2055G

THE GREEN FUEL TREATMENT

BRANCH OFFICE: ADERCO EUROPE S.A. Chaussée de Louvain 275

B - 1410 Waterloo Tel: + 32/2.354.46.72 - Fax: + 32/2.354.54.10

Email: info@adercosa.be Web Site: www.aderco.com

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CONTENTS Chapters Pages

BRIEF INTRODUCTION 3

THE FUEL TREATMENT CONCEPT 3

ADERCO 2055G ADVANTAGES 4

CHARACTERISTICS OF 2055G 5

HOW DOES ADERCO 2055G WORK 6

FUEL TANKS ISSUES 7

EXPECTED BENEFITS AND EVOLUTION WITH ADERCO 2055G 8

ASPHALTENES 13

HIGH TEMPERATURE CORROSION 17

CATALYST PARTICLE (Al+Si) 18

C.C.A.I. 19

INSTRUCTION SHEET 22

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BRIEF INTRODUCTION

Aderco Inc. is a Canadian company that is specialized in developing and producing the latest fuel additives technology. Our experience covers more than 30 years into the heavy fuel treatment in the shipping and power plant industries. More than 1000 world major sea-going vessels and dozens strategic power plants use on a regular base our fuel additives worldwide.

THE FUEL TREATMENT CONCEPTS

The ADERCO 2055G concepts is the result of experience in solving HFO & MDO related problems in close co-operation and partnership with our customers. The ADERCO 2055G is the latest generation of the fuel treatment available in the shipping market. The product is a vegetal derivative, which is environmentally friendly and extremely concentrated. It answers to the three fundamental issues of the shipping industry, Efficiency, Economy & Environment. The operation can be monitored, evaluated and quantified throughout a systematic approach. The full advantages of the benefits are achieved through a continuous usage of ADERCO 2055G fuel additive when the concept is applied to the vessel’s operation.

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ADERCO 2055G ADVANTAGES

PRODUCT VEGETAL DERIVATIVE- ASH LESS – METAL FREE

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ACTIONS WITH ONE PRODUCT BEFORE – DURING – AFTER COMBUSTION

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ADDITIVE EFFECT

ACTS AS A DETERGENT & HAS ONLY A PHYSICAL EFFECT ON THE HFO

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DOSAGE IN HSHFO & LSHFO INITIAL 1 LITRE 27,5 TONS

SUBSEQUENT 1 LITRE 55 TONS √

DOSAGE PUMP NOT REQUIRED X

QUANTITY ON BOARD DUE TO ITS HIGH CONCENTRATION LOW QUANTITY ARE NEEDED ON BOARD

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STORAGE NON HAZARDOUS √

TRANSPORT NOT RESTRICTED (allowed by airfreight)

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HEALTH NON DANGEROUS √

ENVIRONMENT ENVIRONMENT FRIENDLY √

DELIVERY FLEXIBILITY & REACTIVITY √

TECHNICAL ASSISTANCE WHEN REQUIRED √

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Characteristics of ADERCO 2055G

ADERCO 2055G is a vegetal derivative and environmentally friendly detergent/dispersant additive specially formulated to disperse asphaltenes, to homogenize the fuel, to improve atomisation and to give a better combustion. Aderco 2055G is totally free of metal.

The surfactant properties All liquids found in nature are classified as either polar or non-polar. Only liquids of the same nature can be blended satisfactorily and retain their consistency. Under normal circumstances a polar liquid cannot be blended with a non-polar liquid and remain homogeneous. If two liquids of different natures are blended, the mixture will tend to separate and stratify, as do water and fuel oil.

Figure 1: Graphic representation of a surfactant molecule. Surfactants (figure 1) are molecules, which have both attributes, polar and non-polar, within the same structure. This characteristic of surfactants makes them ideal intermediary products acting to make mixtures of polar and non-polar liquids compatible.

Because of their polar/non-polar characteristics, surfactants do not disperse evenly throughout the mixture like salt in water. Instead, they seek out interfaces and/or discontinuities.

Surfactants also act very many like magnets, with north and south poles. Their orientation will be determined by the nature (either polar or non-polar) of the interface.

The surfactant film at the interface of two liquids of different natures will reduce the interfacial tension. This phenomenon allows for solutions to be created from two liquids of different natures.

