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Page 1: 111111 - Biblioteca Digital do IPB: Página principal · 111111 . VI International Scientific Symposium FARM MACHINERY AND PROCESSES MANAGEMENT IN SUSTAINABLE AGRICULTURE Symposium

~ U UNIVERSITY

of LIFE SCIENCES in Lublln era-

FARM MACHINERY AND PROCESSES MANAGEMENT IN SUSTAINABLE AGRICULTURE

VI INTERNATIONAL SCIENTIFIC SYMPOSIUM

111111

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VI International Scientific Symposium

FARM MACHINERY AND PROCESSES MANAGEMENT IN SUSTAINABLE AGRICULTURE

Symposium Proceedings

Edited by Edmund Lorencowicz, Jocek Uziak, Bruno Huyghebaert

Published b y Department of Mochinery Exploitation

and Management of Production Processes University of Life Sciences in Lublin, POLAND

The symposium is organized in the research proiect ,.Optimization of composition and pressure agglomeration of plant biomass in terms of combustion

parameters in hea ting insfaJiafions of low power " NN 313 7 57 5 40

Lublin, Poland 2013

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Organizers University of Life Sciences in Lublin, Deportment of Machinery Exploitat ion

and Management of Production Processes, Lublin, POLAND Wolloon Agricultural Research Centre, Gemb loux, BELGIUM

Programmes & Organizing Committee Chairmen

Prof. dr hob. Jozef Sawa, University of life Sciences in Lublin, Poland Prof. dr Yves Schenkel, Wolloon Agricultural Research Centre, Belgium

Members

lr. Bruno Huygheboert Dr. Gerhard Moitzi

Prof. dr hob. Edmund Lorencowicz Prof. dr hob. Janusz Nowak Prof. Dr. Taskin Oztas Prof. Athanassios Papogeorgiou

Prof. lng. Giacomo Scarascio-Mugnozzo Prof. dr hob. Mieczyslaw Szpryngiel Prof. dr Jacek Uziok

Cover page: Jaroslaw Figurski Cover page photo: Slawomir Kocira

CRA-W Gembloux/BELGIUM BOKU - University of Natural Resources and life Sciences, Vienna/ AUSTRIA University of Life Sciences in Lublin/POLAND University of Life Sciences in Lublin/ POLAN D Atotiirk University, Erzurum/ TURKEY Technological Educational Institute of Kalomoto/GREECE University of Bari Aldo Moro / ITALY University of Life Sciences in Lub lin/POLAND University of Botswana/BOTSWANA

All papers are published on the responsibility of authors and after the positive rev iewing by the Symposium Organizing Committee.

ISBN 978-83-937433-0-8

Printed by: Reprographic Centre, University af Life Sciences in Lub lin

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The organizers wish to acknowledge with gratitude

the sponsorship and support of

Rector of the University of Life Sciences in Lublin

Marshal of Lubelskie

Lubelskie

European Society of Agricultural Engineers

Polish Society of Agricultural Engineers Branch Lublin

Wytwornia Sprz~tu Komunikacyjnego ,PZL-Swidnik", an AgustaWestland company

Same Deutz-Fahr Polska Sp. z o.o.

Agencja Rynku Rolnego Oddzial Lublin Agricultural Market Agency Lublin Branch

EurAgEng

'' ~ ~· AgustaWestland PZL-SWIDNIK S.A.

D E UTZ )\~. FAHR

C Agencja Rynku

Ralnega

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1'/lntemmiona/ Scienti)ic Svmposium "/·(mu MachineJT and Processes ,1/anagement in Sustainable Agriculture". Lublin. l'o/aJI(/. 20 1 J

CONTENTS INTRODUCTION 9

Valerii ADAMCH UK, Volodymyr BULGAKOV, Hryhorij KALETNIK, // Andrii BORYS, Janusz NOWAK THE THEORY OF WORKING BODY FOR PROCESS OF DIVISION OF TOPS OF A SUGAR BEET Valerii ADAMCHUK, Volodymyr BULGAKOV, Hryhorij KALETNIK / 7 THE THEORY OF VIBRATING EXCAVATION OFROOTCROPSOFASUGARBEET Arlindo ALMEIDA APPROPRIATE MECHANICAL HARVESTING SYSTEMS FOR DIFFERENT TYPES OF OLIVE ORCHARDS

