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Chapter 9: Chapter 9: Winning the WarWinning the War

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Lesson 1: Declaring Lesson 1: Declaring IndependenceIndependence

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Declaring IndependenceDeclaring Independence After the Battle of Bunker Hill, After the Battle of Bunker Hill,

the second meeting of the the second meeting of the Continental Congress met Continental Congress met again.again.– They formed the Continental They formed the Continental

ArmyArmy– They appointed George They appointed George

Washington as leader of the Washington as leader of the Army.Army.

– They sent the Olive Branch They sent the Olive Branch Petition to the king as one last Petition to the king as one last attempt for a peaceful solution.attempt for a peaceful solution.

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Olive Branch PetitionOlive Branch Petition Olive Branch—symbol of peaceOlive Branch—symbol of peace It said that war could be avoided if the British It said that war could be avoided if the British

government would give the colonists greater government would give the colonists greater freedom to govern themselves.freedom to govern themselves.

The king refused to even read it.The king refused to even read it. He told Parliament he would use force to “put a He told Parliament he would use force to “put a

speedy end” to what he saw as an illegal speedy end” to what he saw as an illegal rebellion in the American colonies.rebellion in the American colonies.

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Thomas PaineThomas Paine Published a pamphlet called Published a pamphlet called Common SenseCommon Sense His pamphlet said that it was time to part with Great BritainHis pamphlet said that it was time to part with Great Britain ““A government of our own is our natural right.”A government of our own is our natural right.” His powerful words convinced many colonists to declare His powerful words convinced many colonists to declare

independence.independence.

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Richard Henry LeeRichard Henry Lee

““These United States are, and of right ought These United States are, and of right ought to be, free and independent states.to be, free and independent states.

However, However, Congress was not Congress was not ready to vote. ready to vote. They decided to They decided to vote in early July.vote in early July.

He was a Congressman from Virginia He was a Congressman from Virginia

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Prepare Something in WritingPrepare Something in Writing In the meantime, the colonist leaders began In the meantime, the colonist leaders began

preparing a document to explain why they needed preparing a document to explain why they needed independence including a list of grievances independence including a list of grievances (complaints) against the British government.(complaints) against the British government.

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Committee members Committee members who were chosen to who were chosen to

construct the construct the Declaration include:Declaration include:

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Benjamin FranklinBenjamin Franklin

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John AdamsJohn Adams

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Roger ShermanRoger Sherman

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Robert LivingstonRobert Livingston

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Thomas JeffersonThomas Jefferson

Thomas Jefferson was the author of the Declaration of Independence.

Thomas JeffersonThomas Jefferson QuietQuiet Very intelligentVery intelligent Excellent writerExcellent writer Was asked to write the Was asked to write the

Declaration of Declaration of IndependenceIndependence

Felt someone more Felt someone more experienced should write experienced should write it.it.

Adams insisted Jefferson Adams insisted Jefferson do it.do it.

Spent 2 weeks working Spent 2 weeks working on it in his rented room on it in his rented room and finished in June.and finished in June.

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The Declaration of IndependenceThe Declaration of Independence

Included 5 parts:Included 5 parts:

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5 Parts5 Parts

1.1. People are born with certain unalienable rights People are born with certain unalienable rights (rights that cannot be taken away)(rights that cannot be taken away)

2.2. If a government abuses these rights, people If a government abuses these rights, people should be free to create a new government.should be free to create a new government.

3.3. List of grievances (complaints) were included.List of grievances (complaints) were included.4.4. Because King George III had abused his power, Because King George III had abused his power,

the American colonists had declared their the American colonists had declared their freedom.freedom.

5.5. Vow: The signers agreed to defend their new Vow: The signers agreed to defend their new nation with “our lives, our fortunes, and our nation with “our lives, our fortunes, and our sacred honor.”sacred honor.”

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Congress Approved the Congress Approved the Declaration of Independence on Declaration of Independence on

July 4, 1776July 4, 1776

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July 4, 1776July 4, 1776

Patriots pulled down a statue of King George III, melted the metal, and used it to make Continental bullets.