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How does ADERCO 2055G work? Virtual presentation can be watched on http://www.aderco.com/resources.html

ADERCO 2055G is a type of soap specially formulated for solubility in petroleum products. It works very much like normal soap. Figure 1 illustrates the action of soap and water on a plate soiled with table fat. In drawing 1, the water contains no soap. It will not accept the fat, since water is polar and fat is non-polar. Only liquids of the same nature can be mixed. In drawing 2, soap is added, forming a layer on the exposed fat surfaces. In a short time, as shown in drawing 3, the soap has lifted the fat from the plate and enveloped it completely. The soap's final action is to reduce the interfacial tension, as in drawing 4. Large fat droplets are broken down into very tiny ones dispersed throughout the water.

Figure 1: Soap acting on fat.

ADERCO 2055G acts exactly the same way in heavy fuel oil. It breaks down large agglomerations and disperses the tiny particles finely throughout the mixture. Standard evaluation methods can illustrate this action.

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FUEL TANKS ISSUES HFO Heavy Fuel Oil is a petroleum product of high density and viscosity. It is made by blending two elements: a cracked residual oil fraction (high aromatics) and a distillate oil fraction (cutter stocks). The HFO 380 RMG, for instance, contains a high proportion of residual oil.

The problems

Incompatibility/stability: Incompatibility: due to the nature of their composition, every HFO possess its own chemical characteristics. Consequence: two HFO sourced at different suppliers or at a different time, can provoke high precipitations of asphaltene sludge if mixed together. Stability: In some conditions the stability of the HFO can be altered. Consequence: each fraction (light and heavy) will separate in the storage tanks

Asphaltene: Asphaltene is a natural hydrocarbon compound commonly found in fuel. Usually the content of asphaltene in fuel ranges between 1 wt% to 12 wt% but higher value can be found. The asphaltene molecules are very large in size with a high molecular weight. They remain in suspension in the fuel but over time can be affected by too much heating or cold thermal shock (ballast tank walls). Consequence: asphaltene molecules oxidize, degrade and lead to precipitations of asphaltene sludge.

Sludge: Sludge is made of solid and semi-solid impurities of different nature which accumulate in the bottom of the storage tanks. Consequence: they tend overtime to accumulate together and cause problems throughout the filtration & purification process. They can be removed from tanks but at great expense.

Oxidation: Aromatic structures, generally found in a high proportion in cracked heavy oil (high proportion of carbon with double bonds “ benzene ring” with hydrogen single bonds) are sensitive to oxygen, either in air or water. Consequence: these structures react to form gums and acids. These gums further increase the quantity of suspended solids in the fuel. The acids liberated contribute to fuel storage system corrosion.

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Benefits and evolution when using ADERCO 2055G

Phase 1: INITIAL Initial double dosage applied to all storage tanks:

1 litre ADERCO 2055G for 27,5 mT Fuel Oil in the bunker tanks before bunkering*

Subsequent single dosages:

1 litre ADERCO 2055G for 55 mT Fuel Oil in the bunker tanks before bunkering* * The additive can be added 24 hours prior bunkering.

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Phase 2: EFFICIENCY First 10 days after initial dosage: ü Drain carefully the water at the settling tank. ü More activity could be noticed on first filtration.

ü After 10 days the operation will come back to normal routine.

Purposes Without additive With additive Stops fuel incompatibility

Asphaltenes dispersion

Sludge regeneration

Water settles down

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Phase 3: EFFICIENCY After 1.000 to 1.200 running hours:

ü Reduction of the deposits and sludge in the filters. ü Possibility to extend the cleaning intervals. ü Deposits in the purifiers are reduced and the carbon in the bowl is easy to

remove. ü Possibility to extend the flushing intervals at the purifiers. ü Reduction of the carbon fallouts at the funnel. ü Cleaning of the bunker tanks are in process.

Purposes Without additive With additive

Clogging filters Purifiers fouling

Purifiers conditions

Atomisation & combustion

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Phase 4: EFFICIENCY-ECONOMY After 1.800 and 2.000 running hours: ü Cleaning of the bunker tanks are still in process. ü Settling and service tanks are cleaned up. ü Reduction of the workload on filtration and separation.

