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TRANSCRIPT
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Planning Process and Chicago Example
END 301: Perspectives on Land Use and Development
November 16, 2017
Agenda
• Institutionalized planning
• History
• Legal framework
• Professional planners
• Agencies
• Methods
• An example of Chicago’s early master plan
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History of Planning
• Before national legal structure:
• 1913 Massachusetts made planning commission boards mandatory for all cities > 10K pop
• 1916 first comprehensive zoning in NYC
• 1917 American City Planning Institute (now the American Planning Association), first professional planning association
National Legal Framework
• 1922 Standard State Zoning Enabling Act(first printed publication in 1924)• Advisory Committee on City Planning and Zoning
• Appointed by Secretary of Commerce (Herbert Hoover)
• Founding members of American City Planning Institute
• The committee developed planning and zoning act frameworks.
• 1928 Standard City Planning Enabling Act(final version)
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Standard City Planning Enabling Act
1. The organization and power of the planning commission (who)
2. Content of the master plan (what)3. Provision for adoption of a master plan4. Provision for approval of all public
improvements by the planning commission5. Control of private subdivision of land6. Provision for the establishment of a regional
planning commissionhttps://www.planning.org/growingsmart/enablingacts.htm
1920s Enabling Act Summary
• Focused on city issues(rather than suburban and rural matters)
• No interstate highway system in those days
• Voluntary committee(rather than professional staffs)
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Update of National Acts
• New Model Land Development Code published by American Law Institute • After 50 years, Enabling Acts were modernized• Failed to garner national interests • No states except FL used the model code.
• 2002 APA developed Growing Smart Legislative Guidebook• Addresses issues of the old acts
• Complexity of modern government systems• Planning viewed as local (not regional, state, or federal concern)• Transportation, housing, and environmental issues were not significant
• More than a dozen states adopted
Legal Status of Planners
• 1989 Planning Accreditation Board was recognized.
• Standardized professional education
• NJ, MI: the only states licensed planners
• No national licensure program in 48 states.
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Professional Planners
• 1920s Formal training of planners• 1928 Harvard School of Landscape Architecture
the 1st city planning option to its MLA program
• 1929 Harvard School of City Planning established
• 1978 84 professional programs in the US and Canada• 2016 72 master’s and 16 bachelor’s program
in the US and Canada
• ~ 1950s‐60s emphasis on physical planning• After then, social science interests increased• And now…
Legal Status of Master Plans
• 1994 survey by APA
• Local planning
• 15 states mandate
• 25 states conditionally mandate
• 10 states optional
• A few require local plans to be certified by a state or regional agency
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Planning Agencies
• Localities
• Federal funding• Started with 1954 Housing Act
• Urban renewal and other programs
• MPOs introduced by 1962 Federal‐Aid Highway Act
• Required regional coordination
• Strengthened in 1990s
• 1991 Intermodal Surface Transportation Efficiency Act (ISTEA)
Federal Aids and Planning Power
• 1960s‐70s: Regional Council• Comprehensive plans• Policy coordination• Review of federal grant applications• Dependent on federal funding
• Week planning power (states rarely grant planning power; mostly recommendatory powers)
• 1980s: As federal funding decreased,councils’ power decreased
• After 1990s: Federal funding increased• MAP‐21 and the new administration?
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Changing Issues
• 1950s Intra‐region migration
• Suburbanization started
• 1970‐ Inter‐region migration
• Northwest and Midwest → south and southwest
• Family composition
• Funding sources in the future?
Planning Approach
• Land use planning • Considered as problem identification and solution
• Becoming more and more quantitative
• Quantitative approaches• Linear programming
• Network analysis
• Quantified decision making theories (e.g., game theory)
• Simulation models
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Quantitative Planning
• First introduced by transportation planners in the late 1950s
• Water resource planning 1960s
• Some urban and regional problems 1970s
• Land use planning
• Mostly visualization
• Until now human task
• Soon to be computerized?
E Lake St. & N State St., Chicago, 2013
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• The Burnham Plan
• Coauthored by Burnham and Bennett
• 1909
"Make big plans; aim high in hope and work, remembering that a noble, logical diagram once recorded will not die."
— Daniel Burnham
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Millennium Park, Chicago, 2013
Daniel Burnham
• 1846‐1912
• Trained as a draftsman
• Architect and urban designer
• Director of Works for the World’s Columbian Exposition, Chicago
• Lead creating master plans for Chicago, downtown Washington, D. C.
• Designed many skyscrapers
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Daniel_Burnham_c1890.jpeg
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City Beautiful Movement
• Reform philosophy of architecture and urban planning• North America, 1890s and 1900s• Promote beauty to create
• Civic virtue among urban populations and • Harmonious social order• Better quality of life• Orderly and clean• Aesthetic rather than social sensibility• Grandiose and ambitions
• Criticized for its over concern with aesthetics• World’s Columbian Exposition as the first large‐scale
elaboration
World’s Columbian Exposition
• 1893
• Burnham and Root oversaw design and construction of the Fair (Jackson Park)
• 600 acres; +27M visits; 6‐month run
• Neoclassical architecture
• Grand boulevards
• Classical building facades
• Lush gardens
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Chicago_World%27s_Columbian_Exposition_1893.jpg
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White City
• Area at the Court of Honor of the Fair
• Seeds of modern city planning• Highly integrated design of the landscapes, promenades, and structures
• Vision of comprehensive plans• Inspired government‐led beautification
• Streets, public art, and public spaces
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:World_Columbian_Exposition_‐_White_City_‐_1.JPG
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:MSIChicago.JPG
Museum of Science and Industry (now)Palace of Fine Arts (1893)
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1909 Plan of Chicago
• Lakefront improvement
• Regional highway system
• Improvement of railway terminals
• New outer park system
• Systematic arrangement of streets
• Civic and cultural centers
Lakefront Improvement
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75- mile radius
Regional Highway System
• 75 miles from the city center
• Actual highways not built as planned
Outer park system
New Outer Parks
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• https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Wnvr0aJ0hgs
• 10‐minute Youtube video clip
164 pages; 8 Chapters
• Rationales for planning
• History of planning
• Analysis of Chicago
• Park
• Transportation
• Streets
• Heart of city
• Plan
Something Missing?
Differences from contemporary planning?
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Planning Entities and Public Relations
• WHO: Business and civic leaders• 1894, James W. Ellisworth suggested Daniel Burnham to make a park plan
• 1906 Commercial Club of Chicago
• PR: Plan Commission (328 members)• 1911 Charles Moody publishedChicago’s Greatest Issue ‐ Condensation of the plan (93 pages)
• Published articles in 575 magazines, periodicals, trade and club publications
• Many lectures to citizens
promotion