10Ý‹ õ°Š¹ êÍè Üpmò™ fhy¡nfhl fhyf;nfhl;bidg; … · 2020. 7. 26. · ss 1 10Ý‹...
TRANSCRIPT
SS 1
10Ý‹ õ°Š¹ - êÍè ÜPMò™ fhy¡nfhL
fhyf;Nfhl;bidg; gapw;rp mspf;Fk;nghOJ jq;fs; khzth;fspd; nray; jpwd;fSf;F Vw;g epfo;Tfis khw;wpf; nfhs;Sk;gb Nfl;Lf; nfhs;sg;gLfpwJ. khzth;fs; KO kjpg;ngz;fs; ngWtJ kl;Lk;jhd; ekJ Nehf;fkhf ,Uf;f Ntz;Lk;.
1) 1900 – 1920 Koa
1905- t§f¥Ãçéid
1907-Nu¤ ÃsÎ
1909-ä©nlh kh®è Ó®ÂU¤j«
1914-Kjš cyf¥ngh® bjhl¡f«
1919-busy£ r£l«
1920-x¤JiHahik Ïa¡f«
2) 1920-1940
1920- x¤JiHahik Ïa¡f«
1922-brsç brsuh r«gt«
1927-irk‹ FG tUif
1930-j©o ah¤Âiu
1935-Kjš ϪÂa muR¢r£l«
1940-Mf°£ e‹bfhil
3) 1930-1950
1930-j©o ah¤Âiu
1935-ϪÂa muR¢r£l«
1942-btŸisand btënaW Ïa¡f«
1947-ϪÂah RjªÂu« miljš
1950-ϪÂah FoauR Mjš
tuyhW- tiugl« ( MÁah)
Mrphpah;fshfpa ehk; khzth;fs; ey;y kjpg;ngz;fisg; ngWtjw;F tiuglk;
kw;Wk; fhyf; Nfhl;bid kPz;Lk; kPz;Lk; gapw;rp mspj;jy; kpf;f eyKilajhFk;.
tuyhW tiuglj;jpw;F Mrpahtpy; kl;Lk; gapw;rp mspf;f Ntz;Lnkdpy; 6Mk;
gf;fj;jpy; cs;s gapw;rpia kl;Lk; mspj;jhy; NghJk;.
K¡»a Ïl§fŸ
1. JU¡», Ódh, gh®nkhrh, rhfè‹ ÔÎfŸ, br§flš
2. mnuÃah, gÁá bgU§flš, Ah§fh§, #¥gh‹, k§nfhèah
3. <uh¡, neghs«, fh©l‹, ϪnjhndÁah, ϪÂa¥bgU§flš
4. <uh‹, muáflš, Á§f¥ó®, Ãè¥ig‹°, Õ»§ (bgŒí§).
tuyhW tiuglj;jpw;F ,e;jpahtpy;; kl;Lk; gapw;rp mspf;f Ntz;Lnkdpy; 58Mk;
gf;fj;jpy; cs;s gapw;rpia kl;Lk; mspj;jhy; NghJk;.
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SS 2
òéæaš (ϪÂah)
fPNo nfhLf;fg;gl;Ls;s gapw;rpfis kPz;Lk; kPz;Lk; khw;wp khw;wp¡ nfhLj;Jg;
gapw;rp nra;jy; Ntz;Lk;.
ϪÂa tiugl¤Âš ËtUtdt‰iw¡ F¿¡fΫ.
1. fU«ò, ãy¡fç, uhzh M¥f£¢, br‹id- K«ig uæšghij, Rªjutd¡fhLfŸ-
bfh¢Á, blšè, fh£é‹ M°o‹, k‹dh® tisFlh, fh¥Ã.
2. beš, ÏU«ò, fh«ng, bfhšf¤jh, kfheÂ, njæiy, br‹id- ošè uæšghij,
fçršk©, nrhHk©ly¡fiu, érhf¥g£od«
3. gh¡#y rªÂ, t§f flš, gU¤Â, nfhJik, rzš, vtbu°£, nk‰F bjhl®¢Á kiy,
bjh£lbg£lh, k§fS®, iAjuhgh¤.
4. br‹id-bfhšf¤jh uæšghij,bj‹nk‰F gUt¡fh‰W ÅR« Âir,br‹id –
blšè ékhd tê,K«ig-br‹id flš tê,mªjkh‹ ã¡nfhgh® ÔÎfŸ,
y£r¤ÔÎfŸ, fh©£yh, kiy¡fhLfŸ, eçkz«.
5. ö¤J¡Fo, ghuÔ¥, Ahšoah, beŒntè, fhéç MW, e®kij,
jgÂ, thrid¥bghU£fŸ, lh®íè§ (njæiy), #h«bõ£ó®, ehfòç.
6. gU¤Â, rzš, mçÁ, njæiy, fh¥Ã k‰W« nfhJik éisÍ« Ïl§fŸ.
ntWghLfŸ (òéæaš)
nfhLf;fg;gl;l NtWghLfs;; rpW khjphpfs; kl;Lk;jhd;. jq;fs; khzth;fSf;F Vw;wtz;zk; NtWghLfis tifg;gLj;jp RUf;fp mspj;jy; khzth;fs; eyDf;F cfe;jjhFk;.
ghlk; - 1 1.
t.vz; fphPd;tpr; Neuk; ,e;jpaj; jpl;l Neuk;
1 cyfpd; jpl;l Neuj;ij fzf;fpl cjTfpwJ.
,e;jpahtpd; jpl;l Neuj;ij fzf;fpl cjTfpwJ.
2 yz;ld; topahfr; nry;fpwJ. myfhghj; topahfr; nry;fpwJ. 2.
t.vz; Nkw;Fj; njhlu;r;rpkiy fpof;Fj; njhlu;r;rp; kiy 1 njhlh;r;rpahdJ njhlh;r;rpaw;wJ
2 Nkw;F flw;fiuf;F ,izahfr; nry;fpwJ.
fpof;F flw;fiuf;F ,izahfr; nry;fpwJ.
3.
t.vz; fhw;W NkhJk; gf;fk; fhw;W Nkhjh gf;fk;
1 fhw;W tPRk; jpiria Nehf;fp cs;s kiyr;rhpT kiyiapd; kWgf;f rhpT
2 kiongWk; gFjp kio kiwT gFjp
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SS 3
4. t.vz; njd;Nkw;F gUtf;fhw;W tlfpof;F gUtf;fhw;W 1 [_d; Kjy; nrg;lk;gh; tiu mf;Nlhgh; Kjy; etk;gh; tiu
2 Nkw;F flw;fiuf;F kioia jUfpwJ. jkpo;ehl;bw;F kioia jUfpwJ.
5. t.vz; thdpiy fhyepiy 1 xU ehisa jl;g ntg;g epiy 35 Mz;Lfs; ruhrhp thdpiy 2 khwf;$baJ. khwhjJ.
6. t.vz; Y} ehh;nt];lh;]; 1 Nfhil fhyj;jpy; tPRtJ tl ,e;jpa jyf;fhw;W 2 ntg;gf;fhw;W khQ;rhuy; - ,bAld; $ba kio
7. t.vz; gRik khwh fhLfs; gUtf;fhw;W fhLfs; 1 cah;e;j kiyfspy; fhzg;gLk; rkntspfspy; fhzg;gLfpwJ. 2 ,iyfs; cjpuhJ. ,iyfis cjph;f;Fk;.
8. t.vz; GJg;gpf;ff;$ba tsk; GJg;gpf;f ,ayhj tsk; 1 kPz;Lk; cw;gj;jp nra;af; $baJ kPz;Lk; cw;gj;jp nra;a KbahjJ. 2 #hpa xsp > fhw;W > ePh; ngl;Nuhypak; > epyf;fhp
9. t.vz; Vw;Wkjp ,wf;Fkjp
1 cghp nghUl;fis ntspehl;bw;F tpw;gJ
Njit nghUl;fis ntsehl;bypUe;J thq;FtJ
2 Njapiy> fzpdp nkd;nghUs;fs; ngl;Nuhypak; 10.
t.vz; ePh; khR epy khR 1 ePh; khRgLtJ epyk; khRgLtJ
2 njhopw;rhiy fopTfshy; nraw;if cuq;fshy; kw;Wk; ts%l;lg;gLtjhy;
11. t.vz; xU gaph; rhFgb ,U gaph; rhFgb
1 Xuhz;by; xU gaph; kl;Lk; gaph; nra;jy;
Xuhz;by; ,U gaph;fs; gaph; nra;jy;
2 vfh : thio vfh : ney; > jhdpak; 12.
t.vz; thd; top ePh; top 1 tpiuthd Nghf;Ftuj;J kypthd Nghf;Ftuj;J 2 vhpnghUs; nryT mjpfk; vhpnghUs; nryT FiwT.
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SS 4
Gtpapay ;
FW tpdhf;fs; nfhLf;fg;gl;l tpdhf;fs; rpW khjphpfs; kl;Lk;jhd;. jq;fs; khzth;fSf;F
Vw;wtz;zk; tpdhf;fis tifg;gLj;jpr; RUf;fp mspj;jy; khzth;fs; eyDf;F cfe;jjhFk;. 1. ,e;jpahtpd; Kf;fpa ,aw;if mikg;G gphpTfs;
tlf;F kiyfs; tl ,e;jpar; rkntsp jPgfw;g gPlG+kp flw;fiur; rkntspfs; jPTfs;
2. ,ka kiyapd; Kf;fpaj;Jtk; njd;Nkw;F gUtf;fhw;wpid jLj;J ey;y kioia jUfpwJ. me;epa gilnaLg;igj; jLf;fpwJ.
3. ,e;jpah Vd; Jizf;fz;lk; vd;W miof;fg;gLfpwJ? xU fz;lj;jpy; fhzg;glf; $ba midj;J ,aw;if mikg;GfSk;
,e;jpahtpy; fhzg;gLtjhy; Jizf;fz;lk; vd;W miof;fg;gLfpwJ . 4. ,e;jpa jPTf; $l;lq;fs;
me;jkhd; epf;Nfhghh; ,yl;rj;jPTfs;
5. ,e;jpa fhyepiyia eph;zapf;Fk; fhuzpfs; ml;rf;NfhL jPh;f;fNfhL cauk; flypypUe;J J}uk; fhw;W kiyfspd; mikT
6. kioePh; Nrfhpj;jy; vd;why; vd;d? kio nga;Ak; nghOJ mtw;iw Nrfhpj;J gpwF gad;gLj;Jjy;.
7. ,aw;if tsk; vd;why; vd;d? md;whl tho;tpd; Njitia epiwT nra;a ,aw;ifapypUe;J ngwg;gLk; midj;J nghUs;fSk; ,aw;if tsk;
vd;fpNwhk;. 8. nrOikahd kz;zpy; fhzg;gLk; nghUl;fs;
Ez;zpa rj;J> fe;jfk;> FNshhpd;> nrk;G> ,Uk;G iel;u[d;> nghl;lhrpak; kw;Wk; gh];Ngl;
9. ,e;jpahtpd; ikf;fh cw;gj;jp nra;Ak; ,lq;fs; Me;jpuh gPfhh; uh[];jhd; [hh;f;fz;l;
10. Njhl;lg; gaph;fs; ahit? Njapiy> fhg;gp> ug;gh;
11. Ntshz; njhopypd; tiffs; ahit? jd;dpiwT Ntshz;ik tzpf Ntshz;ik goikahd Ntshz;ik Njhl;l Ntshz;ik
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SS 5
12. ntshz; rhh;e;j njhopyfq;fs; vd;why; vd;d?
Ntshz; nghUl;fis %yg; nghUl;fshf gad;gLj;JtJ gUj;jp> rzy;> rh;f;fiu Miyfs;
13. rzy; nghUs;fs; ahit? $lhuj;Jzp> rzy; igfs;> Nfhzpg;igfs;> nfl;bj;Jzp
14. kpd;dpay; fopT vd;why; vd;d? fzpdp> ifNgrp> mr;R ,ae;jpuq;fs;> njhiyf;fhl;rp ngl;b Nghd;wit
gad;glhj epiyapy; tPrg;gLtJ. 15. xyp khriljy; vd;why; vd;d?
kdpjh;fs; kw;Wk; ,ae;jpuq;fshy; Vw;gLk; xyp rkepiyia ghjpg;gJ MFk;
16. tzpfk;; vd;why; vd;d? tiffs; ahit? nghUl;fis thq;FtJk; tpw;gJk; tzpfk; 1.cs;ehl;L tzpfk; 2. ntspehl;L tzpfk;
17. Foha; Nghf;Ftuj;jpd; ed;ikfs; ePUf;F mbapYk; mikf;fyhk; -( Kk;igi`) guhkhpg;;G nryT FiwT.
18. jfty; Nghf;Ftuj;J tiyaikg;gpd; ed;ikfs; fyhr;rhu xw;Wikia mjpfhpf;fr; nra;fpwJ. r%f nghUshjhu njhlh;Gfis Nkk;gLj;JfpwJ.
