Reprinted from The Nation, May 8, 1948

Comments by Jared Israel

For the pdf to the entire Nation piece, go here: http://www.tenc.net/history/nbr.pdf

To read the same document in text format, go here: http://emperors-clothes.com/history/br.htm

To place the above British policy in the context of the history of

British policy toward the Jewish people, read:

How did the 'Palestinian movement' emerge? The Britishsponsored it; by Francisco Gil-White.

http://www.hirhome.com/israel/pal_mov4.htm

[1b] Uncle Sam's Nazi's, The Washington Post, April 24, 1988, Sunday, Final Edition,BOOK WORLD; PAGE X11, 905 words, Peter Grose, REVIEW



[2] “Policy concerning clandestine use of former Nazi collaborators during the early coldwar years was shaped by a series of National Security Council directives and intelligenceprojects sponsored by the Policy Planning Staff of the State Department, then under theleadership of George F. Kennan, according to records discovered recently in the US StateDepartment archives. Kennan was at the time assigned the task of internal policy

oversight of all US clandestine operations abroad. His initiatives -- along with those of Allen Dulles, Frank Wisner, and a number of other latter-day CIA executives -- helpedconvince Truman’s NSC to approve a comprehensive program of covert operations thatwere explicitly modeled on the Vlasov Army, an anti-Communist émigré campaigncreated by the SS and the Nazi Foreign Office during World War II. Scholars andpropagandists who had once collaborated in formulating the Nazis’ political warfareprogram were brought into the United States to provide the brains for the new operation.

Wisner, the dynamic director of the CIA’s clandestine operations directorate, graduallygathered many of the threads of earlier Nazi utilization efforts into agency hands. Wisnerbelieved in the tremendous espionage potential of the Eastern European émigré [i.e. Nazicollaborationist] organizations, their value as propagandists and agents of influence, and

the unique advantages of using soldiers who had no provable ties to the US governmentfor certain particularly sensitive missions, including assassinations…

Wisner’s clandestine campaigns were originally aimed at the USSR and its satellites.Before the decade was out, however, the American people also became an importanttarget for CIA propaganda programs. …over the winter of 1951-52…, according toNational Security Council records, Wisner began large-scale programs designed to bringthousands of anti-Communist [read: pro-Nazi] exiles to the United States as a means of rewarding them for secret operations overseas and to train others in guerrilla warfareagainst East Bloc countries. The CIA secretly subsidized the work of right-wing refugeerelief organizations aiding such immigrants, including some groups with clear ties to

extreme nationalist and Fascist organizations in Europe. The agency simultaneouslyfunded millions of dollars into advertising and staged media events inside the UnitedStates during the same period, with support for these overseas ‘refugee liberation’projects as a primary theme.

Tens of thousands of Eastern European refugees emigrated to the United Statesthroughout the late 1940s and 1950s. …just as any large group of humans contains somecriminals, so, too, did this emigration. The difference this time was that of the criminalswho did come, many were experienced right-wing political activists who were highlyorganized and blessed with the patronage of the CIA.”

SOURCE: Simpson, C. 1988. Blowback: America's recruitment of Nazis and its effectson the Cold War . New York: Weidenfeld & Nicholson. (pp.8-9).

[3] Blowback (p.249)

[4] Blowback (p.40)

[5] Blowback (p.44)

[6] Blowback (p.45)



[7] Naftali, T. 2005. "Reinhard Gehlen and the United States," in US Intelligence and the Nazis. Edited by R. Breitman, N. J. W. Goda, T. Naftali, and R. Wolfe, pp. 375-418.Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. (p.377)

[8] Blowback (pp.249-51)

[9] Naftali, "Reinhard Gehlen and the United States," (pp.404-05)


[11] Naftali, "Reinhard Gehlen and the United States," (p.375)

According to the released US government documents, “Working immediately after thewar with Army Intelligence, the Gehlen Organization became the responsibility of theCIA, which continued the relationship until 1956.”(a) What happened in 1956? “Gehlen’sorganization became the Bundesnachrichtendienst (BND), West Germany’s foreignintelligence agency,” when the CIA handed over the Gehlen Organization to the WestGermans.(b)

SOURCES:

(a) “CIA Intends to Release Records on Cold War Spymaster”; Interagency WorkingGroup (IWG); The National Archives; October 5, 2000http://www.archives.gov/iwg/about/press-releases/cold-war-spymaster-records.html

(b) “April, 2001 Historical Analysis of 20 Name Files from CIA Records”; InteragencyWorking Group (IWG); The National Archives ;By Dr. Richard Breitman, Professor of History, American University, IWG Director of Historical Research.http://www.archives.gov/iwg/declassified-

records/rg-263-cia-records/rg-263-report.html

[12] Naftali, T. 2005. "The CIA and Eichmann's Associates," in US Intelligence and the Nazis. Edited by R. Breitman, N. J. W. Goda, T. Naftali, and R. Wolfe, pp. 337-374.Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. (p.342)

[13] Naftali, "Reinhard Gehlen and the United States," (p.404)

[14] Blowback (p.251)


[16] “How did the ‘Palestinian movement’ emerge? The British sponsored it. Then the

German Nazis, and the US”; from UNDERSTANDING THE PALESTINIANMOVEMENT; An HIR Series, in four parts; Historical and Investigative Research; 13June 2006; by Francisco Gil-Whitehttp://www.hirhome.com/israel/pal_mov4.htm#final_solution

[17] Naftali, "The CIA and Eichmann's Associates," (p.338)

[18] “THE CIA PROTECTED ADOLF EICHMANN, ARCHITECT OF THEHOLOCAUST: Has the US ruling elite been pushing a pro-Nazi policy?; Historical and



Investigative Research; 8 June 2006; by Francisco Gil-White.http://www.hirhome.com/israel/eichmann.htm

[19] Naftali, "The CIA and Eichmann's Associates," (p.342)

[20] Sachar, H. 1982. A history of Israel: From the rise of Zionism to our time. New

York: Knopf. (pp.619, 698)

[21] Al-Quds (Palestinian daily newspaper) Aug, 2, 2002; Translation: Palestinian MediaWatch:http://www.pmw.org.il/bulletins-050802.html

[22] Washington Times; August 9, 2002; "Yasser Arafat: Nazi trained", by David N.Bossie.

[22a] For the manner in which the British government, over the objections of the Houseof Commons, protected Hajj Amin al Husseini from prosecution by declaring him not awar criminal, see:

Pearlman, M. 1947. Mufti of Jerusalem: The story of Haj Amin el Husseini. London: VGollancz. (78-82)

For the manner in which the French allowed Husseini to escape, read on:

“On 8th June, 1946, Mr. Duff Cooper held a Victory Day Garden Party at the BritishEmbassy in Paris. M. Bidault, French Foreign Minister at the time, was one of the guests.He arrived late, bringing with him the interesting news that Hajj Amin al Husseini,former Mufti of Jerusalem, had fled from his villa in the fashionable Paris subub of Rambouillet, where he had been under surveillance since the end of the war.

...He had been in France since May, 1945, having been captured by French forces nearthe Swiss border after his unsuccessful attempt to find refuge in Switzerland withGermany's collapse. He had been brought to Rambouillet and kept under surveillance.

M. Bidault revealed that, some months before his flight, the French Government hadreceived the Mufti's assurance that he would not seek to escape. Since November, 1945,surveillance had been relaxed, and Hajj Amin had been permitted to visit Paris. He hadtaken the opportunity of visiting the Legations of the Arab States at will, and had secureda passport from one of these Legations.

Now he had fled.”

SOURCE: Pearlman, M. 1947. Mufti of Jerusalem: The story of Haj Amin el Husseini. London: V Gollancz. (p.7)

[23] SOURCE: THUS FAR AND NO FATAH FOR MR PALESTINE; Resistance isgrowing within the PLO over Yasser Arafat and the Israeli peace process, The Guardian(London), November 12, 1993, THE GUARDIAN FEATURES PAGE; Pg. 24, 1204words, DAVID HIRST



A picture taken in 1943 of the Grand Mufti of Jerusalem, Haj Amin al-Husseini,

reviewing Bosnian Muslim Fundamentalist troops - a unit of the "Handzar

[Scimitar] Division" of the Nazi's Waffen SS which he personally recruited forHitler.

See Ex-Mufti, Criminal Ally: Arafat's Nazi Uncle

The Nazi connection to Islamic terrorismApril 5, 2004

Chuck Morse's latest book, "The Nazi Connection to Islamic Terrorism, Adolf Hitler andHaj Amin al-Husseini," provides the clearest, most incisive history of how Islamo-fascism and Jihad terrorism have become the dominant political philosophy in the Arabworld. It is the untold story of how Nazism took root in the Islamic world through theuntiring efforts of the mufti of Jerusalem, whose aim it was to destroy the Jews inPalestine. Morse writes:

The Nazi Holocaust appears to have kicked into high gear on Nov. 25, 1941, during aBerlin meeting between the Grand Mufti of Jerusalem, Haj Amin al-Husseini (1895-1974) and the Nazi Fuhrer of Germany, Adolf Hitler. At that well-documented meeting,Hitler promised al-Husseini, the Palestinian pan-Arab leader, that after securing adominant military position in Europe, he would send the Wehrmacht, the Nazi warmachine, on a blitzkrieg across the Caucasus and into the Arab world under the guise of liberating the Arabs from British occupation.

It should be noted that merely two months after the Hitler-Husseini meeting, the

infamous Wansee Conference took place in which the Nazis produced their plan toexterminate the Jews of Europe.

Although Husseini spent the war in Germany, he managed to flee the advancing Alliedforces and made his way to Cairo. While the captured Nazi leaders were tried atNuremberg, Husseini escaped judgment and became the major force in transferringHitler's program of genocide to the Arab world.



During the war, he had recruited Bosnian Muslims to serve in Nazi-Muslim SS Hansharbrigades which slaughtered Jews and Christian Serbs in Nazi-occupied Yugoslavia.Memory of that slaughter was one of the reasons why the Serbs went after the BosnianMuslims 50 years later.

