13053_chap 1 (1)
TRANSCRIPT
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Introduction toHealth and
Disease
By:
Rahul Bhaskar
Lect. Pharmacy
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Definition
The condition of being sound in body,
mind or spirit, especially freedom from
physical disease or pain.
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WHO definition
Health is a state of complete physical,
mental and social wellbeing and notmerely an absence of disease or infirmity.
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Operational definition
A condition or quality of the human
organism expressing the adequate
functioning of the organism in givencondition, genetic or environment
No obvious evidence of disease.
The several organs of the body are
functioning adequately in themselves and inrelation to one another.
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New philosophy of health
Fundamental human right.
Intersectoral
Integral part of development Central to concept of quality of life
Involves Individuals state and internationalresponsibility.
A major social investment.
World wide social goal
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Evaluation of physical health
Self assessment of overall health
Inquiry into
symptoms of ill health and risk factors
Medication
Medical services
Nutrition and dietary
Standardized questionnaires Cardio vascular disease
Respiratory disease
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Mental dimension
A state of balance between the individual
and the surrounding world,
a state of harmony b/w oneself and other, a coexistence b/w the realities of the self
and that of other people and that of
environment
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Characteristics to mental health
Free form internal conflicts
Well adjusted.
Accepts criticism and is not easily upset
Searches for identity
Strong sense of self-esteem
Knows himself
Good self control balance, rationally andemotionally
Faces problems and tries to solve them.
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Social dimension
Harmony and integration within the
individual, b/w each individual and other
members of society and b/w individuals
and the world in which they live.
Well being of the whole person
Positive material environment
Positive human environment
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Spiritual health
The part of the individual which reaches
out and strives for meaning and purpose in
life.
Includes integrity, principles and ethics,
the purpose in life, commitment to some
higher being and belief in concepts that
are not subject to state of the artexplanation.
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Emotional health
Mental health knowing
Emotional health - feeling
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Vocational dimension
Vocational health is one's attitude aboutwork and career. This dimension involvespreparing for and participating in work that
provides personal satisfaction and lifeenrichment. This includes continueddevelopment of occupational skills, findingbalance between work and leisureactivities, participating in paid andvolunteer activities, and findingchallenging work.
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Determinants of health
Combination of genetic and environmentalfactors.
Factors:
Biological Behavioral and socio-cultural
Environment
Socio economic
Health services Aging of population
Gender
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Biological determinants
Genetic make- up
Chromosomal abnormalities
Error in metabolism Mental retardation
Some type of diabetes
Can be used for betterment.
Positive health
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Behavioral and socio-cultural
determinant Life style
(cultural, behavioral patterns and life long personalhabits)
Learnt through social interaction. Developed countries risk: CVD, obesity, lung
cancer, drug addiction
Developing countries risk: lack of sanitation,
poor nutrition, personal hygiene, custom andcultural patterns.
Beneficial lifestyle ?????
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Environment
Internal
External
Physical, biological or psychological factors Micro or domestic or personal environment
(lifestyle)
Occupational, socio-economic and moralenvironment.
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Health services
Primary health care
Immunization
Safe water provision Care of pregnant women and children
Cost of health care
Quality of health care
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Aging of population
By 2020, MT one billion people- age 60
Gender
Men vs Women
V
iolence, aging, life style
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Disease
A condition in which body health is impaired, adeparture from state of health, an alteration if thehuman body interrupting the performance of vitalfunction.
A condition of body or some part or organ of thebody in which its function are disrupted orderanged. Oxford
A maladjustment of the human organism to the
environment ecological view Social phenomenon occurring in all societies sociological view
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Any deviation from normal functioning or
state of complete physical or mental wellbeing.
No criteria for disease ????
WHO ???? Acute (food poisioning)
Insidious (mental illness, RA)
Carrier state (typhoid fever)
Organism with MT one clinical manifestation(Streptococcus)
Same disease by MT one organism (diarrhea)
Couse short or prolonged
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Disease physioligical/ psychological
dysfunction
Illness subjective state of a person whofeel aware of not being well
Sickness state of social dysfunction, i.e
the role that the individual assumes when
ill. (sickness role)
Victim of disease without feeling it ????
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Disease classification
ICD-10 Vol I-
report of international conference
Classifiscatin
Special tubulation list of mortality
Definition and nomenclature regulaiton
Vol2 Instruction manual
Vol 3 index
The coding system
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Chapter List
I A00-B99Certain infectious and parasitic diseases
II C00-D48Neoplasms III D50-D89Diseases of the blood and blood-forming
organs and certain disorders involving the immunemechanism
IV E00-E90Endocrine, nutritional and metabolic diseases
V F00-F99Mental and behavioural disorders VI G00-G99Diseases of the nervous system
VII H00-H59Diseases of the eye and adnexa
VIII H60-H95Diseases of the ear and mastoid process
IX I00-I99Diseases of the circulatory system
X J00-J99Diseases of the respiratory system
XI K00-K93Diseases of the digestive system
XII L00-L99Diseases of the skin and subcutaneoustissue
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The determinants of health
Introduction
Evidence base of health determinants
Transport
Food and Agriculture Housing
Waste
Energy Industry
Urbanisation
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Introduction
Income and social status - higher income and
social status are linked to better health. Thegreater the gap between the richest and poorest
people, the greater the differences in health.