ü Carbon deposit on piston top land is reduced, rings become free in their grooves. ü Reduction of the sludge in the stuffing boxes. ü Less fouling on the exhaust valves. ü Extension of the cleaning intervals on the turbo charger gas side. ü Soot in the economiser is light and dry.

Purposes Without additive With additive Piston

Rings Pack & Scavenger ports

Stuffing Boxes

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Phase 5: ECONOMY & ENVIRONMENT After 3.400 and 3.600 running hours: ü The storage, settling and service tanks are now cleaned. ü The fuel line is also clean. ü Reduced workload filters and separators. ü Reduced cleaning stuffing boxes & scavenges areas workload. ü Reduced exhaust valves deposits. ü Reduced fouling in turbocharger at turbine side. ü Reduced soot in economiser and cleaning intervals extension. ü Reduced smoke emissions and carbon fallouts.

Purposes Without additive With additive Turbo Charger

Exhaust Gas Boiler

Sludge deposit on the tanks bottom

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ASPHALTENES Asphaltenes have two properties, which make them undesirable in all filtration, purification and combustion systems.

First property

Very large molecules: the asphaltenes molecule is an assembly of aromatic rings, chemically bound in a plane. These molecules are very large, and have no boiling point.

Figure 1

The condensed aromatic rings exist in the form of a non-homogeneous flat sheet (figure 1).

Second property

Agglomerations: Most asphaltenes exist in solution in fuel oil like salt in water. Due to their relative polarity they naturally tend to attract each other, resulting in agglomerations of asphaltenes molecules in solution. These agglomerations are asphaltenes molecules stacked atop one another (physically bonded). If each asphaltenes would represent a sheet of paper, such an agglomeration would resemble a book (figure 2).

Figure 2

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Before atomisation

Asphaltenes precipitations The risk of Asphaltenes precipitation into the fuel stored in a double bottom or wing tanks could be generated by a thermal shock on fuel itself (lack of heating or a cold wall tank beside a water ballast), a fresh water contamination or by evaporation of the fuel cutter stocks.

Fuel systems The Asphaltenes precipitation generates the problem as: clogging filters, solid sludge production, sticking injection pumps.

During atomisation

Combustion & after combustion These large solid agglomerations contained into the fuel atomisation, are very difficult to burn during the combustion process, because their typical residence of 0.1 second in the zone flame is insufficient to burn completely. As consequence a dramatic carbon fouling on the pistons, rings and four the 4 stroke a dramatic unburned carbon material contamination within the lubricating oil. The slow burning materials can provoke also a rise-up of the exhaust temperature.

Figure 4. Figure 5. Labs picture showing the Asphaltenes precipitation. The heavy fuel oil combustion.

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How does ADERCO 2055G work? As we saw in figure 2, Asphaltenes sheets agglomeration in layers to form a book-like structure.

ADERCO 2055G is a surfactant, which attacks these agglomerations by breaking them into individual Asphaltenes, as shown in figure 6, and preventing them from re-agglomeration.

Figure 6

Schematic representation, how of the ADERCO 2055G acts on the Asphaltenes.

ADERCO 2055G does not work by altering the molecular structure of the Asphaltenes through a chemical reaction. Instead, it simply breaks apart the agglomerations into smaller, as shown in the pictures7 and 8, the effectiveness of ADERCO 2055G can be seen clearly through the microscope techniques. Figure 7 (without ADERCO) shows the asphaltenes phase after evaporation of the liquid fraction. Note that asphaltenes deposits are continuous and totally agglomerated. This fuel could cause poor combustion with formation of large quantities of unburned material.

Figure 7

Asphaltenes precipitation fuel oil not previously treated with ADERCO 2055G Magnified 4140 X with a scanning electron microscope.

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Figure 8 shows the same fuel treated with ADERCO 2055G. Note that the asphaltenes phase is now completely broken down into tiny fragments. The same fuel treated with ADERCO would give improved, more thorough combustion with far less unburned material.

Figure 8

Asphaltenes precipitation, fuel oil previously treated with ADERCO 2055G Magnified 4140 X with a scanning electron microscope.

