106686463 introducere in lte utcn

7/21/2019 106686463 Introducere in LTE UTCN

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1

Introducere în LTE8 Mai 2012

Dr. Ing. Titus Constantin Bălan

SIEMENS CMT

[email protected]



2

ong Term E!olution

Retele de generatia a 4-a “all IP”

Retele LTE (Long Term Evolution)" 3GPP Release

" !ite"e de trans#er mari$ costuri reduse$ %&'I%

" *u+ort +entru mai multe retele de acces radio (R,) eterogene . inclusivnon 3GPP (/ia0)

" o1ilitate intre retele de acces radio di#erite" ,r2itectura sim+li#icata



#

3GPP releases

" Ne$t ste% &or

'SM()CDM*(+S,*an- c-ma2000 TE long Term E!olution/

ear

T* Rel 4

T* Rel 4 T* Rel 5

T* Rel 5 T* Rel 6

T* Rel 6 T* Rel 7

T* Rel 7

200200200#2000 2008

IMS+SD,*

MBMS)*N I)

+S3,*

IMS E!olutionTE Stu-ies

*+eci#ication:

2004

" #',, starte- 5or6ing on Sstem *rc7itecture E!olution S*E/ in t7e en- o& 200

" 9easibilit o& tec7nical o%tions 5as stu-ie- in 200:200;

" *ctual stan-ar-isation starte- a&ter t7e &easibilit stu- in t7e beginning o& 200

" No5a-as< t7e sstem is calle- E!ol!e- ,ac6et Sstem E,S/ instea- o& S*E

= T7e ,S core %art is calle- E!ol!e- ,ac6et Core E,C/

" TE 7a!e been -e!elo%e- b t7e same stan-ar-i>ation organi>ation = #',,. T7e target 7asbeen sim%le multimo-e im%lementation an- bac65ar-s com%atibilit.

T* Rel

T* Rel

TE ? E,C



Targets in EP* standardisation

"TE as true mobile broa-ban- access

= +ig7 bitrates 1#(8 Mb%s/

"Dela o%timi>ations

= 9ast access to ser!ices

= Minimi>e- latenc an- roun-:tri% -ela

"%timi>ation &or I, tra&&ic = Net5or6 arc7itecture to matc7 5it7 7ig7 bitrate ra-io

= Aoice o!er I,

"+armoni>e- arc7itecture &or #',, accesses an- inter5or6ing 5it7 non:#',, accesses

= %timi>e- inter5or6ing 5it7 #',, an- CDM* accesses = 3se o& common subscriber an- ser!ice control solutions

"o5 cost %er bit

"ee%:it:sim%le



Reduced et8or9 :om+le0it;

" 9lat< scalable I, base-arc7itecture

9lat *rc7itecture 2 no-es arc7itectureI, base- Inter&aces

,ccess :ore :ontrol

E!ol!e- No-e B 'ate)a

IMS +(+SS

9lat< I, base- arc7itecture

Internet

MME



;

:om+arison o# T2roug2+ut and Latenc;

<*P, R6

a0= +ea9 data rate

( 1 + s

Evolved <*P,

(Rel= 7> ?0?I%)

LTE ?0?@ <"

(?0? I%)

LTE ?0?@

<" (404I%)

'o8nlin9

+lin9

#0

#00

20

200

10

100

0

0

+S,*e!o

el8/

TE

A *erver near R,

Latenc; (Rountri+ dela;)A

'*L (B?@-5@ ms> de+ending on o+erator)

0 20 0 ;0 80 100 120 10 1;0 180 200

'SM(ED'E

+S,*el;

min ma0

ms

En7ance- consumer e$%erience: -ri!es subscriber u%ta6e

: allo5 &or ne5 a%%lications

: %ro!i-e a--itional re!enue streams

" ,ea6 -ata rates o&1# Mb%s(8 Mb%s

" o5 latenc 10:20ms



:om+arison o# T* and EP*Evolved Pac9et :ore

eTR,

T* :ore et8or9

TR,

C

C

*:

Iu-:*

Iur

C

R:

Iu-P*

eNB e!ol!e- No-eB

MME Mobilit Management Entit

S') Ser!ing 'ate5a

,') ,DN 'ate5a

MSC Mobile S5itc7ing Center NB No-eBNC a-io Net5or6 Controller

S'SN Ser!ing ',S Su%%ort No-e''SN 'ate5a ',S Su%%ort No-e

Iu1eC

*D-

?