19. njhiy Ez;Zzh;T vd;why; vd;d? Gtpapd; tptuq;fis njhiytpy; ,Ue;J Nrfhpg;gJ njhiy
Ez;Zzh;T MFk;. 20. Gtp jfty; njhFjp tiuaW?
fzpdp nkd;fl;lisj; njhFg;G > gug;G rhh; Gs;sp tptuq;fs; xUq;fpizf;fg;gl;ljhFk;.
21. Nghplh; mgha Neh;T Fiwg;G tiuaW? xU Nghplhpd; jPtpukhdJ rKjhaj;jpd; kPJ Vw;gLj;Jk; jhf;fk;> ek;
caph;fisAk; Rw;Wr;#oiyAk; ghJfhf;f vLj;Jf; nfhs;Sk; Kd;ndr;rhpf;if eltbf;iffshFk;.
gj;jp tpdhf;fs; nfhLf;fg;gl;l tpilfs; rpW khjphpfs; kl;Lk;jhd;. jq;fs; khzth;fSf;F Vw;w
tz;zk; tpilfis tifg;gLj;jp RUf;fp mspj;jy; khzth;fs; eyDf;F cfe;jjhFk;.
1. Ntw;Wikapy; xw;Wik tpthp. Ntw;Wik :
kpf cah;e;j kiyfs; > rpwpa rkntspfs; gy;NtW jhtuq;fs; kw;Wk; tpyq;Ffs; gy nkhopfs;> gy rkaq;fs; > tpohf;fs; gz;ghL > ehfhpfk; > czT gof;f tof;fq;fs; fiyfs; kw;Wk; fl;llq;fs;
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SS 6
xw;Wik : Nghh;f;fhyj;jpy; ,e;jpah; vd;w xw;Wik Rje;jpujpdk;> FbauR jpdk; Nghd;wtw;wpy; xUikg;ghL
2. njd;Nkw;Fg; gUtf;fhw;W VNjDk; xU fpis tpthp. njd;Nkw;Fg; gUtf;fhw;W mugpf;fly; fpis kw;Wk; tq;fhs tphpFlh fpis vd ,U gphpTfshf tPRfpwJ. mugpf;fly; fpis : mugpf;flypy; ,Ue;J tPRfpwJ Nkw;Ff; flw;fiuf;F fdkioia nfhLf;fpwJ. jf;fhzg; gPlG+kp Fiwe;j kioia ngWfpwJ. Muty;yp kiy fhw;W tPRk; jpirf;F ,izahf cs;sJ. uh[];jhDf;F kiog; nghopitj; jUtjpy;iy.
3. fhLfspd; Kf;fpaj;Jtk; tpthp. %yg; nghUl;fisj; jUfpwJ. kz; mhpg;igj; jLf;fpwJ. tpyq;Ffspd; thoplkhf mikfpwJ. epyj;jb ePiu cah;j;JfpwJ. Rw;Wyh ikakhf cs;sJ. Fbirj; njhopYf;Fg; gad;gLfpwJ %ypiffs; kw;Wk; kUe;J nghUl;fisj; jUfpwJ.
4. ,e;jpahtpd; rhiy topfis tpthp.; fpuhkr;rhiy - fpuhkq;fis efuj;Jld; ,izf;fpwJ. khtl;lr; rhiy - efuq;fis khtl;l jiyefuq;fSld;
,izf;fpwJ. khepyr; rhiy - khtl;lj; jiyefuq;fis khepy
jiyefUld; ,izf;fpwJ. Njrpa neLQ;rhiy - khepy jiyefuq;fis ehl;bd;
jiyefUld; ,izf;fpwJ. jq;f ehw;fu rhiy - khngUk; rhiy tsh;r;rp jpl;lk;
(Fwpg;gpl;l efuq;fis kl;Lk; ,izf;fpwJ.) tpiuTtop rhiy - khngUk; rhiy tsh;r;rp jpl;lk;
(Fwpg;gpl;l efuq;fis kl;Lk; ,izf;fpwJ.)
$Ljy; tpdhf;fs;
1. jPgfw;g gPlg{kp – Fwpg;g[ tiuf
2. gUt kiH btog;g[ vd;gjd; bghUs;ahJ?
3. kiHePh; Brfhpg;gpid tpsf;Ff
4. cs;ehl;L tzpfk; - gd;dhl;L tzpfk;
5. bjhiyEz;Zzh;t[ El;g bjhFjpfis tpthp
6. caphpdg;gd;ik vd;why; vd;d?
7. Btshz; bjhHpiy eph;zapf;Fk; fhuzpfs; ahit?
8. jd;dpiwt[ Btshz;ik – tzpf Btshz;ik
9. Btshz; rhh;e;j kw;Wk; fdpkk; rhh;e;j bjhHpyfA;fs;
10. Kk;ig ne;jpahtpd; khd;br^;lh; vd;wiHf;f fhuzk; ahJ?
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SS 7
Fbikapay;
FW tpdhf;fs; nfhLf;fg;gl;l tpdhf;fs; rpW khjphpfs; kl;Lk;jhd;. jq;fs;
khzth;fSf;F Vw;w tz;zk; tpdhf;fis tifg;gLj;jp RUf;fp mspj;jy; khzth;fs; eyDf;F cfe;jjhFk;.
1. cyf mikjpia epiyehl;Ltjpy; ,e;jpahtpd; gq;F ahJ? #a]; fhy;tha; gpur;rpidiaj; jPh;j;jJ. fhq;Nfh cs;ehl;Lg; gpur;rpidapy; mikjp Vw;gLj;jpaJ. irg;u]; jPtpy; mikjpia epiy ehl;baJ.
2. cyf mikjp mtrpak; Vd;? cyf ehLfspd; nghUshjhu tsh;r;rpf;F cyf mikjp
mtrpak; cyfpy; xw;Wik Vw;gl cyf mikjp mtrpak;
3. ,d xJf;fy; nfhs;if gw;wp Fwpg;G tiuf? ,J Mg;gphpf;fhtpy; gpd;gw;wg;gl;l nfhs;if ney;rd; kz;Nlyhtpd; Kaw;rpahy; 1990 y; ,J KbTf;F
te;jJ. 4. [dehafk; gw;wp ypq;fdpd; fUj;J ahJ?
kf;fshy;, kf;fSf;fhf, kf;fNs Ml;rp GhptJ.
5. Njrpa fl;rpfs; vd;why; vd;d? mit ahit? ehlhSkd;wj;jpy; gjpT nra;ag;gl;l thf;Ffspy; 6 % Nky;
ngw;w fl;rpfs; (ehd;F khepyq;fSf;F Nky;) vfh : fhq;fpu];> gh.[.f
6. ,e;jpahtpd; fiy > fl;blf;fiy gw;wp $Wf? m[e;jh> vy;Nyhuh Xtpaq;fs; cyfg; Gfo; ngw;wit. fhe;jhuf; fiy kw;Wk; rpw;gf;fiy ,e;jpahtpd; fiyf;F
cjhuzkhFk;. ,e;jpa Nfhapy;fs; fl;blf; fiyf;F rpwg;G ngw;wJ.
7. kdpj ,dj;jpd; mUq;fhl;rpafk; vd ,e;jpah;fs; miof;fg;gLtJ Vd;? ,e;jpahtpy; cs;s 100 Nfhbf;Fk; Nkw;gl;l kf;fs; [hjp > kjk;>
nkhop kw;Wk; ,dj;ij gw;wp gbf;ff; $ba mUq;fhl;rpakhfTk;> Ma;tfkhfTk; jpfo;tjhy; kdpj ,dj;jpd; mUq;fhl;rpafk; vd ,e;jpah;fs; miof;fg;gLfpwhh;fs;.
8. Njh;jy; Mizaj;jpd; gzpfs; murpay; fl;rpfSf;F mq;fPfhuk; mspj;jy; Njh;jy; rpd;dq;fis xJf;Fjy; nghJj;Njh;jy; elj;Jjy;
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SS 8
gj;jp tpdhf;fs; nfhLf;fg;gl;l tphpthd tpilfs; rpW khjphpfs; kl;Lk; jhd;.
jq;fs; khzth;fSf;F Vw;w tz;zk; tphpthd tpilia tifg;gLj;jp RUf;fp mspj;jy; khzth;fs; eyDf;F cfe;jjhFk;.
1. gQ;rrPyk;> mzpNruhf; nfhs;if tpthp? gQ;rrPyk; : gpw ehl;bd; xw;Wikia kjpf;f Ntz;Lk;. gpw ehl;ilj; jhf;ff; $lhJ. gpw ehl;bd; cs; tptfhuq;fspy; jiyaplf; $lhJ. gpw ehLfSld; ey;YwT nfhz;bUf;f Ntz;Lk;. gpw ehLfSld; mikjpahd Kiwapy; ,zq;fp ,Uj;jy; Ntz;Lk; mzpNruhf; nfhs;if :
,uz;lhk; cyfg; NghUf;Fg; gpd; cyfk; ,uz;L mzpfshfg; gphpe;jJ.
mnkhpf;fh jiyikapy; Xh; mzp> u\;ah jiyikapy; Xh; mzp ,e;jpah ,uz;L mzpfspYk; Nruhky; eLepiyik
tfpf;fpwJ.,jw;F mzp Nruhf; nfhs;if vd;W ngah;. ,jd; %yk; ,e;jpah cyfpy; mikjpia epiy ehl;b tUfpwJ.
2. [dehafj;jpy; vjph;f;fl;rpapd; gq;Ffs; gw;wp tpthp? kf;fshl;rpapd; ntw;wp vjph;f;fl;rpfspd; nray;ghl;il xl;b
mikfpwJ. MSq;fl;rpf;F mLj;jgbahf mjpf ,lq;fisg; ngWk; fl;rp vjph;f;
fl;rpahFk;. vjph;f;fl;rpj; jiyth;> MSq;fl;rp mikr;rUf;F rkkhd
mjpfhuKilath;. MSq;fl;rpapd; nray;ghLfis fz;fhzpj;J epiw Fiwfis
ntspg;gLj;JtJ ,th;fSila Ntiy MFk;. MSq;fl;rpapdiu tpkh;rpg;gjhy;> mjpfhuq;fis jtwhf
gad;gLj;Jtjw;F vjph;fl;rpfs; jilahf cs;sd.
$Ljy; tpdhf;fs; 1. Efh;Bthiug; ghJfhf;f jkpHf muR Bkw;bfhz;Ls;s
eltof;iffs; ahit?
2. Bjh;jy; Kiwia Fwpg;gpl;L tpsf;fk; jUf.
3. ne;jpah Iehtpd; jPtpu Mjuthsh; nf;$w;iw epahag;gLj;Jf.
4. [dehafj;jpd; tiffs; kw;Wk; Kf;fpaj;Jtk; - tpsf;Ff. 5. Efh;Nthh; chpikfs; gw;wp vOJf.
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SS 9
nghUspay;
FWtpdhf;fs; nfhLf;fg;gl;l tpdhf;fs; rpW khjphpfs; kl;Lk; jhd;. jq;fs;
khzth;fSf;F Vw;w tz;zk; tpdhf;fis tifg;gLj;jp RUf;fp mspj;jy; khzth;fs; eyDf;F cfe;jjhFk;.
1. ehl;L tUkhdj;ij tiuaW? xU ehl;by; Xuhz;by; cw;gj;jp nra;ag;gLk; nghUs;fs; kw;Wk; gzpfspd;
nkhj;j kjpg;G 2. jyh tUkhdk; vd;why; vd;d?
xU ehl;bd; tUkhdj;ij nkhj;j kf;fs; njhifahy; tFj;jhy; fpilg;gJ jyh tUkhdk; MFk;.
3. jhuhskakhjy; vd;why; vd;d? jdpahh; kw;Wk; nghJj;Jiw epWtdq;fspd; tpjpfis jsh;j;Jjy; MFk;.
4. fyg;G nghUshjhuk; gw;wp $Wf? epWtdq;fis muRk; > jdpahUk; rkkhf eph;thfk; nra;tjhFk;.
gj;jptpdhf;fs; nfhLf;fg;gl;l tphpthd tpil rpW khjphpfs; kl;Lk; jhd;. jq;fs;
khzth;fSf;F Vw;w tz;zk; tphpthd tpilia tifg;gLj;jp RUf;fp mspj;jy; khzth;fs; eyDf;F cfe;jjhFk;. 1. ehl;L tUkhdj;ij fzf;fpLk; Kiwfis tpthp?
