12. the scapegoat
TRANSCRIPT
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The Day of Atonement
(Leviticus 16: 20-22a
)
Scapegoat
When he has finished purging the inner sanctuary, the
tent of meeting and the altar, Aaron shall bring
forward the live goat. Laying both hands on its head,
he shall confess over it all the iniquities of the
Israelites and their trespasses, including all their sins,
and so put them on the goats head. He shall then
have it led into the wilderness by an attendant. The
goat will carry off all their iniquities to an isolated
region.
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After the purgation rite, Aaron moves on
to the scapegoat rite.
The scapegoat is chosen by lot, either
by Aaron using the urim and thummim
contained in the pocket of his breast
piece, or by special lots used for the
occasion, bearing the inscription: 1)
leYHWH (belonging to the Lord) or 2)
laazazel (belonging to Azazel).
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Azazel seems to be a vestigial remnant of
Mesopotamian polytheistic belief emblematic of
chaos and disorder, a hint of its presence still
faintly felt like fading dream in Leviticus.
Azazel is only used in the Bible here in
Leviticus 16, but later Jewish thinking
usesthe word as the name of one of the fallen
angels in the Book of Enoch.(Enoch is not a book of the Bible; it was
written around 200 B.C., and it is part of the
Pseudepigrapha, a collection of 63 works on
biblical themes written between 200 B.C. and
A.D. 200).
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William Tyndale, the Protestant reformer and
Bible translator, first rendered aza zel as
scapegoat, following the Greek Septuagint by
properly translating azas goat and azel as
a form of the verb to go away; hence
aza zel is the go away goat, or
scapegoat.
As we noted in Lesson 11, placing both
hands on the goat, signifies transference,
unlike the one-handed gesture of giving to
God that we have seen in the 5 Great
Sacrifices.
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As we also noted in Lesson 11,
iniquities denote ritual and moral
impurities; trespasses denote sins resulting
from open and wanton rebellion against
God.
Aaron confessing the iniquities and
trespasses of the Israelites is crucial, for
by confessing them, they are transformed
into inadvertences, thus qualifying them
for sacrificial expiation.
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The Suffering Servant
(Isaiah 53: 4-6)
Yet it was our pain that he bore,
our sufferings he endured.
We thought of him as stricken,
struck down by God and afflicted.
But he was pierced for our sins,
crushed for our iniquity.
He bore the punishment that makes us whole,
by his wounds we were healed.
We had all gone astray like sheep,
all following our own way;
But the Lord laid upon him
the guilt of us all.
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But when Christ came as high priest of the good
things that have come to be, passing through the
greater and more perfect tabernacle not made by
hands, that is, not belonging to this creation, he
entered once for all into the sanctuary, not with the
blood of goats and calves but with his own blood, thus
obtaining eternal redemption. For if the blood of goats
and bulls and the sprinkling of a heifers ashes can
sanctify those who are defiled so that their flesh is
cleansed, how much more will the blood of Christ, who
through the eternal spirit offered himself unblemished
to God, cleanse our consciences from dead works to
worship the living God.
(Hebrews 9: 11-14)
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