After the war, Husseini established working links between Nazis and Arabs in theMuslim world. He also got rid of anyone who stood in his way. That is why moderateArabs are so rare. Husseini killed most of them.

He began his public career after World War I, when moderate Arab leader Emir Feisalsigned an agreement with Chaim Weizmann recognizing the Balfour Declaration, whichfacilitated the development of a Jewish homeland in Palestine.

Feisal believed that a Jewish Palestine would help the newly liberated Arab worlddevelop into modern states with prosperous economies. But Husseini refused to accept aJewish Palestine, and he instigated pogroms to force the Jewish settlers out. The firstpogrom took place in 1920. Morse writes:

In 1921, shortly after the launching of the 1920 pogrom and for reasons that will foreverremain shrouded in mystery, Sir Herbert Samuel, a British Jew who had been appointedas British High Commissioner of the Palestine Mandate that same year, appointed al-Husseini as Grand Mufti of Jerusalem.

Despite vigorous opposition to this appointment, Husseini proceeded to instigate violenceagainst the Jews in Palestine and spread hatred of Jews throughout the Arab world,brutally purging any Arab who opposed him. In 1937, Husseini met with Adolf Eichmann in Palestine and became a full-fledged paid Nazi agent. In 1941, Husseinimoved on to Baghdad where he helped organize the pro-Nazi Rachid Ali officers' coupagainst the British government in Iraq. When the coup failed, Husseini fled to Rome and

then to the Third Reich.

One of the Iraqi coup plotters was Gen. Tufah Khariallah, uncle, guardian, mentor andfuture father-in-law of Saddam Hussein. The mufti was also a mentor to Yasser Arafat,who is believed to be Husseini's nephew.

Overlooked in the history books is the fact that about 100,000 European Muslims foughton the Nazi side in World War II. They included two Bosnian Muslim Waffen SSDivisions, an Albanian Waffen SS Division in Kosovo and Western Macedonia, theWaffengruppe der-SS Krim, formations consisting of Chechen Muslims from Chechnya,and other Muslim formations in Bosnia-Hercegovina.

Bosnian Muslims, who were in the Croatian pro-Nazi Ustasha, were especially brutaltoward the Christian Serbs. In 1943, a report on Ustasha activities stated:

The Ustasha terror began in Mostar. The Ustashi, the majority of them localMohammedans, are arresting, looking, and shipping off Serbs or killing them andthrowing the bodies in the Neretva River. They are throwing Serbs alive into chasms andare burning whole families in their homes. Outside of Zagreb the strongest Ustasha



hotbed is Sarajevo. The Muslims committed unbelievable barbarities for they murderedwomen and children even with scissors.

After reading this book you will have no trouble understanding the origin of Islamo-fascism and Jihad terrorism. The author has packed the book with detailed documentationas well as photographs showing Husseini inspecting his Nazi-Muslim troops. Morseshows how Husseini's legacy of hate and murder, and his aim to destroy Israel, have beencarried forth by Arafat and his murderous Palestinian terrorists right to the present. Thebook is available through Amazon.com.

The Nazi Roots of Modern Radical Islam

By Tom Knowlton

The recent "Letter to the American People" allegedly authored by Osama bin Laden is avirtual ideological manifesto for Islamic extremists. It serves to outline the perceivedgrievances of radical Muslims against Israel and the West.

The letter claims, "It is the Muslims who are the inheritors of Moses," dating the conflictbetween Jews and Arabs back to the Biblical conflict between Abraham's two children:his eldest son, Ishmael (from who Arabs are believed descended), and his younger son,Isaac (from who Jews are believed descended). Some Muslims believe that Isaac usurpedIshmael's birthright.

Likewise, prominent imams such as Abu Qatada, Omar Muhammad Bakri, and AbuHamza regularly echo this claim that Arabs and Jews have been bitter enemies from thedawn of time.

However, if one examines the history of the Middle East, there is very little evidence of constant warring and animosity between Jews and Arabs.

In fact, when the city of Jerusalem fell to Christian Crusaders in 1099, the defenders of the holy city had been a combined force of Jews and Muslims. After the Crusaderscaptured the city, they massacred Muslim and Jewish citizens alike and left the survivorsto flee Jerusalem. Not until the Muslim hero Saladin defeated the Crusaders in 1187, didthe Jewish population even begin to return to Jerusalem.

Jerusalem's Jewish community continued to prosper under the Muslim Nahmanides in1267. But the community's true renaissance occurred during the 15th and 16th centuries,when a large influx of Jews were welcomed into Jerusalem by the Ottoman Empire afterbeing expelled from Spain.



For four centuries under Ottoman rule, Arab and Jewish neighborhoods peacefullycoexisted. After the defeat of the Ottoman Empire in World War I, the region came underBritish mandate. The early days under the British also saw relatively peaceful coexistencecontinuing and manifesting itself in the form of Arab and Jewish neighborhoodsspringing up in the "garden neighborhoods" of Talpiot, Rehavia and Beit Hakerem.

However, after over 700 years of peaceful coexistence, the true start of the Arab-Israeliconflict can be dated to 1920 and the rise of one man, Haj Amin Muhammad Al Husseini,the grand mufti of Jerusalem. As grand mufti, al Husseini presided as the Imam of the AlAqsa mosque in Jerusalem, the highest Muslim authority in the British mandate.

History shows Al Husseini to be a brutal man with aspirations to rule a pan-Arabicempire in the Middle East. He rose to prominence by actively eliminating those Jews andArabs he considered a threat to his control of Jerusalem's Arab population, and he heavilyutilized anti-Jewish propaganda to polarize the two communities.

In 1920 and again in 1929, Al Husseini incited anti-Jewish riots by claiming the Jews

were plotting to destroy the Al Asqa mosque. The riots resulted in the massacre of hundreds of Jewish civilians and a virtual end to the Jewish presence in Hebron.

The 1936 Arab revolt against the British is believed to have been at least partially fundedby Nazi Adolf Eichmann, and Al Husseini again ordered armed Arab militias to massacreJewish citizens.

When British authorities finally quelled the rebellion in 1939, Al Husseini fled toneighboring Iraq and helped to orchestrate a 1941 anti-British jihad. As in Jerusalem, theBritish successfully put down the rebellion and Al Husseini fled to Nazi Germany.

Al Husseini found the Nazis to be a strong ideological match with his anti-Jewish brand

of Islam, and schemed with Hitler and the Nazi hierarchy to create a pro-Nazi pan-Arabicform of government in the Middle East.

Dr. Serge Trifkovic documents the similarities between Al Husseini's brand of radicalIslam and Nazism in his book The Sword of the Prophet. He noted parallels in bothideologies: anti-Semitism, quest for world dominance, demand for the total subordinationof the free will of the individual, belief in the abolishment of the nation-state in favor of a"higher" community (in Islam the umma or community of all believers; in Nazism, theherrenvolk or master race), and belief in undemocratic governance by a "divine" leader(an Islamic caliph, or Nazi führer).

The Nazis provided Al Husseini with luxurious accommodations in Berlin and a monthly

stipend in excess of $10,000. In return, he regularly appeared on German radio toutingthe Jews as the "most fierce enemies of Muslims," and implored an adoption of the Nazi"final solution" by Arabs. After the Nazi defeat at El Alamein in 1942, Al Husseinibroadcast radio messages on Radio Berlin calling for continued Arabic resistance toAllied forces. In time, he came to be known as the "Fuhrer's Mufti" and the "ArabFuhrer."



In March 1944, Al Husseini broadcast a call for a jihad to "kill the Jews wherever youfind them. This pleases God, history, and religion."

On numerous occasions, Al Husseini intervened in the fate of European Jews, mostnotably blocking Adolph Eichmann's deal with the Red Cross to exchange Jewishchildren for German POWs.

Moreover, Al Husseini personally recruited Bosnia Muslims for the German Waffen SS,including the Skanderberg Division from Albania and Hanjer Division from Bosnia. TheHanjer (Saber) Division of the Waffen SS was responsible for the murder of over 90percent of the Yugoslavian Jewish population.

SS leader Heinrich Himmler was so pleased with Al Husseini's Muslim Nazis that heestablished the Dresden-based Mullah Military School for their continued recruitmentand training. In 1944, Hanjer commandos parachuted into Tel Aviv and poisoneddrinking wells in Jewish communities in an effort to stir up ethnic tensions.

After the fall of Nazi Germany, Al Husseini fled to Cairo, Egypt in 1946 rather than facewar crime charges for his actions in Yugoslavia. But he continued his operations.

In the late 1940s and early 1950s, Al Husseini worked closely with a pro-fascist group inEgypt called Young Egypt. In 1952 Gamal Abdul Nasser, a prominent member of YoungEgypt, was among military officers who seized control of the Egyptian government fromKing Fu'ad. Al Husseini is reported to have been responsible for bringing Otto Skorzeny,the Nazi commando once labeled by the OSS as "the most dangerous man in Europe,"into the employ of the Nasser government.

Similarly, Al Husseini had a strong influence over the founding members of both theIraqi and Syrian Ba'ath party. Strong evidence exists that al Husseini was instrumental in

the arranging of Nazi war criminal Alois Brunner's employment as an advisor to theSyrian general staff.

However, al Husseini's central role in the creation of the Palestinian LiberationOrganization (PLO) in 1964 is perhaps his most indelible mark on the Middle East today.

The radical Imam was the spiritual mentor of the first chairman of the PLO, AhmedShukairi, and saw that much of his ideology was instilled in the organization. Moreimportantly, Al Husseini used his extensive connections to recruit financial supporters forthe PLO throughout the Arab world.

Almost 30 years after al Husseini's death in 1974, the Palestinian people still revere him

as a hero and embrace his radical theology. The "Arab Fuhrer's" close Nazi associationand virulent anti-Semitism is perhaps the reason that Hitler's Meinf Kampf is ranked asthe sixth all-time bestseller among Palestinian Arabs.

Several of his descendants remain active in Palestinian affairs today.



