1.1.0 exterior facade - engr.psu.edu · ribbed precast precast concrete panels concrete panels ......

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Diane Emert Senior Thesis 2005 Broadway Plaza, Rochester, MN

1.1.0 Exterior Facade 1.1.1 Introduction As a primary marketing tool for potential residents unfamiliar with the Rochester area, the façade lighting calls for aesthetic appeal that meets the requirements and codes of the city. The building stands at 29-stories with the first three floors functioning as a multi-use facility. Flanked on three sides by roads, these facades are the primary areas for architectural lighting. Only the North façade does not face pedestrian or vehicular traffic. Meanwhile, the East façade contains necessary, but less attractive elements such as the loading dock, parking ramp, and transformer housing, and thus, will also not be highlighted. The South and West facades possess the main entrances into the building as well as a multitude of azuria-tinted glass. A Skybridge provides safe and warm passage from the second floor Skyway to the Mayo clinic. White translucent glass canopies over the Skyway lobby and main entrance areas also provide protection from the elements. Please refer to the 0.0.2 Building Envelope to reference more about the exterior façade. 1.1.2 Space Layout

Ground Level Façade: 4488 sq.ft. Canopied Area: 872 sq.ft.

Figure 1.1.2a: Rendering of Front Entrance and Skybridge

Figure 1.1.2b (at right): Rendering of Façade

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1.1.3 Architectural Surfaces Ribbed Precast Precast Concrete Panels Concrete Panels Reflectance: 71.9% Reflectance: 71.9% Polished Precast Concrete Panels Reflectance: 63.6% Limestone Veneer Aluminum Concrete Panels Reflectance: 35.7% Reflectance: 69.2%

1.1.4 Design Concept Design Goals Broadway Plaza must stand apart to entice shoppers and residents alike to the building. With an array of amenities, this task would not seem to be too difficult to accomplish. However, it is important to use lighting to ensure that all of these key marketing features do not go overlooked. Additionally, light trespass into residents’ windows or adjacent premises must be kept to a minimum. Direct glare must also be controlled to assure for a safe environment for vehicular traffic and pedestrian comfort around the building façade. Thus, aesthetics combined with safety and comfort is important to consider in the lighting design.

Transmission Reflection

3/4" Heat Strengthened Laminated Glass

Construction: 1/4" Clear, 1/2" White Translucent

30% 70%

Visible Light

Glazing Description

Visible Light Solar Energy UV Visible

Light-Ex.Visible Light-

Int.Solar

EnergyWinter

NighttimeSummer Daytime

Solarscreen Low-E Insulating Glass VE 7-85 by Viracon

Construction: 1" Total 1/4" Azuria Color,1/2"

Airspace, 1/4" VE 85 #3

58% 24% 19% 9% 11% 7%

0.31 Btu/(hr*

sqft* degree F)

0.29 Btu/(hr*

sqft* degree F)

0.38 0.33 80 Btu/ hr*sqft

Relative Heat GainGlazing Description

Transmittance Reflectance ASHRAE U-Value Shading Coefficient SHGC

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Conceptualization The exterior lighting strives to garner attention, yet avoid overwhelming pedestrians. The lighting allows the architecture to speak for itself. Lighting is used to highlight the architectural elements of the exterior while allowing the large glass surfaces to emphasize the interiors. To accomplish this task, in-ground wall washers are placed at the primary columns to wash the wall along the visual height of walking pedestrians. This emphasis provides enough light to highlight the limestone beneath and yet not detract from the interior. It is important that those walking by may notice intriguing aspects such as the fireplace wall. Along with the in-ground luminaires, the façade corners possess cylindrical sconces that distribute light up and down the columns. These sconces provide a break from the patterning of the wall washes as well as delineate the corners and size of the building. The additional vertical element helps to draw the eye upward, and to emphasize the stature of the building. Entrance areas to the building are also highlighted for easy orientation. Uplights mounted to the columns below each canopy direct light to the glass above. Due to the highly reflective translucent material within this glass, much of this light is directed to the ground below. By doing this, it is important to recognize the light trespassing to the sky. An analysis of this component is also included. Thus, the canopies are emphasized and enough light is provided to the areas below to aid in facial rendering and adaptation between the interior and exterior spaces. Finally, one of the most important amenities contributing to the appeal of Broadway Plaza is the Skybridge. Opal lensed fixtures resembling “skylights” will allow the Skybridge to “glow” at night and appear even more open to the exterior during the day. The “glowing” warmth of the Skybridge hopes to entice pedestrians to travel its path when the bitter cold sets in. The City of Rochester requires that particular pole-mounted fixtures be installed. While these may cause glare and light trespass, it is important to comply with the city and install these poles to match surrounding areas. Thus, the pole-mounted fixtures are not particular elements chosen for this design, but rather an element that must be worked around. 1.1.5 Design Criteria • Appearance of Space and Luminaires (Very Important)

