11) computer theory notes
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COMPUTER THEORY NOTES:
Computer meaning
The characteristics of computers
The first computer of the world
The Generations of computers
The basic electronic components of computers
The types of computers
Computer hardware& software
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A) Computer meaning :
Computer is electronic device, used for information processing. Its
accept the instructions by the user with the help of input devices than
stored in its memory, process it next produce the result on output
devices.
Computer can works on I! cycle. I! means Input& !utput"
processing cycle. #howing on down.
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B) The characteristics o computer:
a) Spee!:
Computer can work at an incredible speed. The speed of the
computer is measured in terms of
$illiseconds
$icrosecond
%anoseconds or ico seconds.
The speed of processing is it is accepting million instructions per
second.") Accurac#:
In working being fast computer also accurate, they either give the
correct answer or not at all.
c) Consistenc#:
Computers being machine are highly consistent, they never get
bored too.
!) Automatic:
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Computer can work automatically by itself because once stored on
a ob they carry in until the ob is finished normally without any
human assistance.
e) Storage capacit#:
Today's computer can stored huge amount of data. !nce recorded
a piece of information is never forgotten the storing capacity of
computer measured by (ilobyte, mega byte& gigabyte.
) $%e&i"i%it#:
computer are used not only one thing, it is used toentertainment)movie, song, animation*, account maintaining,
creating letters& letter heads, play games, weather forecasting,
railway reservation counter, aircraft, satellite, studio designing and
sending the information in whole +ord)internet*. & multimedia.
C) The irst computer o the 'or%!:
S% no Nation Year Computer
Name
(nnoator
China -/ bc 0bacus
1 #cotland 23 %apier bones #ir. 4ohn
%apier
5 6rench 2-1 ascaline )ascal
calculator*
$r. 7laise
ascal
- Germen 23 0rithmetic $r. Gatrified
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replica
8ngland 9th
century
:ifference
engine
#ir. Charls
babage
2 ;#0 9-< $ark I =award aikey
C=0>?8# 7070G8 is a father of the computer, professor of
Cambridge university was invented @:I66>8%C8 8%GI%8A in
9thcentury, which is called the first computer of the world.
*) Computer generations:
articulars stgeneration 1nd
generation
5rd
generation
-th
generation
thgenerati
Bear 9"< 99"2- 92"3/ 93"T>0%
, !#C0?
?!G!, C,
CDD,
:atabase
?!G!,
CDD,
:atabase
8lectric /kwEhour less less less 15/watsEho
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consumption
#iFe /x/ feet E1// siFe
of valve
less smaller
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7asic electronic components used inside of the computer
which are reuired to working computer.
,) -accume tu"es:
This component were designed with as Hvalves' also
called as vaccum tubes as basic electronic components
in stgeneration computers
.) Transistors:
Transistors were used an assembly language could usedfor programming, Transistor were used in place of
vaccum tubes as a basic electronic component in 1nd
generation computers. This siFe of transistor was
E1// siFe of valve.
/) (ntegrate! circuits:
IC is a composition of many transistors in integrated
form many transistors integrated in single IC reduced
the siFe & cost of the components, because only one IC
replaced many transistors. IC used for language
6!>T>0%, 0#C0? in 5rdgeneration computers.
0) Micro processor:$icro processor is a integrated form of of entire
electronic circuits along with the components on a
single silicon chip.
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It is used for -th& thgeneration computes.
E) T#pes o Computers:
+e have 1 classifications about computer types.
a) Base! on si1e 2 capa"i%it#:
The computers can be divided in to four categories based on their
siFe & capability.Micro computer:
ersonal computer is known as microcomputer, microcomputer is
very simple & built with only one single IC& only one $icroprocessor.
It is used on schools, home& personal use. !nly one person can operate
at a time.
Mini computer:
$ini computer is advanced than microcomputer in terms of
performance, speed. 0t the most < persons can use simultaneously work
on a single minicomputer is much more than micro computers.
