10/10/20151 small-scale biodiesel production john nowatzki extension ag machine systems specialist...
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04/21/23 1
Small-Scale Biodiesel Production
John Nowatzki
Extension Ag Machine Systems Specialist
North Dakota State University
204/21/23
Dennis P. Wiesenborn, Professor, Agricultural and Biosystems Engineering Department
Acknowledgements
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Biodiesel
Biodiesel Today What is Biodiesel? Oil Extraction and Preparation Processing Quality Factors Questions/Comments
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US Biodiesel Production
864 million gallons projected for 2007
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US Biodiesel Plants
864 million gallons per year.Organization of producers, blenders & marketers
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US Biodiesel Plants
Organization of producers, blenders & marketers
1.7 billion gallons per year
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Bio-fuel InformationSwitchgrass Corn Wood Grain Straw Soybeans Sunflowers Canola
Yield/Acre 5 Tons 115 bu1 10 Tons 2 Tons 32 bu1
(1920 lb/ac)
1360 lb/ac1 1375 lb/ac1
Ethanol 80 gal/ton
400 gal/ac
2.7 gal/bu
310 gal/ac
80 gal/ton2
800 gal/ac
75 gal/ton3
150 gal/ac
Biodiesel 1.48 gal/bu
47.3 gal/ac
6 gal/cwt
82 gal/ac
5.9 gal/cwt
81 gal/ac
Processing
Cost/gallon
$1.50 - 2.00(USDA estimate by
2012)
$1.10(Current USDA
Estimate)
$1.50 - 2.00(USDA estimate
by 2012)
$1.50 - 2.00(USDA estimate
by 2012)
$.50(Current USDA
Estimate)
$.50(Current USDA
Estimate)
$.50(Current USDA
Estimate)
1. 10-year average ND yields, ND Agricultural Statistics Service. 2. National Renewable Energy Laboratory, Bioethanol Multi-Year Technical Plan, Preliminary Draft (Golden, CO, July 1999).
3. Iogen Corporation, Ottowa, CA
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What is Biodiesel?
Processed engine fuel made from vegetable oils, waste cooking oil
and animal fats
B100 – Pure Biodiesel
ASTM D6751 Standard
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Remove Extraneous Material Screening Pass Over Magnet
Seed Preparation
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Expeller Pressing or Solvent Extraction Heat Seeds Crush Seeds Oil Extraction
Crude Oil Cake
15% Oil
Oil Extraction
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Degumming (May not be Necessary)
Remove Phospholipids (gums) Water Wash
• Remove all Water • Water - fatty acids form salts • Heat to 120°C
Acid Degumming Settling
Oil Preparation
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Remove the Solids Remove Gums Determine Level of Free Fatty Acids
Too high retards or stop processing May require titration
Method of determining the amount of acids present in the oil
Indicates amount of catalyst to use
Waste Cooking Processing
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Chemical Reaction Oil plus Alcohol Yields Esters + Glycerin
Catalyst - Potassium Hydroxide Proportions: (In theory)
10 parts oil - 1 part alcohol 10 parts biodiesel - 1 part glycerin
Requires Excess Alcohol (In practice)
10 parts oil – 2 parts alcohol
Processing
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Biodiesel Washing Removes remaining:
– Catalyst– Methanol– Glycerol– Soaps– Gums
Add water to top of oil Water collects at bottom Repeat until clear water
Heat for 1 hour at 248 F
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ASTM standard D6751 18 factors
Purity Storage Cold Weather Properties Engines Operation
Complete Conversion Catalyst and Glycerin Removed
Quality Factors
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Biodiesel Quality Factors
American Society of Testing and Materials (ASTM) specifications.
Biodiesel Standard: ASTM D 6751
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Total Glycerin - Incomplete Reaction Free Glycerin - Incomplete Washing
May Separate in Storage Clogs Filters
Total Acid number Methanol Carryover Effects on Seals and Hoses
Quality Factors
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Small-Scale Equipment
40 gal in 24 hours - $2,495.00Home Biodiesel_Bentonville, AR.
50 gal in 2 hours -$12,675.00BK-300 BioKing_Netherlands
80 gal in 8 hours-$6,800.00 Ester Machine B100 Supply_Georgia.
50 gal in 60 hours - $7,995.00 BioPro_190 SSI Indiana.
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More Information
John NowatzkiExtension Ag Machine Systems Specialist
North Dakota State University
Telephone: 701-231-8213
Email: [email protected]
http://www.ag.ndsu.nodak.edu/abeng/energy_efficiency/