The entrance and exterior facade are primary areas seen by potential residents. Many of these potential residents will immediately judge the entire building by the appearance of its exterior lighting. Maintaining the impression that Broadway Plaza is a luxury building filled with amenities, the lighting must appear prestigious in choice of luminaires and appearance. Additionally, the lighting should create a safe and comfortable atmosphere, making residents and passerbies content and secure.

• Direct Glare (Important) Direct glare should be avoided in any area where people will be operating motor vehicles. As Broadway Plaza is surrounded on almost all sides by traffic, inappropriate site lighting can cause momentary blindness for drivers, creating a hazardous situation. Additionally, the building functions primarily as a residence. Residents should be given the opportunity to enjoy the remarkable view rather than looking directly into a glare source.

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• Light Distribution on Surfaces (Very Important) Light distribution along surfaces should help to strengthen the architectural statement set forth by Broadway Plaza. Accent may be placed on specific vertical elements to emphasize the size of the structure. While remaining as an artistic statement, the light distribution should take into consideration the surrounding lighting and its integration in the community appearance.

• Modeling of Faces or Objects (Important) To accurately distinguish surrounding pedestrians, faces should be modeled with adequate illuminance for facial recognition and expression. This will maintain the feeling of safety and security.

• Points of Interest (Important) As the canopy and Skybridge stand apart as artistic statements of the building, it is important to bring focus to them.

• Shadows (Important) To promote a feeling of security, dark shadows should be avoided along the entire facade of the building. This is especially true near major building entrances such as the main canopy and Skyway.

• Surface Characteristics (Important) Expensive materials dominate the façade, and thus, attention should be drawn to these features. Changes within the facade material should be considered.

• Illuminance (Horizontal) A value of 5 fc along the entrance canopy should be achieved for safety concerns. Surrounding areas should strive to maintain a value of 2-3 fc.

• Illuminance (Vertical) Vertical illuminance for facial rendering safety should not fall below 3 fc. Coinciding with the somewhat dark surroundings and light surfaces, an average target illuminance of 2 fc is desired along the facade.

• Code and Obstruction Lighting As Broadway Plaza is a high-rise building, obstruction lighting is required. FAA beacons are currently installed and will be maintained on the roof structure.

• Light Trespass Light trespass may cause annoyance to residents if light should enter through the apartment windows. It is important to keep light from disturbing residents and also from intruding upon neighboring buildings. The City of Rochester requires that particular pole-mounted fixtures be installed. While these may cause glare and light trespass, it is important to comply with the city and install these poles to match surrounding areas.

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1.1.6 Equipment

SC3 Bega- Up/Downlight

Sconce

SC4 & SC5 Elliptipar- Uplight

GR1 Erco- Wall Wash

GR2 Erco- Orientation LED

P1 Bega- Pole Area Light

FT1 Columbia- Lensed Troffer

# Type

SC3

Vertical cylinder wall sconce with up and down light provided through one metal halide lamp

Wall 1 CDM70/T6/830 -30 degree MAGNETIC 81 3000 120 85 4

Luminaire: Bega 6620MH Lamp: Philips Ballast: Advance Transformer

SC4Wall mounted uplight with clear specular reflector and cutoff visor

Wall 1 MH400/HOR -40 degree MAGNETIC 81 3000 120 434 5

Luminaire: Elliptipar 152 Lamp: Philips Ballast: Advance Transformer

SC5Wall mounted uplight with clear specular reflector and cutoff visor

Wall 1MHC70/C/U/M/3K

ALTO -30 degree MAGNETIC 85 3000 120 85 2

Luminaire: Elliptipar 151 Lamp: Philips Ballast: Advance Transformer

GR1

In-ground fixture with wall wash lense in aluminum tread resistant housing

In-Ground 1 CDM70/T6/830 -30 degree MAGNETIC 81 3000 120 85 6

Luminaire: Erco 33724 Lamp: Philips Ballast: Advance Transformer

GR2In-ground LED orientation luminaire in stainless steel housing

In-Ground 1 LED NA NA NA 120/30 0.5 8 Luminaire: Erco 33764 Lamp: LED

P1

Pole-Mtd 18" HPS fixture w/ acrylic globe, cylindrical refractor 12' high, 4.5" alum. pole w/ recessed hinged base and multi-tap ballast Maintained by City of Rochester