Al Husseini's grandson, Faisal Husseini, was part of the PLO since 1964 and served asminister without portfolio in the Palestinian National Authority, with responsibility forJerusalem until his death in May 2001.

The radical imam's nephew, Rahman Abdul Rauf el-Qudwa el Husseini, has been a majorplayer in Palestinian terrorism for almost 40 years. He was the guiding force behind themerging of the Fatah faction into the PLO. In 1990, Rahman Abdul Rauf el-Qudwa elHusseini was responsible for the Palestinian community's support of Iraqi dictatorSaddam Hussein's invasion of Kuwait.

Most Mideast observers today recognize the younger Al Husseini by the secular name headopted as his own in 1952, Yasser Arafat.

By the late 1980's many of the PLO's radical Muslim financiers had become disillusionedwith the increasingly secular nature of the Palestinian movement. Yasser Arafat's supportof Saddam Hussein in the early 1990s strongly angered and prompted many of theseextremists in the Persian Gulf states to reduce or all together withdraw their financial

backing of the PLO.

An astute emerging Sunni terrorist, Osama bin Laden, capitalized upon Arafat's politicalmisstep and transformed his al Qaeda organization into the prime recipient of financialsupport from Sunni Muslim radicals. That funding has enabled bin Laden to wageterrorist attacks on western and Israeli interests for over a decade. His most recent "Letterto the American People" echoed al Husseini's propaganda claim that "the Israelis areplanning to destroy the Al Aqsa mosque."

The is little doubt that throughout history the Arabs and Jews have encountered the kindof friction that comes from any two distinct religious or ethnic groups sharing the samegeography. However, that history has largely been one of relatively peaceful coexistence.

The divergence from that pattern occurs in 1920 with the rise of a virulent anti-Semiticmufti of Jerusalem whose ideology embodied more similarities to that of Nazi Germanythan to the historical Islam of Saladin or the Ottoman Turks.

The wave of extremist Islam that has plagued the world in the latter days of the 20thcentury and into the opening days of the 21st, has little to do with ancient history orIslam. The cause lays largely at the feet of Haj Amin Muhammad Al Husseini, whoutilized murder and anti-Semitism to consolidate his power over his fellow Arabs andfurther his personal quest to be caliph of the pan-Arab world.

The Arab/Muslim Nazi Connection



Left: A picture taken in 1943 of the Grand

Mufti of Jerusalem Haj Amin el-Husseini

reviewing Bosnian-Muslim troops - a unit of

the "Hanjar (Saber) Division" of the Waffen

SS which he personally recruited for Hitler.

Arab leaders and media outlets havelong been addicted to comparing Israelto the Nazi regime, while at the sametime demeaning the extent of the Holocaust. This obsession with defamingand antagonizing the Jewish people and state was on full display in recent months

and reached a crescendo – or rather nadir – the day before Pope John Paul II visited theTemple Mount during his Holy Land pilgrimage. The Grand Mufti of Jerusalem, SheikhEkrima Sabri, just hours before hosting the Pope, gave a series of press interviews, first

telling the AP: "The figure of 6 million Jews killed during the Holocaust is exaggerated and is used by the Israelis to gain international support… It's not my problem. Muslimsdidn't do anything on this issue. It's the doing of Hitler who hated the Jews," asserted theacid-tongued Mufti – a figure appointed by Palestinian leader Yasser Arafat. "Sixmillion? It was a lot less," Sabri repeated for an Italian newspaper. "It's not my fault if Hitler hated the Jews. Anyway, they hate them just about everywhere." The Mufti finished the day with Reuters, charging, "We denounce all massacres, but I don't see why acertain massacre should be used for political gain and blackmail." However, as a matter of record, there was a well-documented, thriving relationship between the Arab/Muslimworld and Nazi Germany, with perhaps the most significant figure linking Hitler to the Middle East being none other Sabri's very own predecessor, Grand Mufti of Jerusalem

Haj Amin el-Husseini. Here is a brief review of that dark, overlooked chapter in history.

The Führer's Mufti: After World War I, the Great Powers of Europe jockeyed forinfluence in the Middle East's oil fields and trade routes, with France and Britain holdingmandates throughout most of the region. In the 1930s, the fascist regimes that arose inItaly and Germany sought greater stakes in the area, and began courting Arab leaders torevolt against their British and French custodians. Among their many willing accompliceswas Jerusalem Mufti Haj Amin el-Husseini, who fled Palestine after agitating against theBritish during the Arab Revolt of 1936-39. He found refuge in Iraq – another of HerMajesty's mandates – where he again topped the British most wanted list after helping

pull the strings behind the Iraqi coup of 1941. The revolt in Baghdad was orchestrated byHitler as part of a strategy to squeeze the region between the pincers of Rommel's troopsin North Africa, German forces in the Caucuses and pro-Nazi forces in Iraq. However, inJune 1941 British troops put down the rebellion and the Mufti escaped via Tehran to Italyand eventually to Berlin.

Once in Berlin, the Mufti received an enthusiastic reception by the "IslamischeZentralinstitut" and the whole Islamic community of Germany, which welcomed him as



the "Führer of the Arabic world." In an introductory speech, he called the Jews the "mostfierce enemies of the Muslims" and an "ever corruptive element" in the world. Husseinisoon became an honored guest of the Nazi leadership and met on several occasions withHitler. He personally lobbied the Führer against the plan to let Jews leave Hungary,fearing they would immigrate to Palestine. He also strongly intervened when Adolf

Eichman tried to cut a deal with the British government to exchange German POWs for5000 Jewish children who also could have fled to Palestine. The Mufti's protests with theSS were successful, as the children were sent to death camps in Poland instead. OneGerman officer noted in his journals that the Mufti would liked to have seen the Jews"preferably all killed." On a visit to Auschwitz, he reportedly admonished the guardsrunning the gas chambers to work more diligently. Throughout the war, he appearedregularly on German radio broadcasts to the Middle East, preaching his pro-Nazi, anti-Semitic message to the Arab masses back home.

To show gratitude towards his hosts, in 1943 the Mufti travelled several times to Bosnia,where on orders of the SS he recruited the notorious "Hanjar troopers," a special BosnianWaffen SS company which slaugh-tered 90% of Bosnia's Jews and burned countless

Serbian churches and villages. These Bosnian Muslim recruits rapidly found favor withSS chief Heinrich Himmler, who established a special Mullah Military school in Dresden.

The only condition the Mufti set for his help was that after Hitler won the war, the entireJewish population in Palestine should be liquidated. After the war, Husseini fled toSwitzerland and from there escaped via France to Cairo, were he was warmly received.The Mufti used funds received earlier from the Hilter regime to finance the Nazi-inspiredArab Liberation Army that terrorized Jews in Palestine.

The Arab Embrace of Nazism: Husseini represents the prevalent pro-Nazi postureamong the Arab/Muslim world before, during and even after the Holocaust. The Nazi-

Arab connection existed even when Adolf Hitler first seized power in Germany in 1933.News of the Nazi takeover was welcomed by the Arab masses with great enthusiasm, asthe first congratulatory telegrams Hitler received upon being appointed Chancellor camefrom the German Consul in Jerusalem, followed by those from several Arab capitals.Soon afterwards, parties that imitated the National Socialists were founded in many Arablands, like the "Hisb-el-qaumi-el-suri" (PPS) or Social Nationalist Party in Syria. Itsleader, Anton Sa'ada, styled himself the Führer of the Syrian nation, and Hitler becameknown as "Abu Ali" (In Egypt his name was "Muhammed Haidar"). The banner of thePPS displayed the swastika on a black-white background. Later, a Lebanese branch of thePPS – which still receives its orders from Damascus – was involved in the assassinationof Lebanese President Pierre Gemayel.

The most influential party that emulated the Nazis was "Young Egypt," which wasfounded in October 1933. They had storm troopers, torch processions, and literaltranslations of Nazi slogans – like "One folk, One party, One leader." Nazi anti-Semitismwas replicated, with calls to boycott Jewish businesses and physical attacks on Jews.Britain had a bitter experience with this pro-German mood in Egypt, when the officialEgyptian government failed to declare war on the Wehrmacht as German troops wereabout to conquer Alexandria.



After the war, a member of Young Egypt named Gamal Abdul Nasser was among theofficers who led the July 1952 revolution in Egypt. Their first act – following in Hitler'sfootsteps – was to outlaw all other parties. Nasser's Egypt became a safe haven for Naziwar criminals, among them the SS General in charge of the murder of Ukrainian Jewry;he became Nasser's bodyguard and close comrade. Alois Brunner, another senior Nazi

war criminal, found shelter in Damascus, where he served for many years as senioradviser to the Syrian general staff and still resides today.

Sami al-Joundi, one of the founders of the ruling Syrian Ba'ath Party, recalls: "We wereracists. We admired the Nazis. We were immersed in reading Nazi literature and books...We were the first who thought of a translation of Mein Kampf . Anyone who lived inDamascus at that time was witness to the Arab inclination toward Nazism."

These leanings never completely ceased. Hitler's Mein Kampf currently ranks sixth on the best-seller list among PalestinianArabs. Luis Al-Haj, translator of the Arabic edition, writesglowingly in the preface about how Hitler's "ideology" and his

"theories of nationalism, dictatorship and race… are advancingespecially within our Arabic States." When Palestinian policefirst greeted Arafat in the self-rule areas, they offered theinfamous Nazi salute - the right arm raised straight and upward.

The PLO and notably Arafat himself do not make a secret of their source of inspiration.The Grand Mufti el-Husseini is venerated as a hero by the PLO. It should be noted, thatthe PLO's top figure in east Jerusalem today, Faisal Husseini, is the grandson to theFührer's Mufti. Arafat also considers the Grand Mufti a respected educator and leader,and in 1985 declared it an honor to follow in his footsteps. Little wonder. In 1951, a closerelative of the Mufti named Rahman Abdul Rauf el-Qudwa el-Husseini matriculated to

the University of Cairo. The student decided to conceal his true identity and enlisted as"Yasser Arafat."