1. cw;gj;jp Kiw 2. tUkhd Kiw 3. nrytpd Kiw cw;gj;jp Kiw :
xU ehl;by; Xuhz;by; cw;gj;jp nra;ag;gLk; nghUs;fs; kw;Wk; gzpfspd; nkhj;j kjpg;G. tUkhd Kiw :
xU ehl;bd; midj;J kf;fspd; tUkhdj;ijf; nfhz;L fzf;fplg;gLfpwJ. nrytpd Kiw :
kf;fspd; EfUk; nghUl;fSf;fhd nryT > KjyPL > Nrkpg;G Mfpa %d;wpd; mbg;gilapy; fzf;fplg;gLfpwJ.
$Ljy; tpdhf;fs; 1. jiyaplhf; bfhs;if - Fwpg;g[ tiuf
2. cyfkakhjy; vd;why; vd;d?
3. gRikg; g[ul;rpia tpsf;Ff
4. 11 – tJ Ie;jhz;Lj; jpl;lj;jpd; Behf;fA;fis vGJf.
5. jkpo;ehl;bd; kpd;rf;jp jpl;lq;fis tpthp.
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SS 10
tuyhW jiyg;G tpdhf;fs;
nfhLf;fg;gl;l jiyg;G tpdhf;fs; rpW khjphpfs; kl;Lk; jhd;. jq;fs; khzth;fSf;F Vw;w tz;zk; jiyg;G tpdhf;fis tifg;gLj;jp RUf;fp mspj;jy; khzth;fs; eyDf;F cfe;jjhFk;.
1. gpshrp kw;Wk; gf;rhh; Nghh; m. 1757 k; Mz;L tq;fhsj;jpd; ethg;ghf ,Ue;jth; ahh;?
rpuh[; cj;-njsyh M. Jizg; gilj; jpl;lj;jpid mwpKfg;gLj;jpath; ahh;? nty;ny];]p ,. ly;n`srp gpuGtpd; nfhs;if ahJ? -- thhpR ,og;Gf; nfhs;if <. tpf;Nlhhpah kfhuhzpapd; gpufldk; vg;nghOJ ntspaplg;gl;lJ? -- 1858
2. gpuhq;fspd; b.&];nty;l; m. [dhjpgjp Njh;jy; vg;nghOJ eilngw;wJ? -- 1932 M. gpuhq;fspd; b &];nty;l; vt;thW miof;fgl;lhh;? -- v¥.o.
%°btš£ (F.D.R)
,. mtuJ Njh;jy; mwpf;if ahJ? 'mbkç¡f k¡fS¡F¥ òÂa gaDçik bfhŸifia m®¥gâ¡f
eh‹ cWÂ më¡»nw‹. '
<. mth; cUthf;fpa nfhs;ifapd; ngah; vd;d? Gjpa gaDhpik v‹w òÂa Óuik¥ò¡bfhŸif.
3. kj;jpa ,e;jpahtpy; ngUk; Gul;rp m. kj;jpa ,e;jpahtpy; ngUk; Gul;rpia topelj;jpr; nrd;wth; ahh;? [hd;rpuhzp ,yl;Rkpgha; M. ,uhzp ,yl;Rkpgha; ifg;gw;wpa efuk; vJ? -- Fthypah; ,. ,uhzp ,yl;Rkpghapd; KbT vd;d? – nfhy;yg;gl;lhh; <. jhe;jpah Njhg;gpw;F epfo;e;jJ vd;d? -- ifJnra;ag;gl;L nfhy;yg;gl;lhh; 4. [hypad; thyhghf; gLnfhiy m. ifJ nra;ag;gl;l Kf;fpakhd jiyth;fs; ahh;? – rj;jpaghy; > rha;Gjpd; fpr;Y M. kf;fs; vq;F $bdh;? – mkph;jru]; - [hypad; thyhghf; Njhl;lk; ,. mkph;jru]py; Mq;fpy ,uhZt jsgjp ahh;? -- n[duy;.X.lah; <. ,utPe;jpuehj; jh$h; nra;jJ vd;d? -- iel;Tl; gl;lj;ij Jwe;jhh; 5. Nf. fhkuh[h; m. fhkuh[h; vg;gb murpaypy; Eioe;jhh;? – itf;fk; Nghuhl;lk; %yk; M. 1930 y; vq;F rpiwapy; milf;fg;gl;lhh;? – mypg;G+h; rpiw ,. 1947 k; Mz;L ,e;jpa Njrpa nfhbia vq;F Vw;wpdhh;? – jpUkak; rj;jpa %h;j;jp tPl;by; <. fhkuh[h; vg;nghOJ ,we;jhh;? – 1975
FWtpdhf;fs; nfhLf;fg;gl;l tpdhf;fs; rpW khjphpfs; kl;Lk; jhd;. jq;fs; khzth;fSf;F Vw;w
tz;zk; tpdhf;fis tifg;gLj;jp RUf;fp mspj;jy; khzth;fs; eyDf;F cfe;jjhFk;.
1.Vfhjpgj;jpak; - tiuaW xUehL (ty;yuR) gpw ehLfspd; murpaypYk; nghUshjhuj;jpYk; jq;fs; Mjpf;fj;ij epiyehl;Ljy;.
2. Kjy; cyfg;Nghhpd; cldbf;fhuzk; ahJ? M];jphpa ,sturh; ngh;bdhd;L nrh;gpa ,isQdhy; Rl;Lf;nfhy;yg;gl;lhh;.
nrh;gpahtpd; tpsf;fk; M];jphpahtpw;F jpUg;jp mspf;fhjjhy; Nghiuj; njhlq;fpdh;.
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SS 11
3. nghUshjhu ngUke;jj;ij F.D.R vt;thW epiyf;F nfhz;L te;jhh;? GjpagaDhpik vd;w rPuikg;Gf; nfhs;ifia cUthf;fpdhh;. cjtp> kPl;G> rPh;jpUj;jk; vd;w %d;wpd; %yk; epiyf;F nfhz;L te;jhh;.
4. ghrprj;jpd; ehd;F J}z;fs; ahit? xNu jiyik > xNu fl;rp Ml;rp> gaq;futhjk;> nghUshjhu MSik ghrprj;jpd; ehd;F J}z;fs; MFk;.
5. ,uz;lhk; cyfg;Nghhpy; gq;F ngw;w ,U mzp ehLfs; ahit? ,q;fpyhe;jpd; jiyikapyhd Ner ehLfs; n[h;kdpapd; jiyikapyhd mr;R ehLfs; 6. 1857Mk; Mz;L khngUk; fpsh;r;rpapd; cldbf; fhuzk; ahJ?
gd;wp kw;Wk; gRtpd; nfhOg;G jltpa vd;gPy;L ufj; Jg;ghf;fpiag; gad;gLj;j fl;lhag;gLj;Jjy;.
7. gpuk;k qhd rigapd; bfhs;iffisg; gw;wp $Wf.
kf;fspilBa rBfhjuj;Jt czu;it tsu;f;ft[k;,gz;ila
rkaA;fs;,jj;JtA;fs; ,mwptpay; kw;Wk; naw;ifapd; epajpfis mwpe;J
bja;tPf rf;jpfis tsu;g;gjhFk; .
8. Rg;gpukzpa ghujpahupd; xU rpy ghly;fis vOJf? te;Bj khjuk;,mr;rkpy;iy mr;rkpy;iy, ve;ija[k; jha[k;,b$aghujk;
9. fhkuh$upd; eyj;jpl;lg;gzpfs; gw;wp $Wf
kjpa czt[j;jpl;lk;, nytrf;fy;tp tHA;Fjy;,mizfisf;fl;Ljy;,
Btshz;ikia Bkk;gLj;Jjy;
10. kpjthj> jPtputhj jiyth;fs; ehy;tiu $W kpjthj jiyth;fs; :- RNue;juehj; ghdh;[p> jhjhgha; nesNuh[p> NfhfNy> vk;.[p.uhdNl jPtputhj jiyth;fs; :- jpyfh;> yhyh y[gjpuha;> gpgpd; re;jpughy; > mutpe;j Nfh\;
11. Mf];L ed;nfhil gw;wp $Wf ,q;fpyhe;J ghuhSkd;wj;jpy; ,e;jpah;f;F gpujpepjpJtk; . rpd;`h vd;gth; 1940 y; ,e;jpa gpujpepjpahfg; gq;Nfw;whh;. 12. ,e;jpah vt;thW gphpf;fg;gl;lJ?
rpe;J > Nkw;F gQ;rhg; cs;spl;l rpy khepyq;fs; ghfp];jhd; vd;Wk; gpw gFjpfs; ,e;;jpah vd;Wk; gpupf;fg;gl;lJ.
13. xg;gilg;G Kiwgw;wp $Wf Gjpa Vfhjpgj;jpaj;jpd; ,Wjp topKiw.
gpw;gLj;jg;gl;l ehLfs; > rh;tNjr rq;fk; %yk; gpw ehLfspilNa xg;gilf;fg;gLjy;.
14. ijgpq; fyfk; gw;wp $Wf 1854 y; rPdh;fs; jq;fs; muR kw;Wk; ntspehl;lth;fSf;F vjpuhf fyfk; nra;jdh; ,jw;F ijgpq; fyfk; vd;W ngah;.
15. Kjy; mgpdp Nghh;; gw;wp $Wf 1800 y; rPd muR mgpdp th;j;jfj;ij jil nra;jJ. 1839 y; Mq;fpNyah; mgpdp th;j;jfj;ij elj;j rPd murpd; kPJ Nghh; njhLj;jdh;. 1842 ehd;fpq; cld;gbf;ifapd; gb KbTw;wJ. 16. Njrpa njhopy; kPl;Gr;rl;lk; - Fwpg;G tiuf
Njrpa njhopy; kPl;Gr;rl;lj;jpd; gb njhopw;rhiyfspy; rk;gs cah;T> gzp Neuk; Fiwg;G Nghd;w rPh;jpUj;jq;fs; Vw;gl;ld.
17. KNrhypdpapd; ,uz;L rhjidfis $Wf ,j;jhypapy; mikjp> xOq;if epiyehl;bdhh;. jpwikahd eph;thfj;jpd; %yk; epiyahd muir Vw;gLj;jpdhh;
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SS 12
18. kpA+dpr; cld;gbf;if gw;wp Fwpg;G tiuf `pl;yh; ,q;fpyhe;jpd; gpujkh; Nrk;gh;iyDld; kpA+dpr; cld;gbf;if nra;J nfhz;lhh;. mjd;gb n[h;kdp #ll;ld;yhe;ij kl;Lk; ifg;gw;w mDkjpf;fg;gl;lJ.
19. mnkhpf;fh [g;ghd; kPJ Vd; Nghh; njhLj;jJ? [g;ghd; Kj;J JiwKfj;jpy; ,Ue;j mnkhpf;f flw;gil jsj;ij jhf;fpaJ. vdNt mnkhpf;fh [g;ghd; kPJ Nghh; njhLj;jJ.
20. I.eh tpd; rhjidfs; ,uz;bidf; $Wf <uhd;> <uhf; Mg;fhdp];jhd; gpur;rpidfspy; mikjp nfhz;L te;jJ. 1963 mZ Nrhjid jilr;rl;lij epiwNtw;wpaJ. 21. ts;syhhpd; Nghjidfs; ahit? kdpjDf;F nra;Ak; njhz;Nl flTis milAk; top MFk;. mizj;J caphfsplj;Jk; md;G fhl;l Ntz;Lk;. %lg;gof;f tof;fq;fis> caph;f;nfhiyia td;ikahf fz;bj;jhh;. 22. ,e;jpa Njrpa fhq;fpurpd; Njhw;wk; gw;wp $Wf
Myd; Mf;Nltpad; `pAk; vd;gthpd; MNyhridapy; ,e;jpa Njrpa fhq;fpu]; Njhw;Wtpf;fg;gl;lJ.
1885 y; Kk;igapy; W.C ghdh;[p jiyikapy; Kjy; $l;lk; eilngw;wJ. 23. nusyl; rl;lk; gw;wp $Wf 1919 y; ,e;jpa Rje;jpu Nghuhl;lj;ij xLf;f nusyl; rl;lk;
nfhz;Ltug;gl;lJ. ,jd;gb vtiuAk; cj;jutpd;wp ifJ nra;ayhk;> rpiwapy; milf;fyhk;.
24. 1935 k; Mz;L ,e;jpa muR rl;lk; GFj;jpa khw;wq;fs; ahit? kj;jpapy; $l;lhl;rp > khepyq;fspy; jd;dhl;rp Vw;gLj;jg;gl;lJ. khepyq;fspy; ,ul;il Ml;rp xopf;fg;gl;lJ. kj;jpapy; $l;lhl;rp ePjpkd;wk; epWtg;gl;lJ. $l;lhl;rp hprh;tq;fp epWtg;gl;lJ. 25. muir cUthf;Fgth; vd fhkuh[h; fUjg;gLtJ Vd;?
