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Page 1: 12-1. 12-2 McGraw-Hill/Irwin © 2003 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc.,All Rights Reserved. 參 資料蒐集的方法

12-1

Page 2: 12-1. 12-2 McGraw-Hill/Irwin © 2003 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc.,All Rights Reserved. 參 資料蒐集的方法

12-2

McGraw-Hill/Irwin © 2003 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc.,All Rights Reserved.

參資料蒐集的方法

Page 3: 12-1. 12-2 McGraw-Hill/Irwin © 2003 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc.,All Rights Reserved. 參 資料蒐集的方法

12-3

第十二章觀察法

Page 4: 12-1. 12-2 McGraw-Hill/Irwin © 2003 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc.,All Rights Reserved. 參 資料蒐集的方法

12-4

觀察法

• 非行為層面的觀察

• 行為層面的觀察

Page 5: 12-1. 12-2 McGraw-Hill/Irwin © 2003 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc.,All Rights Reserved. 參 資料蒐集的方法

12-5

觀察法

非行為層面的觀察• 現有資料分析• 實體狀況分析• 實體過程分析

Page 6: 12-1. 12-2 McGraw-Hill/Irwin © 2003 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc.,All Rights Reserved. 參 資料蒐集的方法

12-6

觀察法

行為層面的觀察• 非口頭分析• 語言的分析• 超語言的分析• 空間的分析

Page 7: 12-1. 12-2 McGraw-Hill/Irwin © 2003 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc.,All Rights Reserved. 參 資料蒐集的方法

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觀察法的優點

• 可以在現場觀察到事情的發生。• 觀察者可記錄到一些受測者沒有注意的細節。

• 對某些特定的資料型態來說，是獲得資料的唯一方法。

Page 8: 12-1. 12-2 McGraw-Hill/Irwin © 2003 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc.,All Rights Reserved. 參 資料蒐集的方法

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觀察法的優點 (續 )

• 可在自然環境的情況下看到事情的發生。• 人們似乎比較容易接受一個觀察者在旁邊記錄，而比較不容易接受訪談者在旁邊的干擾與問話。

Page 9: 12-1. 12-2 McGraw-Hill/Irwin © 2003 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc.,All Rights Reserved. 參 資料蒐集的方法

12-9

觀察法的缺點

• 觀察者必須可能必須延長觀察的時間，直到事件發生為止。

• 觀察是種緩慢且昂貴的過程。• 觀察者所看到的雖然都是具體且確定的行為或物件，但通常也是較表面或象徵性的指標。

Page 10: 12-1. 12-2 McGraw-Hill/Irwin © 2003 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc.,All Rights Reserved. 參 資料蒐集的方法

12-10

觀察法的缺點 (續 )

• 觀察法是一種主觀式的評鑑及記錄資料。• 無法獲得過去的資料。

Page 11: 12-1. 12-2 McGraw-Hill/Irwin © 2003 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc.,All Rights Reserved. 參 資料蒐集的方法

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觀察者與被觀察者的關係

• 是直接觀察或間接觀察。• 被觀察者知不知道觀察者的存在。• 觀察者所扮演的角色為何。

Page 12: 12-1. 12-2 McGraw-Hill/Irwin © 2003 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc.,All Rights Reserved. 參 資料蒐集的方法

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觀察的方法

• 直接觀察• 間接觀察• 參與式觀察• 簡單觀察• 系統性觀察法

Page 13: 12-1. 12-2 McGraw-Hill/Irwin © 2003 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc.,All Rights Reserved. 參 資料蒐集的方法

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選擇觀察者的方針

• 能在吵雜的環境底下專心工作的能力。• 能記住一段經歷中的細節的能力。• 能在人群中不引人注意的能力。• 能在觀察學習中獲得最多資訊的能力。

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資料的蒐集

• 觀察目標• 蒐集什麼資料–事件抽樣–時間抽樣

• 何時進行蒐集• 如何進行蒐集• 在哪裡進行蒐集


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