Writers: Paul Longgrear, Raymond McNemar

The Mufti's Diary on His Meeting with Hitler



At the eve of the "final solution" to the "Jewish Problem",the Mufti (Yasser Arafat's father's brother) and Adolf Hitler confer

in Berlin, November 21, 1941

Haj Amin al Husseini, recording in his own handwriting his meeting with Hitler in hisdiary, says:

The words of the Fuehrer on the 6th of Zul Qaada 1360 of the Hejira (which falls on the

21st of November 1941) Berlin, Friday, from 4:30 P.M. till a few minutes after 6. Theobjectives of my fight are clear. Primarily, I am fighting the Jews without respite, and thisfight includes the fight against the so-called Jewish National Home in Palestine becausethe Jews want to establish there a central government for their own pernicious purposes,and to undertake a devastating and ruinous expansion at the expense of the govemmentsof the world and of other peoples.

It is clear that the Jews have accomplished nothing in Palestine and their claims are lies.All the accomplishments in Palestine are due to the Arabs and not to the Jews. I amresolved to find a solution for the Jewish problem, progressing step by step withoutcessation. With regard to this I am making the necessary and right appeal, first to all theEuropean countries and then to countries outside of Europe.

It is true that our common enemies are Great Britain and the Soviets whose principles areopposed to ours. But behind them stands hidden Jewry which drives them both. Jewry hasbut one aim in both these countries. We are now in the midst of a life and death struggleagainst both these nations. This fight will not only determine the outcome of the strugglebetween National Socialism and Jewry, but the whole conduct of this successful war willbe of great and positive help to the Arabs who are engaged in the same struggle.



This is not only an abstract assurance.* A mere promise would be of no valuewhatsoever. But assurance which rests upon a conquering force is the only one which hasreal value. In the Iraqi campaign, for instance, the sympathy of the whole German peoplewas for Iraq. It was our aim to help Iraq, but circumstances prevented us from fumishingactual help. The German people saw in them (in the Iraqis-Ed.) comrades in suffering

because the German people too have suffered as they have. All the help we gave Iraq wasnot sufficient to save Iraq from the British forces. For this reason it is necessary tounderscore one thing: in this struggle which will decide the fate of the Arabs I can nowspeak as a man dedicated to an ideal and as a military leader and a soldier. Everyoneunited in this great struggle who helps to bring about its successful outcome, serves thecommon cause and thus serves the Arab cause. Any other view means weakening themilitary situation and thus offers no help to the Arab cause. Therefore it is necessary forus to decide the steps which can help us against world Jewry, against Communist Russiaand England, and which among them can be most useful. Only if we win the war will thehour of deliverance also be the hour of fulfillment of Arab aspirations.

The situation is as follows: We are conducting the great struggle to open the way to the

North of the Caucasus. The difficulties involved are more than transportation because of the demolished railways and roads and because of winter weather. And if I venture inthese circumstances to issue a declaration with regard to Syria, then the pro-de Gaulleelements in France will be strengthened and this might cause a revolt in France. Thesemen (the French) will be convinced then that joining Britain is more advantageous andthe detachment of Syria is a pattern to be followed in the remainder of the FrenchEmpire. This will strengthen de Gaulle's stand in the colonies. If the declaration is issuednow, difficulties will arise in Western Europe which will cause the diversion of some(German-Ed.) forces for defensive purposes, thus preventing us from sending all ourforces to the East.

Now I am going to tell you something I would like you to keep secret. First, I will keepup my fight until the complete destruction of the Judeo-Bolshevik rule has beenaccomplished.

Second, during the struggle (and we don't know when victory will come, but probably notin the far future) we will reach the Southern Caucasus.

Third, then I would like to issue a declaration; for then the hour of the liberation of theArabs will have arrived. Germany has no ambitions in this area but cares only toannihilate the power which produces the Jews.

Fourth, I am happy that you have escaped and that you are now with the Axis powers.

The hour will strike when you will be the lord of the supreme word and not only theconveyer of our declarations. You will be the man to direct the Arab force and at thatmoment I cannot imagine what would happen to the Western peoples.

Fifth, I think that with this Arab advance begins the dismemberment of the British world.The road from Rostov to Iran and Iraq is shorter than the distance from Berlin to Rostov.We hope next year to smash this barrier. It is better then and not now that a declarationshould be issued as (now) we cannot help in anything.



I understand the Arab desire for this (declaration-Ed.), but His Excellency the Mufti mustunderstand that only five years after I became President of the German government andFuehrer of the German people, was I able to get such a declaration (the Austrian Union-Ed.), and this because military forces prevented me from issuing such a declaration. Butwhen the German Panzer tanks and the German air squadrons reach the Southern

Caucasus, then will be the time to issue the declaration.

He said (in reply to a request that a secret declaration or a treaty be made) that adeclaration known to a number of persons cannot remain secret but will become public. I(Hitler) have made very few declarations in my life, unlike the British who have mademany declarations. If I issue a declaration, I will uphold it. Once I promised the FinnishMarshal that I would help his country if the enemy attacks again. This word of minemade a stronger impression than any written declaration.

Recapitulating, I want to state the following to you: When we shall have arrived in theSouthern Caucasus, then the time of the liberation of the Arabs will have arrived. Andyou can rely on my word.

We were troubled about you. I know your life history. I followed with interest your longand dangerous journey. I was very concerned about you. I am happy that you are with usnow and that you are now in a position to add your strength to the common cause.

*This is a reply to the insistent request of the Multi for an Axis declaration to the Arabs.

Source: The Arab Higher Committee .... The Documentary Record.

Edwin Black: American Corporations played ball with Nazis

Adolf Hitler was completely responsible for the Holocaust. But Hitler had help.

When zealous Nazis waged war against an imaginary generation-to-generation Jewishconspiracy… when Nazis created ghastly extermination plans to help ensure their masterrace would rule the world… when the German military smashed across Europe withlightning speed in heavy Blitz trucks… when Mengele undertook heinous medical

experiments on twins in Auschwitz… when the Reich identified the Jews everywhere inEurope and then systematically pauperized and destroyed them… when all these terriblethings were done, the shape and scope of the horror was pivotally determined by majorAmerican industrial giants.

Now the dots can be connected. They create an undeniably Nazi nexus between iconicAmerican corporations and the greatest crime of the twentieth century: the Holocaust.



Henry Ford acting directly through the Ford Motor Company virtually invented politicalanti-Semitism when he published worldwide the fake Protocols of the Elders of Zion.Ford’s book quickly became the bible of German anti-Semites and early incarnations of the Nazi party. Nazis shipped the work throughout the country “by the carload.” Amongthe many Germans massively influenced by the book was Adolf Hitler. Der Führer read

the work at least two years before Mein Kampf was written. In Mein Kampf, Hitlerwrote, “The whole existence of this people is based on a continuous lie [as] shownincomparably by the Protocols of the Elders of Zion…”

The Carnegie Institution, the philanthropic incarnation of America’s greatest steelfortune, propagated the deadly American race science of eugenics which idealized ablond, blue-eyed superior race. In pursuit of that dream, Carnegie Institution scientistsbelieved some 90 percent of humanity was to be eliminated using various methods. Thesemethods included organized identification, seizure of assets, marriage prohibition ornullification, forced surgical sterilization, segregation into camps, and publicly operatedgas chambers. The Carnegie Institution spent millions to propagate American eugenic

theories in post-WWI Germany, financing race science programs in universities andofficial institutions.

While in prison, Hitler closely studied American eugenics. He proudly told his comrades,“I have studied with great interest the laws of several American states concerningprevention of reproduction by people whose progeny would, in all probability, be of novalue or be injurious to the racial stock.” Hitler was so steeped in American race sciencethat he even wrote a fan letter to American eugenic leader Madison Grant, called hiswriting “my bible.” Der Führer merely exchanged the American term “Nordic” for theNazi term “Aryan" and then medicalized his pre-existing virulent anti-Semitism andfascist nationalism to formulate the concept of the blond, blue-eyed Master Race hedeified in Mein Kampf. As Hitler’s deputy Rudolf Hess insisted, “National Socialism isnothing but applied biology.”

The Rockefeller Foundation, the philanthropic incarnation of Standard Oil, acted as a fullpartner with Carnegie in establishing eugenics in Germany. In the quest to perfect themaster race, millions of Depression-era dollars were transmitted by Rockefeller toHitler’s most anti-Jewish doctors. In this quest, one specimen was desired above all:twins. Rockefeller funded Hitler’s chief raceologist Otmar Verschuer and his insatiabletwin experimentation programs. Twins, it was thought, held the secret to industriallymultiplying the Aryan racial type, and quickly subtracting biological undesirables.Verschuer had an assistant, Josef Mengele. Rockefeller funding stopped during WWII.But by that time, Mengele had transferred into Auschwitz to continue twin research in amonstrous fashion. Ever the eugenicist, he sent precise clinical reports weekly toVerschuer.

From the first weeks of the Third Reich, General Motors president Alfred Sloancommitted the company and its German division Opel to motorizing a substantiallyhorse-drawn Germany, preparing it for war. Prior to this, Germany had been a nationdevoted to legendary automotive engineering but only one vehicle at a time, built by



craftsman. GM brought mass production to the Reich, converting it from a horse-drawnthreat to a motorized powerhouse. Sloan and GM knowingly prepared the Wehrmacht towage war in Europe. GM built the Blitz truck for the Blitzkrieg. Detroit even secretlymoved massive stores of spare Blitz parts to the Polish border in the days just before theSeptember 1, 1939 invasion to facilitate the Blitzkrieg. Using a charade of interlocking

boards and executive committees, Sloan kept GM’s role secret as long as possible.

Internal Business Machines, inventor of the Hollerith punch card, precursor to themodern computer, custom-designed and co-planned the Nazi solutions to Jewishexistence. IBM enjoyed a monopoly on information technology. Under themicromanagement of its president Thomas Watson, while advertising itself as “asolutions company,” IBM in 1933 reached out to the new Hitler regime. It offered toorganize and systemize any solution the Reich desired, including solutions to the Jewishproblem.

