12-new physiology of the eye

7/24/2019 12-New Physiology of the Eye

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PHYSIOLOGY OF THE EYE

Dr.Budu, Ph.D, Sp.M (K)

Department of Ophtlmology, Faculty of Medicine,

Haanuddin !ni"erity, Ma#aar

$%&&


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'natomy


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Eye ball organs

1. Eyelid

2. Tears

3. Kornea

4. Huor a!uous

". #$ea %iris& 'iliary body& '(oroid)

*. Lens

+. ,i-reous. /e-ina and $isual 'or-e0

. o-or (ysiology o -(e eye


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Palpera *ye lid

Fun'-ion 5 -o re$en- -raua

-o re$en- e0'essi$e lig(-

-o dis-ribu-e eye -ears

-o oen6'lose -(e eye


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T(ere are 2 ior-an- us'les in eye lids 5

1. M. Levator palpebra

6 Ele$a-ion7'on-ra'-ion o eyelid 8.. Oen -(e eye %9.III)


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2. M. Orbicularis oculi

- Blink .. Pars palpebralis

- Close the eye ..pars orbitalis

- Tightly close the eye .. Pars tarsalis

T(e 3 un'-ions: 'on-ra'-ion o -(e . orbi'ularis o'uli %9.,II)


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+ear

Function of the tears :

1. /eleasing edia o 'ell des!uaa-ion

2. O0ygen sulay -o 'ornea

3. ;n-ii'roba

4. Palebra6'ornea lubri'a-ion a-erial

". To re$en- dryness o e0-ernal sura'e o -(e eye.


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Tears are produced by 2 systems :

&. acrimal gland -mayor refle/ ecretion.


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$. acrimal gland-acceoriu Kraue and 0olfring 1. aic ecretion.


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Sebagian besar air a-a engalir elalui oa a


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+ear layer


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Tear il 'oonen-


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Tears consists of 3 layers :

1. Liid layer %sueri'ial layer)& rodu'ed by eibo gland

To re$en- e0'ess o -ears dryness.

To i0 -(e (ydro(obi' barrier To i0 -ears enis'us.

2. ;!uous layer %ediu layer)& rodu'ed by Krause and

>olring glands.

O0ygen sulier

;n-ii'roba

?orneal sura'e edia

/elease 'orneal sura'e un@an-ed a-erials

To adAus- -(e un'-ion o 'orneal sura'e 'ell.

3. u'in layer & rodu'ed by goble- 'ell

To al-er (ydro(obi' -o (ydro(yli' un'-ion

For eyelid lubri'a-ion


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+ear function tet (Schirmer +et)

E$alua-ion5

6 9oral

>e--ing o >(a-an aer 51B63B

6 Corderline dry eye

>e--ing >(a-an aer 5 "62B

6 =ry eye

>e--ing >(a-an aer 5 D "


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2ornea


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?orneal layers


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?orneaT(e ain 'orneal un'-ions 5

6 /era'-ion edia

6 Carrier o eye ball 'on-en-s

?orneal e-aboliss ro'ess 5

1. Glu'ose and gly'ogen e-aboliss

2. O0ygen e-aboliss

3. ;ino a'id e-aboliss.

?orneal endo-(elial un'-ion 5

1. Carrier o a!uous (uor -o diuss in-o s-roa.

2. ;'-i$e e-aboli' u o @a-er ro s-roa.


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e-aboli' u in 'ornea


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#$eal -ra'- dan ;!uous (uor

I. Iris and pupilM. Spinter pupil& 'on-ra'-ion 8. yosis o uil

M. delatator pupil& 'on-ra'-ion 8. ydriasis7dela-a-ion o

uil

Puil un'-ion5 -o arrange lig(- in-o -(e eye .


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yosis ydriasis

2


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Puillary lig(- rele0 in general5

Lig(- en-ers -(e eye

-(e uil 'ons-ri'-s

2

3


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Directuillary rele05

Lig(- goes in oneeye

-(e ipilateraluil 'ons-ri'-s

3

iosis

4


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2onenual (indirect)uillary rele05

Lig(- goes in oneeye

the contralateraluil 'ons-ri'-s

4

iosis

"


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9er$es in$ol$ed5

O-i' ner$e %9.II) is -(e sensory ner$e

specifically, the pre-ganglionic fibers

from the Edinger-Westphal nucleus

travel in the oculomotor nerve to

innervate the ciliary ganglion neuronsthat activate the constrictor muscle

of the pupil

Oculomotor nerve (N III) is the motor nerve

"

