10 mo "n gin v hu ch" trong nhip nh

10 mo "n gin v hu ch" trong nhip nh

Mi mo ny d khng kh hiu v phc tp nhng chc chn s gip bn chp nh p hn.

D bn l mt ngi mi tp tnh chp nh hay l mt tay my nhiu kinh nghim, nhng nguyn tc di y lun cn thit v chc chn s gip ch rt nhiu c mt bc hnh p. Hn l nhiu ngi tng c hoc nghe qua nhng iu ny u , nhng cch p dng chng ra sao cho ng cng l mt vn kh khn. Bi vit ny s c gng gip bn tip cn vi chng mt cch n gin v d hiu nht c th.

1. B cc phn ba

s dng b cc ny, hy tng tng ra 4 ng thng trn khung ngm. Hai ng nm ngang v hai ng nm dc, mi ng v tr 1/3 hoc 2/3 khung hnh. Bn ng ny s chia hnh thnh 9 phn bng nhau. Chng ta s ch ti giao im ca 4 ng ny, hay ni cch khc l 4 nh ca hnh ch nht tm bc nh.

By gi hy t ch th cn chp vo mt trong bn im , ty ca bn. B cc kiu ny rt ph bin, v l mt trong nhng nguyn tc c bn, hay cn gi l t l vng trong hi ha. Mt bc nh c b cc kiu phn ba trng s rt rng ri, phng khong v bt mt. L do l v mt ca chng ta lun quan st, v c n tng v nhng im nm v tr ny trc tin mi khi xem mt tm hnh. D nhin, trong mt vi trng hp, hoc lt t c bit ca tc gi, b cc ch th vo chnh gia tm hnh cng rt p. Tuy nhin, nu l ngi mi lm quen vi nhip nh, tt nht bn nn tp loi b cc phn ba trc tin.

2. Trnh lm rung my nh

Rung my l iu ti t m bt c tay my no d nghip d hay chuyn nghip cng u b m nh. iu ny xy ra do rt nhiu l do, c th l do phi sng lu, cng c th do cc tc ng vt l khch quan t mi trng bn ngoi, cng c nhiu ngi do hi hp nn b run tay. Nhng tt c u c mt im chung l s cho ra cc bc nh nhe nhot, rt lng ph.

kim sot s c ng tic ny, trc tin bn cn tp cho mnh thi quen cm nm chc chn. Cm my vng vng bng c hai tay, mt tay nm chc phn body c grip, tay cn li t di gi lens, nh l tay ny t cng gn body cng tt cho my c thng bng nht. Th hai, bn phi nm chc s ha hp gia khu v tc. Trong mt s trng hp thiu sng, nu khu m qu nh, my s t ng chnh thi gian ng mn trp lu, khin cho nh d b nhe. Cui cng, bn phi lu cc lens tele rt d b rung, k c khi c IS hoc VR. V d, khi dng lens 100mm, phi m bo rng tc khng c qu 1/100s. Tt nht, nu c iu kin, hay sm cho mnh mt chic tripod, hoc tn dng cc vn bt ng nh thn cy, hoc b tng lm im ta.

3. Lut Sunny 16

ng nh tn gi ca mnh, lut ny ch nn p dng khi bn chp ngoi cnh trong iu kin tri nng p. Nu gp trng hp ny, hy thit lp m khu f/16 v tc 1/100s chp (ISO t mc 100). Trng a s trng hp, nh cho ra s rt nt, sng p va , khng b chy cng khng b ti. Mo ny c cc nhip nh gia p dng t rt lu vi loi my phim, vn khng c mn hnh LCD xem li nh, v cng khng c ch o sng hin i nh cc my DSLR hin nay.

4. S dng knh lc phn cc

Nu iu kin ti chnh ca bn khng ly g lm d d, v ch mua mt chic knh lc duy nht, th hy ngh ngay n knh phn cc (polarizer filter). Loi ny gip nh tr nn m mu hn, v gim bt phn x nh sng ca mt nc, cy c,c bit l kim loi v knh. Bn s thy mu ca bu tri v tn l tr nn xanh, v gn vi mu tht hn. Ngoi ra, chic knh lc ny cn gip bo v chic ng knh t tin ca bn khi try xc, v cc tia sng mt tri qu mnh. Loi knh lc ny kh ph thng, v bn c th gn n thng trc trn lens trong mi hon cnh, nh l khi phi t ch o sng l Auto Expose.

5. To su cho nh

Nu bn ang hoc sp chp nh phong cnh th hy c bit lu tm ti iu ny, v n kh d p dng nhng li to hiu qu rt cao. Hy s dng mt lens gc rng, vi khu t mc f/16 hoc nh hn m bo bc nh c vng ly nt su, v to lin mch gia tin cnh v hu cnh. Nu l chp ngi th hy t ngi chp nm tin cnh, nhm to c im nhn, cng nh gip ngi xem so snh c kch c, khong cch gia cc vng trong tm hnh. Nu tri khng sng, hy c gia f/16 v s dng tripod khi b rung.