Education low education levels are linked with
poor health, more stress and lower self-confidence.
Physical environment safe water and clean air,
healthy workplaces, safe houses, communities
and roads all contribute to good health.
Employment and working conditions people in
employment are healthier, particularly those who
have more control over their working conditions
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Social support networks greater support from
families, friends and communities is linked tobetter health. Culture - customs and traditions,and the beliefs of the family and community allaffect health.
Genetics - inheritance plays a part in
determining lifespan, healthiness and thelikelihood of developing certain illnesses.Personal behaviour and coping skills balancedeating, keeping active, smoking, drinking, andhow we deal with lifes stresses and challenges
all affect health. Health services - access and use of services
that prevent and treat disease influences health
Gender - Men and women suffer from different
types of diseases at different ages.
Determinants contd
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Transport
Accidents between motor vehicles, bicycles andpedestrians (particularly children and youngpeople).
Pollution from burning fossil fuels such asparticulates and ozone.
Noise from transportation.
Psychosocial effects such as severance of
communities by large roads and the restriction ofchildrens movement.
Climate change due to CO2 emission
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Food and agriculture
Tobacco farming and its impact on heartdisease, stroke, certain cancers and chronicrespiratory disease. Including passive smoking
and impact of foetal development. Pesticidepolicies on tobacco crops require consideration.
Changes in land use, soil quality, choice of crop,use of agricultural labour and occupationalhealth.
Mechanisation of work previously done by hand,and plantation agriculture.
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Fisheries biotoxins, pollution, chemical use, wastewater,processing, and occupational health
Forestry vector borne diseases, occupational health, and foodsecurity.
Livestock use vector borne diseases, drug residues, animal feed,
waste, and food security. Sustainable farming including chemical and energy use, biodiversity,
organic production methods, and diversity of foods produced.
Fertiliser use nitrate levels in food, pollution of waterways, re-useof agricultural waste.
Water irrigation use and its impact on river/water-table levels and
production outputs. Pesticide usage and veterinary drugs legal requirements, bestpractice, consumer issues.
Food packaging, preservation and safety, and avoidance of longstorage and travel.
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Access to, and distribution of food
Household food security appropriate foodbeing available, with adequate access and beingaffordable (location of markets, supermarketsand closure of small suppliers creating food
deserts in cities). Food supplies, including national and regional
food security, and regional production.
National food security able to provide
adequate nutrition within a country withoutrelying heavily on imported products
Cold-chain reliability the safety of transportingproducts that deteriorate microbiologically in the
heat.
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Dietary patterns, diversity of food
available and home production, Fruit and vegetable consumption on reduced stroke,heart disease and risk of certain cancers,
Total, saturated and polyunsaturated fat, carbohydratesand sugars consumption on obesity, heart disease,
stroke and other vascular diseases. Alcohol consumption and impact on social effects relatedto behaviour (traffic accidents, work/home accidents,violence, social relations, unwanted pregnancy andSTDs), and toxic effects (all-cause mortality, alcoholism,certain cancers, liver cirrhosis, psychosis, poisoning,
gastritis, stroke, foetal alcohol syndrome and others). Micronutrients such as iron, vitamin A, zinc and iodine
and their impact on deficiency syndromes.
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Housing
Improvements in housing and improved mentalhealth and general health
The possibility of improved housing leading torent rises, impacting negatively on health.
Movement of original tenants after housingimprovement and therefore not benefiting fromthe improvements.
Housing tenure, outdoor temperature, indoor air
quality, dampness, housing design, rentsubsidies, relocation, allergens and dust mites,home accident prevention, and fire prevention.
Homelessness.
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Waste
the transmission of agents of infectious diseasefrom human and animal excreta (sanitation,hygiene and water-related);
exposure to toxic chemicals in human and
animal excreta; and in industrial wastesdischarged into the environment;
environmental degradation, direct and indirectimpacts on health;
exposure to radioactive wastes;
exposure to health-care wastes; exposure to solid wastes and involvement in
informal waste recycling; and
breeding of disease vectors.
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Energy
Fossil fuels Biomass fuels
Hydropower and their impact on vector borne diseases,and pollution
Electricity generation and transmission Nuclear power
Other energy sources
Occupational health effects of energy workers
Impacts on ecosystems, agriculture, forests, fisheriesand building materials
Noise
Visual impact
Global warming
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Industry
Asbestos and man made fibres Basic chemicals
Cement, glass and ceramics
Electronicds
Iron and steel
Manufacture of rubber and plastic products
Metal products
Mining
Pesticides, paints and pharmaceuticals
Petroleum products Pulp and paer
Service industries
Textiles and leather
Wood and furniture.
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Urbanization
Urban housing problems
City environment and non-communicablediseases
Communicable diseases Road trauma
Psychosocial disorders
Sustainable urban development Urban wastes
Health services
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