1010thth American History American HistoryUnit IV- A Champion of Unit IV- A Champion of

DemocracyDemocracy

Chapter 13 – Section 3 Chapter 13 – Section 3

The United States Enters the The United States Enters the WarWar

The United States Enters the The United States Enters the WarWar

The Main IdeaIsolationist feeling in the United States was strong in the 1930s, but

Axis aggression eventually destroyed it and pushed the United States into war.

Reading Focus

• Why was a commitment to isolationism so widespread in the 1930s?

• How did Roosevelt balance American isolationism with the need to intervene in the war?

• What did the United States do to prepare for war in 1940 and 1941?

• What were the causes and effects of the Japanese attack at Pearl Harbor?

United States Isolationism in United States Isolationism in the 1930sthe 1930s

The desire to avoid involvement in foreign wars was known as isolationism. Isolationists were not necessarily pacifists. Most isolationists simply wanted to preserve America’s freedom to choose the time and place for action.

Many Americans questioned what the Allies’ costly victory in World War I had actually achieved. Anti-League of Nation feelings soared as people believed that the League might drag the United States into future wars.

Roosevelt was not an isolationist; however, he was focused on solving problems at home by implementing his New Deal programs. Congress did pass isolationist measures such as the Neutrality Act in 1935.

American Isolationism (02:41) American Isolationism (02:41)

Isolationism versus Isolationism versus InterventionIntervention

IsolationismIsolationism The Neutrality Act The Neutrality Act

prohibited the sale of arms prohibited the sale of arms or making loans to warring or making loans to warring countries.countries.

Roosevelt needed the Roosevelt needed the support of isolationists in support of isolationists in Congress. They wanted to Congress. They wanted to remain remain neutralneutral..

The United States did not The United States did not intervene in the Spanish intervene in the Spanish Civil War or the Japanese Civil War or the Japanese invasion of China.invasion of China.

InterventionIntervention When Italy invaded When Italy invaded

Ethiopia, Roosevelt Ethiopia, Roosevelt stopped arms sales to both stopped arms sales to both countries—which hurt only countries—which hurt only Italy.Italy.

Roosevelt did not want to Roosevelt did not want to remain neutral—he was remain neutral—he was worried about the worried about the aggressive actions of aggressive actions of totalitarian leaders.totalitarian leaders.

Roosevelt began to speak Roosevelt began to speak out against neutrality with out against neutrality with his his Quarantine SpeechQuarantine Speech..

U.S. Reaction- NeutralityU.S. Reaction- Neutrality

FDR does not ask the American FDR does not ask the American People to be neutral in People to be neutral in thought and deed. thought and deed.

He invoked the He invoked the Neutrality Act Neutrality Act of 1937. of 1937.

FDR got Congress to pass the FDR got Congress to pass the Neutrality Act of 1939Neutrality Act of 1939 which which helped the allies by repealing helped the allies by repealing the arms embargo.the arms embargo.

U.S. Neutrality ActsU.S. Neutrality Acts Tydings-McDuffie Act 1934- provided for the Tydings-McDuffie Act 1934- provided for the

independence of the Philippines by 1946.independence of the Philippines by 1946. 1935- FDR recommends the US join the World 1935- FDR recommends the US join the World

Court- isolationists say no.Court- isolationists say no. 1935-1936 Neutrality Acts- US citizens travel at 1935-1936 Neutrality Acts- US citizens travel at

own risk to Belligerent nations, shipment of own risk to Belligerent nations, shipment of arms barred to Spain during civil war (this arms barred to Spain during civil war (this helped the fascists.).helped the fascists.).

1937- Sales to belligerents, but only on “cash 1937- Sales to belligerents, but only on “cash and carry” basis.- law embargoed munitions and carry” basis.- law embargoed munitions and possibly other exports the President saw and possibly other exports the President saw fit.fit.

1937 amendment would have prevented 1937 amendment would have prevented Congress from declaring war without first Congress from declaring war without first submitting the question to a popular vote. It submitting the question to a popular vote. It was never submitted.was never submitted.