Pole 1 C70S62/C/M -30 degree MAGNETIC 60 2200 120 85 5

Luminaire: Bega 9295S Lamp: Philips Ballast: Advance Transformer As required by City of Rochester

FT1

(SKYBRIDGE LOCATION) Recessed fluorescent troffer with opal lense and deep regressed trim to imitate a skylight appearance

Recessed 3 F32T8/ADV830/EW/ ALTO ELECTRONIC 85 3000 120

65 (2 lamp)

35 (1 lamp)

9 (13-"2 lamp ballasts" 1-"1 lamp ballast")

Luminaire: Columbia Lighting Sky Lamp: Philips Ballast: Advance Transformer Standard Electric

Luminaire Designation Description Mounting Lamp Watts Quantity CommentsBallast/

Transformer CRI CCT Volts

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Controls The ground-level facade lighting is controlled by an astronomical time switch set to astronomic sunset and sunrise as required by ASHRAE 90.1. All fixtures designated on R2, R3, or R5 are automatically controlled by the building automation system. Pole-mounted fixtures, meanwhile, are controlled by and are the responsibility of the City of Rochester, operating on their system of exterior lighting. Skybridge lighting, although not exterior lighting (yet included in this section,) shall be tandem wired to take advantage of the daylight hours. Also set to an astronomical time clock, the two outer lamps of the fluorescent fixtures remain on at full output throughout the day. Between astronomic sunset and astronomic sunrise, the remaining middle lamp in each fixture is switched on. The existing FAA flashing red beacons on the roof are operated vie a photocell on the North corner of the metal panel wall. When sufficient daylight is not available on the sensor for a dead band time of five minutes, the photocell instructs the beacons to become operable. Manual system override of the photocell is also possible for safety regulations. This photocell control complies with ASHRAE 90.1 requirements. 1.1.7 Lighting Plans

Figure 1.1.7a: Colored Lighting Plan for Resolving Fixture Location

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Figure 1.1.7b: Enlarged Plan of Northwest Corner

Figure 1.1.7c: Enlarged Plan of Southwest Corner

Figure 1.1.7d: Enlarged Plan of South Facade

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General Notes: All SC3 fixtures mounted at 15’-0” AFF. All GR1 fixtures mounted in-ground at 3’-0” from exterior wall. All GR2 fixtures mounted in-ground at 2’-6” from exterior wall. FT1 fixtures are recessed mounted into existing ceiling grid system of Skybridge. FT1 fixtures are spaced at 8’-0” O.C.

1.1.8 Circuiting

1.1.9 Analysis ASHRAE 90.1 Power Density Lower Façade of Building: ASHRAE 90.1 Power Density Allowance: 0.25 W/sq.ft.

Design Watts: 850 W Total Façade Area: 4488 sq.ft.

Power Density: 0.19 W/sq.ft

Luminaire Watts # ballasts used VA LoadSC3 85 4 340SC4 434 5 2170SC5 85 2 170GR1 85 6 510GR2 0.5 8 4P1 NA NA NA

FT1 65 & 35 13 & 1 8804074

5092.5

Lighting LoadX Demand Factor (1.25)Total VA

Circuit Load (VA) Wire Size Breaker SizeR2 680 12 AWG 20 AR3 2510 12 AWG 20 AR5 4 12 AWG 20 A

R26 490 12 AWG 20 A01HEA-8 195 12 AWG 20 A01HEA-10 195 12 AWG 20 A

Figure 1.1.7e: SkyBridge Lighting Plan

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Canopied Area: ASHRAE 90.1 Power Density Allowance: 3.0 W/sq.ft.