By using ADERCO 2055G, the large agglomerated Asphaltenes will break down into smaller units as consequence the fuel will remain more homogenised before the atomisation minimising drastically the risk of clogging filters, purifiers fouling and sticking injection pumps. The smaller units burn more easily in the flame zone, thereby reducing the amount of unburned carbon residue in the combustion chamber, piston ring grooves, lubricating oil and in the flue gas.

Figure 9

Heavy fuel oil combustion with ADERCO 2055G .

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HIGH TEMPERATURE CORROSION

The problem The problem of high temperature corrosion originates with the vanadium found in varying concentrations (normally from 25 - 500 ppm) in all heavy fuel oils (HFO).

During normal operation some of this vanadium is deposited inside the boiler, where oxidizing conditions prevail (excess O2 and high temperatures). The vanadium then undergoes the following chemical reactions:

4V + 3O2 = 2V2O3

2V2O3 + O2 = 2V2O4

2V2O4 + O2 = 2V2O5

Vanadium is a multiple stage-oxidizing element. It is first transformed into V2O3 (melting point around 1967oC), then into V2O4 (melting point around 1967oC), and finally into V2O5 (melting point around 690oC). Because of their high melting points the first two vanadium oxides (V2O3 and V2O4) do not create any special problems other than fouling. The third vanadium compound, vanadium pent oxide (V2O5), has a very low melting point.

In the high temperature section of the boiler (exhaust valves, turbo charger blades), ambient temperatures are much higher than the melting point of vanadium pent oxide. Molten vanadium ash is formed. Its aggressive effect on the exhaust valves and turbo charger material causes what is known as high temperature corrosion.

How does ADERCO 2055G work?

ADERCO 2055G is surface-active agents specially synthesized to break down the agglomerations of the asphaltenes in solution and disperse them in minute particles throughout the mixture. The asphaltenes precipitation during gasification still occurs, but the precipitate is now finely dispersed rather than agglomerated.

These finely dispersed asphaltenes are much more likely to burn completely, and much less soot is produced. Less tube fouling will results, and less vanadium will remain to be transformed into V2O5.

Instead, most of the asphaltenes will be oxidized in the flame, yielding carbon dioxide (CO2), water vapour (H2O), vanadium tri oxide (V2O3) and vanadium tetra oxide (V2O4). At flame temperature, chemical equilibrium is toward V2O4, with very little V2O5.

V2O3 and V2O4 both have a high melting point. At this stage they exist as atomic particles. Before they have had time to transform into undesirable V2O5, they will be carried out the stack by the flue gasses.

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CATALYST PARTICLES

The problem? Catalyst particles (Al-Si) are an increasing occurrence in modern fuel oil. Furthermore, they are highly abrasive for diesel engine internal parts. To obtain optimum fuel cleaning it is of prime importance to operate the centrifuge with as low a viscosity of the fuel as possible (highest fuel oil temperature as possible) and allow the fuel to remain in the centrifuge bowl as long as possible (reduce the fuel throughput). The available equipment, always limits the limit on how clean the fuel is.

ADERCO 2055G contribution

ADERCO 2055G additive is totally organic (no metallic content) surface-active agent (surfactant), which breaks up and disperses very finely the heavy end agglomerations of heavy fuels such as asphaltenes, gums and resins. On account of this action, the purifier units in a cleaner condition, by breaking down the water emulsion and a fuel viscosity reduction of 10% which assists in catalyst particles elimination in the centrifuge.

ADERCO 2055G additives are an added security in the case of high content of catalyst particles, since it will assist in their elimination in the centrifuge.

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C.C.A.I. (CALCULATED CARBON AROMATIC INDEX)

As you know, the refining processes produce heavier residual fuels.

Since few time, to reduce the incompatibility and instability tendencies of cracked fuels, they use low viscosity flux ants (aromatic) with as a result a poor combustion due to an ignition delay...

The 4 stroke engines are more sensitive to the high C.C.A.I. because the percentage of fuel flow injected during the ignition timing is more important than in the 2 stroke engines.

The poor fuel ignition quality leads to detrimental effects towards the combustion chamber, an increasing of the exhaust gas temperature, a dramatic rise of the turbo charger fouling too much soot in the waste heat boiler economiser due to an incomplete combustion when the gases are expelled out of the cylinder.