Mainrame computers:
Computers which are big in siFe and faster than minicomputer areknown as mainframe computer. $ore than < persons can work
simultaneously on single mainframe computers.
8x >ailway, airlines etc.
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Super Computer:
#uper computer is specially designed computer built with more
number of processor for particular purpose, it is used special
applications like military, weather fore casting, space, satellite work etc.
0>0$"/// is the first Indian super computer.
") Base! on %o' o inormation2 har!'are:
The basis of flow of information& hardware computers can be
classified 5 categories.
*igita% computer:
:igital computer used 1 digits H/' & H' as the switch can be either
on or off. They can understand only machine language that is in the form
H/' &H'.
Computers which consist of large number of interconnected
switch in IC work on digital electronic techniue are called
digital computer.
Ana%og computer:
0nalog is Greek words which mean @comparing between 1 valuesor 1 uantitiesA. The analog computers number indicated as a result of
voltage& current, like as clock. 0nalog computer worked with electric
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signals. These computers are used control robot, rockets lunching pad
etc,
H#"ri! computer:
The computer which have a characteristic of both digital & analog
computers are called hybrid computer. This is used for robot, pathfinder,
temperature control, C%C machine, computer with multimedia etc.
Computer Har!'are2 Sot'are:
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Har!'are:
Computer is not only one thing, it is integration form many
hardware. =ardware means the visible parts of computer, like monitor,
printer, C;, keyboard, mouse etc. it's all parts helps to working
properly.The parts of computer
Computer in fact is an integration of many parts, each part its
own specific ob that cannot be replaced another part, there
fore it is very important to study the used and working of the
various parts of computer.
0ll these parts classifieds in following as
* Input devices
1* !utput devices
5* C;
a* 0?;b* C;
c* $;
-* #ome important parts
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a+ (nput !eices:
The devices which we used to feed the informationEdata to
computer that device are called input devices.
"+ 3e#"oar!:
The keyboard containing alphabets from 0 to J, & numbers / to 9
& many other function keys )K LMNO&PQRSD*. It is used enter the
textEdata &number &operate other function. There are 1 types of
keyboarda. normal keyboard
b. multimedia keyboard
c+ Mouse:
$ouse is used to operate the system by selecting menus& used to
painting & drawing pictures. Its having a 1"5 buttons on a top, it is used
painting.
There are 5 types of mouse.
a. %ormal mouse
b. !ptical mouse
c. ower mouse
!+ Scanner:#canner is used scan the images, photos &with the help of scanner
we can input alphabets, logos, letter heads in to computer.
e+ 4o#stic5:
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It is used to playing games
+ 6e" camera:
It is used feed our photos to computer.
g+ Output !eices:
The devices that are used to getting the result the processed
information from the computer.
,+ Monitor:
It's like T. !n a monitor we can see which we are typing &
processed data. The siFe of monitor is 3 inches to 9 inches. There
are several types of monitors.
a. 7lack and white monitor
b. color monitor
c. digital monitor
d. T6T monitor
e. C>T monitor
.+ Printer:
rinter paint on result or out put in a color or black.
a. ink et printer ink
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b. :ot"matrix printer power &tape
c. ?aser et printer
/+ Spea5ers:
It is used to listen the music &sound.
%ote C: &6loppy are also using both input &out put device
we have learn about its in memory devices.
/) CENTRA7 PROCESS(N8 UN(T 9C P U)
The information or data is sent to the computer using input
device the dataEinformation is processed in the c p u. =ence c p u can be
termed as the brain of computer
a* 0rithmetic logic unit )0 ? ;*
b* Control unit )C ;*
c* $emory unit )$ ;*
A) A 7 U:
+hen we have to calculator something like 1D1 we apply our
brain similarly the computer will calculate in the 0?; of C;.
This kind of produce of calculating is called @dataprocessingA.
B) Contro% Unit:
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C; is which control all activities by sending signal to
different parts of computer at appropriate time. This enable be
smooth functioning of computer.