These laws did not block the world from going These laws did not block the world from going to war.to war.

FDR and neutralityFDR and neutrality FDR warned America about war and that the FDR warned America about war and that the

US could not be a mere spectator. He wanted US could not be a mere spectator. He wanted quarantine, but did not get itquarantine, but did not get it

PacifistsPacifists- never go to war for any reason.- never go to war for any reason. IsolationistsIsolationists-- fence off the New World and fence off the New World and keep keep

the war out.the war out. 55thth Columnists Columnists- German agents operating inside - German agents operating inside

the United States waiting to become active.the United States waiting to become active. Nazi sympathizersNazi sympathizers- Italian and German - Italian and German

immigrants and American Nazi.immigrants and American Nazi. DefeatistsDefeatists- We can not possible defeat them. - We can not possible defeat them.

(Lindbergh)(Lindbergh) Hate England CrowdHate England Crowd – such as the Irish. – such as the Irish. Business as usualBusiness as usual- businesses profiting from the - businesses profiting from the

war. Arms manufacturers and bankers profit war. Arms manufacturers and bankers profit either way.either way.

AppeasersAppeasers- Give in to Hitler’s demands- Give in to Hitler’s demands

American IsolationismAmerican Isolationism

Why was a commitment to isolationism Why was a commitment to isolationism so widespread in the 1930’s?so widespread in the 1930’s?

IdentifyIdentify – What foreign policy matter – What foreign policy matter did President Roosevelt address while did President Roosevelt address while he was focusing on his New Deal he was focusing on his New Deal programs?programs?

EvaluateEvaluate – Why do you think the – Why do you think the Neutrality Act prohibited the export of Neutrality Act prohibited the export of arms, ammunition, or any other tools arms, ammunition, or any other tools of war to any country that was at war?of war to any country that was at war?

Balancing Isolationism and Balancing Isolationism and InterventionIntervention

How did Roosevelt balance American How did Roosevelt balance American isolationism with the need to intervene in isolationism with the need to intervene in the war?the war?

IdentifyIdentify – What events of the mid-1930’s – What events of the mid-1930’s led President Roosevelt to give his led President Roosevelt to give his quarantine speech?quarantine speech?

Analyze – Analyze – Why did Roosevelt grow Why did Roosevelt grow increasingly unwilling to allow America to increasingly unwilling to allow America to remain isolationist?remain isolationist?

EvaluateEvaluate – Why do you think businesses – Why do you think businesses refused Roosevelt’s request to end oil refused Roosevelt’s request to end oil shipments to Italy?shipments to Italy?

The United States Prepares for The United States Prepares for WarWar

Roosevelt asked Congress for money to build new naval vessels. Congress approved despite isolationist complaints.

Congress changed the neutrality laws to a new policy called cash-and-carry. Countries at war could buy American goods if they

paid cash and picked up their goods at American ports.

Roosevelt urged a policy of “all aid short of war.” He traded 50 aging warships for eight British

military bases. Isolationists opposed the deal, but were too weak to stop it.

The United States prepares for The United States prepares for warwar

U.S. needs to rearm- U.S. needs to rearm- 50,000 planes in 1941, 50,000 planes in 1941, and every year till Nazi’s and every year till Nazi’s are defeated.are defeated.

Billions were asked for to Billions were asked for to build a two ocean navy.build a two ocean navy.

Isolationists still hoped Isolationists still hoped the Neutrality Acts of the Neutrality Acts of 1939 would keep us out 1939 would keep us out of warof war..

Destroyers for Bases DealDestroyers for Bases Deal

To get around the laws on helping To get around the laws on helping beligerents, FDR approved the beligerents, FDR approved the selling of American military selling of American military equipment to private companies equipment to private companies the were buying for the British.the were buying for the British.

Churchill wanted U.S. destroyers Churchill wanted U.S. destroyers to protect ships at sea and supplies.to protect ships at sea and supplies.