23

Rat~ll BAUM, Karol WAJSZCZUK, Jacek WA WRZYNOWICZ, Jaroslaw 29 WANKOWICZ SHAPING AN ORGANIZATIONAL CUL TlJRE IN AGRICULTURE ENTERPRISE- A CASE STUDY Tomasz BERBEKA, Tomasz SZUK, Tomasz WICIAK 33 MODERNIZATION OF FARMS IN LOWER SILESIA Robert BOREK 39 AGROFORESTRY - A SUSTAINABLE LAND USE FOR THE FUTURE OF EUROPEAN AGRICUL TlJRE Philippe BURNY, Franyois Terrones GAVIRA, Maxime HABRAN -I / IMPACT OF DIFFERENT SCENARIOS RELATED TO THE NEW COMMON AGRICULTURAL POLICY ON FARM INCOME IN WALLONIA Philippe BURNY, J'vlaxime HABRAN, Frmwois Ten·ones GAVIRA -15 THE COIVIMON AGRICULTURAL POLICY TOWARDS 2020 Philippe BURNY, Frederic DEBODE -19 DEVELOPMENT OF ORGANIC FARMING IN WALLONIA: PAST, PRESENT AND PERSPECTIVES Malgorzata BZOWSKA-BAKALARZ, Michal PNIAK, rvtartin BAGAR, 53 Andrzej WILCZANSKI BIOLOG ICAL C ROP PROTECTION USI NG A UTOGYRO­MOUNT ED SPRAYING SYSTEMS Maria Lisa CLODOVEO, Simone PASCUZZI, 5 7 Giacomo SCARASCI A MUGNOZZA, Riccardo AM IRANTE APPLICABILITY OF EXPERI ENCE FROM LABORATORY SCALE EXPE RIMENTS TO DEVELOP A MORE SUSTAINABLE VIRGIN OLIVE OIL INDlJSTRIAL PLANT Renata CZECZKO 65 I NFLUENCE OF AGROECOLOGICAL FACTORS ON THE BIOLOGICAL VALUE OF SELECTED VEGETABLE SPEC IES Artur GODYN, Ryszard I-IOLOWNI CK I, Grzegorz DOR UCI-IOWSKI , 6 ~

Waldemar SWI ECHO WSKI TH E COMPARISON OF THE NOZZLE INSPECTION METHODS: NOZZLE FLOW VS. SPRAY T RANSVERSE DISTRIBUTION- T HE METHODOLOGY AND THE FIRST RESULTS

5

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r "llntemational Sciem!fic s:n11posium 'Turm i\laclrineJ:v and Pmcesses ,\/wragement in s·ustainab/e .·lgricuftw;e", l.ubfin. f'oland. 2013

APPROPRIATE MECHANICAL HARVESTING SYSTEMS FOR DIFFERENT TYPES OF OLIVE ORCHARDS

.·lrlindo .·I L.\IUD.-1 School !!{.-lgricullllre. Pu~vtechnic lnstitllfe (!t" Bragwrra - .\/oumain Research Centre ((' /A 10) Campus de Stu . . ·lpu/6nia - .·lpartaclo 1 17 2 5301-855 /Jraganra. POIUI iG.-1 L e-mail: ac}(t'a·iph.pt

Keywords: olive harvesting. mechanical harvesti ng

I. Introduction In the last decades oli ve growers spent a substantial part of their gross

return to face high costs of manually cultural practices. due to shortage of manpower.

Olive crop is in a critical situation due to low product price and high production costs.

In order to face the problem it is mandatory to increase competitiveness on the global market reducing costs and improv ing fruit qua lity. Low mechanization level pena li zes the sector.

Olive harvesting mechanization systems allow achieving these goals [Amirante. Tamborino 20 121: costs - reducing manpower needs and quality - better work rates make possible to harvest in the optimal harvest timing.

For mechanical harvesting, different types o f oli ve orchards must be considered: (a) traditional ( < 150 trees per hectare). (b) hi gh density olive orchards (300 to 400 trees per hectare) and (c) hedgerow olive orchards (I 000 to 2000 trees per hectare). For each olive orchard type, an appropriate harvesting system is required.

2. Material and methods 2. 1 Traditional olive orchard.~·

First experiments took place in Northeast of P011ugal (Tnis-os-Montes) in Verdeal. Cobran<;osa and Madura! cultivars and in the South of the country (Aientejo) mainly with Galega and Picual culti vars.