*


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T(e @iring

ciliaryganglion

RETINA

ciliaryganglion

CHIASM

PRETECTAL

NUCLEUS

PRETECTAL

NUCLEUS

EDINGER

WESTPHAL

NUCLEUS

CN 3 CN 2

EDINGER

WESTPHAL

NUCLEUS

*

+


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9eural a-(@ays or directrele0

lig(- goes in one eye

then to ipsilateral Edinger-Westphal nucleus and

to ipsilateral pretectal nucleus

to optic tract ipsilaterally then through optic nerve

through ipsilateral oculomotor

nerve (CN)

to ciliary ganglion, then

short post-ganglionic ciliary

nerves activate the constrictor

ciliaryganglion

RETINA

ciliaryganglion

CHIASM

PRETECTAL

NUCLEUS

PRETECTAL

NUCLEUS

EDINGER

WESTPHAL

NUCLEUS

CN 3 CN 2

EDINGER

WESTPHAL

NUCLEUS

+


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9eural a-(@ays or conenualrele0

9o-e5 -(ere are 2 la'es

@(ere inora-ion 'an

'ross

!rom the pretectal

nucleus to the Edinger-

Westphal nucleus

"t the optic chiasm

ciliary

ganglion

RETINA

ciliaryganglion

CHIASM

PRETECTAL

NUCLEUS

PRETECTAL

NUCLEUS

EDINGER

WESTPHAL

NUCLEUS

CN 3 CN 2

EDINGER

WESTPHAL

NUCLEUS

#he follo$ing slides sho$ the %

routes separately, but light travels

both routes simultaneously&

1 9 l -( l l


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1. 9eural a-(@ay or conenualrele0&

'rossing a- '(ias

lig(- goes -(roug( o-i'ner$e

'rosses a- chiam-ocontralateralo-i' -ra'-

continues to pretectal nucleusand Edinger-Westphalnucleus contralateral to lightstimulus

then out through the

oculomotor nervecontralateral to lightstimulus

to ciliary ganglion, from$hich ciliary nerves

activate the constrictor

ciliaryganglion

RETINA

ciliaryganglion

CHIASM

PRETECTAL

NUCLEUS

PRETECTAL

NUCLEUS

EDINGER

WESTPHAL

NUCLEUS

CN 3 CN 2

EDINGER

WESTPHAL

NUCLEUS

2 9 l -( l l 1B


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2.9eural a-(@ay or conenualrele0&

'rossing rore-e'-alnu'leus lig(- goes -(roug( one o-i'

ner$e

-o o-i' -ra'- isila-erally

-o isila-eral re-e'-al

nu'leus

pretectal cells send a'onsacross midline in posteriorcommissure

to Edinger-Westphal

nucleus then out throughthe oculomotor nerve, bothcontralateral to lightstimulus

to ciliary ganglion, andpupillary constrictor

ciliaryganglion

RETINA

ciliary

ganglion

CHIASM

PRETECTAL

NUCLEUS

PRETECTAL

NUCLEUS

EDINGER

WESTPHAL

NUCLEUS

CN 3 CN 2

EDINGER

WESTPHAL

NUCLEUS

1B


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II. Ciliary body

Fun'-ions 5

In$ol$ing in a''ooda-ion sys-e.

Produ'-ion o a!uous (uor.

In$ol$ing in a!uous drainage sys-e


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Ciliary body


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'ccommodation

T(e abili-y o lens -o 'on$e0.;''ooda-ion ro'ess %He(ol- -(eory 5

=uring 'iliary us'le 'ons-ra'-ion 666 innii onnula rela0a-ion666

lens be'ae 'on$e0. =e'rease o lens diae-er.

'3uou Humor

Produced y non4pigmented epithelial of ciliary ody

Troug( soe (ysiologi'al e'(aniss 5 diusion& ul-rail-a-ion&

;'-i$e 'arboni' an(ydrase& a'-i$e se're-ion.Secreted to poterior chamer trough pupil to anterior chamer.

E0're-ion o a!uous (uor $ia 2 rou-es 5

-rabe'ular es(@or


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Huor a!uous un'-ion 5

1. /era'-ion edia

2. In-egri-y o eye ball s-ru'-ure.

3. 9u-ri-ion o an-erior segen-.

4. In-rao'ular regulari-y.

III. Koroid

; -issue lo'alie in -(e e0-ernal ar- o re-ina.

Cru'( ebrane o '(oroid (a$e un'-ion in a'-i$e -ransor-O -issue luid ro '(oroidal 'aillary -o re-ina.


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Lens

Lens is a bi'n$e0 s-ru'-ure& a$as'ular& and -ranarans.?onsis-s o ** @a-er dan and -(e o-(ers are ro-ein.

Fun'-ion 5

1. /era'-ion edia2. In$ol$ing in a''ooda-ion ro'ess.