Danger!Danger! They knew by signing this document, they would be They knew by signing this document, they would be

considered by the king to be traitors.considered by the king to be traitors.

During this time traitors were put to death by hanging.During this time traitors were put to death by hanging.

John Hancock signed the document first.John Hancock signed the document first.

He cautioned his fellow signers: “There must be no He cautioned his fellow signers: “There must be no pulling different ways. We must all hang together.pulling different ways. We must all hang together.

Benjamin Franklin agreed by saying: “We must all Benjamin Franklin agreed by saying: “We must all indeed hang together or most assuredly, we shall all indeed hang together or most assuredly, we shall all hang separately.”hang separately.”

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Lesson 2: Lesson 2: Patriots at WarPatriots at War

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Ethan AllenEthan Allen Wrestled bears and mountain lionsWrestled bears and mountain lions Outspoken PatriotOutspoken Patriot Commanded a small group of Vermont soldiers he Commanded a small group of Vermont soldiers he

called Green Mountain Boyscalled Green Mountain Boys They captured Fort Ticonderoga which was They captured Fort Ticonderoga which was

important victory in 1775important victory in 1775– Continental army needed a fortContinental army needed a fort– They also captured badly needed cannonsThey also captured badly needed cannons

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BostonBoston George Washington wanted the Green Mountain Boys’ cannons George Washington wanted the Green Mountain Boys’ cannons

and surrounded the British soldiers in Boston.and surrounded the British soldiers in Boston. Bringing the cannons would be difficult.Bringing the cannons would be difficult. Henry Knox and his men built sleds and pulled the cannons over Henry Knox and his men built sleds and pulled the cannons over

250 miles on snow.250 miles on snow. Some of the canons weighed over 5,000 lbs.Some of the canons weighed over 5,000 lbs. When the British saw the guns atop the mountain, they left.When the British saw the guns atop the mountain, they left. Washington reported the victory, but he knew it was far from Washington reported the victory, but he knew it was far from

over.over.

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British Army AdvantagesBritish Army Advantages Had the best Navy in the worldHad the best Navy in the world Well-trained and well-equipped soldiersWell-trained and well-equipped soldiers MoneyMoney Mercenaries (hired soldiers from other countries)Mercenaries (hired soldiers from other countries)

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American DefeatsAmerican Defeats After defeats in New York, Washington sends spies into British camps After defeats in New York, Washington sends spies into British camps

to find about their plans.to find about their plans. Nathan Hale—volunteer spy for the Patriots; was captured and hung. Nathan Hale—volunteer spy for the Patriots; was captured and hung.

Before he died, he said, “I only regret that I have but one life to lose for Before he died, he said, “I only regret that I have but one life to lose for my country.”my country.”

Washington’s army retreated to New Jersey, crossed the Delaware Washington’s army retreated to New Jersey, crossed the Delaware River, and camped in the wintry conditions of Pennsylvania.River, and camped in the wintry conditions of Pennsylvania.

The soldiers were short of food and clothing. They were often sick and The soldiers were short of food and clothing. They were often sick and cold as well.cold as well.

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A Patriot Victory!A Patriot Victory! Starving, sick, and in need of clothing, Washington’s Starving, sick, and in need of clothing, Washington’s

troops secretly cross the chilly Delaware River to troops secretly cross the chilly Delaware River to Trenton, New Jersey where German mercenaries Trenton, New Jersey where German mercenaries were at night on Christmas Day 1776.were at night on Christmas Day 1776.

They surprised the mercenaries, captured the town, They surprised the mercenaries, captured the town, and took 1,000 as prisoners.and took 1,000 as prisoners.

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The Turning Point of the WarThe Turning Point of the War Thaddeus Kosciusko (a Polish engineer) led a group of soldiers to defeat the Thaddeus Kosciusko (a Polish engineer) led a group of soldiers to defeat the

British at Saratoga and stop British advance.British at Saratoga and stop British advance. Each town they visited only caused the number of troops to enlarge.Each town they visited only caused the number of troops to enlarge. British suffered heavy losses.British suffered heavy losses. October 17, 1777, General John Burgoyne surrendered his British troops.October 17, 1777, General John Burgoyne surrendered his British troops. The Battle of Saratoga was the turning point of the war because the The Battle of Saratoga was the turning point of the war because the

French were convinced that we could win and agreed to be out ally.French were convinced that we could win and agreed to be out ally.