With IBM as a partner, the Hitler regime was able to substantially automate and

accelerate all six phases of the twelve-year Holocaust: identification, exclusion,confiscation, ghettoization, deportation, and even extermination. As it did with any othercustomer, IBM simply asked the Hitler regime what result was desired. Then companyengineers devised custom-tailored punch card systems to deliver those results. There wasan IBM customer site in every concentration camp. Machines were serviced monthlysometimes weekly by IBM on site—whether that site was Auschwitz or downtownBerlin.

Had it not been for the continued conscious involvement of iconic American corporationsin Hitler’s war against the Jews, the speed, shape and statistics of the Holocaust as weknow it would have been dramatically different. No one knows how different, but theastronomical dimensions could have never been achieved. For their part, Americancorporate collaborators have long tried to obscure or hide the details of their collusionusing the well-known tools of corporate misinformation, financial contributions, andbought and paid for historian reviews. But in era when people no longer believe bigcorporations, the dots can be fully connected to unveil the outlines of an indispensibleNazi nexus. The words “never again” must resound not just among the victims, butwithin boardrooms of corporate perpetrators.

Edwin Black is the New York Times best selling investigative author of IBM and the Holocaust, and his just released book, Nazi Nexus: America's Corporate Connections to Hitler's Holocaust (Dialog Press). He can be reached at www.nazinexus.com.



Radical haredim: Zionists aided Nazis

Extremist ultra-Orthodox wing publishes leaflet for children explaining why not to

take part in elections, claiming Zionists obstructed rescue of Jews during Holocaust

to promote state's foundation

A leaflet for children recently distributed as propaganda material by an anti-Zionist wingin the ultra-Orthodox public uses the Holocaust to explain why voting in the elections isforbidden, by claiming Zionists obstructed the rescue of Jews in the Shoah in order topromote the foundation of the Jewish state.

Sources in the ultra-Orthodox street attribute the leaflet to "the haredi congregation," afaction that does not believe in the state and the Zionist entity.

The booklet itself contains a children's story depicting a conversation between littleYankel and his grandfather. When Yankel asks for an explanation about the elections, hisgrandpa describes to him the history of the State of Israel.

From the leaflet: Jews being led to Auschwitz while Zionists stand aside and smile

"Over a 100 years ago, some assimilationist Jews who acted and thought like goyimlooked at the problems of the people of Israel.. and decided it is the result of the nation



not having a state of its own.. they did not understand that this 'solution,' that is good forthe gentiles, is not at all right for the people of Israel."

The grandfather then continues to explain about World War II, which he describes as "anopportunity" for the Zionists, "knowing that at the end of the war in which six millionJews were murdered, they can demand an independent state from the nations of the

world."

Zionists cutting off a haredi kid's side curls

"This is why," the grandfather says, "the Zionists turned a blind eye and even obstructedactions to save Jews during the Holocaust."

Throughout the leaflet, the Zionists are described as an evil and satanic force that abusedharedi children before and after the establishment of Israel.

'Olmert a reformist'

The pamphlet has already stirred a row in the ultra-Orthodox public, and Rabbi EliezerBerland, who is considered the most influential spiritual leader of the Breslov Hassidism,slammed the publication and called on hassidim to take part in the elections.



"We don not call them elections," he stated, "we do not elect a government, we call it'war.' Once we used to fight with arrows, in this generation we fight with ballots," headded.

However, Rabbi Berland stressed that the injustices of the Zionists must not be forgottenor forgiven. He attacked Kadima's candidate Ehud Olmert and said that while ailingPrime Minister Ariel Sharon had an affinity to Judaism, Olmert is "a complete reformist."

http://www.ynetnews.com/articles/0,7340,L-3232686,00.html

Zionist- Nazi collboration documented in the many writings of Lenni Brenner.

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lenni_Brenner - A MARXISTLenni Brenner was born into an Orthodox Jewish family. He became an atheist at 12,and a Marxist at 15.

51 Documents: Zionist Collaboration with the Nazis 2002 - 342 pages

Lenni Brenner

Zionism in the Age of the Dictators

http://www.marxists.de/middleast/brenner/index.htm

2. Blut und Boden (Blood and Soil):The Roots of Zionist Racism

It was anti-Semitism – alone – that generated Zionism. Herzl could not ground hismovement in anything positively Jewish. Although he sought the support of the rabbis, hepersonally was not devout. He had no special concern for Palestine, the ancienthomeland; he was quite eager to accept the Kenya Highlands, at least on a temporarybasis. He had no interest in Hebrew; he saw his Jewish state as a linguistic Switzerland.He had to think of race, for it was in the air; the Teutonic anti-Semites were talking of theJews as a race, but he soon discarded the doctrine, and gave a paradoxical discussion with



Israel Zangwill, one of his earliest adherents, as the instance for his rejection. Heportrayed the Anglo-Jewish writer as:

of the long-nosed Negro type, with wooly deep-black hair ... He maintains, however, the

racial point of view – something I can’t accept, for I have merely to look at him and at

myself. All I say is: we are an historical unit, one nation with anthropological diversities.

[1]

Unconcerned with religion, he even proposed that an atheist, the then world-famous

author, Max Nordau, should succeed him as the WZO’s President. Again, the disciple

was less liberal than the master. Nordau was married to a Christian, and was afraid that

his wife would be resented by the Orthodox among the ranks. [2] He was already married

when he converted to Zionism and, despite his own Gentile wife, he soon became a

confirmed Jewish racist. On 21 December 1903 he gave an interview to EduardDrumont’s rabid anti-Semitic newspaper, La Libre Parole, in which he said that Zionism

wasn’t a question of religion, but exclusively of race, and “there is no one with whom I

am in greater agreement on this point than M. Drumont”. [3]

Although only one national branch of the WZO (the Dutch Federation in 1913) ever wentto the trouble of trying formally to exclude Jews living in mixed marriages, cosmopolitanZionism died an early death with Herzl in 1904. [4] The WZO as such never had to take aposition against mixed marriage; those who believed in it rarely thought to join theobviously unsympathetic Zionists. The movement in Eastern Europe, its mass base,

shared the spontaneous folk-religious prejudices of the Orthodox communities aroundthem. Although the ancient Jews had seen proselytising and marriages to Gentiles asadding to their strength, latter pressure from the Catholic Church caused the rabbis tobegin to see converts as a “troublesome itch” and they abandoned proselytising. With thecenturies, self-segregation became the hallmark of the Jews. In time the masses came tosee mixed marriage as treason to Orthodoxy. Although in the West some Jews modifiedthe religion and formed “Reform” sects and others abandoned the God of theirforefathers, the traffic was essentially away from Judaism. Few joined the Jewish worldeither by conversion or marriage. If Western Zionism developed in a more secularatmosphere than that of Eastern Europe, the bulk of its members still saw mixed marriageas leading Jews away from the community rather than bringing new additions to it.

The German university graduates, who took over the Zionist movement after Herzl’sdeath, developed the modernist-racist ideology of Jewish separatism. They had beenpowerfully influenced by their pan-Germanic fellow students of the Wandervögel (wandering birds or free spirits) who dominated the German campuses before 1914.These chauvinists rejected the Jews as not being of Germanic Blut ; therefore they couldnever be part of the German Volk and were thoroughly alien to the Teutonic Boden orsoil. All Jewish students were compelled to grapple with these concepts which



surrounded them. A few moved left and joined the Social Democrats. To them this was just more bourgeois nationalism and was to be fought as such. Most remainedconventionally Kaiser-treu, stout nationalists who insisted that a thousand years on theGerman Boden had made them into “Germans of the Mosaic persuasion”. But a portionof the Jewish students adopted the wandervogel ideology whole and simply translated it

into Zionist terminology. They agreed with the anti-Semites on several key points: theJews were not part of the German Volk and, of course, Jews and Germans should not mixsexually, not for the traditional religious reasons, but for the sake of their own uniqueBlut. Not being of Teutonic Blut , they perforce had to have their own Boden: Palestine.

At first glance it would appear strange that middle-class Jewish students should be soinfluenced by anti-Semitic thought, especially as at the same time, socialism, with itsassimilationist attitudes towards the Jews, was gaining considerable support in the societyaround them. However, socialism appealed primarily to the workers, not to the middleclass. In their environment chauvinism predominated; although intellectually theyrepudiated their connection with the German people, in fact they never emancipatedthemselves from the German capitalist class, and throughout the First World War the

German Zionists passionately supported their own government. For all their grandioseintellectual pretensions, their völkisch Zionism was simply an imitation of Germannationalist ideology. Thus the young philosopher Martin Buber was able to combineZionism with ardent German patriotism during the First World War. In his book Drei Reden ueber das Judentum, published in 1911, Buber spoke of a youth who:

senses in this immortality of the generations a community of blood, which he feels to be

the antecedents of his I, its perseverance in the infinite past. To that is added the

discovery, promoted by this awareness, that blood is a deep rooted nurturing force within

individual man; that the deepest layers of our being are determined by blood; that our

innermost thinking and our will are colored by it. Now he finds that the world around him

is the world of imprints and influences, whereas blood is the realm of a substance capable

of being imprinted and influenced, a substance absorbing and assimilating all into its own

form Whoever, faced with the choice between environment and substance, decides for

substance will henceforth have to be a Jew truly from within, to live as a Jew with all the

contradiction, all the tragedy, and all the future promise of his blood. [5]

The Jews had been in Europe for millenniums, far longer than, say, the Magyars. No one

would dream of referring to the Hungarians as Asiatics, yet, to Buber, the Jews of Europe

were still Asians and presumably always would be. You could get the Jew out of

Palestine, but you could never get Palestine out of the Jew. In 1916 he wrote that the Jew:

was driven out of his land and dispersed throughout the lands of the Occident yet, despite

all this, he has remained an Oriental One can detect all this in the most assimilated Jew, if



one knows how to gain access to his soul ... the immortal Jewish unitary drive – this will

come into being only after the continuity of life in Palestine ... Once it comes into contact

with its maternal soil, it will once more become creative. [6]

However, Buber’s völkisch Zionism, with its assorted strands of mystical enthusiasm,was too spiritual to appeal to a wide following. What was needed was a popular Zionist

version of the social-Darwinism which had swept the bourgeois intellectual world in the

wake of Europe’s imperial conquests in Africa and the East. The Zionist version of this

notion was developed by the Austrian anthropologist Ignatz Zollschan. To him the secret

value of Judaism was that it had, albeit inadvertently, worked to produce a wonder of

wonders:

a nation of pure blood, not tainted by diseases of excess or immorality, of a highly

developed sense of family purity, and of deeply rooted virtuous habits would develop an

exceptional intellectual activity. Furthermore, the prohibition against mixed marriage

provided that these highest ethnical treasures should not be lost, through the admixture of

less carefully bred races ... there resulted that natural selection which has no parallel in

the history of the human race ... If a race that is so highly gifted were to have the

opportunity of again developing its original power, nothing could equal it as far as

cultural value is concerned. [7]

Even Albert Einstein subscribed to the Zionist race conceptions and in so doing hereinforced racism, lending it the prestige of his reputation. His own contributions to the

discussion sound suitably profound, but they are based on the same nonsense.