President devised the “Destroyers President devised the “Destroyers for bases deal”- we transferred 50 for bases deal”- we transferred 50 old but useful destroyers to Great old but useful destroyers to Great Britain in exchange for the use of 8 Britain in exchange for the use of 8 British naval bases in the Atlantic. British naval bases in the Atlantic. Britain was to never surrender this Britain was to never surrender this fleet to Hitler.fleet to Hitler.

Helping the BritishHelping the British England out of cash for Cash England out of cash for Cash

and Carry. With Neutrality and Carry. With Neutrality law in place FDR could not law in place FDR could not help the English and they help the English and they would surely lose the war.would surely lose the war.

Lend-LeaseLend-Lease- clever plan- we - clever plan- we would offer to lease (lend) to would offer to lease (lend) to countries whose defense was countries whose defense was considered vital to the considered vital to the defense of the U.S.defense of the U.S.

British would not need cash British would not need cash to get the supplies.to get the supplies.

Preparing for WarPreparing for WarRoosevelt defeated business leader Wendell Willkie for an unprecedented third term as president. He felt world events required experience in the White House.

Roosevelt wanted to make the United States an “arsenal of democracy.” Congress passed the Lend-Lease Act, which allowed the nation to send weapons to Great Britain.

Roosevelt and Winston Churchill met secretly in 1941. They agreed to the Atlantic Charter. This document proclaimed the shared goals of the United States and Britain in opposing Hitler and his Allies.

Despite German U-boat attacks on U.S. ships trying to deliver goods under the Lend-Lease Act, isolationists continued to oppose entry into the war.

World affairs and the presidential campaign of 1940World affairs and the presidential campaign of 1940

Wilkie vs. FDRWilkie vs. FDR Wilkie opposed the New Wilkie opposed the New

Deal, but also wanted to help Deal, but also wanted to help Great Britain and the draft.Great Britain and the draft.

Wilkie became reckless in Wilkie became reckless in his attacks and FDR reckless his attacks and FDR reckless in his responces about in his responces about sending the boys to war.sending the boys to war.

FDR won easily but not as FDR won easily but not as large as before.- but 1large as before.- but 1stst president to be elected to president to be elected to three terms.three terms.

Atlantic CharterAtlantic Charter

Meeting of Meeting of Churchill and Churchill and FDR off FDR off Newfoundland. Newfoundland.

Up-to-date version Up-to-date version of Wilson’s 14 of Wilson’s 14 points.points.

Four Freedoms SpeechFour Freedoms Speech

freedom of speechfreedom of speechfreedom of freedom of

religionreligionfreedom from freedom from

wantwantfreedom from fearfreedom from fear

The Lend-Lease Act: America Aids Great Britain 1:36The Lend-Lease Act: America Aids Great Britain 1:36

Preparing for WarPreparing for War

What did the United States do to prepare What did the United States do to prepare for war in 1940 and 1941?for war in 1940 and 1941?

IdentifyIdentify – What was the Lend-Lease Act? – What was the Lend-Lease Act? AnalyzeAnalyze – Do you think Roosevelt should – Do you think Roosevelt should

have made stronger attempts to convince have made stronger attempts to convince isolationists of the need for the U.S. to isolationists of the need for the U.S. to enter the war?enter the war?

Make judgmentsMake judgments – Do you think that the – Do you think that the U.S. should “police a world that chooses to U.S. should “police a world that chooses to follow insane leaders”? Why or Why not?follow insane leaders”? Why or Why not?

The Path to Infamy (03:48)The Path to Infamy (03:48)

Trouble in the Pacific

Japan not the Germans would plunge the U.S. into war.

1940- Japan became a partner of Germany and Italy

Japan’s empire was called “The Greater East Asia Co-Prosperity Sphere”- Japan had taken unprotected French and Dutch lands and British lands and China were also on their list.

Japan wanted to seal off the “Burma Road”- the Allied supply route for China. They did successfully occupy bases in French Indochina

U.S. responds with embargo on all trade with Japan.