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Benedict ArnoldBenedict Arnold One key leader—One key leader—

Benedict Arnold (He Benedict Arnold (He was wounded and was wounded and never led another troop never led another troop again.)again.)

HE SHOCKED THE HE SHOCKED THE COUNTRY BY COUNTRY BY JOINING THE JOINING THE BRITISH ARMY IN BRITISH ARMY IN EXCHANGE FOR EXCHANGE FOR MONEYMONEY

HE IS ONE OF HE IS ONE OF HISTORY’S MOST HISTORY’S MOST FAMOUS TRAITORS.FAMOUS TRAITORS.

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African Americans and the African Americans and the RevolutionRevolution

Lord Dunmore offered Lord Dunmore offered freedom to all slaves freedom to all slaves who left their owners who left their owners and fought for the and fought for the British.British.

Thousands more joined Thousands more joined loyalists who fled to loyalists who fled to Canada.Canada.

Many fought for Patriots. Many fought for Patriots. They thought a war for They thought a war for freedom meant freedom freedom meant freedom for ALL.for ALL.

Overall about 5,000 Overall about 5,000 served in the served in the Continental ArmyContinental Army

Peter SalemPeter Salem African American soldierAfrican American soldier Gained fame at Bunker Gained fame at Bunker

Hill by shooting a British Hill by shooting a British officer just as he leapt officer just as he leapt over a wall and shouted, over a wall and shouted, “The day is ours!”“The day is ours!”

He later fought in the He later fought in the Battle of Saratoga.Battle of Saratoga.

His gun is at the Bunker His gun is at the Bunker Hill Monument in Boston.Hill Monument in Boston.

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James ArmisteadJames Armistead Was a 21 year old Was a 21 year old

enslaved man who risked enslaved man who risked his life as a spy.his life as a spy.

Worked his way into Worked his way into British Headquarters and British Headquarters and earned the trust of the earned the trust of the British generals.British generals.

After the war he was After the war he was released from slavery and released from slavery and praised for his service.praised for his service.

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Women and the RevolutionWomen and the Revolution

Women helped keep the Revolution alive by Women helped keep the Revolution alive by collecting food, raising money, and making collecting food, raising money, and making clothing for the soldiers.clothing for the soldiers.

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Martha WashingtonMartha Washington Martha Washington Martha Washington

(wife of George (wife of George Washington) often Washington) often traveled with the traveled with the troops cooking, troops cooking, delivering food, and delivering food, and visiting injured or visiting injured or sick soldiers.sick soldiers.

In the evenings, she In the evenings, she joined the other joined the other women knitting women knitting socks and mending socks and mending uniforms.uniforms.

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Mary Ludwig HaysMary Ludwig Hays

Carried pitcher of Carried pitcher of water to the soldierswater to the soldiers

Nicknamed “Molly Nicknamed “Molly Pitcher”Pitcher”

When her husband When her husband collapsed from heat, collapsed from heat, she took over his she took over his position firing a position firing a cannoncannon

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Deborah SamsonDeborah Samson

Dressed in a Dressed in a man’s uniform man’s uniform and fought in and fought in many battlesmany battles

She was She was wounded 2x wounded 2x before anyone before anyone discovered her discovered her secret.secret.

Mercy Otis WarrenMercy Otis Warren

She had helped She had helped lead the boycotts lead the boycotts against the British against the British tea.tea.

Wrote plays in Wrote plays in support of the support of the American American Revolution.Revolution.

