Communication Communication and Cultureand Culture

BYBY

Deep PatelDeep Patel

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What is What is Culture???Culture???

Provides patterns Provides patterns of acceptable of acceptable behavior & beliefs.behavior & beliefs.

May be based on….May be based on….NationalityNationalityRace and Race and ReligionReligion

Historical RootsHistorical Roots……All of the AboveAll of the Above

What is culture?What is culture?

Sir Edward Tylor’s definition in 1871 Sir Edward Tylor’s definition in 1871 (first use of this term):(first use of this term):“that complex whole which includes “that complex whole which includes knowledge, belief, art, morals, law, knowledge, belief, art, morals, law, custom, and any other capabilities custom, and any other capabilities and habits acquired by man as a and habits acquired by man as a member of society”member of society”

Common Cultural Differences

Perception of Time

Perception of Space

Fate and Personal Responsibility

Importance of Face

Nonverbal Communication

Kroeber and Kluckhohn (1952)

Culture consists of patterns, explicit and implicit, of and for behavior acquired and transmitted by symbols, constituting the distinctive achievement of human groups, including their embodiment in artifacts; the essential core of culture consists of traditional (i.e. historically derived and selected) ideas and especially their attached values; culture systems may, on the one hand, be considered as products of action, on the other as conditioning elements of further action.

Cross-cultural ValuesCross-cultural Values

FreedomFreedom IndependenceIndependence Self-relianceSelf-reliance EqualityEquality IndividualismIndividualism CompetitionCompetition EfficiencyEfficiency TimeTime DirectnessDirectness OpennessOpenness

BelongingBelonging Group harmonyGroup harmony CollectivenessCollectiveness Age/seniorityAge/seniority Group consciousnessGroup consciousness CooperationCooperation QualityQuality PatiencePatience IndirectnessIndirectness Go-betweenGo-between

Americans Japanese

High-context culturesHigh-context cultures Long-lasting Long-lasting

relationshipsrelationships Exploiting contextExploiting context Spoken agreementsSpoken agreements Insiders and outsiders Insiders and outsiders

clearly distinguishedclearly distinguished Cultural patterns Cultural patterns

ingrained, slow changeingrained, slow change

Low-context culturesLow-context cultures Shorter relationshipsShorter relationships Less dependent on Less dependent on

context context Written agreementsWritten agreements Insiders and Insiders and

outsiders less clearly outsiders less clearly distinguisheddistinguished

Cultural patterns Cultural patterns change fasterchange faster

Cultural Classification--Cultural Classification--HallHall

Low-Context Cultures - What Is Said Is Low-Context Cultures - What Is Said Is More Important Than How or Where It Is More Important Than How or Where It Is SaidSaid U.S.U.S. GermanyGermany

High-Context cultures - What Is Said and High-Context cultures - What Is Said and How or Where It is Said Are SignificantHow or Where It is Said Are Significant AsiaAsia Latin AmericaLatin America Middle EastMiddle East

Low-context in businessLow-context in business

Business before friendshipBusiness before friendshipCredibility through Credibility through expertise & performanceexpertise & performance

Agreements by legal Agreements by legal contractcontract

Negotiations efficientNegotiations efficient

High-context in businessHigh-context in business

No business without No business without friendshipfriendship

Credibility through Credibility through relationshipsrelationships

Agreements founded on Agreements founded on trusttrust

Negotiations slow & Negotiations slow & ritualisticritualistic

Language codesLanguage codes

Elaborated codes provide a wide Elaborated codes provide a wide range of different ways to say range of different ways to say something. These allow speakers to something. These allow speakers to make their ideas and intentions make their ideas and intentions explicit.explicit.

Restricted codes have a narrow Restricted codes have a narrow range of options, and it is easier to range of options, and it is easier to predict what form they will take.predict what form they will take.