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Graphical aspects of visualization II
Above all elseshow the data.Tufte, 1983
Edward Tufte: ›The visual display of quantitative Information‹, 1983
90Visualisierung¶
·presentquantitiesdirectlyproportionaltothenumbersrepresented
·applyclear,detailedlabelingpreferablyinthegraphicitself
·showdatavariations,notdesignvariations
·thenumberofvisuallydefineddimensionsinthegraphicshouldequalthenumberofdimensionsinthedata
(abbreviated)
Edward Tufte: Graphical Integrity ¶
Time Magazine: Ölpreisanstieg, 1979; aus Tufte: ›The visual display of quantitative Information‹
New York Times, 2009 (interactive): How Different Groups Spend Their Day in 2008
New York Times, 2009 (interactive): How Different Groups Spend Their Day in 2008
John Snow (dot map): Deaths from Cholera in Central London, 1854
John Snow: Deaths from Cholera. Two aggregations over timeGruppierungen in der Zeit verändern die Aussage. (redrawn Tufte)
Other example for aggregation over time (redrawn Tufte)
Mathew Bloch; New York Times: Zwangsenteignungen in New York Region 2005–08, 2010 (interactive)
Kartogramme —maps with data
Martin Waldseemüller: Globussegemente aus Cosmographiae Introductio, 1507 (erste Nennung Americas)
Satellitenweltkarte nach Mercator Projektion(Gerardus Mercator 1512–1594)
Jost Murers: Karte des Zürichgaus, 1566; Holztafeldruck; Schattenschraffuren; Seitenansicht
Michel Turgot/Louis Bretez: Plan de Paris, 1739; Holztafeldruck; Schattenschraffuren; Seitenansicht
Constantine Anderson: Isometric map of midtown Manhattan, 1989; The Manhattan map company
Google Maps, 2012
Use of color
aus: Josef Albers: Interaction of color, 1963
Same color is influenced by different surrounding colors
aus: Josef Albers: Interaction of color, 1963
Contrasting hues (Farbton) and similar lightness (Hell- Dunkelstufe) create visual vibration
aus: Josef Albers: Interaction of color, 1963
Colors of similar lightness next to one another, are less distinguishable, even if they differ in saturation or hue.
·avoidbrightorstrongcolorsinlargeareas;usethemforhighlightingimportantdetails
·avoidbrightcolorsnexttowhite(visualvibration)
·usemutedorsubtlecolorsonbackgroundsandlargeareas
·unitetwoormorelargeandenclosedcolorareasusingtintsofthesamecolor
QUADRAAT(FREDSMEIJERS1995)
106Use of Color in Cartography¶Visualization¶
Eduard Imhof: Cartographic Relief Presentation. Berlin, 1982(nach Tufte: ›Envisioning Information‹, 1990)
Landeskarte der Schweiz 1 : 100 000, 1965 Eduard Imhof: Schweizerischer Mittelschulatlas, Kartendarstellung Frankreich 1 : 4 000 000
Charles Joseph Minard: Weinexport Frankreich, 1864; Illustration from ›Envisioning Information‹ (Redesign)
Charles Joseph Minard (flow map): World immigration in 1858, 1862
1500 Personen = 1 Millimeter
Santos Henarejos (Detail): Supplies Unchained, Makeshift Magazine 02, 2012
Santos Henarejos: Supplies Unchained, Makeshift Magazine 02, 2012
Vincent Meertens: Time maps, 2010 (interactive)
Use of shapes and lines
Edward Tufte: Marshalling signals, 1983; Illustration from ›Envisioning Information‹ ( Redesign)
·1+1=3·Visualperceptionactively
constructsmeaning
115Use of shapes and lines ¶Visualization¶
Gaetano Kanizsa: Cognitive Contours, 1974(nach Tufte: ›Envisioning Information‹, 1990)
Gestalt psychology (Max Wertheimer, Kurt Koffka, Wolfgang Köhler); frist half of 20th century
Gesetz der Geschlossenheit
116Use of shapes and lines ¶Visualization¶
Gestalt psychology (Max Wertheimer, Kurt Koffka, Wolfgang Köhler) frist half of 20th century
Gesetz der Nähe
Gesetz der Ähnlichkeit/Gleichheit
Gesetz der guten Fortsetzung
Masaru Kazumie: Piktograms Olympic Games Tokyo 1964
Western Europe Recommended Main International Highways, 1948 > Figur und Grund-Problem
Tschechoslowakische Luftverkehrsgesell.: Flugplan, 1933; > zeigt zeitliche und räumliche Bezüge
It might be possible to tidy it up.Beck, 1968
Quad royal map, 1926 Beck’s first card folder edition, 1933
Four main Underground railways: First combined map, 1906
F. H. Stingemore: Underground card folder, 1926
F. H. Stingemore: Underground card folder, 1932
Harry C. Beck : Presentation Visual of a first diagram, 1931
Harry C. Beck : First quad poster of the diagram, 1933
Harry C. Beck : Quad poster of the diagram, 1935
Harry C. Beck : Formal variations of the diagram, 1937–54
1937 1940 1954
Harry C. Beck (not commissoned anymore): Pencil sketches on two complex interchanges, 1961
Internal diagram with planned lines, 1994
132Corporate Identity ¶ Schema ¶
Hans P. Brandt; Jancees van Westering: ›Form fabricates function‹. in: Total Identity. Amsterdam, 2003
Suggested readings• EdwardTufte:The visual display of Quantitative Information. Cheshire,1983• EdwardTufte:Envisioning Information. Cheshire,1990
Links• https://adobe.kuler.com