Three treatments were compared: trunk shakers mounted on the front loader of a tractor vvas used to detach oli ves, collected by manually moved canvas (system I) or by mechanica l rolling canvas (system 11) or by an inverted umbrella (system Ill) mounted on the front loader of a tractor (combined with the shaker) [A lrneida, 2007a].

Trees with large canopies (vo lume superior than I 00 m3 I 200 m3 and trunk perimete r superior than 2 rn I 3.5 m) are not suitable for trunk shakers.

So other experiments took place in Northeast of Portugal (Tnis-os­Montes) in Yerdeal, Cobranyosa and Madura! cu ltivars to evaluate the performance and operationa l conditions of a spike rotor able to turn around

]3

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rt lntemational Sciem!fic s:nnposium "Farm illachineJ:v a!l(l Processes ;\lanageme/11 in Sustai11able Agriculture". Luh/in. Poland. 2013

its ax le providing the brushing action to detach olives [Aimeida, 2007b]. This equipment work in conjunction with hand held shakers concentrated in lower branches.

Trees are harvested one by one in this type o f oli ve orchard . 2.2 High density olive orchards Experiments took place in Northeast and South of Portugal mainly with.

Cobranyosa and Picual cu ltivars. Specific mechanical rolling canvas equipment has been designed to collect olives detached by trunk shakers.

Trees are harvested one by one. 2.3 Hedgerow olive orchards This kind of olive orchard is becoming usual in some olive producers

regions. Observations in order to evaluate equipment performance and operational conditions took place in central region of Po rtugal.

An over row equipment is an appropriate equipment. Olives are detached and collected simultaneously row by row, not tree by tree.

3. Results 3.1 Traditional olive orchards In this type of olive orchards fi eld tests show a performance of 40 to 70

trees per hour (Fig. I) is easily achieved [Aimeida. 2007a], considering the harvesting systems using a trunk shaker. Trunk shakers can detach 80% to 90% of olives produced [Michelaki s, 2002].

100

90

80

70

:; 60 0

.s= ..._ "' so "' "' >=. 40

30

20

10

0

-

1 ·-

Sote 1 Sit e 2 Site 3 Site 4 Site 5 Sol e 6 Site 7 SiteS Site 9 Site 10 Site 11

Cl System I

System 11

•sostem 111

Figure I. Harvesting systems using trunk shakers in traditional orchards.

2./

____________________________ _...

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11/lllemational Scientific Svmposium ''Farm Machillely and Processes Alanagemem i11 SusWi11able :lgriculture". Lublin. l'oland. ]f) 13

30

25

20

s 15 0 ..<:: '";;;-

CV 10 CV .= 5 -

0

[ __ _ _j]

r- 1- - -- f--.

1-- I~ 1- I~

1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11

Sit es

Figure 2. Spike rotor work rates

- B ig c a nopies

For trees with a canopy and trunk not sui table for shakers. a spike rotor is a useful eq uipment, despite the lower performance - 12 to 25 trees per hour [Aimeida, 2007b ], but th is equ ipment usually detaches I 00% of the olive production (F ig. 2).

In slopes spec ial trajectories to move the harvesting eq uipment inside olive orchards are necessary to minim ize the risk of accidents . These so lutions are necessary for a safe work, but can jeopard ize the equipment performance.

Work rates in slopes are lower than in olive orchards in tlat areas. In these fie ld trials, in average, System I work rate have a red uction of 36%; System 11 work rate have a reduction of 26%; System Ill work rate have a reduction of20% (Fig. 3).

70

60

50 .... :J 0 40 ...c: ........ VI

• Flat area • Slopes 1 5% -25%

Q) 30 Q) .... 1-

20

10

0 System I Syst em 11 System Ill

Figure 3. Average work rate results in traditional orchards according slopes

25

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I 'llntem(l(ional Sciemijic .\l'lnposium "Farm Machiner1· (11/(1 Processes .\lanagement in Sustainable Agriculture". Luhlin. Poland 2013

3.2 High densi~p olive orclumls The reduced space between trees along lines does not allow the inver1ed

um bre lla work or a satisfactory work of conventional mechanical rolling canvas.

A specific mechanical rolling canvas has been designed to co llect olives detached by trunk shakers. The performance achieved is 40 to 50 trees per hour [Peya, 2008].

