1111thth Grade Grade TAKS ReviewTAKS Review

Political Influences Political Influences on United States on United States

HistoryHistory

Magna CartaMagna Carta12151215

The Magna Carta The Magna Carta was signed by King was signed by King John in John in 1215.1215.

It asserted the right It asserted the right of British citizens to of British citizens to A trial by juryA trial by jury No imprisonment No imprisonment

without a trialwithout a trial No taxation except No taxation except

by approval of by approval of ParliamentParliament

14921492 Christopher Christopher

Columbus arrived Columbus arrived in the Americas.in the Americas.

Colombian Colombian ExchangeExchange

A series of interactions between the A series of interactions between the Native Americans and Europeans.Native Americans and Europeans.

16071607 Jamestown, VirginiaJamestown, Virginia First permanent English First permanent English

settlement in North settlement in North America. America.

English Bill of English Bill of Rights 1689Rights 1689

Passed by Parliament in 1689.

English rights reinforced: no taxation right to petition individual rights

American American Revolutionary Revolutionary

PeriodPeriod

17761776 Declaration of Declaration of

Independence Independence signed. signed.

Start of the Start of the Revolutionary War. Revolutionary War.

United States United States established as an established as an independent independent nation.nation.

Representative Representative GovernmentGovernment

A system of A system of government in which government in which power is held by the power is held by the people and their will is people and their will is carried out by elected carried out by elected representatives.representatives.

Declaration of Declaration of IndependenceIndependence

July 4, 1776 Written by Thomas

Jefferson American colonies

declare independence from England

List of grievances against King George III

Declaration of Declaration of IndependenceIndependence

The Declaration states The Declaration states the two major the two major principles on which principles on which the Constitution is the Constitution is based:based: Government gets its Government gets its

power from the consent power from the consent of the governed.of the governed.

All men are created All men are created equal and have equal and have unalienable rights.unalienable rights.

Thomas JeffersonThomas Jefferson Main author of the Main author of the

Declaration of Declaration of IndependenceIndependence

33rdrd President President

Unalienable Unalienable RightsRights Rights/Privileges Rights/Privileges

according to the according to the Declaration of Declaration of Independence.Independence.

These rights cannot be These rights cannot be taken away. taken away.

Unalienable Rights are:Unalienable Rights are: Life Life LibertyLiberty Pursuit of happinessPursuit of happiness

GrievancesGrievances==

ComplainsComplains

Colonial Colonial GrievancesGrievances

Taxation without Taxation without consent consent (permission)(permission)

No representationNo representation No trial by juryNo trial by jury Quartering troopsQuartering troops Standing armies in Standing armies in

peace timepeace time

RevolutionRevolution Armed rebellion Uprising against

the government or authority

A period of great change

IndependenceIndependence Free from influence

or control of other nations, sovereign.

American American RevolutionRevolution

The war of The war of independence independence fought between fought between Britain and 13 of its Britain and 13 of its colonies in North colonies in North AmericaAmerica

1775-17831775-1783

George George WashingtonWashington

Leader of the Leader of the Continental Army Continental Army during the during the RevolutionRevolution

11stst president of the president of the United StatesUnited States

Lexington and Concord Lexington and Concord (1775)(1775)

Battles that started Battles that started the American the American Revolution.Revolution.

Battle of Saratoga Battle of Saratoga (1777)(1777)

Colonist victory Colonist victory over British.over British.

Turning point in Turning point in Revolutionary War.Revolutionary War.

French offer help to French offer help to colonists.colonists.

Battle of Yorktown Battle of Yorktown (1781)(1781)

Colonists defeated Colonists defeated the British.the British.

The British The British surrendered.surrendered.

End of military End of military struggle.struggle.

Treaty of Paris (1783)Treaty of Paris (1783) Ended the Ended the

Revolutionary War.Revolutionary War. British recognized British recognized

colonists’ colonists’ independence.independence.

British gave British gave colonists all the colonists all the lands stretching lands stretching west of the west of the Mississippi River.Mississippi River.

ConfederationConfederation An alliance of states

where states have the majority of the power and retain their sovereignty.