1964 y; NeUtpw;F gpwF yhy;gfJ}h; rh];jphpiaAk;> 1966 y; ,e;jpuh fhe;jpiaAk; ,e;jpa gpujkh; Mf;fpdhh;. ,jdhy; muir cUthf;Fgth; vd fhkuh[h; Nghw;wg;gl;lhh;.
gj;jp tpdhf;fs; nfhLf;fg;gl;l tphpthd tpdhf;fs; rpW khjphpfs; kl;Lk; jhd;. jq;fs;
khzth;fSf;F Vw;w tz;zk; tphpthd tpdhf;fis tifg;gLj;jp RUf;fp mspj;jy; khzth;fs; eyDf;F cfe;jjhFk;. 1. Vfhjpgj;jpak; Vw;glf; fhuzq;fs; ahit?
njhopw;Gul;rp – njhopYf;F Njitahd %yg; nghUl;fSf;fhf kw;Wk; tpw;gid re;ijfSf;fhf ehLfs; Njitg;gl;ld; Njrpakakhf;fy; -- INuhg;gpa ehLfs; jdJ ngUikia epiyehl;l gpw ehLfs; kPJ Mjpf;fk; Gjpa topj;jlq;fs; fz;Lgpbg;G – Gjpa fly; top jlq;fs;> ,uhZtk;> tzpfh;fs; %yk; FbNaw;w ehl;bd; nry;tj;ij Ruz;l cjtpahf ,Ue;jJ. kf;fs; njhif ngUf;fk; -- Ntiyapd;ik NtWehLfisj; Njbr; nry;y J}z;baJ. ty;yik rk epiy – INuhg;gpa ehLfs; Nghl;bahf cs;s ehLfs; kw;Wk; mz;il ehLfSf;F ,izahf FbNaw;wq;fis Vw;gLj;j KaYjy;. 2. ,uz;lhk; cyfg;Nghhpd; tpisTfs; ahit? Vuhskhd caphpog;igAk; nghUshjhu ,og;igAk; Vw;gLj;jpaJ. ,j;jhyp> n[h;kdp rh;thjpfhu Ml;rp KbTf;F te;jJ. gphpl;ld;> gpuhd;i] ,uz;lhk; epiyf;F js;spaJ. u\;ahtpw;Fk;> mbkhpf ;fhtpw;Fk; gdpg;Nghh; njhlq;fpaJ.
gphpl;B&hhplk; ,Ue;J Mrpa> Mg;gphpf;f ehLfs; Rje;jpuk; mile;jd.
mnkhpf;fhtplk; ,Ue;J gpypg;igd;]; jPTfSk;> gpuhd;rplk; ,Ue;J ,e;Njh
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SS 13
rPdhTk;> lr;Rtplk; ,Ue;J ,e;NjhNdrpahTk; Rje;jpuk; ngw;wd. mikjpf;fhf If;fpa ehLfs; rig cUthapw;W.
$Ljy; tpdhf;fs;
1. mikr;ruit J]Jf; FG - Fwpg;g[ tiuf
2. xj;JiHahik naf;fj;jpd; goepiyfis TWf, iftplg;gl;lJ Vd;?
3. tpLjiyg; Bghhpy; Rgh&;re;jpuBgh^; kw;Wk; ne;jpa Bjrpa nuhZtj;jpd;
gA;fpid tpsf;Ff.
4. BtY]h; fyfk; Fwpg;g[ tiuf
5. bghpahh; itf;fk; tPuh; vd Vd; miHf;fg;gl;lhh;?
6. Rakhpahij naf;fk;
7. Vfhjpgj;jpak; cUthFtjw;F fhuzpfs;
8. gf;rhh; g[ul;rp
9. Vfhjpgj;jpaj;jpd; tpist[fs; ahit?
10. rh;tBjr rA;fj;jpd; mA;fA;fs; ahit?
11. b$h;kdpapd; Bguhir
12. cldof; fhuzk;
13. rh;tBjr rA;fk;
14. ghrprf; fl;rp
15. mlhy;@g; #pl;yh;
16. $g;ghd; nuz;lhk; cyfg; BghUf;F fhuzkhf mike;jJ vt;thW?
17. mHpj;Jg; gpd;thA;Fk; bfhs;if gw;wp Fwpg;g[ tiuf
18. I.eh.tpd; mA;fA;fspd; gzpfs; gw;wp Fwpg;gpLf.
19. IBuhg;gpa xd;wpaj;jpd; mA;fA;fisg; gw;wp Fwpg;gpLf.
20. 1857 khbgUk; g[ul;rpf;fhd r}f rkafhuzA;fs; ahit?
21. tpf;Blhhpah uhzpapd; Bguwpf;ifapd; Kf;fpaj;Jtk; ahJ?
22. fhd;g[{h; fpsh;r;rp
23. 1857 bgUk;g[ul;rpf;fhd eph;thf, nuhZtf; fhuzA;fs; tpthp
24. 1857k; Mz;L g[ul;rpapd; tpist[fs; ahit?
25. gpuhh;j;jdh rkh$k; gw;wp Fwpg;g[ tiuf.
26. gpuk;k rkh$k;
27. Mhpa rkh$k;
28. gpuk;k qhdrig
29. nuhkfpU&;z klk;
30. nuhkfpU&;z klj;jpd; bray;ghLfis tpthp
31. ghJfhg;g[ kd;wk; Fwpg;g[ tiuf
tuyhW bghU¤Jf.
1. Xtuh --- ÏufÁa¡fhtš gil
2 ehrprk ; ---- b#®kå
3. oô° --- Knrhèå
4. ϪJrka kh®o‹ ÿj® --- Rthä jahdªj ru°tÂ
5. nfrç --- ghyf§fhju Âyf®
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SS 14
6. br›u° cl‹go¡if --- JU¡»
7.bt®brŒš° cl‹go¡if --- b#®kå
8. gŠrh¥ Á§f« --- yhyh y#gÂuhŒ
9. ϪÂahé‹ ÏU«ò kåj®/ðkh®¡---r®jh® tšygghŒ gnlš
10.it¡f« Åu® --- <.nt.uh (bgçah®)
11. tiuΡFG jiyt® --- Ã.M®.m«ng¤fh®
12. všiy fhªÂ --- fh‹ m¥Jš fgh®fh‹
13. brsçbrsuh --- c¤Âu¥ Ãunjr«
14. tŸsyh® --- Ïuhkè§f mofŸ
15. Ïu©lh« bfŒr® éšèa« --- b#®kå
16. k§fs;gh©nl --- ghu¡ó®
17. bkæ‹ fh«¥ --- ï£y® (vdJ nghuh£l«)
18. ϪÂahé‹ éobtŸë --- Ïuh#huh« nkhf‹uhŒ
19. muriu cUth¡Fgt® --- fhkuhr®
20. njtjhÁ Kiw --- lh¡l®.K¤Jby£Rä bu£o
21. Åu¤ jäH‹id --- lh¡l®.j®kh«ghŸ
òéæaš
1. gUtkiH bto¥ò --- #&‹-br¥l«g®
2. fçrš k© --- gU¤Â/j¡fhz«
3. nfhJik --- t©lš/gŠrh¥
4. rzš bjhêš --- t§fhs«/A&¡ë
5. »uhk¢rhiy --- gŠrha¤J
6. eh®bt°l®° --- ϪÂaé‹ tl»H¡F jy¡fh‰W
7. gG¥ò ãy¡fç --- beŒntè
8. thfd¤bjhêš --- br‹id
9. kh§nuh› fhLfŸ --- Rªjutd«/ f§if fêKf«.
10. M¥ÃŸ --- Ïkh¢ryÃunjr«
11. bk‹bghUŸ --- bg§fqU
12. Ïu¥g® --- nfush
13. fh‰¿š äj¡F« gÿ‹ --- ÃuŠR nk¥Ãayh®
14. mÂf kiHbgW« gF --- bksÁ‹uh« / ÁuòŠÁ
15. o.I.M®.X.v° --- mbkç¡fh
16. ÏU«ò v~F bjhêš --- nrh£lh ehfòç /fåk t£lhu«
17. k¤Âa Ïuæšnt --- K«ig
18. bj‰F Ïuæšnt --- br‹id
19. ãy msit --- cyf mikél«
20. r®¡fiu k©ly« --- c¤ÂuÃunjr«
nfho£l Ïl§fis ãu¥òf
tuyhW
1. b#®kå k‰W« Ϥjhè x‹¿iz¡f¥g£l M©L 1870
2. Ódh muÁaš ßÂahd RjªÂu« bg‰w M£Á¡ fhy« kŠR M£Á¡ fhy«.
3. M§»y »H¡»ªÂa tâf¡FG njh‰Wé¡f¥g£l M©L 1600.
4. ÃuŠR »H¡»ªÂa tâf¡FGit ãWéat® fhšg®£.
5. Ód¡Foauir ãWéat® lh¡l® r‹ah£br‹.
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SS 15
6. cyf« KGtijÍ« M¡f« brY¤J« Âwik b#®kå¡F k£Lnk cŸsJ
vd T¿at® Ïu©lh« bfŒr® éšèa«.
7. b#®kåahš _œfo¡f¥g£l mbkç¡fhé‹ òfœbg‰w tâf f¥gš
ÿÁ lhåah.
8. bghUshjhu bgUkªj« njh‹¿a ehL mbkç¡fh
9. ghÁr f£Áia njh‰Wé¤jt® Knrhèå
10. ï£y® éa‹dhéš bgæ©luhf gâah‰¿dh®.
11. Ïu©lh« cyf¥nghU¡F K¡»a fhuzkhf mikªj cl‹go¡if
bt®brŒš° cl‹go¡if .
12. Kjš cyf¥nghU¡F¥ Ë tšyurhf vG¢Ábg‰w ehL #¥gh‹
13. Ïu©lh« cyf¥nghç‹ nghJ Ãç£oZ Ãujkuhf ÏUªjt®
r® é‹°l‹ r®¢Áš
14. ÃÄ£° »ß¡ v‹gJ ä‹dš ntf ngh®.
15. I¡»a ehLfŸ rig njh‰Wé¡f¥g£l M©L 1945.
16. g‹dh£L ÚÂk‹w« mikªJŸs Ïl« ÂnA¡.
17. Inuh¥Ãa x‹¿a¤Â‹ x‰iw ehza« ônuh.
18. 1857 M« M©L bgU«òu£Áia M§»y tuyh‰W m¿P®fŸ gilÅu®
fyf« miH¤jd®.
19. Foahdt®fŸ mÂfkhf brY¤jnt©oatç ãytç.
20. bghJ ÏuhQt gâahs® r£l« bfh©Ltu¥g£l M©L 1856.
21. Kj‹ Kjèš òu£Á bto¤j Ïl« ghu¡ó® .
22. Ó®ÂU¤j Ïa¡f§fë‹ K‹ndhoahf Âfœªjt® Ïuh#uh« nkhf‹uhŒ.
23. Rthä jahdªj ru°tÂahš ãWt¥g£lJ Mça rkh{a«.
24. Ïuhk»UZz kl¤Â‹ jiyikaf« ngÿçš cŸsJ.
25. r®.brŒaJ mfkJ fh‹ bjhl§»a Ïa¡f« mèfh® Ïa¡f«.
26. jäœeh£o‹ jiyÁwªj rKjha Ó®ÂU¤jth <.bt.Ïuhkrhä .
27. ϪÂa rk°jhd§fis Ïiz¡F« gâia nk‰bfh©lt® r®jh®
tšygghŒ gnlš.
28. rka« k‰W« r_f Ó®ÂU¤jthÂfshš cUthdJ njÁa«.
29. K°ì«fS¡F jå¤bjhFÂfis m¿Kf¥gL¤Âa r£l« ä©nlh kh®è
Ó®ÂU¤j¢ r£l«
30. g«ghæš j‹dh£Á fHf¤ij njh‰Wé¤jt® Âyf®.
31. RjªÂu nghuh£l¤Âš fhªÂí cgnah»¤j òÂa Í¡Â Kiw r¤Âah»uf«.
32. Á.M®.jh° k‰W« nkhÂyhš neU njh‰Wé¤j f£Á Ra Ïuh{ía«.
33. Ïu©lh« cyf¥nghçš ÏªÂa®fis <LgL¤Âat® è‹è¤nfh.
34. neU Ïil¡fhy muir mik¡f cjé nfhçaJ í‹dhél«.
35. ϪÂa muÁayik¥ò r£l« eilKiwgL¤j¥g£l M©L 1950 #dtç 26.
36. ϪÂahé‹ Kjš FoauR jiyt® lh¡l® Ïuhn#ªÂu Ãurh¤.