For the Chief Engineer, the only way to evaluate the ignition fuel quality is to use the C.C.A.I. chart.

The fuel viscosity (CST 50°C) and the density at 15°C are the only criteria required to make the check (c.f. figure attached page 21).

Because ADERCO 2055G reduces by 30% the size of the fuel droplets during the atomisation, ADERCO improves the fuel ignition with a better, more complete combustion, in that way the exhaust gases are totally burnt when they are expelled.

So that ADERCO 2055G overcomes dramatically the problems issued from too high C.C.A.I. with:

ü Improved combustion. ü Reduction of 20°- 30°C of the exhaust gas temperature. ü Reduction of carbon formation on the exhaust valves and corrosion at high

temperature. ü Reduction of the turbo charger fouling. ü Economiser of waste heat completely clean of soot. ü Less insoluble in lubricating oil.

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ADERCO 2055 G Regular dosages for 2 stroke and 4 stroke engines First injection: 1 litre per 27,5 tons of fuel Subsequent injections: 1 litre per 55 tons of fuel

F Only the 4 stroke engines & depending of the C.C.A.I., the dosage should be adjusted as follows:

C.C.A.I. Up to 845: 1 litre per 55 tons.

Up to 855: 1 litre per 40 tons.

Over 855: 1 litre per 30 tons.

Over 865: the fuel is not recommended for 4 strokes engines. ADERCO 2055G is to be poured in the storage tanks through the sounding pipe, vent pipe or manhole. Better results if ADERCO 2055G is added before bunkering. We recommend the Chief Engineer to evaluate the fuel C.C.A.I. before starting each bunkering with the monogram for deriving C.C.A.I. and to adapt the ADERCO 2055G dosage following the results.

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INSTRUCTION SHEET

ADERCO 2055G FUEL OIL ADDITIVES 1/ ADERCO CAN HELP YOU

u HIGH INSTABILITY/INCOMPATIBILITY u HIGH SLUDGE CONTAMINATION u HIGH ASPHALTENES u HICH CARBON RESIDUES u HIGH CCAI VALUES u HIGH SEDIMENTS u HIGH VANADIUM

FOR MORE DETAILS PLEASE REFER TO INSTRUCTION MANUAL. 2/ DOSAGE INSTRUCTIONS

F INITIAL DOSAGE: 1 LITER PER 27,5 TONS OF FUEL*

F OTHER DOSAGE: 1 LITER PER 55 TONS OF FUEL* * The additive can be added 24 hours prior bunkering.

TO BE POURED IN THE MAIN FUEL TANKS OR DOUBLE BOTTOM TANKS THROUGH THE FEED-LINE, SOUNDING OR VENT PIPES BEFORE BUNKERING. IF THE TANK IS ALREADY FILLED, POUR THROUGH THE SOUNDING OR VENT PIPES AND BLOW AIR ON IT TO DISPERSE. AS SOON AS THE ADERCO ADDITIVE IS INTRODUCED INTO THE FUEL, DESLUDGING PROCESS IS ENGAGED. WATCH THE FILTERS, SEPARATOR AND DRAIN THE TANKS REGULARLY FOR THE FIRST WEEK.

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3/ PRODUCT SPECIFICATIONS

u APPEARANCE LIQUID u COLOR BROWN u FLASH POINT 146° C u POUR POINT -21° C u SPECIFIC GRAVITY 0.94 gr./ml u VISCOSITY 320 CST AT 20° C

4/ HANDLING NORMAL PRECAUTIONS FOR HANDLING PETROLEUM PRODUCT SHOULD BE OBSERVED:

IF SKIN CONTACT DOES OCCUR: FWASH AFFECTED AREAS WITH SOAP AND WATER.

IF EYE CONTACT DOES OCCUR: FIMMEDIATELY WASH WITH COPIOUS AMOUNTS OF CLEAN

WATER OR AN EYEWASH SOLUTION FOR AT LEAST 10 MINUTES. 5/ SHIPPING & FREIGHT CLASSIFICATION IN PLASTIC PAIL OF 20 LITRES–WEIGHT NET: 18,80 KG – GROSS: 20,0 KG UN NUMBER: N/A NOT REGULATED FOR TRANSPORT EEC LABEL REQUIRED: (X) IRRITANT