Articles of Articles of ConfederationConfederation

First government of United States from 1781 – 1788. State sovereignty Weak national

government No standing army No power to tax No courts No executive

U.S. ConstitutionU.S. Constitution and and

Bill of RightsBill of Rights

17871787 U.S. Constitution

written at Constitutional Convention in Philadelphia

Ratification of Constitution and Federalist Papers in 1788.

Philadelphia Philadelphia ConventionConvention

1787 Constitutional

convention resulted in creation of FEDERAL government (separate executive, judicial and legislative branches)

Convention replaced the Articles of Confederation and wrote the U.S. Constitution

Principles of thePrinciples of theU.S. ConstitutionU.S. Constitution

Basic law and government of the United States

Based on 7 principles: Republicanism Popular sovereignty Federalism Limited government Separation of power Checks and balances Individual rights

RepublicanismRepublicanism The idea that The idea that

government is government is controlled by the people controlled by the people who hold power and who hold power and elect representatives, elect representatives, giving those giving those representatives power representatives power to make and enforce to make and enforce laws.laws.

Popular Popular SovereigntySovereignty

All political power All political power rests with the rests with the people who can people who can create, alter, and create, alter, and abolish abolish government. government.

Limited GovernmentLimited Government Limits are placed

on the powers of government

Everyone, including all authority figures, must obey the laws

Checks and Checks and BalancesBalances

Each branch of the government shares its power and checks the other two.

Prevents any branch of government from becoming too powerful.

FederalisFederalismm Distribution of the

powers of government between a central (federal) government and the regional (states) governments.

= 1= 1

= 50= 50

Separation of Separation of PowersPowers

Form of government organized in three branches A legislative branch

(Congress) An executive branch

(the President) A judicial branch

(Supreme Court)

Individual RightsIndividual Rights

The rights of the people protected in the Bill of Rights including: Economic rights related

to property Political rights related to

freedom of speech and press

personal rights related to bearing arms and maintaining private residences

Federalist PapersFederalist Papers Newspaper articles

in New York state. Explained reasons

why people should adopt the new US constitution.

Authors: Alexander Hamilton, James Madison, John Jay.

Ratify Ratify ApproveApprove

AmendmentsAmendments The way of making The way of making

changes to the U.S. changes to the U.S. ConstitutionConstitution

Bill of RightsBill of Rights First ten First ten

amendments to the amendments to the ConstitutionConstitution

(ratified in 1791) (ratified in 1791)

First Amendment:First Amendment: Religious and Political Religious and Political

FreedomFreedom States that States that

“Congress shall “Congress shall make no law” make no law” restricting freedom restricting freedom of: of: SpeechSpeech PressPress ReligionReligion AssemblyAssembly PetitionPetition

Second Amendment:Second Amendment: Right to Bear ArmsRight to Bear Arms

Guarantees the Guarantees the right of states to right of states to organize militias, organize militias, or armies, and the or armies, and the right of individuals right of individuals to bear arms.to bear arms.

Third Amendment:Third Amendment:Quartering of TroopsQuartering of Troops

Soldiers cannot be Soldiers cannot be housed in people’s housed in people’s homes unless it is homes unless it is approved by law.approved by law.

Fourth AmendmentFourth Amendment::Search and SeizureSearch and Seizure

Protects citizens Protects citizens from unreasonable from unreasonable searches and searches and seizures.seizures.

If a judge believes If a judge believes the search is the search is reasonable, a search reasonable, a search warrant will be warrant will be granted.granted.

Fifth Amendment:Fifth Amendment: Rights of the AccusedRights of the Accused

This amendment protects an This amendment protects an accused person from having to accused person from having to testify against him or herself testify against him or herself (self-incrimination). (self-incrimination).

It bans double jeopardy (tried It bans double jeopardy (tried twice for the same crime)twice for the same crime)

It guarantees that no citizen It guarantees that no citizen may be deprived of life, liberty, may be deprived of life, liberty, or property without due process or property without due process of law – certain legal of law – certain legal procedures that must be carried procedures that must be carried out before a person can be out before a person can be punished.punished.

Sixth AmendmentSixth Amendment::Right to a Speedy, Public Right to a Speedy, Public

TrialTrial Guarantees a fair Guarantees a fair

and impartial trial and impartial trial to those accused of to those accused of a crime.a crime. Accused must be Accused must be

told of the charges.told of the charges. Accused has a right Accused has a right

to a trial by jury.to a trial by jury. Accused has a right Accused has a right

to be represented to be represented by a lawyer.by a lawyer.