37. ntÿçš ÏªÂa Åu®fis M§»nya®fS¡F vÂuhf brašgl
ö©oat®fŸ Â¥ò Ršjhå‹ kf‹fŸ.
38. ntjhu©a« c¥ò r¤Âa»uf¤ij el¤Âat® Ïuh#nfhghyh¢rhçah®.
39. it¡f« mikªJŸs Ïl« nfush.
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SS 16
òéæaš
1. gh¡ Ú®rªÂ $y§fhit ϪÂahéèUªJ Ãç¡»wJ.
2. ϪÂahé‹ eLnt bršY« K¡»a Ô®¡f nfhL myfhgh¤ eLnt
brš»wJ.
3. ϪÂahé‹ äf caukhd Áfu« (K2) fh£é‹ M°o‹.
4. Ïka kiyfŸ gå ciwél« vd miH¡f¥gL»‹wd.
5. ϪÂahé‹ bj‹ »H¡F Âiræš t§fhs éçFlh mikªJŸsJ.
6. ϪÂahéš ãyÎtJ bt¥gk©ly gUt¡fh‰W fhyãiy.
7. fl‰fiu gFÂfëš ãyÎtJ rkkhd fhyãiy.
8. nk‰f¤Âa ÏilôWfshš kiH bgW« gF gŠrh¥.
9. nfhil gUt¤Âš ϪÂahé‹ tl»H¡F gFÂæš ÅR« cŸq® òaè‹
bga® eh®bt°l®°.
10. tw©l ãy¥gFÂæš fhz¥gL« ghiyk©.
11. gUtfh‰W fhLfŸ ÏiyÍ® fhLfŸ v‹W« miH¡f¥gL»‹wd.
12. nkhndhir£ kzèš fhz¥gL« jhJ Ínuåa«.
13. gU¤Â xU gz¥gæ®
14. tw£ÁæY« tsU« gæ® Âid tif.
15. beš mÂfkhf éisÍ« k© t©lš k©.
16. njæiy k‰W« fhà éisÍ« Ïl« kiy¢rçÎfŸ.
17. gU¤Â Miy xU ntsh© rh®ªj bjhêš.
18. ϪÂahé‹ kh‹br°l® v‹W miH¡f¥gLtJ K«ig.
19. lhlh ÏU«ò v~F mikªJŸs Ïl« #h«bõ£ó®.
20. nrhlh ehfòç Õlóä fåk ts¤Â‰F òfœbg‰wJ.
21. ä‹åaš jiyefu« vd miH¡f¥gLtJ bg§fq®.
22. Ú® khriltj‰F fêÎ Ú® fhuzkhF«.
23. XilfëY« VçfëY« Ïa‰if r¤J mÂfç¥gj‰F äifô£l tsKWjš
vd¥gL«.
24. Ïa‰if fh‰W khriltj‰F K¡»a fhuz« thfd òif MF«.
25. xU eh£o‹ všiy¡FŸ eilbgW« tâf« cŸeh£L tâf«.
26. e« eh£oš Fiwªj bryÎ k‰W« midtuhY« ga‹gL¤j¥gL«
ngh¡Ftu¤J rhiytê
27. ϪÂa uæš ngh¡Ftu¤Â‹ jiyikæl« blšèæš cŸsJ.
28. ntf« k‰W« éiy ca®ªj eÅd ngh¡Ftu¤J th‹tê.
29. th‹tê òif¥gl§fis ga‹gL¤Â tiua¥gL« tiugl§fŸ br§F¤J
gl§fŸ vd¥gL«.
30. ä‹fhªj« ÃuÂgè¥gij f©l¿Í« fUé czç.
Foikæaš
1. ϪÂah mÂf¥goahd e«Ã¡if bfh©oU¥gJ mikÂ.
2. Ïd xJ¡fš bfhŸif KoΡF tªj M©L 1990.
3. j‰fhy¤Âš äfΫ ÃuÁ¤Â bg‰w murh§f Kiw k¡fsh£Á.
4. nj®jèš ngh£oæl njitahd taJ 25.
5. cyf Ef®nth® Âdkhf bfh©lhl¥gL« ehŸ kh®¢ 15.
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SS 17
bghUëaš
1. Kj‹ik¤ Jiw v‹gJ ntsh©ik¤Jiw.
2. jyh tUkhd« R£o¡fh£LtJ k¡fë‹ thœ¡if ju¤ij.
3. eh£L tUkhd¤ij fz¡»L« Kiw _‹W
4. ϪÂa £l¡FGé‹ jiyt® Ãujk®.
5. gRik¥ òu£Á eilKiw¥gL¤j¥g£l M©L 1967
gapw;rp 1
xU kjpg;ngz; tpdhf;fs; - rçahd éilia¤ nj®ªbjL¡f. 1. ghf;ePh; re;jp ------------------------------------------it ne;jpahtpy; nUe;J gphpf;fpwJ.
m) =yq;fh M) kpahd;kh; ,) khyj;jPT <) ,yl;rj;jPTfs; 2. ne;jpahtpd; eLBt bry;Yk; kpf Kf;fpa jPh;f;ff;BfhL ------------------------------------------
eLBt bry;fpwJ.
m) mfkjhghj; M) myfhghj; ,) i`juhghj; <) Xsuq;fhghj; 3. cyfpd;; kpf cauhkhd rpfuk; -----------------------------------------
m) vtnu];l; M) ee;jhNjtp ,) fQ;rd;[q;fh <) jtsfphp 4. nkakiyfs; --------------------------------------- vd miHf;fg;gLfpd;wd.
m) gdp ciwtplk; M) ,khr;ryk; ,) rpthypj; <) ,khj;hp 5. ne;jpahtpy; epyt[tJ ------------------------------------ fhyepiy.
m) kpj ntg;g kz;lyf; fhyepiy M) ntg;g kz;lyf; fhyepiy ,) ntg;g kz;ly gUtf;fhw;W fhyepiy <) Fsph;fhyepiy
6. flw;fiug; gFjpfspy; epyt[tJ --------------------------- fhyepiy.
m) fz;l fhyepiy M) rkkhd fhyepiy ,) <ug;gj fhyepiy <) ntg;gf; fhyepiy
7. bjd;Bkw;Fg; gUtf;fhw;W jpirf;F nizahf mike;j kiyfs; ----------------------------
------
m) rhj;G+uh M) Muty;yp ,) tpe;jpah <) ikf;fhyh 8. twz;l epyg;gFjpapy; fhzg;gLk; kz; --------------------------------- MFk;.
m) ghiy kz; M) ruis kz; ,) fUg;G kz; <) tz;ly; kz; 9. gUtf;fhw;Wf; fhLfs; ------------------------------------ vd;Wk; miHf;fg;gLfpd;wd.
m) mad kz;ly gRik khwh fhLfs; M) ,iyAjph; fhLfs; ,) khq;FNuht; fhLfs; <) kiyf;fhLfs;
10. BkhBdh irl; kzypy; bgUkstpy; fhzg;gLtJ ----------------------------------.
m) vz;nza; M) ANudpak; ,) Njhhpak; <) epyf;fhp 11. tA;fhsj;jpy; cs;s rJg;g[ epyf;fhLfs; --------------------- vdg;gLfpd;wJ.
m) Re;jutdk; M) Kl;Gjh; fhL ,) kiyf;fhL <) gRik khwhf; fhL 12. xU ehl;od; vy;iyf;Fs; eilbgWk; tzpfk; ------------------------- vdg;gLk;.
m) gy;fpis tzpfk; M) gz;l khw;W tzpfk; ,) cs;ehl;L tzpfk;; <) gd;dhl;L tzpfk;
13. ek;ehl;oy; Fiwe;j bryt[ kw;Wk; midtuhYk; gad;gLj;jg;gLk; Bghf;Ftuj;J --------
m) rhiy top M) thd; top ,) ePh;top <) Foha; top 14. Btfk; kw;Wk; tpiy cah;e;j etPd Bghf;Ftuj;J -----------------------------
m) thd; top M) rhiytop ,) ePh; top; <) ,uapy; top 15. bghUisf; fz;L gpof;Fk; tHpKiwia ----------------------------- vd;wiHf;fpBwhk;.
m) ,yf;F M) %yk; ,) czhp <) gjpkk; 16. kpd;fhe;jg; gpujpgypg;gij fz;lwpa[k; fUtp ---------------------------------
m) ,yf;F M) czhp ,) nghUs; <) Gifg;glf;fUtp
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SS 18
17. thd;tHpg; g[ifg;glA;fis gad;gLj;jp tiuag;gLk; tiuglA;fs; ----------------------------
--------
m) nrq;Fj;J M) thd;top ,) ,aw;if <) murpay; 18. tzpff; Tl;likg;g[fs; ------------------------------- tzpf tsh;r;rpia vspjhf;Ffpd;wd.
m) gy;fpis tzpfk; M) gz;l khw;W tzpfk; ,) cs;ehl;L tzpfk;; <) gd;dhl;L tzpfk;
19. ne;jpa nuapy; Bghf;Ftuj;jpd; jiyikafk; cs;s nlk; -------------------------
m) Kk;ig M) GJnly;yp ,) ehf;G+h; <) jpUr;rp 20. kj;jpa uapy;Btapd; jiyikaplk; ------------------------------------.
m) Kk;ig M) GJnly;yp; ,) i`juhghj; <) nfhy;fj;jh 21. bjw;F uapy;Btapd; jiyikaplk; ------------------------------------.
m) nrd;id M) myfhghj; ,) i`juhghj; <) Kk;ig 22. ne;jpahtpw;F ------------------------------------ jpirapy; tA;fhstphpFlh mike;Js;sJ.
m) Nkw;F M) njw;F ,) njd;fpof;F <) njd;Nkw;F 23. fh;ehlfhtpy; cs;s Bkw;Fj; bjhlh;r;rp kiyfs; --------------------- vd
miHf;fg;gLfpd;wd.
m) raj;hp M) Muty;yp ,) vtnu];l; <) Midkiy 24. fA;if Mw;wpd; gpwg;gplk; ------------------------------------
m) aKNdhj;hp M) rpahr;rpd; ,) fq;Nfhj;hp <) fhuf;Nfhuk; 25. Bfushtpy; cs;s bghpa Vhp ------------------------------------
m) rpy;fh M) Ntk;gehL ,) fpU\;zuh[ rhfh; <) Gypfhl;
gapw;rp 2 xU kjpg;ngz; tpdhf;fs; - rçahd éilia¤ nj®ªbjL¡f.
1. ne;jpah mjpfg;goahd ek;gpf;ifia bfhz;oUg;gJ ----------------------------------
m)Nghh; M)mikjp ,)md;G <)gifik 2. BeUtpd; mikjpf;fhd Ie;J mk;rf; bfhs;iffs;-----------------------------------
m)RNjrp M)Gjpa gaDhpik ,)gQ;rrPyk; <) ,d xJf;fy; 3. mZ Ma[jj; jilr; rl;lk; ifbaGj;jhd Mz;L --------------------------------
m)1963 M) 1993 ,)1936 <)1998 4. ndxJf;fy; bfhs;if Kotpw;F te;j Mz;L ---------------------------------
m)1990 M)1991 ,)1890 <) 1989 5. rhh;f; mikg;gpd; Kjy; bghJr; brayhsh; -------------------------------
m)[pd;dh M)mGy; Mrhj; ,)Nfhgp Mdd; <) fhe;jp 6. jw;fhyj;jpy; kpft[k; gpurpj;jp bgw;w murhA;f Kiw ----------------------------
m)Fbahl;rp M)cah; Fbahl;rp ,)kf;fshl;rp <)rh;thjpfhuk; 7. Beuo kf;fshl;rp gHA;fhyj;jpy; eilKiwapy; nUe;j ehL ..............................
m)fphP]; M),j;jhyp ,)rhh;bdpah <) irg;u]; 8. bjYA;F Bjrk; vdg;gLtJ ..................................................................
m)khepyf;fl;rp M)Njrpa fl;rp ,)rh;tNjr fl;rp <) fyhr;rhu fl;rp 9. vjph;f;fl;rpj; jiytUf;F mspf;fg;gl;Ls;s me;j^;J ...........................................
m)fhgpdl; mikr;rh; M),iz mikr;rh; ,)khepy mikr;rh; <) mir;ruit mikr;rh;
10. Bjh;jypy; thf;fspf;fj; jFjpahd taJ .................................................................
m)21 M)18 ,)25 <) 35 11. Bjh;jy; MizaUf;F nizahf mjpfhuk; bfhz;lth; ......................................
m)cah;ePjp kd;w ePjpgjp M)cr;r ePjpkd;w ePjpgjp ,)khtl;l ePjpgjp <) kh[p];l;Nul;
12. khepy Bjh;jiy Bkw;ghh;it bra;gth; ..................................................................
