11 gender statistics and social indicators in economic downturns: experiences and challenges from...

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Gender Statistics and Social Indicators in economic downturns: experiences and

challenges from Spain

National Statistical Institute (INE) - Women’s Institute

Paper: Ignacio Duque / Teresa Escudero / José Luis Burgos

Presentation: Ignacio Duque (INE)

UNECE Work Session on Gender Statistics

26-28 April 2008, Geneva

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2Gender Statistics and Social Indicators in economic downturns WS GS Geneva 20100426

2

Index:

1. Overview of Gender and Social Indicators in Spain.

2. The key point: definitions, concepts and classifications.

3. Gender statistics in Spain.

4. Gender labour market trends across the current economic downturn.

5. Challenges and work ahead in Spain.

6. Proposals at international level.

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1. 1. Overview of Gender and Social Indicators Overview of Gender and Social Indicators (I)(I)

Source: Roser NICOLAU (2005) “Población, salud y actividad”, Estadísticas Históricas de España, p.149

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4

-10

-5

0

5

10

15

1885 1895 1905 1915 1925 1935 1945 1955 1965 1975 1985 1995 2005

Pe

r th

ou

sa

nd

s

Years

Net migration rates in Spain 1882-2003 (Combined estimations)

From Blanca Sánchez (1995) From OCDE SOPEMI (2007)

1. 1. Overview of Gender and Social Indicators Overview of Gender and Social Indicators (II)(II)

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1. 1. Overview of Gender and Social Indicators Overview of Gender and Social Indicators (III)(III)

0

10

20

30

40

50

60

70

80

90

100

1860 1877 1887 1900 1910 1920 1930 1940 1950 1960

Ye

ar

%

Literate population. Spain 1860-1960(according population censuses)

Males

Females

Source: Clara Eugenia NÚÑEZ (2005) “Educación”, Estadísticas Históricas de España, p.230

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1. 1. Overview of Gender and Social Indicators Overview of Gender and Social Indicators (IV)(IV)

Crude rates of school attendants (5-14 years).Spain 1832-1990

0

10

20

30

40

50

60

70

80

90

100

1832

1837

1842

1847

1852

1857

1862

1867

1872

1877

1882

1887

1892

1897

1902

1907

1912

1917

1922

1927

1932

1943

1948

1953

1958

1963

1968

1973

1978

1983

1988

Years

%

MalesFemales

Source: Clara Eugenia NÚÑEZ (2005) “Educación”, Estadísticas Históricas de España, p.208-210

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1. 1. Overview of Gender and Social Indicators Overview of Gender and Social Indicators (V)(V)

3,0

4,0

5,0

6,0

7,0

8,0

9,0

18

97

19

00

19

03

19

06

19

09

19

12

19

15

19

18

19

21

19

24

19

27

19

30

19

33

19

36

19

39

19

42

19

45

19

48

19

51

19

54

19

57

19

60

19

63

19

66

19

69

19

72

19

75

19

78

19

81

19

84

Ye

ars

of

sc

ho

ol a

tte

nd

an

ce

Year

Gross school years stock. Spain 1877-1974 (average population 15-50, primary and secondary

degrees)

Males Females

Source: Clara Eugenia NÚÑEZ (2005) “Educación”, Estadísticas Históricas de España, p.237-238

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1. 1. Overview of Gender and Social Indicators Overview of Gender and Social Indicators (VI)(VI)

Source: Xavier TAFUNELL (2005) “Urbanización y vivienda”, Estadísticas Históricas de España, p.484

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25

35

45

55

65

75

85

17

51

17

61

17

71

17

81

17

91

18

01

18

11

18

21

18

31

18

41

18

51

18

61

18

71

18

81

18

91

19

01

19

11

19

21

19

31

19

41

19

51

19

61

19

71

19

81

19

91

20

01

Years

E0

Life expectancy at birth. Women

ALE

ALE-OCC

BEL

CAN

DIN

ESP

FRAN-TP

GRB

HOL

ITA

JAP

NOR

SUE

USA

Source: Human Mortality Database. University of California, Berkeley (USA) y Max Planck Institute for Demographic Research (Germany). www.mortality.org or www.human mortality.de (downloaded 20091020) and personal computing

1. 1. Overview of Gender and Social Indicators Overview of Gender and Social Indicators (VII)(VII)

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60

65

70

75

80

85

19

50

19

55

19

60

19

65

19

70

19

75

19

80

19

85

19

90

19

95

20

00

20

05

Yea

rs

E0

Life expectancy. Women

NOR

SUE

JAP

HOL

DIN

CAN

FRAN-TP

ESP

ITA

USA

GRB

BEL

ALE-OCC

ALE

1. 1. Overview of Gender and Social Indicators Overview of Gender and Social Indicators (VIII)(VIII)