Seventh Seventh Amendment:Amendment:

Trial by Jury in Civil CasesTrial by Jury in Civil Cases Guarantees Guarantees

individuals the individuals the right to a jury right to a jury trial in many trial in many non-criminal non-criminal matters. matters.

Eighth Amendment:Eighth Amendment: Limits of Fines and Limits of Fines and

PunishmentPunishment Federal courts can Federal courts can

not require an not require an unusually high bail.unusually high bail.

No one can be No one can be punished in an punished in an cruel and unusual cruel and unusual way.way.

United States United States HistoryHistory

1800 to 18771800 to 1877

NullifyNullify

Nullification Nullification CrisisCrisis Attempt by South Carolina to

nullify of federal law in 1832. Issue->high federal tariffs

South Carolina protested/refused to pay

President Jackson ->Force Act South Carolina backed down

Southerners favored freedom Southerners favored freedom of trade and believed in the of trade and believed in the authority of states over the authority of states over the federal government. federal government.

Southerners declared federal Southerners declared federal protective tariffs null and void.protective tariffs null and void.

Dred Scott v. SandfordDred Scott v. Sandford

Supreme Court case Supreme Court case that ruled that that ruled that African Americans African Americans were not citizens of were not citizens of the U.S.the U.S.

The movement to The movement to

end slavery in the end slavery in the United States.United States.

Abolitionist Abolitionist MovementMovement

Plantation Plantation SystemSystem A system of A system of

agricultural agricultural production based production based on large-scale land on large-scale land ownership and use ownership and use of slave labor.of slave labor.

States’ RightsStates’ Rights

A view held by Southerners before the Civil War that the states were sovereign and had rights independent of the federal government and law.

States’ RightsStates’ Rights The idea that states The idea that states

had the right to had the right to control all control all issues/laws in their issues/laws in their state not specifically state not specifically given to the federal given to the federal government by the government by the specific words of the specific words of the Constitution.Constitution.

States’ RightsStates’ Rights It was used mostly It was used mostly

by Southern states by Southern states to argue that they to argue that they had the right to had the right to nullify federal laws nullify federal laws they did not agree they did not agree with.with.

SecessionSecession = to withdraw= to withdraw 11 of the 11 of the

Southern states Southern states separated from separated from the United the United States and States and formed their formed their own country = own country = Confederate Confederate States of States of America.America.

1861-18651861-1865 Dates of the Civil War

between North and South.

War between the States, began with Ft. Sumter and ended at Appomattox Courthouse

Major battles: Gettysburg and

Vicksburg

Civil WarCivil War The U.S. Civil War The U.S. Civil War

(1861-1865) resulted (1861-1865) resulted from years of conflict from years of conflict between competing between competing sectional interests – sectional interests – includingincluding slaveryslavery States’ rightsStates’ rights conflicting economic conflicting economic

and social structures of and social structures of the North and South.the North and South.

Emancipation Emancipation ProclamationProclamation

Issued by Abraham Issued by Abraham Lincoln on Lincoln on September 22, September 22, 18621862

It declared that all It declared that all slaves in the slaves in the rebellious rebellious Confederate states Confederate states would be free. would be free.

GettysburGettysburg Addressg Address Speech given by Speech given by

Abraham Lincoln Abraham Lincoln which captured the which captured the spirit of liberty and spirit of liberty and morality ideally morality ideally held by citizens of held by citizens of a democracy. a democracy.

That ideal was That ideal was threatened by the threatened by the Civil War.Civil War.

Reconstruction Reconstruction (1867-1877)(1867-1877)

Reconstruction Reconstruction AmendmentsAmendments

13th amendment: 1865 14th amendment : 1868 15th amendment : 1870

1313thth AmendmentAmendment

A Reconstruction A Reconstruction amendment that freed amendment that freed slaves in the United slaves in the United StatesStates

1414thth AmendmentAmendment A Reconstruction A Reconstruction

amendment, which amendment, which declared that all declared that all persons born in the persons born in the U.S. were citizens U.S. were citizens and were entitled and were entitled to equal rights. to equal rights.

1515thth AmendmentAmendment A Reconstruction A Reconstruction

amendment that amendment that granted black men granted black men the right to vote.the right to vote.