m)jiyikj; Njh;jy; mjpfhhp M)jiyikj; Njh;jy; Mizah; ,)cr;r ePjpkd;w ePjpgjp <) cah; ePjpkd;w ePjpgjp
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SS 19
13. Bjh;jy; Mizak; mike;Js;s nlk; ..............................................................
m)nrd;id M)Kk;ig ,)Kuhjhghj; <) GJnly;yp 14. ne;jpahtpy; mA;fPfhpf;fg;gl;l mYtyf bkhHpfs; ...............................................
m)25 M) 23 ,)22 <) 27 15. bkhHp vd;gJ ....................................................
m)Nghf;Ftuj;J M) ePh;ghrdk; ,),izg;Gf;fUtp <) czh;Tg; G+h;tkhdJ
16. g[j;j g{h;zpkh bfhz;lhLgth;fs; ...................................................................
m),e;jpah;fs; M)K];yPk;fs; ,)rkzh;fs; <)Gj;j kjj;jpdh; 17. Bjk;ghtzpBahL bjhlh;g[ilaJ .....................................................................................
m),e;J M)rPf;fpak; ,)fpwp];jtk; <) ,];yhk; 18. ehl;L tUkhdj;jpd; kw;bwhU bgah; .................................................................
m)cz;ik tUkhdk; M)gz tUkhdk; ,)nkhj;j ehl;L cw;gj;jp <) ngausT tUkhdk;
19. ehl;L tUkhdj;ij fzf;fpLk; Kiwfs; .................................................................
m)2 Kiwfs; M)3 Kiwfs; ,) 4 Kiwfs; <) 5 Kiwfs; 20. jyh tUkhdk; Rl;of; fhl;LtJ ..................................................................
m)kf;fspd; nry;t epiyia M)kf;fspd; Vo;ik epiyia ,)kf;fspd; tho;f;ifj; juj;ij <) kf;fspd; fy;tp epiyia
21. ne;jpahtpd; jyh tUkhdk; ........................................................................
m) 220 lhyh; M) 950 lhyh; ,) 2930 lhyh; <) 600 lhyh; 22. Kjd;ikj; Jiw vd;gJ .......................................................................
m)tzpfk; M)fl;likg;Gj;Jiw ,)Ntshz;ikj;Jiw <)njhiyj;njhlh;Gj;Jiw
23. epfu ehl;L cw;gj;jp vd;gJ ....................................................................
m) nkhj;j ehl;L cw;gj;jp – Nja;khdk; M) epfu ehl;L cw;gj;jp – Nja;khdk; ,) jyh tUkhdk; – Nja;khdk; <) nkhj;j cs;ehl;L cw;gj;jp – Nja;khdk;
24. ehl;LtUkhdk; fzf;fPL vd;gJ ..........................................................
m)nkhj;j gzkjpg;G M) czT jhdpa cw;gj;jpapd; nkhj;j kjpg;G ,)njhopy; gz;lq;fspd; nkhj;j kjpg;G <) gz;lq;fs; kw;Wk; gzpfspd; nkhj;j kjpg;G
25. ne;jpa ehl;L tUkhdj;jpy; Kjd;ikj;Jiwapd; gA;fspg;g[ ..................................
m) 15.8 % M) 25.8 % ,) 58.4 % <) 12.8 %
gapw;rp 3 xU kjpg;ngz; tpdhf;fs; - rçahd éilia¤ nj®ªbjL¡f.
1. goj;j ne;jpah;fspd; bkhHpahf mike;jJ .................................................
m)gpnuQ;r; M) Mq;fpyk; ,) ,e;jp <)tq;fhsk; rkak; kw;Wk; r}f rPh;jpUj;jthjpfshy; cUthdJ ....................................
m)Njrpak; M) Gul;rp ,) fyfk; <)fpsh;r;rp 3. kpz;Blh-khh;yp rPh;jpUj;jr; rl;lk; jdpj; bjhFjpfis ..................................f;F
mwpKfg;gLj;jpaJ.
m),e;Jf;fs; M)K];yPk;fs; ,)rPf;fpah;fs; <)fpwpj;Jth;fs; 4. gk;ghapy; jd;dhl;rp fHfj;jpid Bjhw;Wtpj;jth; .................................................
m)NeU M)jpUkjp . md;dpngrd;l; ,) jpyfh; <)ghujpahh; 5. fhe;jp$p cgBahfpj;j g[jpa a[f;jp Kiw ...............................................
m)rj;jpahfpufk; M)ntspg;gilf;nfhs;if ,)ePz;l gazk; <) td;Kiw
6. rp.Mh;.jh^; kw;Wk; Bkhjpyhy; BeU Bjhw;Wtpj;j fl;rp ............................................
m)fjh; M),e;jpa Njrpa fhq;fpu]; ,)Rauh[;ak; <)mfhypjsk; 7. nuz;lhk; cyfg; Bghhpy; ne;jpah;fis NLgLj;jpath; .....................................
m)fhdpq; gpuG M)ly;n`srp ,)ypd;ypj;Nfh <)ypl;ld; gpuG
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SS 20
8. BeU nilf;fhy muir mikf;f cjtp BfhhpaJ ...................................................
m)mGy; fyhk; Mrhj; M)[pd;dh ,)ryPKy;yh fhd; <)fhd; mg;Jy; fhgh;fhd;
9. ne;jpahtpd; Kjy; kw;Wk; filrp ne;jpafth;dh; b$duy; .................................................
m)kTz;l; Ngl;ld; gpuG M)NeU ,),uh[Nfhghyhr;rhhp <)fhkuh[h; 10. ne;jpa rk^;jhdA;fis nizf;Fk; gzpia Bkw;bfhz;lth; ............................
m)lhf;lh;. gp.Mh;.mk;Ngj;fhh; M),uhN[e;jpu gpurhj; ,),uh[h[p <)rh;jhh; ty;ygha;gl;Nly;
11. BtY]hpy; ne;jpa tPuh;fis MA;fpByaUf;F vjpuhfr; bray;glj; J]z;oath;--------
m)i`jh; myp M)jpg;G Ry;jhdpd; kfd;fs; ,)rpth[p <)\h[fhd; 12. Btjhuzaj;jpy; cg;g[r;rj;jpahf; fpufj;jij elj;jpath; ........................................
m)b.v];.uh[d; M)gf;jtr;ryk; ,) ,uh[Nfhghyhr;rhhp <)t.c.rp. 13. gphpl;O&hhpd; ifJ Mizf;F vjpuhf ghujpahh; jg;gpBahoaJ ..........................
m)nrd;id M)ngq;fSh; ,)i`juhghj; <)ghz;br;Nrhp 14. 1940y; fhkuh$h; thh;jh brd;W ............................................I re;jpj;jhh;.
m)NeU M)fhe;jp[p ,)jpyfh; <)[pd;dh 15. fhkuh$hpd; gpugykhd bfhs;if ............................................
m)’v];’ jpl;lk; M) ’vy;’ jpl;lk; ,) ’Nf’ jpl;lk; <)’n[’ jpl;lk; 16. tPuj;jkpHd;id vd;wiHf;fg;gl;lth; ..........................................................
m) lhf;lh;.v];.jh;khk;ghs; M)Kj;J yl;Rkp nul;b ,)md;dpngrd;l; <)rNuh[pdp ehAL
17. Bjapiy kw;Wk; fhg;gp mjpfkhf tpisa[k; nlk; .....................................................
m)kiyr;rhpTfs; M)rkntspfs; ,)flw;fiur; rkntspfs; <)Mw;Wg; gs;sj;jhf;Ffs;
18. twl;rpapYk; tsUk; gaph; ...........................................................
m)ney; M)NfhJik ,)rzy; <)jpid tif
19. gUj;jp xU ................................................................
m)czTg;gaph; M) gzg;gaph; ,)Njhl;lg;gaph; <)jpidg;gaph; 20. ne;jpahtpd; khd;br^;lh; vdg;gLtJ ........................................................
m)nly;yp M)nrd;id ,)Kk;ig <)nfhy;fj;jh 21. lhlh v@F epWtdk; mike;Js;s nlk; ...........................................................
m)Jh;fhG+h; M)gpyha; ,)[hk;n\l;G+h; <)gh;d;G+h; 22. Brhlh ehfg[hp gPlg{kp .......................................tsj;jpw;F g[fH; bgw;wJ.
m),aw;ifj;jhtuk; M)fdpk tsk; ,)tz;ly; kz; <)gUj;jp 23. kpd;dpay; jiyefuk; vdg;gLtJ ............................................................
m)fhd;G+h; M)nly;yp ,)ngq;fSU <)kJiu 24. xilfspYk;, VhpfspYk; naw;if rj;J mjpfhpg;gJ ...............................................
m) ePh; khriljy; M)kpifA+l;l tsKWjy; ,)fhw;W khriljy; <) xyp khriljy;
25. fhw;W khriltjw;F Kf;fpa fhuzk; ....................................................
m) thfdg;Gif M)vhpkiy ntbg;G ,)mdy;kpd; rf;jp epiyak; <) kpifA+l;l tsKWjy;
gapw;rp 4 xU kjpg;ngz; tpdhf;fs; - rçahd éilia¤ nj®ªbjL¡f.
1. b$h;kdp kw;Wk; nj;jhyp xd;wpizf;fg;gl;l Mz;L ........................................
m)1870 M)1872 ,)1780 <)1782 2. }yg; bghUl;fspd; Bjitia mjpfg;goahf cUthf;fpaJ ...................................
m)njhopw;Gul;rp M)jfty; njhopy;El;gg;Gul;rp ,)gpnuQ;Rg;Gul;rp <)Ntshz;ikg;Gul;rp
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SS 21
2. rPdh murpay; hPjpahd Rje;jpuk; bgw;w Ml;rpf; fhyk; ............................................
m)rpd; Ml;rpf;fhyk; M) \hq; Ml;rpf;fhyk; ,) # Ml;rpf;fhyk; <) kQ;R Ml;rpf;fhyk;
3. bghUs;fspd; Bghf;Ftuj;jpid mjpfhpf;fr; bra;jJ ..............................................
m),uapy;Nt M)rhiy ,)thd; <)ePh; 4. gpbuq;R fpHf;fpe;jpa tzpff; FGit epWtpath; ...................................................
m) 14k; Y}ap M)fhy;gh;l; ,)16 k; Y}ap <) bgpuhrh 5. rPdf; Foauir cUthf;fpath; ..........................................................................
m) lhf;lh; rd;ahl;rd; M) #-nad; yha; ,) kh Nr J§ <) rpahq;NfN\f;
7. cyfk; KGtija[k; Mjpf;fk; brYj;Jk; jpwik b$h;kdpf;F kl;LBk
cs;sJ vdf; Twpath;. ----------------------------------------------
m) gp];khh;f; M) nfa;rh; ,uz;lhk; tpy;ypak; ,)`pl;yh; <) KNrhypdp 8. gpuhd;R jpUk;g bgw tpUk;gpa nlA;fs; ......................................................................
m) my;Nr]; kw;Wk; nyhiud; M)Ngh];dpah kw;Wk; n`h;rNfhtpdh ,)M];jphpah kw;Wk; `q;Nfhp <)v];Njhdpah kw;Wk; yhl;tpah 9. M^;jphpa gl;lj;J nsturh; ............................................................................
m) gpuhd;rp]; ngh;bdhd;L M) gpuhd;rp]; bA+f; ,) gpuhd;rp]; b nyrg;]; <) gpuhd;rp]; Ngahfd; 10. b$h;kdpahy; KH;fof;fg;gl;l mbkhpf;f tzpff; fg;gy; .....................................
m) Yg;lhg; M) uhay; ,) Y}rpl;lhdpah <)ngh;ypd; 11. Kjy; cyfg; Bghhpid Kot[f;F bfhz;L te;jJ .....................................khehL
m) yz;ld; mikjp khehL M) Nuhk; mikjp khehL ,) ngh;ypd;; mikjp khehL <) ghhp];; mikjp khehL 12. bghUshjhug; bgUke;jk; Bjhd;wpa ehL ........................................
m) ,q;fpyhe;J M)mnkhpf;fh ,) gpuhd;]; <) n[h;kdp 13. mbkhpf;f bghUshjhuk; nay;g[ epiyf;Fj; jpUk;gpaJ ..........................Mz;L
m)1930 M)1940 ,)1950 <)1945 14. ghrprf; fl;rpia Bjhw;Wtpj;jth; ...............................................................
m)`pl;yh; M)KNrhypdp ,)];lhypd; <)nydpd; 15. bjhHpyhsh;fSf;F tHA;fg;gl;l rpwe;j epthuzk; .........................................