All U.S. – Japanese discussions from this point China was the problem. U.S. wants the

Japanese out. The Japanese demand we not support Chiang

Kai-shek in China.

Attack on Pearl HarborAttack on Pearl Harbor

CausesCauses Conflict between Japan and Conflict between Japan and

the United States over French the United States over French IndochinaIndochina

Japan’s alliance with Germany Japan’s alliance with Germany and Italyand Italy

Japan’s prime minister, Hideki Japan’s prime minister, Hideki Tojo, was hostile towards the Tojo, was hostile towards the United States.United States.

EffectsEffects Americans reacted to the news Americans reacted to the news

of the Pearl Harbor attack with of the Pearl Harbor attack with anger and fear.anger and fear.

Californians reported seeing Californians reported seeing submarines off the Pacific submarines off the Pacific coast.coast.

Some Americans feared that Some Americans feared that Japanese Americans would Japanese Americans would assist an invasion of the assist an invasion of the mainland.mainland.

The United States declared The United States declared war on Japan.war on Japan.

Germany and Italy declared Germany and Italy declared war on the United States.war on the United States.

““Day of Infamy”Day of Infamy” The choiceThe choice for the Japanese was limited in

their eyes- Give up the idea of having an empire or go to war with the U.S.- The military leaders of Japan choose war,

October 1941October 1941- General Hideki Tojo came to power

“MagicMagic”- intelligence we received from Japan after breaking the Japanese code. We knew they would attack, but now where. U.S. navy forces put on alert status.

Dec. 7, 1941Dec. 7, 1941- Pearl Harbor. Perfect surprise, and the greatest military disaster in American History- 150 American warplanes, 8 Battleships, 3 Cruisers and 3 destroyers, 70 civilians and 2300 servicemen.

Dec. 8, 1941Dec. 8, 1941- FDR speech to Congress-

Defenses

• U.S military planners believed an attack on Pearl Harbor was possible.

• Forces at the base were unprepared to defend it.

• No single commander was in charge.

• Routine defensive steps were not in place.

The Attack

• On December 7, 1941, the Japanese attacked.

• Aircraft carriers approached the island of Oahu.

• War planes loaded with bombs and torpedoes left the carriers and destroyed American ships and planes.

• The attack lasted 2 hours.

The Attack on Pearl HarborThe Attack on Pearl HarborThe Aftermath

• All 8 battleships were damaged; 4 were sunk.

• Nearly 200 aircraft were destroyed.

• Some 2,400 Americans were dead.

• Japan lost only a handful of submarines and fewer than 30 planes.

Dec. 7, 1941 – 4:25Dec. 7, 1941 – 4:25

Japan Attacks Pear HarborJapan Attacks Pear Harbor

What were the causes and effects of the What were the causes and effects of the Japanese attack at Pearl Harbor?Japanese attack at Pearl Harbor?

RecallRecall – Why was Pearl Harbor targeted – Why was Pearl Harbor targeted by the Japanese?by the Japanese?

ExplainExplain – How were Japanese airplanes – How were Japanese airplanes able to approach Pearl Harbor without able to approach Pearl Harbor without being detected?being detected?

Design-Design- What should have been done to What should have been done to minimize the destruction that occurred minimize the destruction that occurred when the Japanese attacked Pearl Harbor?when the Japanese attacked Pearl Harbor?

Japan Attacks Pear HarborJapan Attacks Pear Harbor

RecallRecall – How long did the Japanese attack – How long did the Japanese attack on Pearl Harbor last?on Pearl Harbor last?

Compare and ContrastCompare and Contrast – List the – List the similarities and differences between the similarities and differences between the attacks on Pearl Harbor on Dec. 7, 1941 attacks on Pearl Harbor on Dec. 7, 1941 and the attacks on the United States on and the attacks on the United States on Sept. 11, 2001?Sept. 11, 2001?

Evaluate - Evaluate - Do you think the Japanese Do you think the Japanese would have dared attack the United States would have dared attack the United States mainland? Why or why not?mainland? Why or why not?