Nations with a racial difference appear to have instincts which work against their fusion.

The assimilation of the Jews to the European nations ... could not eradicate the feeling of

lack of kinship between them and those among whom they lived. In the last resort, the

instinctive feeling of lack of kinship is referable to the law of the conservation of energy.

For this reason it cannot be eradicated by any amount of well meant pressure. [8]

Buber, Zollschan and Einstein were but three among the classic Zionists who pontificated

learnedly on race purity. But for sheer fanaticism few could match the American Maurice

Samuel. A well-known writer in his day – later, in the 1940s, he was to work with

Weizmann on the latter’s autobiography – Samuel addressed the American public in 1927

in his I, the Jew. He denounced with horror a town which he readily conceded that he



only knew by repute – and that the evidence would make us think was the free-living

artists’ colony at Taos, New Mexico:

there came together into this small place, representatives of the African Negro, the

American and Chinese Mongol, the Semite and the Aryan ... free intermarriage had set in... Why does this picture, part actual, part fanciful, fill me with a strange loathing, suggest

the obscene, the obscurely beastly? ... Why then does that village which my fancy

conjures up call to mind a heap of reptiles breeding uglily in a bucket? [9]

“To be a good Zionist one must be somewhat of an anti-semite”

Although Blut was a recurrent theme in pre-Holocaust Zionist literature, it was not as

central to its message as Boden. As long as America’s shores remained open, Europe’s

Jews asked: if anti-Semitism could not be fought on its home ground, why should they

not just follow the crowd to America? The Zionist response was double-barrelled: anti-

Semitism would accompany the Jews wherever they went and, what was more, it was the

Jews who had created anti-Semitism by their own characteristics. The root cause of anti-

Semitism, Zionists insisted, was the Jews’ exile existence. Jews lived parasitically off

their “hosts”. There were virtually no Jewish peasants in the Diaspora. The Jews lived in

cities, they were alienated from manual labour or, more bluntly, they shunned it and

preoccupied themselves with intellectual or commercial concerns. At best, their claims of

patriotism were hollow as they wandered eternally from country to country. And when

they fancied themselves as socialists and internationalists, in reality they were still no

more than the middlemen of the revolution, fighting “other people’s battles”. These tenets

combined were known as shelilat ha’galut (the Negation of the Diaspora), and were held

by the entire spectrum of Zionists who varied only on matters of detail. They were argued

vigorously in the Zionist press, where the distinctive quality of many articles was their

hostility to the entire Jewish people. Anyone reading these pieces without knowing their

source would have automatically assumed that they came from the anti-Semitic press.

The Weltanschauung of the youth organisation Hashomer Hatzair (Young Watchmen),

originally composed in 1917, but republished again as late as 1936, was typical of these

effusions:



The Jew is a caricature of a normal, natural human being, both physically and spiritually.

As an individual in society he revolts and throws off the harness of social obligations,

knows no order nor discipline. [10]

Similarly, in 1935 an American, Ben Frommer, a writer for the ultraright Zionist-Revisionists, could declare of no less than 16 million of his fellow Jews that:

The fact is undeniable that the Jews collectively are unhealthy and neurotic. Those

professional Jews who, wounded to the quick, indignantly deny this truth are the greatest

enemies of their race, for they thereby lead them to search for false solutions, or at most

palliatives. [11]

This style of Jewish self-hatred permeated a great deal of Zionist writing. In 1934

Yehezkel Kaufman, then famous as a scholar of biblical history at Jerusalem’s HebrewUniversity and himself a Zionist, though an opponent of the bizarre theory of the

Negation of the Diaspora, aroused furious controversy by culling the Hebrew literature

for yet worse examples. In Hebrew the ranters could really attack their fellow Jews

without fear of being accused of providing ammunition for the Jew-haters. Kaufman’s

Hurban Hanefesh (Holocaust of the Soul) cited three of the classic Zionist thinkers. For

Micah Yosef Berdichevsky the Jews were “not a nation, not a people, not human”. To

Yosef Chaim Brenner they were nothing more than “Gypsies, filthy dogs, inhuman,

wounded, dogs”. To A.D. Gordon his people were no better than “parasites, peoplefundamentally useless”. [12]

Naturally Maurice Samuel had to apply his fine hand to concocting libels against hisfellow Jews. In 1924, in his work You Gentiles, he fabricated a Jewry driven by its ownsinister demiurge to oppose the Christian social order:

We Jews, we the destroyers, will remain the destroyers forever. Nothing that you will do

will meet our needs and demands. We will forever destroy because we need a world of

our own, a God-world, which is not your nature to build ... those of us who fail to

understand that truth will always be found in alliance with your rebellious factions, until

disillusionment comes, the wretched fate which scattered us through your midst has

thrust this unwelcome role upon us. [13]

Labour Zionism produced its own unique brand of Jewish self-hatred. In spite of its name

and pretensions, Labour Zionism was never able to win over any significant section of



the Jewish working class in any country cf the Diaspora. Its members had a self-defeating

argument: they claimed that the Jewish workers were in “marginal” industries, such as

the needle trades, which were unessential to the economy of the “host”, nations, and

therefore the Jewish workers would always be marginal to the working-class movement

in the countries of their abode. Jewish workers, it was claimed, could only wage a

“healthy” class struggle in their own land. Naturally poor Jews showed little interest in a

so-called labour movement that did not tell them to put their all into fighting in the

immediate present for better conditions, but rather to concern themselves about far-off

Palestine. Paradoxically, Labour Zionism’s primary appeal was to those young middle-

class Jews who sought to break with their class origins, but were not prepared to go over

to the workers of the country of their habitation. Labour Zionism became a kind of

counter-culture sect, denouncing Jewish Marxists for their internationalism, and the

Jewish middle class as parasitic exploiters of the “host”, nations. In effect they translated

traditional anti-Semitism into Yiddish: the Jews were in the wrong countries in the wrong

occupations and had the wrong politics. It took the Holocaust to bring these Jeremiahs to

their senses. Only then did they appreciate the common voice in their own message and

the Nazis’ anti-Jewish propaganda. In March 1942 Chaim Greenberg, then the editor of

New York’s Labour Zionist organ, Jewish Frontier, painfully admitted that, indeed,

there had been:

a time when it used to be fashionable for Zionist speakers (including the writer) todeclare from the platform that “To be a good Zionist one must be somewhat of an anti-

Semite”. To this day Labor Zionist circles are under the influence of the idea that the

Return to Zion involved a process of purification from our economic uncleanliness.

Whosoever doesn’t engage in so-called “productive” manual labor is believed to be a

sinner against Israel and against mankind. [14]

“Grist to the mills of Nazi propaganda”

If, without further facts, anyone were told that the early Zionists were racists, it would be

automatic to assume this to be a part of the colonialist aspects of Zionism in Palestine. In

reality this is not so; Blut Zionism would have evolved even if Palestine were to have

been completely empty. Enthusiasm for Blut und Boden were part of Zionism before the

first modern Zionist ever left Europe.



Race Zionism was a curious offshoot of racial anti-Semitism. True, these Zionists argued,the Jews were a pure race, certainly purer than, say, the Germans who, as even the pan-Germanics conceded, had a huge admixture of Slavic blood. But to these Zionists, eventheir racial purity could not overcome the one flaw in Jewish existence: they did not havetheir own Jewish Boden. If the Teutonic racists could see themselves as Übermenschen

(supermen), these Hebrew racists did not see the Jews in that light; rather, it was thereverse. They believed that because they lacked their own Boden the Jews wereUntermenschen and therefore, for their “hosts”, little more than leeches: the world pest.

If one believes in the validity of racial exclusiveness, it is difficult to object to anyoneelse’s racism. If one believes further that it is impossible for any people to be healthyexcept in their own homeland, then one cannot object to anyone else excluding “aliens”from their territory. In fact the average Zionist never thought of himself as leavingcivilised Europe for the wilds of Palestine. In life it is obvious that Zionist Blut undBoden provided an excellent rationale for not fighting anti-Semitism on its home ground.It was not the fault of the anti-Semites, it was because of the Jews’ own misfortune of being in exile. The Zionists could tearfully argue that the loss of Palestine was the root

cause of anti-Semitism and the regaining of Palestine was the only solution to the Jewishquestion. Everything else could only be palliative or futile.

Walter Laqueur, the doyen of Zionist historians, has asked in his book, A History of Zionism, if Zionist insistence on the naturalness of anti-Semitism was not just “grist tothe mill of Nazi propaganda”. [15] It certainly was. Laqueur’s question can best beanswered with another question: is it difficult to understand the gullible reader of a Nazinewspaper, who concluded that what was said by the Nazis, and agreed to by the Zionists– Jews – had to be right?

There would be worse: any Jewish movement that prattled on about the naturalness of

anti-Semitism would, just as “naturally”, seek to come to terms with the Nazis when theycame to power.