*D-E

eC

eC

E*G*

GG*

*G/

PG/



%erator Ser!ices

Internet

Cor%orateSer!ices

%verall Evolved Pac9et *;stem arc2itecture

E!ol!e- ,ac6et Core

P:R&

eP'G

'b

Iu S

S1:MME

S1:3

S11

S2c

S2a

S2b

'$

$

S'i

<**

S;b

S

3ser %laneControl %lane

S#

S;a

*G*

C*:

R:

S10

,,,

*N

odeC

eodeC

PG/

S12

'$c

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ETE

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3ntruste- Non:#',,I, *ccess

Truste- Non:#',, I, *ccess

'r(S;-

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LTE et8or9 odes and Inter#aces

9rom I, %oint o& !ie5 t7e TE net5or6 can be s%lit in t7ree %arts

" *ccess Net5or6 an- Trans%ort Net5or6

"E!ol!e- ,ac6et Core

" *%%lications




Evolved ode C

"It is t7e onl net5or6 element -e&ine- as %art o&

E3T*N."It re%laces t7e ol- No-e B ( NC combination &rom#'.

"It terminates t7e com%lete ra-io inter&ace inclu-ing%7sical laer.

"It %ro!i-es all ra-io management &unctions

" *n eNB can 7an-le se!eral cells

"To enable e&&icient inter:cell ra-io management &orcells not attac7e- to t7e same eNB<

" t7ere is a inter:eNB inter&ace F2 s%eci&ie-.

o1ilit; anagement Entit;

"It is a %ure signaling entit insi-e t7e E,CG ,:') ? S:') selection

"S*E uses trac6ing areas to trac6 t7e %osition o& i-le 3Es. T7e basic %rinci%le is i-entical to location or routing areas&rom 2'(#'.

"MME 7an-les attac7es an- -etac7es to t7e S*E sstem< as 5ell as trac6ing area u%-ates

"N*S signaling ? securit : T7e Non:*ccess Stratum N*S/ signaling terminates at t7e MME an- it is alsores%onsible &or generation an- allocation o& tem%orar i-entities to 3Es

"Inter&ace to5ar-s t7e +SS 57ic7 stores t7e subscri%tion rele!ant in&ormation an- t7e currentl assigne- MME in its%ermanent -ata base.




*erving Gate8a;

"Manages t7e user -ata %at7 S*E bearers/ 5it7in E,C

"It connects !ia t7e S1:3 inter&ace to5ar-s eNB an- recei!es u%lin6

%ac6et -ata &rom 7ere an- transmits -o5nlin6 %ac6et -ata on it."T7e ser!ing gate5a 7as %ac6et -ata anc7oring &unction 5it7inE,C.

" It relas t7e %ac6et -ata 5it7in E,C !ia t7e S(S8 inter&ace to or&rom t7e ,DN gate5a.

" * ser!ing gate5a is controlle- b one or more MMEs !ia S11inter&ace.

Pac9et 'ata et8or9 Gate8a;

"T7e ,DN gate5a %ro!i-es t7e connection bet5een E,C an-a number o& e$ternal -ata net5or6s.

",DN 'ate5a is com%arable to ''SN in 2'(#' net5or6s.

"Mobilit anc7or &or mobilit bet5een #',, access sstems

an- non:#',, access sstems.",olic En&orcement ,CE9/

",er 3ser base- ,ac6et 9iltering i.e. -ee% %ac6et ins%ection/

"C7arging ? a5&ul Interce%tion su%%ort

"I, *--ress *llocation &or 3E

",ac6et screening &ire5all &unctionalit/

P:R&

PG/*G/

EPDN

*,E G/

,,,<**




Polic; and :2arging Rule &unction

"T7e ,C9 maHor &unctionalit is t7e ualit o& Ser!ice oS/coor-ination

<ome *u1cri1er *erver

",ermanent an- central subscriber -atabase

"Stores mobilit an- ser!ice -ata &or e!er subscriber

"Contains t7e *ut7entication Center *uC/ &unctionalit.

P:R&

PG/*G/

EPDN

*,E G/

,,,<**



1#


LTE Inter#aces

" S1:MME use- &or signaling bet5een t7e E!ol!e- No-e B eNB/ an- t7e MME" S1:3 -e&ines user %lane bet5een eNB an- ser!ing gate5as

" S10 use- b MMEs to su%%ort MME c7anges

" F2 use- to su%%ort intra:MME 7an-o!er 5it7 no %ac6et loss

" S11 use- b t7e MME to control %at7 s5itc7ing an- bearer establis7ment in t7e ser!ing gate5aan- ,DN gate5a

" S;a use- b t7e MME to retrie!e subscriber -ata &rom 7ome subscriber ser!er +SS/" S a signaling inter&ace &or establis7ing bearers bet5een t7e ser!ing gate5a an- t7e ,DN

gate5a or bet5een ser!ing gate5as< &or ser!ing gate5a c7ange

" '$ use- b t7e ,C9 to con!e %olic en&orcement to t7e ,:')< an- also use- to retrie!e tra&&ic&lo5 -ata.