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2

4

6

8

10

12

14

40 45 50 55 60 65 70 75 80 85 90

Eo

Wo

men

min

us

Men

Eo Women

Gender life expectancy at birth gap (1900-2007)

Spain France_TpItaly JapanSweden USA


1. 1. Overview of Gender and Social Indicators Overview of Gender and Social Indicators (IX)(IX)

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4

4,5

5

5,5

6

6,5

7

7,5

8

8,5

9

77 78 79 80 81 82 83 84 85 86

Eo

Wo

men

min

us

Men

Eo Women

Gender life expectancy at birth gap (1980-2007) Spain France_TP

Italy Japan

Sweden USA


1. 1. Overview of Gender and Social Indicators Overview of Gender and Social Indicators (X)(X)

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13Gender Statistics and Social Indicators in economic downturns WS GS Geneva 20100426National Immigrants Survey Spain 2007 Eurostat-UNECE Geneva 20080305

13

1. 1. Overview of Gender and Social Indicators Overview of Gender and Social Indicators (XI)(XI)

0

5

10

15

20

25

30

35

40

45

50

55

60

65

70

75

80

85

1911191619211926193119361941194619511956196119661971197619811986199119962001

3,00-3,50

2,50-3,00

2,00-2,50

1,50-2,00

1,00-1,50

0,50-1,00

0,00-0,50

-0,50-0,00

Male overmortality.Spain 1911-2001


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1. 1. Overview of Gender and Social Indicators Overview of Gender and Social Indicators (XII)(XII)

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1. 1. Overview of Gender and Social Indicators Overview of Gender and Social Indicators (XIII)(XIII)

0

500

1.000

1.500

2.000

2.500

be

Be

lgiu

m

bg

Bu

lga

ria

cz

Cze

ch

…

dk

De

nm

ark

de

Ge

rma

ny

ee

Es

ton

ia

ieIr

ela

nd

gr

Gre

ec

e

es

Sp

ain

frF

ran

ce

itIt

aly

cy

Cyp

rus

lvL

atv

ia

ltL

ith

ua

nia

luL

ux

em

bo

urg

hu

Hu

ng

ary

mtM

alt

a

nlN

eth

erl

an

ds

atA

us

tria

plP

ola

nd

ptP

ort

ug

al

roR

om

an

ia

siS

love

nia

sk

Slo

vak

ia

fiF

inla

nd

se

Sw

ed

en

uk

Un

ite

d …

Th

ou

sa

nd

s Immigrants per EU countries. 2004-2006

Immigrants

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1. 1. Overview of Gender and Social Indicators Overview of Gender and Social Indicators (XIV)(XIV)

17

18

19

20

21

22

23

24

25

26

27

2002 2003 2004 2005 2006

%

Rate of EU immigrants to Spain (with estimations for missing data in Eurostat figures)

EU (without France)EU (without Bulgaria, Estonia, Greece & France)

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1. 1. Overview of Gender and Social Indicators Overview of Gender and Social Indicators (XV)(XV)

0

10

20

30

40

50

60

1994 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007

%

Rate of EU Net Migration to Spain (Eurostat)

EU (25) Área Euro (13)

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1. 1. Overview of Gender and Social Indicators Overview of Gender and Social Indicators (XVI)(XVI)

0

1

2

3

4

5

6

7

8

9

10

0

10

20

30

40

50

60

70

80

1858

-185

918

60-1

864

1865

-187

018

78-1

882

1900

-190

419

05-1

909

1910

-191

419

15-1

919

1920

-192

419

25-1

930

1940

-194

419

45-1

949

1950

-195

419

55-1

959

1960

-196

419

65-1

969

1970

-197

419

75-1

979

1975

1979

1980

1981

1982

1983

1984

1985

1986

1987

1988

1989

1990

1991

1992

1993

1994

1995

1996

1997

1998

1999

2000

2001

2002

2003

2004

2005

2006

2007

2008

%

Years

Marriage changes in Spain 1858-2008

Births out of marriageNonreligious marriageDivorces / MarriagesSame sex marriages [right]

Source: INE

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2. The key point: definitions, concepts and classifications (I)2. The key point: definitions, concepts and classifications (I)

The feminist critique of the categories forming the cornerstone of statistical production:

- Work, Family, Household

- Sexuality, Reproduction

- Time, Care work and activities

The deconstruction of the traditional concepts of the family and its archetypal and functional unit:

- Family classifications

- Names of family positions

- Domestic violence

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2. The key point: definitions, concepts and classifications (II)2. The key point: definitions, concepts and classifications (II)

The Fourth World Conference on Women (Beijing September 1995)

Other concurrent paths (60’s and 70’s):- Movement of Social Indicators (well-being, approaches):

OECD and others

- Critical scholars of standard economic categories of production and green economics: Georgescu-Roemer, Naredo.