C) Memor# Unit:
In computer language memory means storage of all the data
or information is stored in the memory in the forms of / & , that
is /& is called bits. In a memory unit information is organiFed inthe form of cells, each cell can store either / or U the group of
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>0$ is temporary memory unit. It works only when the computer
is switched on, the stored information can be changed, erased or
rewritten, as the data can be accessed randomly to read &write using this
memory.
.) ROM:
>!$ is temporary memoryU the information stored in will not be
last even when the computer is switched off, because the data orinformation stored in >!$ is read only. +e cannot change this
according to our reuirements.
i) Secon!ar# memor#:
This is permanent memory, its stores all the information even
when the computer is switched off. It is also called backup memory. 8x
floppy, hard disk, cd etc.
ii) $%opp# !is5 2!rie:
6lexible & circular plastic plate coated with magnetic oxide, the
data is stored on the floppy. 6loppy drive is reuired to read the floppy.
Two types of floppy
$ini disk .1"inch floppy disk.1 mb.
$icro disk 5."inch floppy disk
.-- mb.
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iii) C* 9compact !is5):
Cd is optical disk, this is circular plastic plate, that it is coated with
highly reflective material the data is recorded on this disk by focusing a
laser beam on surface of the disk. The storing capacity of cd is 2-/
mb. Cd drive is reuired to this which is used to read the cd.
i) Har! !is5:
=: is a group of rounded metal plates mounted one above the
other which is created magnetic material. It can store more dataU the
storage capacity of =: is 1 G7 to 12/ G7.
RPM: )revolution per minute* the speed of rotation of hard
disk while reading & writing is measured revolution per minute.
H*C: hard disk controller
.) Some important parts o computer:
a) Smps:9s'itch mo!e po'er supp%#)
#mps is a main unit that supply reuired electric current to
various circuits and components.
") Coo%ing an:
#mps by on it built fan which exhaust the hot air& keeps the
system cool while working. !ne or more fans are there insidethe system & may have proper functioning.
c) Mother "oar!:
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$other board is made of a special type of plastic, metallic
tracks are attached on this board. +orking of whole
computer system is based on the electronic circuits board of
the computer is called mother board. The micro processor
chip is called as cpu is fixed motherboard & memory
chips)>0$& >!$* are also affixed on the mother board, all
input& output slats )monitor, printer, mouse, keyboard,
floppy, hard disk, cd rom etc.* are also fixed on a same
board& 6:C)floppy disk controller*, =:C)hard diskcontroller*& display adapter card also fixed.
!) Micro processor:
It is made by siliconU microprocessor also called C; is tinny
sure or rectangular chip
e) *isp%a# a!apter car!:
The information displays on monitor is reuired display
adaptercard. It is a small circuit's board fixed in
motherboard.
Types
0. monochromes display cardsingle color old
monitor
b. G0video graphics adapter
c. #G0super video graphics adapter
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Notes:
a. Cd& floppy is using both input, output& memory devices.
b. %ow a day's pen drive is also there.
c. $any other parts ex. T tuner card, ?0% card, cable are
used different purposes.
Computer sot'are:
+hen particular problems is to we solved by the computer. It
necessary to design instructions for the computer to carry out the
assigned task, the art of writing this instruction is called programming.
rogramming is nothing but a set of well defined instructions such set of
program or programming is called software, software cannot be touched
or seen, it is only to make the computer work. There are 1 types of
software.
a* #ystem software or operating software
b* 0pplication software
a) S#stem sot'are or Operating sot'are:This is collection of programming for the management of
computer systemU this program is given by the manufacture of the
computer. 0ll the basic software is called as system or operating system.
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It is essential for any computer without this software no computer
will work or functioning. #oftware communicates between the operator
and system undo & manages the computer computer devices connected
to the computer.
#ystem software is.
:os;%IV
+indows
?inux
a+ *os:
This is single user operating system developed by 7ill gates and
ull 0llen in early in 9
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