Top of the page

Notes

1. Marvin Lowenthal (ed.), The Diaries of Theodor Herzl, p.78.

2. Amos Elon, Herzl, p.255.

3. Desmond Stewart, Theodor Herzl, p.322.

4. The WZO is structured by national states, and elections are held on a national basis for

the World Zionist Congress; the various ideological tendencies which are world-wide in

their structure, run in the various national elections for delegates.



5. Martin Buber, On Judaism, pp.15-19.

6. Ibid., pp.75-7.

7. Ignatz Zollschan, Jewish Questions (1914) pp.17-18.

8. Solomon Goldman, Crisis and Decision (1938), p.116.

9. Maurice Samuel, I, the Jew, pp.244-6.

10. Our Shomer “Weltanschauung”, Hashomer Hatzair (December 1936), p.26.

11. Ben Frommer, The Significance of a Jewish State, Jewish Call (Shanghai, May

1935), p.10.

12. Yehezkel Kaufman, Hurban Hanefesh: A Discussion of Zionism and Anti-Semitism,

Issues (Winter 1967), p.106.

13. Maurice Samuel, You Gentiles, p.155.

14. Chaim Greenberg, The Myth of Jewish Parasitism, Jewish Frontiers (March 1942),

p.20.

15. Walter Laqueur, A History of Zionism, p.500.

[NOTE] Einstein was a socialist and a Zionist himself 1. Albert Einstein - Why Socialism?

2. Albert Einstein - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia

In the worldview of the Revisionists, on the other hand, he found a free-enterprise ideology antithetical to the socialist goals of Zionism.

by David E. Rowe, Robert J. Schulmann - 2007 - Science - 523 pages

http://books.google.com/books?id=AIHgK-p6mhgC&pg=PA296&lpg=PA296&dq=Einstein+was+a+socialist+and+a+Zionist&source=bl&ots=bwbZU7cwnf&sig=8oUOqiRqB-qKVsNs3UADDfuY9f8&hl=en&ei=ze7LSZu0LoPunQfb3sHhCQ&sa=X&oi=book_result&resnum=4&ct=result#PPA300,M1



The Nazi Bush Regime

By Ted Lang1-20-6

I believe it was Dr. Albert Einstein who offered that doing the same thing over and overand expecting different results was a sign of insanity. A minority segment of theInternet's new Alternative Media [AM] is desperately trying to awaken the Americanpeople to the dangerous Nazi regime that now controls America and threatens it and therest of the world. The independent and Bush-challenging AM frequently make referenceto the warnings articulated in the sobering fiction offered by such writers as GeorgeOrwell and Aldous Huxley.

The blow-by-blow methodical laundry listing of actual political events leading a nation toNazification was never more thoroughly documented than by the efforts of William L.

Shirer in his Rise and Fall of the Third Reich. Journalist Shirer explains how the fun-loving German people were quickly taken over by the Nazis: "they were unarmed andunorganized."

Shirer completely missed the most important of the three "U" descriptives:"uninformed." Hitler's first financial commitment to Nazism was his purchase of anewspaper made possible by the donations of his early backers. Nazism, fascism,communism and any form of government tyranny require all three qualities to facilitatethe subjugation of a people: ignorance, lack of organized opposition and lack of themeans to exact corrective force.

Might it have been that Hitler's ascendancy to power and the launching of Nazism in1930s Germany was so successful because of the journalistic support and propaganda hecontrolled? Might this have been too much for journalist Shirer to admit to, or did Shirermerely overlook that connection? I believe that it was the same degree of analyticalselectivity whereby he wrote off Hitler's hatred for the Jews as just a unique kind of insanity. Hitler was simply "nuts" and communism had absolutely nothing to do withJews.

Nazi notables, Dr. Joseph Goebbels and Herman Goering, collaborated in describing therelative ease a tyrannical regime has in totally subjugating a once-free people. Goebbelsoffered, "If you tell a lie big enough and keep repeating it, people will eventually come to

believe it." And Goering observed, "The people can always be brought to the bidding of the leaders...tell them they are being attacked, and denounce the peacemakers for lack of patriotism and exposing the country to danger."

Clearly, in order to fool all the people all the time and to set US up for that mostprofitable of all political rackets, namely war, control and domination of the press, aswell as all elements of the American media, is absolutely vital in a nation that once wascharacterized as being so abundantly wealthy in individual freedom. Such a nation would



quickly recognize tyranny and be readily critical of any and all threats to its freedoms.Just as the first Nazi regime initially launched itself by securing a vital propaganda tool,think of the smashing advantage and experience the current Nazi regime has over the firstvia the total power of the Zionist media.

As a writer and long-time fan has frequently pointed out, the Hitler regime was just a dryrun for the real thing: the unending Nazi regime headed by members of the Bush andClinton crime families. Grandpa Bush, Prescott, was Hitler's chief financier. Hesiphoned off the remaining Nazi Union Banking funds to launch the Bush family wealth.And yet more Nazi funding and assets were used and transferred to create the "American"CIA. Nazi intelligence agency operatives transferred under Grandpa Bush to the CIAlaunched many covert operations in South America with the intent of giving the Reich anew start in this hemisphere.

And as the CIA has been closely and irrevocably linked to Israeli intelligence, theMossad, evidence continues to surface linking clandestine international crisis creation

and management to this unholy partnership of the CIA and Mossad. They have beenlinked to both JFK assassinations, the more recent one disguised as pilot's "spatialdisorientation" on the part of JFK Jr. This, in spite of the fact that bits and pieces of hisplane were found over a wide area of Martha's Vineyard indicating an onboard explosion,was written off by the plutocratic Zionist media as a simple "pilot error" accident.

The Nazi regime of George W. Bush has huge advantages over that of Adolf Hitler's;namely, virtual control over all the American media. Where Hitler's actions wereundertaken largely for the benefit of Germany, the Nazi administration of George W.Bush serves only the nation of Israel. Israel's fantastic wealth originating from Americantaxpayers and generous donations from hoodwinked, honest and wealthy Jews, as well asa supportive Zionist media, has allowed the Israeli purchase of the United StatesCongress through the second most powerful lobby in Washington: the American IsraelPublic Affairs Committee, or AIPAC. As those who frequent the independent AM know,this agency of a foreign government controls virtually all U.S. policy overseas and enjoystax exempt status as well! This clearly violates the IRS code. AIPAC's power inWashington is second only to the lobbying power of the American Association of RetiredPersons [AARP].

And just as the conversion of "Judaism" to a nation state is the manifestation of Zionism,it was anti-Jewish "Jewish" Zionists who collaborated with Adolf Hitler and sacrificedtheir own to secure the world sympathy needed to legitimize the "Jewish State" that ismodern Israel. Modern Israel's establishment as a nation was launched by theRothschild-Rockefeller-inspired and controlled Council on Foreign Relations, whichestablished itself in 1945. Through their efforts and that of the United Nations, modernIsrael came into being in 1948. Israel was the creation of the United States and GreatBritain and validated via the UN.

Almost immediately after its creation, Israel launched endless campaigns of terror andmass murder against the Palestinians, the latter having originally welcomed the Jewish



Zionists to their part of the world and intending only peace. It was Israel that initiatedterrorism first in the Middle East, and continues to do so. Its power has always been theundaunted support of the governments of the United States and Great Britain.

The outrageous and humongous billions in American foreign aid to Israel, as well as the

illegal transfer of trillions of dollars in military assets by such as former PentagonComptroller Dov Zacheim, an Israeli citizen, have empowered Israel to where it is nowthe most dangerous and powerful nation in the world. It ranks 106thin the world's population, coming in at slightly over six million. It has somewherebetween 200 and 400 nuclear warheads/devices, putting it at around fourth in ranking as aworld nuclear power. Yet all its imperial gains come by way of the sacrifice of youngAmericans in our military who are fighting and dying in wars waged by Americanpoliticians on behalf of Israel. Iran is next on the Israel-American imperialistic agenda.

In spite of its formal creation by the United Nations, Israel is among those few membernations that lead the rest in terms of violations of UN resolutions. Most of the technology

for nuclear armaments that Israel obtained was either stolen from the United States, orwas acquired via spying operations directed against the US via such "Jewish"organizations as AIPAC, the Israeli Embassy, the ADL, and through military alliancesand shared secrets. And of course, it is always Israel that sets itself up as both judge and jury deciding which nations shall be allowed nuclear capability, and which shall not.Needless to say, Israel is among those very few nations with nuclear capability that hasconsistently refused to join the nuclear Non-Proliferation Treaty [NPT].

In 1967, our "ally" Israel, the non-NPT participating and greatest violator of UNresolutions, and the nation that stole our nuclear secrets, attacked an unarmed UnitedStates Navy signal/intelligence ship, the USS Liberty. Our "ally" Israel obviouslyattempted to kill all our Navy personnel aboard and sink the ship. The reason? To blameit all on the Egyptians with whom they were at war at the time in order to ignite the angerof both the American military and the American people! But Israel botched this "falseflag" operation, killing only 34 of our Navy personnel and wounding 173. They ran likehell when they thought armed US reinforcements were on their way to help thedefenseless ship. President Lyndon Johnson and Secretary of Defense Robert McNamaraknew of the act of war against America, but covered it up with the help of the Zionist"American" press to protect America-Israeli "interests."

In 1981, when Saddam Hussein and the U.S. were in the process of oil pipelinenegotiations, Israel saw its role with the United States as being greatly diminished andthreatened. It appeared that the U.S. and Iraq were beginning to make great strides inassuming mutually beneficial roles as regards the petroleum trade. Israel seized theopportunity to attack Saddam's nuclear power-generating plant, the latter a peacefulproject, citing it as a potential "nuclear threat." Israel had learned of the location of thepower plant from information and maps provided by the CIA.