3. To absorb ul-ra$iole- .


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en and dan 'ccommodation

Lens roile ;''ooda-ion >i-(ou- ;''ooda-ion

;


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5*+67'


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,isual ro'esses

T(e (ysi's o lig(- and eye5

Transission

T(e re-ina5 Transdu'-ion and

organia-ion Sensory re'e-ors5 9o a0ons

Graded receptor potentials

T(e $isual a-(@ays5 ProAe'-ion

,isual 'or-e05 Per'e-ion


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/e-inal layer

8iual path9ay


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,isual Pa-(@ay is -(e ner$e iber sis-es 'onne'-ing -(e

retinaand visual cortexin -(e o''ii-al lobe o -(e brain.

8iual path9ay conit of

6 /e-ina

6 O-i' ner$e

6 O-i' '(iasa 6 O-i' -ra'-

6 La-eral geni'ula-u body

6 O-i' radia-ion

6 ,isual 'or-e0 area


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,isual Pa-(@ay is -(e ner$e iber sis-es 'onne'-ing -(e

retinaand visual cortexin -(e o''ii-al lobe o -(e brain.


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MO+O5 PH:S6OO;: OF +H* *:*


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Basic Principles and Terms

Terinology o eye o$een-s e0lained by -@o

'on'e-s 5 T(e a0es o Fi'< and Lis-ings lane.

&. +he a/e of Fic# deigned a


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$. iting= e3uatorial plane

Lis-ing e!ua-orial lane asses -(roug( -(e 'en-er o ro-a-ion

and in'ludes -(e 0 dan . T(e y a0is is erendi'ular -o lis-inglane

Poition of ;a>e

Casi' -erinology o -(e osi-ion o gae 56 Priary osi-ion is s-raig(- a(ead.

6 Se'ondary osi-ions are s-raig(- u& s-raig(- do@n& rig(-

gae& abd le- gae.

6 Ter-iary osi-ions are our obli!ue osi-ions o gae 5 u andrig(-& u and le-& do@n and rig(-& and do@n and le-.

6 ?ardinal osi-ions are u and rig(-& u and le-& rig(-& le-&

do@n and rig(-& and do@n and le-.


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Se'ondary

Primary, Secondary, and +ertiary 'ction

edial re'-us

La-eral re'-us

Inerior re'-us

Suerior re'-us

Inerior obli!ue

Suerior obli!ue

;ddu'-ion

;bdu'-ion

=eression

Ele$a-ion

E0-orsion

In-orsion

us'le PriaryTer-iary

6

6

E0-orsion

In-orsion

Ele$a-ion

=eression

6

6

;ddu'-ion

;ddu'-ion

;bdu'-ion

;bdu'-ion


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*ye Mo"ement

I. onocular eye !o"e!ents #ductions$

1. 'dductionis o$een- o -(e eye nasally.

2. 'ductionis o$een- o -(e eye -eorally

3. *le"ation (upraduction)is an u@ard ro-a-ion o -(e eye.

4. Depreion (infraduction)is a do@n@ard ro-a-ion o -(e eye.

". 6ntorion (incicloduction)is a nasal ro-a-ion o -(e suerior

or-ion o -(e $er-i'al 'orneal eridian.

*. */torion (e/cycloduction)is a -eoral ro-a-ion o -(e

suerior or-ion o -(e $er-i'al 'ornea eridian

S(erring-ons la@


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+he important term in monocular eye mo"ement

'goni& -(e riary us'le o$ing -(e eye in a gi$en dire'-ion.

Synergi& -(e us'le in -(e sae eye a'-s @i-( -(e agonis- -orodu'e a gi$en o$een-.

'ntagoni& -(e us'le in -(e sae eye a'-s in -(e dire'-ionoosi-e -o -(a- o -(e agonis-


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II. Binocular eye !o"e!ents : ?onsis-s o -@o -yes 5

1. ,ersion %'onAuga-e bino'ular eye o$een-s) J

-(e eyes o$e in -(e sae dire'-ion.

/ig(- gae %de0-ro$ersion)

Le- gae %le$o$ersion)

#gae %sursu$ersion)

=o@ngae %doursu$ersion)

=e0-ro'y'lo$ersionLe$o'y'lo$ersion

o!e muscleis used -o des'ribe -@o us'le %one in ea'( eye)

-(a- are rie o$ers o -(eir rese'-i$e eyes in -(e gi$en

osi-ion o gae

Hering= la9


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2. ,ergen'es %dis'onAuga-e bino'ular eye o$een-)

?on$ergen'e

=i$ergen'e

In'y'lo$ergen'e

E0'y'lo$ergen'e


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Terima Kasih

12-new physiology of the eye

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