m) rh;tNjr njhopyhsh; mikg;G M)Miyr;rl;lk; ,) njhopw;gl;lak; <) njhopyhsh; xd;wpak; 16. rh;tBjr rA;fj;jpy; nUe;J KBrhypdp tpyfpa Mz;L ......................................
m) 1931 M)1932 ,)1935 <)1937 17. Tl;Lg;gil tsk; kpf;f ...............................nlj;ij Mf;fpukpg;g[ bra;jJ.
m) iud;yhe;J M) #ll;ld;yhe;J ,)fphPd;yhe;J <)gpd;yhe;J
18. #pl;yh; tpad;dhtpy; gzpahw;wpaJ ....................................................
m) ngapz;lh; M)ijay;fhuh; ,)Mrphpah; <)tq;fp Copah; 19. #pl;yh; vGjpa E]y; ...................................................
m)vdJ Nghuhl;lk; M)Rt];jpfh ,)nf];lNgh <) /guh; 20. Tl;L ehLfs; ..................................... tUifahy; typikbgw;wd.
m)M];jphpah M)mnkhpf;fh ,)gpd;yhe;J <)Nghye;J
21. xU bghUis KGikahfg; gad;gLj;JBthh; .............................................
m)cw;gj;jpahsh; M)Efh;Nthh; ,)filf;fhuh; <)tptrhap 22. Efh;Bthiu Vkhw;Wgth; ......................................................................
m)kuNtiy nra;gth; M)tptrhap ,)filf;fhuh; <)tpahghhp 23. cyf Efh;Bthh; jpdk; ....................................
m)khh;r; 15 M) khh;r; 16 ,) khh;r; 14 <) khh;r; 11 24. Efh;Bthhpd; kfhrhrdk; ...........................................................
m) cyf Rfhjhu epWtdk; M) Efh;Nthh; ghJfhg;Gr;rl;lk; ,) vf;];Ndhuh <) czT kw;Wk; Ntshz;ikf; fofk;
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SS 22
25. Efh;BthUf;F tpHpg;g[zh;t[ Vw;gLj;jf; Toa jpl;lA;fspy; xd;W --------------------------
m) td kfh cw;rtk; M)Mg;gNurd; 21 ,)th;j;jff; fz;fhl;rp <) ,uh[uh[d; 1000
gapw;rp 5 xU kjpg;ngz; tpdhf;fs; - rçahd éilia¤ nj®ªbjL¡f.
1. nuz;lhk; cyfg; BghUf;F Kf;fpa fhuzkhf mike;j cld;gof;if .......................
m)nth;Nry;]; cld;gbf;if M) Nuhk; cld;gbf;if ,) yz;ld; cld;gbf;if <) I-yh-rNgy; cld;gbf;if
2. gpuhd;Rf;F bfhLf;fg;gl;l epyf;fhpr; RuA;fk; ........................................
m) [hhpah M) rhh; , ) nghf;fhNuh <) uhzpfQ;r; 3. Kjy; cyfg; BghUf;Fg; gpd; ty;yurhf vGr;rp bgw;w ehL ........................
m) rPdh M) [g;ghd; ,) ,e;jpah <) nfhhpah 4. gpyPl;^; fphpf; vd;why; ...................................................
m) kpd;dy; Nghh; M) gJq;F Fopg;Nghh; ,) ePh; %o;fpf; fg;gy; Nghh; <) nfhhpy;yhg;Nghh; 5. If;fpa ehLfs; rig Bjhw;Wtpf;fg;gl;l Mz;L .............................................
m)1955 M)1945 ,)1965 <)1975 6. gd;dhl;L ePjpkd;wk; mike;js;s nlk; .......................................
m) jpN`f; M)ngh;ypd; ,)Nuhk; <)Nlhf;fpNah 7. I.ehtpd; jiyikafk; mike;Js;s nlk; ..................................................
m) epA+ahh;f; M) ngh;ypd; ,) Nlhf;fpNah <) Nuhk; 8. IBuhg;gpa xd;wpa kd;wj;jpd; Kjy; epue;juj; jiyth; ......................................
m) uhk;Nr Nkf;nlhdhy;L M) n`h;kd; thd; uhk;Ng ,) tp[ayl;Rkp gz;bl; <) gp];khh;f; 9. IBuhg;gpa xd;wpaj;jpd; xw;iw ehzak; ................................................
m) lhyh; M) nad; ,) A+Nuh <)gTz;l; 10. ne;jpa tuyhw;wwpqh;fs; 1857k; Mz;L g[ul;rpia miHj;jJ .............................
m) rpg;gha; fyfk; M) ngUk;Gul;rp ,) Kjy; ,e;jpa Rje;jpug;Nghh; <) giltPuh; fyfk; 11. Foahdth;fs; mjpfkhf brYj;j Btz;oapUe;j thp ...........................................
m) epy thp M) Rq;f thp ,) tUkhd thp <) Nrit thp 12. bghJ uhZtg; gzpahsh; rl;lk; bfhz;L tug;gl;l Mz;L .............................
m)1856 M)1857 ,)1858 <)1859 13. Kjd; Kjypy; g[ul;rp btoj;jJ ..................................................
m)kPul; M)gNua;yp ,)ghuf;G+h; <)fhd;G+h; 14. mBahj;jp ethgpd; kidtp ..................................................................
m) Kk;jh[; Ngfk; M) ghj;jpkh Ngfk; ,) Ngfk; `];uj; kfhy; <) urpah Ry;jhdh 15. kj;jpa ne;jpahtpy; g[ul;rpf;Fj; jiyik tfpj;jth; .................................................
m) uhzp yl;Rkp gha; M),uz;lhk; gfJ}h; \h ,)ehdh rhfpg; <) Ngfk; `];uj; kfhy; 16. rPh;jpUj;j naf;fA;fspd; Kd;Bdhoahfj; jpfH;e;jth; ...........................................
m) uh[huhk; Nkhfd;uha; M) jahde;j ru];tjp ,) Nfrt re;jpu nrd; <) NjNte;jpuehj; jh$h; 17. nuhk fpU&;z klj;jpd; jiyikafk; mike;Js;s nlk; ................................
m) fhQ;rpGuk; M) NgY}h; ,) NkY}h; <) `k;gp 18. rh; iraJ mfkJ jhd; bjhlA;fpaJ ....................................................
m) mypfhh; ,af;fk; M) gpuk;k Qhd rig ,) rkur Rj;j rd;khh;f;f rq;fk; <) K];yPk; yPf; 19. Bfushitr; Brh;e;j rpwe;j r}f rPh;jpUj;j thjp ..................................................
m) = ehuhaz FU M) FU gpurhj; ,) FUehdf; <) FUrhap
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SS 23
20. itf;fk; tPuh; vdg;gLgth; ..............................................................
m) <.Nt.uhkrhkp ehaf;fh; M) NeU ,)fhe;jp <),uh[h[p 21. gjpBdhuhtJ Ie;jhz;Lj; jpl;lfhyk; ....................................................
m)1956-1961 M)1997-2002 ,)2002-2007 <)2007-2012 22. ne;jpahtpy; jpl;lf;FG mikj;j Mz;L ........................................
m)1962 M)1950 ,)1956 <)1949 23. BeUthy; Vw;gLj;jg;gl;l ne;jpa bghUshjhuk; ........................................................
m) fyg;gg; nghUshjhuk; M) rkjh;k nghUshjhuk; ,) Kjyhspj;Jt nghUshjhuk; <) gzg; nghUshjhuk; 24. g{kpjhd naf;fj;ij bjhlA;fpath; .......................................................................
m) n[ag;gpufh\; ehuhazd; M) NeU ,) Mr;rhhpah tpNdhgh ghNt <) lhf;lh; uhN[e;jpu gpurhj; 25. gRikg;g[ul;rp eilKiwg;gLj;jg;gl;l Mz;L ....................................................
m)1981 M)1991 ,)2001 <)2010
tuyhW
bghUj;Jf.
1. fh;ehlfg; Bghh;fs; - Mg;gphpf;fh
2. ndbtwpf; bfhs;if - JUf;fp
3. #hA;fhA; jPt[ - ne;jpahtpy; gpbuq;R Mjpf;fk; Kot[
4. brt;Bu^; cld;gof;if- gy;Bfhpah
5. epa{yp cld;gof;if - nA;fpyhe;J
1. b$h;ikd; cld;gof;if- gphpl;ld;
2. Mh;yz;Blh - b$h;kdp
3. cl;Buhtpy;rd; - nj;jhyp
4. bfa;rh; tpy;ypak; - M^;jphpah
5. yhapl; $hh;$; - mbkhpf;fh
1. Buhk; mzptFg;g[ - KBrhypdp
2. oa{^; - MSeh;
3. Xtuh - 1922
4. bkapd;Bfk;g; - ufrpa fhty; gil
5. bf^;lBgh - vdJ Bghuhl;lk;
1. mHpj;J gpd;thA;Fk; bfhs;if- vjph; thf;F
2. Y]g;l; Bthg; - I.eh jiyikafk;
3. uj;J bra;a[k; chpik - b$h;kdp ePh; }H;fpf; fg;gy;
4. ml;yhz;of; rhrdk; - u^;ah
5. epa{ahh;f; - \^;bty;l;
1. kA;fs; ghz;Bl - kfhrhdk;
2. bgUk;g[ul;rp - kj;jpa ne;jpah
3. 2k; gfJ]h; &h - ghuf;g{h;
4. ehdh rhfpg; - 1857
5. tpf;Blhhpah Bguwpf;if - Kfyhag; Bguurh;.
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SS 24
1. ne;jpahtpd; tpobts;sp - Rthkp jahde;j ru^;tjp
2. ne;J rkaj;jpd; khh;od;Y]jh; - jpyfh;
3. Bfrhp - brhe;jehL
4. epa{ ne;jpah - nuh$h uhk; Bkhfd; uha;
5. RBjrp - md;dpbgrz;l; mk;ikahh;.
1. ty;yggha; gBly; - fhd; mg;Jy; fghh;fhd;
2. gp. Mh;. mk;Bgj;fh; - yhyh y$gjp uha;
3. vy;iyf; fhe;jp - Rje;jpu ne;jpahtpd; Kjy; fth;dh; b$duy;
4. kt[z;l; Bgl;ld; gpug[ - rl;ltiut[f; FG jiyth;
5. gq;rhg; rpA;fk; - ne;jpahtpd; gp^;khh;f;
1. rhzf;fpah; - N.Bt. uhkrhkp bghpahh;
2. muir cUthf;fpath; - BtY]h; fHfk;
3. Bjtjhrp Kiw xHpg;g[ - nuh$ Bfhghyr;rhhpah;
4. gBjf; i#jh; - lhf;lh; Kj;Jbyl;Rkp bul;o
5. itf;fk; tPuh; - Bf. fhkuh$;
g[tpapay;
bghUj;Jf.
1. g[dpj jyk; - jf;fhzk;
2. mjpf kiH bga;a[k; gFjp - mf;Blhgh; - etk;gh;
3. yhth gPlg{kp - bksd;rpd;uhk;
4. tlfpHf;F gUt fhw;W fhyk; - rJg;g[ epyk;
5. juha; - Bfjhh; ehj;
1. fhpry; kz; - gq;rhg;
2. rJg;g[epyf; fhLfs; - gUj;jp
3. BfhJik - #pkhrygpuBjrk;
4. Mg;gps; - Bfush
5. ug;gh; - Re;jutdk;
1. rzy; bjhHpy; - jkpH;ehL
2. rh;f;fiuf; fpz;zk; - bgA;fSh;
3. tlf;F uapy;Bt - Bkw;F tA;fk;
4. thfdj; bjhHpy; - bly;yp
5. bkd;bghUs; bjhHpy; - cj;jpug; gpuBjrk;
1. nUk;g[ v@F bjhHpy;fs;- mbkhpf;fh
2. epy msit - gpbuq;R Bkg;gpayhsh;fs;'
3. o. I.Mh;X.v ;̂ - R{hpad;
4. g[Rg;gpf;f Toa tsk; - g[tp jfty; bjhFjp
5. fhw;wpy; kpjf;Fk; gY]d;- Brhlhehfg[hp gPlg{kp
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SS 25
1. gGg;g[ epyf;fhp - jyf;fhw;W
2. fhpry; tl;lhuk; - tl fpHf;F gUtf;fhw;W
3. gUtkiH btog;g[ - jf;fhzg;gPlg{kp
4. gpd;dila[k; gUtf; fhw;W- bea;Btyp
5. ehh; bt^;lh;^; - $~d; Kjy; brg;glk;gh; tiu.
fhyf;BfhL
1905 tA;fg;gphptpid
1907 R{uj; gpst[
1909 kpz;Blh – khh;yp rPh;jpUj;jk;
1914 Kjy; cyfg;Bghh; bjhlf;fk;
1919 busyl; rl;lk;
1920 xj;JiHahik naf;fk;
1922 brsuh brush rk;gtk;
1927 irkd; FG mikg;g[
1930 rl;lkWg;g[ naf;fk;
1935 ne;jpa muRr; rl;lk;
1940 Mf^;L ed;bfhil
1942 bts;isaBd btspBaW naf;fk;
1947 ne;jpa Rje;jpu jpdk;
1950 ne;jpa FoauR jpdk;
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SS 26
tuyhW - tiuglk;
MÁa tiugl¤Âš Ñœ¡fhQ« Ïl§fis¡ F¿¡fΫ.