That same "nuclear threat" nonsense is being pitched today by Israel and its America-based propaganda organizations: AIPAC, the ADL, the B'nai B'rith, the MSM, and the



pro-Israeli/pro-Bush-dependent AM. The propaganda is to incite yet another illegalinvasion and attack upon peaceful Iran. Dispensationalist Christian Fundamentalist JoeFarah, on both his website WorldNetDaily and monthly magazine, vociferously andcontinually pontificate that it is Iran that is the most dangerous nation in the world,hoping to propagandize the need to sacrifice yet more lives and the limbs of our

American military for Israeli and New World Order imperialism. Anyone that challengesIsrael on this is immediately smeared as being "anti-Semitic" by these defamingorganizations putting Israel first and America last.

Israel, via "campaign donations" and political action funding, has basically bribed theentire United States Congress. The Bush crime family's connections to Zionism, theRockefeller-Rothschild international bankers, the Nazi-originated CIA, and the CIA'sconnection to the Mossad, are all part of the critical mass that establishes and protects thehorrendous domestic and international criminal activities of the Nazi Bush regime and itsallies. They have become "untouchable." It used to be the "good guys" in America whowere supposed to be untouchable now, it's the bad guys!

The MSM's talk radio, network and cable televised news and entertainment, Hollywoodmovies, newspapers and magazines, and their controlling "Jewish" Zionist families, willnever do anything to attack the criminal Nazi Bush Regime. That's why G. Bush isalways smirking. He knows all the evil that is done in his name, even if he himself is notclever enough to perpetrate it! Condescending essays, articles and columns writtenpurportedly attacking Bush, but exuding pity because he's a "bit short" on eitherintellectual skills or in the common sense department, offer no positive service at all toAmerica or Americans. The independent Alternative Media must focus on continuallyhammering this criminal Nazi Bush regime, and must start to make the "Nazi" labelstick! Any other political label, "liberal" or "conservative" or "Democrat" or"Republican" are of absolutely no significance and totally unimportant.

And the most damaging of condescending labels imaginable is that of "neoconservative."There is absolutely nothing either "neo" or "conservative" about this unintentionallyforgiving label. Go ask any American on the street if he or she knows what is meant bythe term "neoconservative" and prove my point. Then ask them who the second and fifthpresidents of the United States were!

H.L. Mencken was the first journalist, at least to my knowledge, who put the blame of bad government squarely on the people. He figured Americans for "boobs" and coinedsuch terms as "boobus Americanus" and the American "booboisie." Mencken was notonly extremely observant of the astonishing political stupidity of the booboisie led by"poltroons," "idiots," "half-wits" and "morons" during his time, but could see such idioticleaders eventually occupying the White House as is currently the case: "On some greatand glorious day the plain folks of the land will reach their heart's desire at last and theWhite House will be adorned by a downright moron." Enter G. Bush from stage right, erleft, ugh, maybe center, well, maybe



And taking advantage of stupid and uninformed America are the new Bush propagandistsof the Nazi Bush regime-supporting "alternate media." In fact, there isn't a damned thingat all "alternate" about them. They have become a worse threat than the dangerous labelof "neoconservative."

As WorldNetDaily and Joe Farah cry and moan about the horrible things being done tothe Christian religion via the Zionist ACLU, he applauds the Zionist and ChristianFundamentalist rebuke of the Presbyterian Church when it announced it was no longersupporting Israel via its $7 billion investment portfolio. Here's Farah's vision aftercalling Presbyterians "prostitutes": "The PCUSA is the first and only church in Americato vote to divest from Israel equating the Jewish state with the apartheid state of SouthAfrica. U.S. Jews are understandably upset, given lingering tensions over persecution inthe past. They are also concerned about another policy adopted by the church at itsannual meeting refusing to cut off funding of evangelism of Jews. Let me attempt to putto rest any concerns about the Presbyterians evangelizing Jews. Have no fear, my Jewishfriends, of evangelism by these Presbyterians. They have demonstrated their woeful

inability to evangelize anyone in the last 20 years. All you have to do is look at thedenomination's dwindling numbers."

Farah continues: "But the PCUSA does command a $7 billion investment portfolio. And,therefore, it is of concern that its decision to divest from Israel might set off a chainreaction among other liberal mainline denominations. The problem with these people isnot that they don't understand the Middle East. It is simply that they are no longer able totell right from wrong. They are no longer able to distinguish between good and evil.They are no longer able to see the difference between freedom and tyranny. They are nolonger able to judge between criminal and victim. They have, in short, completely losttheir moral bearings."

See? Only Joe Farah is qualified to see good from evil, even if he is unable to distinguishbetween modern man-made Israel and the real nation of Israel described in the OldTestament. This is the "complexity" of Israel and the Middle East he repeatedly cites.And only Joe Farah and Bill O'Reilly are qualified to separate good Zionists like ArielSharon from the bad Zionists of the Christmas-bashing ACLU! But truth be known, the"Z-word" is undoubtedly not even in their respective vocabularies. David Letterman hadit almost right when putting O'Reilly down on his Late Show on Tuesday, January 3rdoffering, "60 percent of what you [O'Reilly] say is crap!" The truth is that 100% of whatO'Reilly, Hannity, Farah, Limbaugh and the rest of these Bush media propagandists offeris a mountain of steaming bovine dung!

And then there's Christopher Ruddy's NewsMax, another vast Bush wasteland! As Icouldn't bring myself to actually read the specifics of their latest pro-Bush obnoxiousoffering, the topic's headline said it all: "Poll Shows 80% of Americans Support BushSpying." Eighty percent, huh?! They offer that 150,000 of their loyal dimwits and boobsprovided these astonishing results. Eighty percent, huh?! Can there be any doubt whatthe next polls from NewsMax will be?



How about: "Ninety Percent of Americans Support Bush Torture of Themselves, TheirFamilies, Friends, Neighbors and Fellow Workers?!" Or, "Americans OverwhelminglySupport Having Their Eyes Gouged Out With Red Hot Irons by Bush Torturers." Ormaybe, "Almost 100% of Americans Eagerly Await the 'Midnight Knock!'" Myapologies for the warped attempt at humor considering the seriousness of this subject and

my feeble shock and awe approach calling for common sense; but if 150,000 of my loyalfans, obviously the upper crust of boobUS AmericanUS, would have responded to suchan idiotic poll, I believe I would have had enough sense not to even bother publishing it.

But even more unbelievable, was when one of WorldNetDaily's premier writers lashedout at the Drudge Report for not loyally following the journalistic creed and reporting thetruth to the American people. And of course, the writer never identifies Zionism as thereason why the MSM and pro-Bush AM protects the Bush regime To be sure, as I havepointed out so often, if any of these pro-Bush alternative media websites only told thetruth, the American booboisie would react as though hit in the face with a bucket of icewater.

The terrific protection of the criminal Bush regime provided by both the Zionist MSMand the AM's heavily trafficked pro-Bush websites, have rendered the truly independentAM virtually voiceless. Yet even the minority voice that is the independent AM has nowattracted the State Department's attention, and you can be sure that a laundry list of alphabet federal government snoop agencies are carefully monitoring the few"dangerous" AM websites who are committing the federal offense of telling the truth.

It is the phony "American" media, both MSM and AM, which is covering for the horrificcrimes of the criminal Nazi Bush regime. And those crimes all started with the carefullyplanned and somewhat successful "terrorist" acts seemingly perpetrated against theUnited States by agents and elements of foreign states; but increasing evidence points tothe CIA, the Israeli Mossad and the Israeli citizens who controlled the Pentagon onSeptember 11, 2001.

Simply using reverse logic, or for that matter, any logic, and you will quickly come torealize that the United States of America, with the greatest wealth of any nation in theworld, with the greatest and most powerful military of any nation in the world, and withthe greatest radar and air defense systems in the entire world, could never have been sounprepared as we supposedly were on Tuesday, September 11, 2001. The terrorist actswe nickname "9-11" were all perpetrated by the highest elements within the criminalNazi Bush regime, with the only possible exception as regards both knowledge andcomplicity being the "downright moron" and Resident of the United States: G. Bush!

You can just bet Cheney, Sharon, Rumsfeld, Rove and the Pentagon Zionists knew of the9-11 false flag operation so desperately needed to Nazify America! And the Towers didcome down by controlled demolition, as even the huge amounts of white kerosene jet fuelcould never generate enough heat to melt the structural steel originally designed to take adirect hit from a Boeing 707. And collapse from explosives was so perfectly engineeredso as to cause them to collapse perfectly into their own foundations' footprint. The



world's leading explosives and terrorist demolitions experts are the agents of the Mossad,five of whom were captured by the Bergen County, New Jersey Police that day withtraces of explosives in their van. They were allowed to return to Israel!

It is ancient history to those getting their news and facts from the independent AM that

the signatories and participants in the Project for the New American Century stronglyinterconnected plans for America and Israel calling for another "Pearl Harbor of the 21stCentury." American President Franklin Delano Roosevelt and his fellow communistenabler, Winston Churchill, collaborated resulting in the planned inevitability of theDecember 21, 1941 "sneak attack" of the Pearl Harbor of the 20thCentury. American intelligence broke the Japanese code, and learned two things fromintercepted messages between Tokyo and their embassy in Berlin; first, theadministration of FDR and the Navy learned that the Japanese fleet was underway toattack Pearl; but secondly, they learned that Ribbentrop and Hitler signed a mutualdefense pact with the Japanese. That was the real intelligence FDR was looking for; itensured that after the "sneak attack" on Pearl, Roosevelt and Churchill could wage war on

Nazi Germany thereby making the world safe for communism.

Zionism is in tune with any form of government tyranny. But Zionism qualifies tyrannyand sees it only in an unfavorable light if such tyranny rejects a global agenda andoverrides this objective with a preference for its own national sovereignty. Zionismdemands that a global focus be imposed over the interests of a subjugated people. Hitlerdid not do that. He opposed the "Jewish" intellectualism of global communism. Zionistsupport of Hitler generated world sympathy for persecuted Jews that allowed the creationof the modern man-made state of Israel. And Israel and Zionism are the means toachieve global domination for the New World Order. And Zionism and Bush are on thesame page. Iran is next!

NOW IT’S OBAMA’S TURN



PROBLEM