" S'i t7e inter&ace into t7e I, ,DN. T7is is 57ere t7e I, !isibilit into t7e 3E I, a--resses/ ise$%ose-.

" S8 analogous to t7e S e$ce%t t7at it is use- in roaming scenarios." $ use- b a%%lication &unctions< suc7 as t7e IMS ,:CSC9< to con!e %olic -ata to t7e ,C9.



1

Evolution to8ards a #lat arc2itecture

Iu o!er I,

Se%aration o& C, an- 3,Direct Tunnel Im%lementation

No-eB becomes intelligent<5it7 NC &unctionalit



1

3G vs LTE access net8or9

" * 2u1-and-s+o9e to%olog enablescommunica:tion &rom base station to controller

an- controller to base station." In an TE *N< t7e base station itsel& consists

o& controller &unctionalit an- cancommunicate 5it7 anot7er base station-irectl !ia an;-to-an; to+olog;.

TE net5or6 -esign goals im%lies coe0istence>intero+era1ilit;> roaming> and 2andover

1et8een LTE and e0isting ?G3G net8or9sand services. T7e e$%ecte- goal o& ser!ice%ro!i-ers is to bac67aul 2'(#'(TE mobiletra&&ic t7roug7 a con!erge- I,(M,S corenet5or6 &or cost e&&icienc.

Solutions use- in t7e bac67aul I, trans%ortnet5or6 laer TN/ &or 2'< #'< an- TE

s7oul- be similar to use an- uni#;o+erational tas9s suc7 as provisioning,

monitoring, and OAM procedures.



1;

eC #unctional +lanes

T7e inter&aces o& eNB are re&erre- as &unctional %lanes< allare base- on I,

"ser +lane () t7is &unctional %lane is use- to trans&er

user -ata bet5een eNB an- S:'). 9or eac7 3E a 'T,:3tunnel is buil- bet5een eNB an- S:').

":ontrol Plane (:)F SCT, is t7e %rotocol use- to carrcontrol %lane %rotocols< S1:*, bet5een eNB an- MME an-F2:*, bet5een a-Hacent eNBs.

"anagement Plane ()F t7e ?M tra&&ic to a-minister t7e9le$i BTS

"*;nc2roni"ation Plane (*)F ,T, %rotocol is use- to%ro!i-e snc7roni>ation &rom gran-master to base station

" T7e eNB can be con&igure- 5it7 se+arate IPaddresses &or 3ser< Control< Management an-Snc7roni>ation ,lane a%%lications.

" *ll a%%lications can s7are t7e same IP address< t7eeNB &eatures a single I, a--ress.

In real 5orl- t7e %re&erre- -e%loment is to se%aratemanagement %lane &orm ot7er %lanes using 2 A*Ntra&&ic se%aration.



1

IPsec Trans+ort

eNo-eB 7as incor%orate- I,Sec &unctionalit

J eac7 eNo-eB site instantiates one Securit 'ate5a &unction

I,Sec *rc7itecture can be im%lemente- in t5o !ariants

" IP*ec 8it2 ? *tar“ ,rc2itecture no -irect I,Sec tunnels bet5een eNBsG

F2 tra&&ic route- t7roug7 central/ Securit 'ate5a SE'/

" IP*ec 8it2 ? es2“ ,rc2itecture -irect I,Sec tunnels bet5een eNBs F2 latenc o%timi>ation/G

F2 tra&&ic s5itc7e- or route- in mobile bac67aul net5or6



18

LTE s;nc2roni"ation

?G3G met7o-s to snc7roni>e t7e base stations

" cloc6 re&erence %ro!ision b BSC(NC o!er T1(E1 connections" e$ternal source suc7 as ',S

LTE snc7roni>ation

"Timing:o!er:,ac6et is a solution base- on IEEE 188!2 ,recision Time ,rotocol ,T,/

"Snc7roni>ation o!er ,ac6et Net5or6 !ia Et7ernet Inter&ace< eliminates t7e nee- &or TDM lin6 or ',S