1.JUf;fp 2.mBugpah 3.Nuhd; 4. Beghsk; 5. rpA;fg;g{h; 6. $g;ghd; 7. rhfypd;
jPt[fs; 8.kq;R{hpah 9. kA;Bfhypah 10. bfhhpah 11. fhz;ld; 12. ijthd;
13.gPfpA; 14. ehd;fpA; 15. #hA;fhA;
g[tpapay; - tiuglk;
ϪÂa tiu¥gl¤Âš ËtUtdt‰iw¡ F¿¡fΫ.
1. Kk;ik 2. bfhr;rp 3. brd;id 4.. tprhfg;gl;odk; 5.bfhy;fj;jh
6. bly;yp 7. bey;, bey;, fUk;g[, rzy;, gUj;jp, BfhJik 8. Bjapiy/fhgp
9. jhh;ghiytdk; 10. Vtbu^;l;/K2 11. bksrpd;uhk; (ÁuòŠÁ)
12. jf;fhzk; / Brhlh ehfg[hp 13. Bkw;Fbjhlh;r;rp kiyfs;/fpHf;Fj; bjhlh;r;rp
kiyfs; 14. J]j;Jf;Fo 15. i#jughj; 16.bgA;fSU17.Bfhth 18. jpUtde;j
g[uk; 19. Beghsk; 20. bjhl;lbgl;lh
Ãw: 1. me;jkhd; - epf;Bfhghh; jPt[fs; 2. Fh;rpfhh; (mg[) 3. uhd; Mg; fl;r;
4. ghujPg; 5. Rhiy / nUg;g[g;ghij / tpkhdtHp 6. Kk;ig – brd;id –
fly;tHp (bfhr;rp ) 7. kA;fSh;
édh¤jhŸ mik¥òKiw - étu«
ghlj; jiyg;g[ M
1
M
2
n
2
N
5
bkhj;j
kjpg;bgz;fs;
g[tpapay;
1. ne;jpah miktplKk;
naw;ifaikg;g[k;
2. ne;jpah fhyepiy
2 2 2
1 21
3. ne;jpah naw;if tsA;fs; 2 1 1
7. ne;jpah tzpfk; Bghf;Ftuj;J
kw;Wk; jfty;bjhlh;g[ 2 1 2
1 13
8. bjhiy Ez;Zzh;t[
1 1 - 1 8
g[tpapaypy; Kjy; 3 ghlA;fs; kw;Wk; filrp 2 ghlA;fs; goj;jhy; Fiwe;jJ 20
kjpg;bgz;fs; bgwyhk;. Fwpg;ghf BtWghLfs; ehd;F ng;ghlA;fspy; te;JtpLk;.
Fwpg;ghf fphPd;tpr; Beuk;, ne;jpa jpl;l Beuk;, thdpiy fhyepiy, Yh kw;Wk;
ehh;bt^;lh;^;, Vw;Wkjp nwf;Fkjp. rpW tpdhf;fspy; nkakiyapd; Kf;fpaj;Jtk;,
miktpl rpwg;g[, ne;jpa jPt[fs;, naw;if tsA;fs;, fhyepiyapd; mk;rA;fs;,
gd;dhl;L tpkhd epiyaA;fs; Bghd;wd.
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SS 27
bgUtpdhtpy; Btw;Wikapy; xw;Wik, fhLfspd; Kf;fpaj;Jtk;, rhiy tHpfs;,
kiHePh; Brfhpg;g[.
ghlj; jiyg;g[ M
1
M
2
n
2
N
5
bkhj;j
kjpg;bgz;fs;
Foikapay; 2. kf;fshl;rp
3. Btw;Wikapy; xw;Wik 1 1 - 1 8
1. ne;jpaht[k; cyf mikjpa[k;
1 1 - 1 8
bghUspay; 1. ehl;L tUkhdk;
1 1 - 1 8
njw;Ff; Foikapay; kw;Wk; bghUspay; goj;jhy; kl;Lk; BghJk;. kf;fshl;rp,
Bjh;jy;, Bjh;jy; tiffs;, cs;shl;rp Bjh;jy;fs;, Ml;rpKiwfs;, gz;ghL, fiy,
eldk;, nir Bghd;wd FoikapaypYk;. cyf mikjpf;F ne;jpahtpd; gzp, ghz;LA;
khehL, gq;rrPyf; bfhs;if, mzpBruh naf;fk;, rhh;f; mikg;g[ kw;Wk; bfhs;iffs;
Bghd;wdt[k; goj;jhy; 16 kjpg;bgz;fs; bgwyhk;. ehl;L tUkhdk; fzf;fpLk;
tHpKiwfis kl;Lk; goj;jhy; 8 kjpg;bgz;fSk; Mf Fiwe;jJ 20 kjpg;bgz;fs;
bgwyhk;. TLjyhf 40 kjpg;bgz;fs; fpilf;Fk;.
ghlj; jiyg;g[ M
1
M
2
n
4
N
5
bkhj;j
kjpg;bgz;fs;
tuyhW
11. ne;jpa tpLjiy naf;fk;
Kjy;epiy
12. ne;jpa tpLjiy naf;fk;
2k;epiy
13. ne;jpa tpLjiy naf;fj;jpy;
jkpH;ehl;od; gA;F
1
2 1 1 16
14. jkpH;ehl;oy; rKjha
khw;wA;fs; 2
g[tpapay;
4. ne;jpah Btshz;bjhHpy;
5. ne;jpah bjhHpyfA;fs;
6. Rw;Wr{Hy; gpur;ridfs;
2 1
n
1 6 1
njw;F tuyhw;wpd; filrp 4 ghlA;fSk;, g[tpapaypy; nju ghlA;fSk; gof;f
Btz;Lk;. tuyhw;wpy; jiyg;g[ tpdhf;fs; 2 tpdhf;fs; ntw;wpy; nUe;J te;JtpLk;.
tuyhw;iw elj;Jk;BghJ fhyf;BfhL 5 kjpg;bgz;fs; te;JtpLk;. BkYk; 1905ny;
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SS 28
nUe;J 1950 tiu cs;s fhyA;fspy; epfH;t[fis bfhz;L 2 kjpg;bgz;fs;
tpdhf;fs; 4 ntw;wpy; nUe;J vGjyhk;. mBj Bghd;W g[tpapaypy; 5 kjpg;bgz; tpdh
ntw;wpy; nUe;J te;JtpLk;.
bgUtpdhf;fspy; xj;JiHahik naf;fj;jpd; epiy, tl;l Bkir khehLfs;,
$hypad; thyhghf; gLbfhiy kw;Wk; lhl;lh nUk;g[ v@fhiyfs;, Kk;ig xU
khd;br^;lh;.
ghlj; jiyg;g[ M
1
M
2
n
4
N
5
bkhj;j
kjpg;bgz;fs;
tuyhW
1. Vfhjpg;gj;jpak; 1
2
1
1 20
2. Kjy; cyfg;Bghh; 1
3. bghUshjhu bgUke;jk;
4. nj;jhypapy; ghrprk;
5. b$h;kdpapy; ehrprk;
1 1
Foikapay;
4. Efh;Bthh; chpikfs;
1 - - 1 6
njpy; tuyhw;wpy; Kjy; 5 ghlA;fs; mlA;Ffpd;wd. jiyg;g[ tpdhf;fs; kw;Wk;
rpW tpdhf;fSf;F 15 kjpg;bgz;fs; fpilf;Fk;. mgpdpg; Bghhpd; fhuzk;, ijg;gpA;
fyfk;, Kjy; cyfg;Bghhpd; cldo fhuzk;, KBrhypdpapd; rhjidfs;, #pl;yh;
Ml;rpia gpoj;j tpjk; Bghd;wd. bgUtpdhf;fspy; Vfhjpgj;jpaj;jpd; tpist[ kw;Wk;
Efh;Bthhpd; chpikfSk; flikfSk;.
ghlj; jiyg;g[ M
1
M
2
n
4
N
5
bkhj;j
kjpg;bgz;fs;
tuyhW
6. nuz;lhk; cyfg;Bghh;
7. I.eh.rig
8. IBuhg;gpa xd;wpak;
1
2
1
1
16
9. 1857 khbgUk; fpsh;r;rp
1
1 10. r}f rka rPh;jpUj;jA;fs;
1
bghUspay;
2. tpLjiyf;Fg;gpd; ne;Âa¥
bghUshjhuk; 2 1 - 2 14
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SS 29
njpy; tuyhWk; bghUspaYk; mlA;Ffpd;wJ. nuz;lhk; cyfg;Bghh;,
bth;iry;^; cld;gof;if Bghhpd; fhuzA;fs; tpist[fs;, I.eh.rig Bjhw;wk;- gzp,
1857 khbgUk; fpsh;r;rp Kf;fpa fhuzk; kw;Wk; r}f rka murpay; fhuzA;fs;
Bghhpd; tpist[fs;, gpuk;k rkh$k;, Mhpa rkh$k;, uhkfpU&;z klk;, mypfhh;
naf;fk; Bghd;wd. jiyg;g[ tpdhf;fspy; nuz;L ntw;wpy; nUe;J tUk; kw;Wk;
bghUspaypy; tUkhdk;, fyg;g[ bghUshjhuk;, jhuhskak;, cyfkak;, kw;Wk;
jkpH;ehl;od; 16 eyj;jpl;lA;fs;.
tiuglA;fspy; Mrpahtpy; bfhLf;fg;gl;l 15 nlA;fisa[k; kw;Wk;
g[j;jfg;gf;fk; 6ny; cs;s nlA;fisa[k; kPz;Lk;, kPz;Lk; Fwpf;fr; bra;at[k;. ne;jpa
tiuglj;jpy; bfhLf;fg;gl;Ls;s nlA;fis kPz;Lk;, kPz;Lk; Fwpf;fr; bra;at[k;.
mBj Bghd;W fhyf;Bfhl;oid bfhLf;fg;gl;l epfH;t[fis kPz;Lk; kPz;Lk;
vGj bra;at[k;. ghl g[j;jfj;jpy; cs;s g[w ta 1 kjpg;bgz; tpdhf;fis rpwpa rpwpa
gFjpfshf gphpj;J kPz;Lk; kPz;Lk; vGjr; bra;at[k;. epr;rak; ekJ ifapy; 100
kjpg;bgz;fs; cz;L.
Fwpg;g[ :
1. nuz;L ghlA;fspy; nUe;Jk; (tuyhW - ghl v© 6, 7, 8 k‰W« òéæaš ghl
v© 4, 5, 6 ) VBjDk; xU tpdh Bfl;fg;gLk;. chpa kjpg;bgz; Kjypy; tUk;
ghlj;jpy; nizf;fg;gl;Ls;sJ.
2. tuyhw;wpYk; g[tpapaypYk; tpdhj;jhspy; 8 tpdhf;fs; bfhLj;J 4 tpdhf;fs;
Bfl;fg;gLtjhy;, mjw;Bfw;g Mrphpah;fs; tpdhf;fis¤ jahh; bra;jp[l
md;g[ld; Bfl;Lf; bfhs;sg;gLfpwhh;fs;.
Fiwe;j epiyapy; kjpg;bgz;fs; bgWk; khzth;fSf;F cah;e;j
kjpg;bgz;fisg; bgwKoa[k; vd;w ek;gpf;ifia Vw;gLj;Jfpd;w tifapy;
rpy tpdhf;fs; nA;Bf bjhFj;J tHA;fg;gl;Ls;sd. tifg;gLj;jg;gl;Ls;s
Ie;J epiyfspy; khztd; miuahz;L¤ Bjh;tpy; bgw;w kjpg;bgz;zpBy
ve;j epiyapy; nUf;fpwhd; vd;gij mwpe;J, mtid mLj;jLj;j
epiyfSf;F miHj;J bry;tBj X® Mrphpahpd; Behf;fkhf nUf;f
Btz;Lk;. mjw;fhf nA;F tHA;fg;gl;Ls;s tpdhf;fs; jtpu cs;s gpw
gFjpfspy; cs;s tpdhf;fis¤ jj;jk; khzth;fs; epiyawpe;J bjhFj;J
tHA;fp¤ bjhlh;gapw;rp mspf;fyhk;.
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