Front Canopy Design Watts: 2170 W

Total Area: 872 sq.ft. Power Density: 2.49 W/sq.ft

Side Canopies Design Watts: 170 W

Total Area: 152 sq.ft. Power Density: 1.12 W/sq.ft

Satisfies ASHRAE 90.1 Power Density Requirements

Light Loss Factors

Critical Design Performance Illuminance values along areas of the exterior must be maintained for safety purposes. These include the horizontal illuminance values under the canopies. Figure 1.1.9a displays the even distribution of illuminance along the ground below the canopy when interior light is taken into consideration. Meanwhile, 1.1.9b takes into account only the contribution of the exterior uplighting. Both values reach the recommended light levels. The Skybridge illuminance should represent that of the Skyway itself. Referring to the 1.3 Skyway Section, the illuminance values reach values equal to or above those recommended and present within the Skyway. Safety is further promoted by clear delineation of facial features with averages under the canopies at 6 fc and along other portions of the building at roughly the same. As light trespass is also a concern, tests were run on the light entering the atmosphere above the third floor multi-function space and thus, into the residential area. Placing a plane at this location and measuring the illuminance provided from below accomplished this task. Tests showed that on average the canopy only contributes 0.49 fc on the plane, with most values falling between 0.25 fc and 1.0 fc. These values should not be a concern to the residents in the city atmosphere.

SC3 V Dirty- 18 months 6800 5670 0.83 0.78 0.82 1.00 0.53SC4 IV Dirty- 18 months 40000 33200 0.83 0.74 0.73 1.00 0.45SC5 IV Dirty- 18 months 6600 5940 0.90 0.74 0.73 1.00 0.49GR1 VI Dirty- 18 months 6600 5940 0.90 0.76 0.91 1.00 0.62GR2 VI Dirty- 18 months 23 23 1.00 0.76 0.91 1.00 0.69P1 II Dirty- 18 months 6400 5450 0.85 0.87 0.91 1.00 0.67

FT1 V Dirty- 18 months 8700 8250 0.95 0.88 0.96 1.03 0.83

Ballast Factor Total LLFLuminaire

DesignationMaintenance

CategoryCleaning/

AtmosphereInitial Lms/ Luminaire

Design Lms/ Luminaire LLD LDD RSDD

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Figure 1.1.9a: Canopy Illuminance with Interior Contribution

Figure 1.1.9b: Canopy Illuminance with Exterior Contribution Only

Figure 1.1.9c: SkyBridge Illuminance

Under Front Canopy

Sidewalk Along Side

Sidewalk Along Front

Face Along Canopy

Face Along Sidewalk

Vertical Washed Wall

SkyBridge Interior

Average 10.06 4.17 6.7 5.98 5.81 3.03 31.56Maximum 16.5 8.6 22.6 6.8 7.3 4.2 40.1Minimum 5.1 0.8 1.9 5 5.1 2.2 10.9Avg/Min 1.97 5.21 3.53 1.2 1.14 1.38 4.57Max/Min 3.24 10.75 11.89 1.36 1.43 1.91 5.81Coeff. Of Var. 0.24 0.43 0.42 0.08 0.08 0.16 0.13Unif. Gradiant 1.21 5.8 2.81 1.05 1.2 1.14 1.19

Illuminance Value Summary (fc) Exterior With Interior Contribution

Under Front Canopy

Sidewalk Along Side

Sidewalk Along Front

Face Along Canopy

Face Along Sidewalk

Vertical Washed Wall

Average 7.96 3.45 3.99 4.3 3.98 2.92Maximum 9.8 6.3 21.9 4.6 6.1 4Minimum 4 0.8 0.6 3.9 2.7 2.1Avg/Min 1.99 4.31 6.65 1.1 1.47 1.39Max/Min 2.45 7.88 36.5 1.18 2.26 1.9Coeff. Of Var. 0.18 0.39 0.63 0.04 0.19 0.16Unif. Gradiant 1.3 6.88 9.17 1.05 1.27 1.14

Illuminance Value Summary (fc) Exterior Only

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1.1.10 Renderings

Figure 1.1.10a: Southwest Corner

Figure 1.1.10b: South Facade

Figure 1.1.10c: View Along West Facade

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1.1.11 Conclusions Subtle highlights and “glowing” surfaces emphasize the structure and amenities of Broadway Plaza. The design is attractive and efficient, yet, still unobtrusive enough to allow pedestrians to view the exterior and interior with equal importance. An attractive atmosphere with safety concerns is certainly kept in mind.

Figure 1.1.10d: View from Southwest Corner

Figure 1.1.10e-f: Front Entrance

1.1.0 exterior facade - engr.psu.edu · ribbed precast precast concrete panels concrete panels ......

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