14

LTE ,ccess et8or9 . Last mile

T5o trans%ort me-ium are use- in TE

" 9iber *ccess

" Micro5a!e tec7nolog



21

E Pooling . *D &le0

" TE brings t7e incor%oration o& a &le$ible arc7itecture

" T7e S1 9le$ conce%t or MME ,ooling %ro!i-es net5or6 re-un-anc an- tra&&ic loa- s7aring" )it7 S1 9le$ t7e eNB is allo5e- to connect to a ma$imum o& si$teen MMEs

" T7e o%erator can increase t7e o!erall net5or6 a!ailabilit

" In %ractice geogra%7ical re-un-anc is -esire-< connecting eac7 eNB to t5o MMEs< in-i&&erent locations.

" T7e eLui!alent &eature in #' is Iu Multi%oint o& S'SN ,ooling.



22

ulti+le %+erator :ore et8or9

T7e %: enables t7e ser!ice %ro!i-ers to 7a!e se+arate core net8or9s MME< S')< ,DN ')/57ile t7e E-TR, (eCs) is Hointl; s2ared b t7em.

T7is is enable- b t7e S1:&le$ mec7anism b enabling eac7 eNB to be connecte- to multi%le core net5or6sentities.

%tions to -esign t7e trans%ort bet5een eNB an- core net5or6s 57en MCN is in use

" S7are- *ccess ? *ggregation Net5or6< Se%arate I, Core Net5or6s

" A*N Base- Tra&&ic Di&&erentiation &or Net5or6 Se%aration



2#

*6a inter#ace

In 3G net5or6s t7e 'r inter&ace bet5een S'SN an- + is use- to &etc7 t7e subscriber %ro&ile.

"'r is base- on E1 lines an- SS %rotocols

"SI'T*N SS o!er I,/ im%lementation brings I, on t7is inter&ace.

In LTE t7e MME is using S;a inter&ace< %ure I, inter&ace< 5it7 SCT, as trans%ort %rotocol an-Diameter as a%%lication %rotocol.

"+SS is im%lemente- using a &ronten-(bac6en- arc7itecture.

"T7e -esign o& S;a inter&ace is recommen-e- to be -one in suc7 a 5a t7at MME maintains Diameterconnections to se!eral +SS:9E in %arallel %re:con&igure- ,rimar an- Secon-ar SCT, %at7s/.



2

%+timi"ing 'iameter et8or9 arc2itecture using'iameter Rela; ,gents

" * &ull mes7e- Diameter net5or6 is regar-e- as Luite com%le$ in a-ministration an-con&iguration

" To o%timi>e t7e net5or6 arc7itecture Diameter ela *gents are intro-uce-

" 'iameter Rela; ,gent is used to #or8ard +rotocol messages to a++ro+riate 'iameter*erver=

" D* %las similar role as ST, in SS net5or6s



2

'iameter Pro0ies

In roaming case t7e !isite- MME 7as to contact t7e 7ome +SS in or-er to &etc7 t7e %ro&ile o& t7e subscriber.

S;a is %ure I, inter&ace 5it7 Diameter %rotocol at a%%lication laer

Diameter Base- ,rotocol -e&ines t7e &unction o& Pro0;ing

"T7e o%erator 5ill use e-ge %ro$ies to connect to 'F %ro!i-er

"E-ge ,ro$ *gent is t7e onl %oint o& contact into an- out o& an o%erator net5or6 at Diameter a%%licationlaer

"Multi%le e-ge:%ro$ies are recommen-e- &or resilience an- scalabilit.

" * 'iameter Pro0; ,gent 7as similar &unction as Diameter ela *gent but it can modi#; t2e content o#t2e message in or-er to a--ress routing o& -iameter messages bet5een -i&&erent -omains.

"Diameter ,ro$ *gent can mo-i& messages to enable %olic en&orcement< resource usage control<a-mission an- %ro!isioning< &unctions t7at cannot be -one b Diameter ela *gent.



2;

Gate8a; de+lo;ments$ *5* inter#ace

T7e main c7ange bet5een #' gate5a ''SN/ an- TE gate5a is t7at TE gate5a

&unctionalit is s%ilt in t5o elements S:') an- ,:').

T7e inter&ace bet5een S:') an- ,') is calle- *5 an- 7as t5o !ariants 'T, an- ,MI,.