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Abigail AdamsAbigail Adams

Wife of John AdamsWife of John Adams Wrote letters Wrote letters

supporting American supporting American RevolutionRevolution

Spoke out Spoke out concerning women’s concerning women’s rights urging John rights urging John Adams to “remember Adams to “remember the ladies” when the ladies” when making lawsmaking laws

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Phillis WheatleyPhillis Wheatley Published poems supporting the American Published poems supporting the American

Revolution and opposing slaveryRevolution and opposing slavery

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Winter at Valley ForgeWinter at Valley Forge British captured Philadelphia in late 1777.British captured Philadelphia in late 1777. Washington’s army was dangerously low of food and suppliesWashington’s army was dangerously low of food and supplies Many soldiers did not even have shoes, left a trail of blood Many soldiers did not even have shoes, left a trail of blood

when they marched, and stood on their hats to keep their feet when they marched, and stood on their hats to keep their feet out of the snowout of the snow

More than 2,500 men died of starvation, cold, and diseaseMore than 2,500 men died of starvation, cold, and disease

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Lesson 3: Lesson 3: The World Turned Upside The World Turned Upside

DownDown

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Springtime!Springtime! In the spring, the supply In the spring, the supply

of food and clothing of food and clothing begins to increasebegins to increase

Friedrich von Steuben—Friedrich von Steuben—turned the army into turned the army into professionalsprofessionals

1778—FRANCE HAS 1778—FRANCE HAS AGREED TO HELP IN AGREED TO HELP IN THE WAR! (Remember: THE WAR! (Remember: They do not like British.)They do not like British.)

1779—SPAIN HAS 1779—SPAIN HAS AGREED TO HELP AGREED TO HELP TOO! Spanish victories TOO! Spanish victories helped weaken British helped weaken British power in the southeast.power in the southeast.

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Fighting ContinuesFighting Continues In December 1778,British captured Savannah, In December 1778,British captured Savannah,

Georgia. They believed there were more loyalists in Georgia. They believed there were more loyalists in the south.the south.

Francis Marion became famous for his surprise Francis Marion became famous for his surprise attacks on the British. He would attack and disappear attacks on the British. He would attack and disappear in the swamps. He was nicknamed the “Swamp Fox.”in the swamps. He was nicknamed the “Swamp Fox.”

In February 1779, Fort Vincennes—captured by In February 1779, Fort Vincennes—captured by George Rogers Clark who waded through flooded George Rogers Clark who waded through flooded swamplands that often came up to their shoulders in swamplands that often came up to their shoulders in the freezing rain. This victory strengthened control of the freezing rain. This victory strengthened control of the Ohio River valley.the Ohio River valley.

John Paul Jones—captain of John Paul Jones—captain of BonhommeBonhomme RichardRichard; he ; he attacked British ship attacked British ship SerapisSerapis; The ships pounded one ; The ships pounded one another with cannonballs and grenades for over 2 another with cannonballs and grenades for over 2 hours. When his ship was full of holes and leaking, he hours. When his ship was full of holes and leaking, he was asked to surrender. He said, “I have not yet was asked to surrender. He said, “I have not yet begun to fight!” British surrendered. It was a proud begun to fight!” British surrendered. It was a proud moment for the young American navy.moment for the young American navy.

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VICTORY AT YORKTOWN!VICTORY AT YORKTOWN! We are now entering the 6We are now entering the 6thth year in year in

17801780 Nathanael Greene—Patriot leaderNathanael Greene—Patriot leader

– Strategy-use open spaces of south for Strategy-use open spaces of south for advantagesadvantages

Charles Cornwallis—British leaderCharles Cornwallis—British leader– Chased by Greene and would turn to fight Chased by Greene and would turn to fight

when he saw a good opportunitywhen he saw a good opportunity– Set up camp at YorktownSet up camp at YorktownWashington saw this as an opportunity and Washington saw this as an opportunity and

joined Greene and surrounded the British joined Greene and surrounded the British in Yorktown, and the French navy trapped in Yorktown, and the French navy trapped them by sea.them by sea.

October 19, Cornwallis surrendered.October 19, Cornwallis surrendered.

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Victory and the Treaty of ParisVictory and the Treaty of Paris

The last victory was at YorktownThe last victory was at Yorktown

The TREATY OF PARIS written by The TREATY OF PARIS written by Benjamin Franklin, John Adams, and John Benjamin Franklin, John Adams, and John Jay in 1783 Jay in 1783 officially ended the American officially ended the American RevolutionRevolution. .

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NOW WHAT?NOW WHAT?

To be continued.…To be continued.…