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2. The key point: definitions, concepts and classifications (III)2. The key point: definitions, concepts and classifications (III)

The increased demand for new and more relevant measurements of people well-being, social progress and the handling of natural resources:

- OECD

- European Commission

- Stiglitz-Sen-Fitoussi Report (2009).

The ILO's decision (2008) to introduce the change in working time and extend productive activities to include volunteer production and unpaid household services .

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3. Gender statistics in Spain (I)3. Gender statistics in Spain (I)

Old efforts:- The Commission on Social Reform (1889-1893).

- Institute of Social Reform (10’s and 20’s).

1980s and early 1990s:

- Population and Economic Activity Survey, (EUSTAT,1985 ongoing)

- Surveys of living conditions (INE, 1985 and Council of Madrid 1989).

- Sociodemographic Survey (1991, INE)

- Biography, Consciousness, Structure and Class, 1991 (INE-Region of Madrid Statistical Institute-Women’s Institute)

- Figures on Women (Women’s Institute, 1983)

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The recent issues:

- Surveys on “Violence against Women” (Women’s Institute: 2002, 2002 and 2006).

- Law 3/2007 for Effective Equality for Women and Men (Article 20 detailing requirements in the field of official statistics production).

- The Women and Men in Spain report , published annually from 2006: http://www.ine.es/prodyser/pubweb/myh/myh.htm

3. Gender statistics in Spain (II)3. Gender statistics in Spain (II)

http://www.ine.es/prodyser/pubweb/myh/myh.htm

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4. 4. Gender Gender labourlabour market trends and economic downturn market trends and economic downturn (I)(I)

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4. 4. Gender Gender labourlabour market trends and economic downturn market trends and economic downturn (II)(II)

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4. 4. Gender Gender labourlabour market trends and economic downturn market trends and economic downturn (III)(III)

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4. 4. Gender Gender labourlabour market trends and economic downturn market trends and economic downturn (IV)(IV)

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4. 4. Gender Gender labourlabour market trends and economic downturn market trends and economic downturn (V)(V)

Absolute figures LFS quarterly 2005-2009

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4. 4. Gender Gender labourlabour market trends and economic downturn market trends and economic downturn (VI)(VI)

Absolute figures LFS quarterly 2005-2009

(only Spanish nationality)

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4. 4. Gender Gender labourlabour market trends and economic downturn market trends and economic downturn (VII)(VII)

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4. 4. Gender Gender labourlabour market trends and economic downturn market trends and economic downturn (VIII)(VIII)

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4. 4. Gender Gender labourlabour market trends and economic downturn market trends and economic downturn (IX)(IX)

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4. 4. Gender Gender labourlabour market trends and economic downturn market trends and economic downturn (X)(X)

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To build more detailed information, taking into account that the crisis particularly affects vulnerable groups of people:

a. Gender indicators related to perceived income (by individuals and households) and indicators of time use in wider productive tasks.

b. Indicators of ownership, use of and access to wealth and capital

c. Breaking down the key gender indicators into groups of men and women, mainly by socio-economic classification, educational level and occupation.

5. Challenges and work ahead in Spain (I)5. Challenges and work ahead in Spain (I)

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d. Breaking down the key gender indicators into groups of households, classified by socio-economic status, educational level, generation and immigrant background.

e. Increasing the time-series span of the main key indicators with a homogeneous universe or definitions, for correct comparison of the effects of the economic downturn.

f. Selective monitoring of certain key indicators at geographical level, using the NUTS standard and the capabilities of Urban Audit indicators.

5. Challenges and work ahead in Spain (II)5. Challenges and work ahead in Spain (II)

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Diffusion strategy:

- Updated System of Gender Indicators (Women’s Institute).

- Renewed Social Indicators of Spain:• Inside a network of specialized social indicators in a

mature statistical system, sub-set of Education, Health, Gender, Children, Sustainability, etc.

• Practical improvements: interoperability, continuous updating, SDMX standards, metadata.

• Annual report and others products.

5. Challenges and work ahead in Spain (III)5. Challenges and work ahead in Spain (III)

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Proposals for a general debate:

1) Harmonized definitions and collection of data on violence against women (a possible European Survey project).

2) Greater effort for enlarging the unadjusted Gender Pay Gap.

3) A European Socio-economic Classification.

4) A Web Data Service of Eurostat (and other) statistical information (and metadata).

6. Proposals at international level (I)6. Proposals at international level (I)

11 gender statistics and social indicators in economic downturns: experiences and challenges from...

Documents

overview of gender

social indicators isource

gender statistics26

gender labour market

current economic downturn

roser nicolau

salud y actividad

international level