"*5-PIP inter&ace C, is base- on ,ro$ Mobile I,!; an- 3, is base- on 'E

"*5-GTP inter&ace C, is base- on 'T,!2 an- 3, is base- on 'T,!1



2

Roaming in LTE

" oaming &or 7ome route- tra&&ic is t7e similar scenario use- at t7e moment in #' -ata net5or6s

" Subscriber tra&&ic is route- &rom Aisite- ,MN to +ome ,MN !ia t7e 'F %ro!i-er

" T7e * inter&ace is t7e re&erence %oint bet5een !isite- S:') an- 7ome ,:')

" S8:'T, is a natural c7oice &or roaming as man o%erators are using 'T, &or roaming in 2'(#'



28

Inter8or9ing 8it2 ot2er net8or9s

Connection to ot7er ,DN net5or6s is manage- troug7 -i&&erent t%es o& inter&aces S2a(b(c/ t7at also im%l-i&&erent logic &or I, a--ress %reser!ation in case o& 7an-o!er.

Most &reLuent PIP roles -e%en-ing on roaming scenario< roles can be c7ange-/

"S:') ta6es t7e role o& a Mobile *ccess 'ate5a ,G/< i& ,MI,:base- S or S8 is use-

",') re%resents t7e ocal Mobilit *nc7or L,/ i& ,MI,:base- S or S8< or i& S2a or S2b is use-



24

Pro0; o1ile IPv6

"Managementul mobilitatii locali>at

"Terminalul mobil nu e im%licat in semnali>area MI,!; : router -eacces mobil Mo*/

",MI,!; : NetMM = Net5or6 ocalise- Mobilit Management/

<,-L, (Local o1ilit; ,nc2or)

,R-,G (o1ile ,ccess Gate8a;)



#0



#1

-----------

| HSS/AAA |

-----------

| S6

|-------------------------------

| ----------- |

| | MME | |

------ ----------- S1 | ----------- S5 ----------- | SGi

| UE |--+--| eNodeB |--+-|--| UPE |--+--|LTE Anchor|-|--+-------- ----------- | | (MAG) | | (LMA) | |

| ---------- ------------ |

| <---------------- |

| ro!"in# $%n%#e$en" &' NETLMM |

--------------------------------

Eoed P%c*e" ore



#2

o1ilit; anagementMobilit Management

= MME = IDE Mobilit an- +an-o!ers

= S:') = TE an- #',, user %lane mobilit

= ,:') = Mobilit &or non #',, inter5or6ing" Mobilit Management states

= EMM:DEE'ISTEED : T7e 3E is not reac7able b a MME

= EMM:E'ISTEED : T7e 3E location is 6no5n an- 3E 7as at least one ,DN connection

= ECM:IDE : No N*S signaling connection bet5een 3E an- net5or6

= ECM:CNNECTED = Signaling connection bet5een t7e 3E an- t7e MME

" Mobilit Management ,roce-ures = IDE mobilit = T*3 insi-e o& TE

= +an-o!er = F2 an- S1 7an-o!er &or -i&&erent scenarios

= Intersstem Mobilit = 9or I-le mobilit T*3(*3

an- &or 7an-o!er elocation(,S 7an-o!er



##

LTE Trac9ing ,rea

Trac9ing area DTrac9ing area ?

Trac9ing area u+date

MME

Trac6ing area T*/ is similar to ocation(routing area in 2'(#'

Trac6ing *rea I-entit :: Mobile Countr Co-e/< : Mobile Net5or6 Co-e/an- T,: Trac6ing *rea Co-e/

)7en 3E is in I-le< MME 6no5s 3E location 5it7 Trac6ing *rea accurac



#

+an-o!er

" F2 7an-o!er F2 inter&ace bet5een eNo-eBs/ = 3E Mo!es &rom eNo-eB to eNo-eB using

F2

= MME is not c7ange- S:') can be c7ange-

= eNo-eBs ma6es %re%aration = MME u%-ate') &or -o5nlin6

" S1 7an-o!er

= T7e S1:base- 7an-o!er %roce-ure is use-57en t7e F2:base- 7an-o!er cannot beuse-.