6. S dng hu cnh n gin

Bn ng qu phc tp ha nhip nh, i khi nhng iu tng chng n gin nht li lun mang n hiu qu cao nht. ng qu m m, v nhi nht mi th p xung quanh bn vo mt tm hnh, hy chn ra cho mnh ch th v t n lm im nhn. Sau , tm mt gc chp thch hp phn hu cnh pha sau cng n gin, ri rm cng tt. N s gip bc nh ca bn trng d nhn hn, cng nh lm ni bt iu bn un th hin. Nh l hu cnh nn c mu sc hi ha, trung tnh, trnh cc mu rc r, ni bt, v ch th nn nm theo b cc phn ba, ng b ri vo gia tm hnh l p nht.

7. ng s dng Flash trong nh

Chp nh trong phng th thng b thiu sng, v nhiu ngi ngh ngay n vic bt flash nh mt gii php cu cnh. Tuy nhin, i khi nh n flash li gy ra nhng hu qu khng mong mun, nht l vi nh chn dung. Nu bn khng iu tit c sng nh n, ch th rt d b chy sng, v mu sc cng o hn bnh thng. V vy, nu khng c mt chic Flash chuyn dng, tt nht hy hn ch dng Flash cc.

Bn c th khai thc cc ngun sng xung quanh ti a gii quyt vn ny. Hy m cc ca s, di chuyn ch th n nhng ni gn nh n in, hoc n gin nht l tng ISO v m khu. Thng th ISO t 800 n 1600 l p nht khi chp trong nh, nh s sng va , v hn ch tnh trng b nhiu sn. Nu c th hy s dng tripod v tng thi gian phi sng cng l mt hay.

8. Chn ISO hp l

ISO chnh l nhy sng ca my nh. Thng s ny cng cao th nh cng sng, tuy nhin n cng l con dao hai li khi cng lc sn cng tng theo. Chn ISO phi cn c theo tnh hnh thc t, nu bn cm thy khng sng, hy tng ISO t 400 cho ti 3200 chn c mc hp l nht, m khng b sn qu mc. Cn trong iu kin sng, hoc chp ngoi cnh th ISO 100 hoc uto u c.

9. Lia my

Chp lia my, hay cn gi l panning l mt k thut tng i kh p dng. Bn nn s dng thao tc ny khi chp cc vt chuyn ng nhanh, v cn bt nt chng. lm iu ny, hy chnh tc mn trp xung 2 nc so vi bnh thng, v d nh trong hon cnh bn ang chp vi tc 1/250s th hy chnh xung cn 1/60s. Sau , kha nt vo vt ang chuyn ng cn chp, t t lia my theo hng song song vi ch th, v nht nt chp. Ni c v n gin nhng bn cn thc hnh rt nhiu mi c th thnh tho c.

10. ng ngi th nghim

Trm hay khng bng tay quen, vi vic chp nh cng vy, ng tic dung lng th nh hay mt vi cun phim, hy c mnh dn th nghim nhng iu m bn thch, ri mt ngy bn s tm ra phong cch v cc k thut chp cho ring mnh. Vi tc mn trp chng hn, khi chp trong iu kin ti, hy t tc ln mc cao nht c th, v d nh 4s, bn s c mt bc nh phi sng tuyt p. Cng vi iu kin y, nu 1/250s, bc nh s hon ton khc, vi cc vt th chuyn ng s c ti to theo mt cch khc.

10 IU C BN CN BIT V MY NH DSLR

1. iu chnh ch chp (MODE)

DSLR c nhiu ch chp, ngoi cc ch t ng hon ton nh full auto nu trn, cn c cc ch bn t ng v th cng hon ton.- M (manual): Th cng hon ton. Ngi chp iu chnh tc chp, khu m, nhy bt sng ISO v cc yu t khc.- A, Av (aperture priority): Ngi chp iu chnh khu m, my iu chnh tc ca chp da vo o sng t ng.- S, Tv (speed priority): Ngi chp iu chnh tc ca chp, my iu chnh khu m da vo o sng t ng.- P (program): My t iu chnh khu m v tc ca chp da vo o sng t ng, nhng cho php ngi chp chuyn i cc t hp tc v khu khc nhau.Nhim v 1: Tm cch chuyn cc ch chp sang M, A/Av, S/Tv, P trn my ca bn.- chuyn t ch chp n sang ch chp kia phi nhn/gi nt no? Xoay bnh xe no?- iu chnh khu m A ch no?- iu chnh tc ca chp S, phi lm g?- Xoay bnh xe no iu chnh t hp khu/tc ch P?