3.3 Hedgerow olive orchards In this kind of olive orchards. harvesting is a continuous work, row by

row. Olives arc harvested and co llected simultaneously. using an overrow

equipment. In thi s case. expected perfo rmance is 3 to 3.5 hours per hectare.

4. Conclusions 4.1 Traditional olive orchards Experiments and their evaluation show that the most suitab le system is the

trunk shaker (to detac h olives) combined with the inverted umbrell a (to co llect detached oli ves) [Aimeida. 2007a]. Despite the performance is not the best. it needs the minimum of manpower and the costs by production harvested are lower.

The system using the spike rotor in conjunction with hand shakers may be regarded as a useful tool tor oli ve harvesting of trees with large canopies (volume between I 00 111 3 and 200 1113 and the trunk diameter between 2 m and 3.5 m), bearing in mind that va lues close to 100% of detachmen t can be reached and that for such trees trunk shakers are inadequate. However, to make operational costs competi tive it is important to im prove work organizat ion and above all to increase oli ve production on th ese traditional olive orchards. In the former aspect, the increase in the number of hand held shakers concentrated in lower branches should be envisaged in the near future.

Some of these old trad itional oli ve orchards with autochthonous cu lt ivars with large canopies are able to produce high quality olive oi l, factor of a great im por1ance in a so competiti ve market.

4.2 High density oli ve orchards In thi s case the most suitable harvesting system inc ludes a trun k shaker

vvith the spec ifi c mechan ical ro lling canvas referred. The pertonnance can be great ly im proved if two rows are harvested simultaneously, using one trunk shaker and two mechanical ro lling canvas.

In these two types of oli ves orchards - traditional oli ve orchards and high density oli ve orchards. trees are harvest one by one - the most important fac tor affecti ng perto rmance is the operational time to move equipment from

]()

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I 1/lllematiuna/ Sci enti/iL' .\)'lllposium "Farm ,\fadtinet:v a/1{//'rocesses Managf.'lllf.' ll/ in Sustainable .· lgr iculture". Lublin. f'uland. ] 0/ 3

one tree to the next. In order to get a better performance a good trafticabil ity conditions for equipment is needed. This objective can be achieved by an adequate soi l management that reduces the soil water content in harvesting season.

4.3 Hedgerow olive orchards The continuous harvesti ng system with an overrow equipment is by now

the recommended procedure. This harvesting system requires a tree below a certain height, width, and with trunk access or clearance below the canopy for the fruit catching fram e. It is not been fully demonstrated that the topping, hedging and hand pruning required to maintain the adequate tree size wi ll produce annual economic crops [Ferguson, 2006].

5. References [I] Almeida, Arlindo; Peya. Jose ; Pinheiro, A nacleto; Oias. Ant6nio; Santos. Luis S .S.

dos; Reynolds. Do mingos; Lo pes, Joao. 2007a. Pelj(mnance of three meclulllical hmTesting systems for o/ires in Portugal. 35th Internat ional Symposium on Agricultural Eng ineering. Opatija. Actual Tasks on Agricultural Engineering: 46 1-466 .

(1] Almeida, Arlindo; Peya, Jose; Pinheiro, Anacleto; Dias, Ant6nio. 2007b. Performance ofthe "Oii-Picker" o live harvester in Tnls-os-Montes region of Portugal. CIOST A Congress: Advances in labour and machinery management for a profitable agricu lture and forestry . Nitra: 44-5 1.

[3] Amirante, P ., Tamborino, A. 0/ire l!mTesting .~vstems ill High Density Orclwrdv. Acta Ho rticulturae n° 949: 35 1-358.

[4J Ferguson, Louise. 2006. 7i·el1(lv in Olive lfmwstillg ill Trellds ill olive.fi'uit hwul/ing pn!l·ivus to its illdustrialtramformation. Grasas y Aceites, 57 ( I): 9- I 5.

[5] Michelakis, J, 2002 . Olive Orclwrd1· . .\lanagement: .·ldvallces and Problems. Acta Horticularc n° 586: 239-245.

[6] Pcya, Jose; Almeida, Arlindo; Pinheiro. Anacleto; Dias, Ant6nio; Santos, Luis S.S.dos; Lopes, Joao; Reyno lds, Domingos. 2008. ,\ leclwnical hmw .wing of.JOO trees per hectare olil·e orclwrdv based on a rolling cwn·as prototype. Acta Horticulturae !1° 79 : 363-367.

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