= No F2 inter&ace or MME c7ange

= MME 7an-le 7an-o!er signalling an- u%-ateS:')

" Inter *T 7an-o!er

= elocation use- in 3T*N

= ,S 7an-o!er use- in 'E*N

o1ilit; anagement Procedures

MK

u

e

*ource

eodeC

Target

eodeC *,E G/E

9or5ar-ing o& Data

,at7 S5itc7 eLuest3, 3%-ate eLuest

3, 3%-ate es%onse

elease ecourse

F2 + as an e$am%le ,roce-ure

,at7 S5itc7 *c6

Do5nlin6 Data

3%lin6 Data

Do5nlin6 Data

En- Mar6er

+ ,re%aration

+ e$ecution

+ Com%letion



#

Terminolog; in LTE and in 3G:onnection and o1ilit; anagement

3G LTE

,D, conte$t E,S bearer

ocation area Not rele!ant no CS core/

outing area Trac6ing area

a-io access bearer a-io bearer S1 bearer

',S attac7e- EMM registere-

+an-o!ers DC+/ 57en Cconnecte- +an-o!ers 57en C connecte-

NC 7i-es mobilit &rom corenet5or6

Core net5or6 sees e!er7an-o!er

:onnection management

o1ilit; management



#;

!oice solutions

!oice solutions over EP*F

"IMS base- AoI,

"Single a-io Aoice Call Continuit SACC/

"Circuit S5itc7e- 9allbac6 CS9B/

"NAS AoI, o!er E,S

I* %ro!i-es"ser!ice in&o !ia $ inter&ace

"SI, session control &or AoI,"Aoice a%%lication ser!er CS com%atible/"oS an- %olic control '$< $ inter&ace/"AoI, emergenc call"'m o!er 'i SI,/ &or !oice -ata trans&er



#

I* 1ased !oIP

" IMS Aoice mac7iner is use- &or ,S Aoice

" '$ is use- &or -namic %olic control

" E,S o&&ers -e-icate- 'B bearer &or Aoice

E

S1:MME

S1:3

S11

S'i

3ser %laneControl %lane

'ate5a,DNSer!ing

TE

%erator Ser!ices

Internet

Cor%orateSer!ices

I*

'$

P:R& $

*N E,C



#8

Reele auto-organi"ante *%

Stan-ar-i>ate #',,< N'MN Oi stu-iate Pn %roiectul E3 9, SC*TES

,uto-con#igurare integrarea automată Pn reQea a noilor staQii -e ba>ă TE cu

aHutorul %roce-urilor -e auto:conectare Oiauto:con&igurare,uto-o+timi"are reglarea %arametrilorreQelei %entru &uncQionare o%timă cuaHutorul măsurătorilor,uto-vindecare -etecQie automată<

locali>area Oi eliminarea erorilor ,uto-+lani#icare recalcularea -inamicăa %lanului -e reQea

Reele auto organi"ante *%



#4

Reele auto-organi"ante *%

" ,roce-ura -e autocon&igurare" elaQii -e !ecinătate automate =

%roce-ura *N" Economisirea energiei" %timi>area aco%eririi si a ca%acitatii" *-a%tarea sc7emelor multi:antenă SIM<

MIM/" %timi>area robustă a mobilităQii Mobilit

obust %timi>ation/" %timi>area -istribuQiei sarcinilor la

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0

e8 conce+ts #or telecom net8or9s

Virtualization

Automatic management of resources

Examples of virtualization of telecom elements:

o9ia *iemens et8or9s . “%+en :ore *;stem” conce+t

" “Virtualization achieves extreme flexibility andefficiency in open core networs!

" “Open "ore software application runs on

legacy e#uipment, on the latest state$of$the$art

"ommercial off$the$shelf A%"A platforms and on other generic multi$purpose hardware.!

,lcatel Lucent . :loudCand conce+t

" “&sing "loud'and, service providers can (virtualize) many of the critical elements of theirnetwors by converting them into software which is run in the cloud and accessed ondemand!

Ericsson . et8or9-ena1led :loud conce+t" “%he *etwor$+nabled "loud builds on computing power in todays telecom assets to both

embed enhanced functionality and to expose networ capabilities for new service creation!

Airtual %erator Conce%tG *N< Bac6bone an- e!en Core going to5ar-s !irtuali>ation

Com%le$ net5or6s are sel&:manage- an- sel&:organi>e-

#



Re#erences

7tt%((555.#g%%.org(s%ecs(numbering.7tm

7tt%((555.#g%%.org(&t%(S%ecs(7tml:in&o(2#01.7tm

7tt%((555.#g%%.org(&t%(S%ecs(7tml:in&o(2#02.7tm

7tt%((555.#g%%.org(&t%(S%ecs(7tml:in&o(2#0;0.7tm

http://www.3gpp.org/specs/numbering.htm

http://www.3gpp.org/ftp/Specs/html-info/23401.htm






http://www.3gpp.org/specs/numbering.htm

106686463 introducere in lte utcn

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