2. iu chnh nhy bt sng ISO (ISO setting)

DSLR cho php bn iu chnh nhy bt sng ISO ca cm bin. nhy bt sng cao gip bn chp nh vi tc ca chp cao trong iu kin nh sng yu gim nguy c rung tay my, nhng ISO cng cao th kh nng nh b nhiu cng tng (kh nng qun l nhiu ISO ty vo tng loi my).Nhiu my nh DSLR cho php ngi chp ci t ISO t ng (my t iu chnh) hoc th cng hon ton (ngi chp iu chnh), v cho php t gii hn ISO cao nht hay thp nht theo mong mun.Nhim v 2: Tm hiu bit c- iu chnh ISO ch no?- ISO hin t ng (auto ISO) hay th cng?- My c cho php t gii hn ISO cao nht v thp nht khng? ch no trn my?- Nhn hoc/v gi nt no? Xoay bnh xe no iu chnh ISO mt cch nhanh nht?

3. iu chnh ch o sng (Metering mode)

DSLR c nhiu ch o sng. Thng thng c 3 ch :1. o sng ton khun hnh (matrix/evaluative): My o sng ton b khun hnh, sau tnh ton v a ra gi tr phi sng ti u. S dng ch ny khi mi khu vc trong nh c tm quan trng gn nh nhau v nh sng v khng u tin mt khu vc no nht nh.2. o sng trung tm: (center-weighted): My o sng khu vc trung tm ca khun hnh, sau cn nhc thm cc khu vc bn ngoi v a ra gi tr phi sng. S dng ch o sng ny nu mun u tin nh sng khu vc trung tm ca bc nh.3. o sng mt im (single area/spot metering): My o sng ti im ngi chp ch nh (thng trng vi im cn nt chnh). S dng ch ny khi chp nh trong iu kin nh sng phc tp, c khc bit ln gia nh sng ca ch th mun chp v hu cnh xung quanh.Nhim v 3: Tm hiu cch chuyn ch o sng trn my.- My ang ch o sng no?- Cn nhn nt no? Vo menu no? chuyn sang cc ch o sng khc

4. iu chnh ch cn nt t ng (Auto focus)

DSLR c nhiu ch cn nt t ng v cc khu vc, im cn nt khc nhau. Ngoi ra, ngi chp cng c th chuyn qua li gia cc ch cn nt th cng v cn nt t ng. Thng c cc ch cn nt sau:- Cn nt tnh (single area / one shot / AF-S): Cn nt cc ch th tnh c kt hp vi im cn nt- Cn nt lin tc (continuos / AI servo / AF-C): Cn nt cc ch th chuyn ng, my cn nt lin tc theo di chuyn ca ch th.- Cn nt t ng hon ton (AF-A, AI Focus AF): Cn nt ch th tnh v chuyn ng, my chuyn ch t cn nt tnh sang cn nt lin tc nu ch th chuyn ng.Cc khu vc cn nt:- Cn nt mt im (single point / manual AF point): Cn nt mt im theo im cn nt m ngi chp t trn my. S dng ch ny nu mun lm ch hon ton im cn nt bng cch la chn im cn nt trong khun hnh.- Cn nt khu vc ng (dynamic / AF point expansion): My t ng cn nt theo im cn nt ngi chp t trn my, nhng khi ch th chuyn ng, my s cn nt li trong phm vi khu vc xung quanh im cn nt la chn.- Cn nt khu vc t ng: My t ng hon ton trong vic la chn im cn nt, thng thng l cc im gn my hn v u tin cc im gia khun hnh.Nhim v 4: Tm hiu cch t cc ch cn nt trn my.- My ang ch cn nt tnh hay lin tc?- Nt hay menu no dng iu chnh ch cn nt?- Nt/nt a chiu hoc/v bnh xe no dng iu chnh v tr im cn nt trong khun hnh?- C th ci dt nt chc nng tip cn nhanh trong iu chnh ch cn nt hay khng?

5. iu chnh b tr sng v chp nhm nh (Exposure compensation & Bracketing)

Mt trong nhng khc bit ln nht ca my nh DSLR vi my nh chp phim th cng hon ton l chc nng b (cng) tr sng theo ch o sng t ng. Chc nng ny kt hp vi chc nng chp mt nhm nhiu nh (3, 5, 7 hoc hn ty tng my) c chnh sng vi nhau theo ci t ca ngi chp, bo m kt qu c c mt hoc nhiu bc nh ng sng v c nh sng p.5a. B tr sng (Exposure compensation)B tr sng t ng l chc nng quan trng mi ngi chi DSLR cn nm vng v bit cch iu chnh. Khi t b tr sng, sau khi my o sng t ng s cng hoc tr gi tr phi sng theo ci t b tr sng ca ngi chp. B tr sng cc ch bn t ng:- Khi ang ch u tin khu (A/Av), ngi chp t khu m v my o sng ri iu chnh tc ca chp ph hp vi nh sng o c (my gi nguyn khu c t trc v iu chnh tc ca chp). Nu ngi dng bt chc nng b tr sng, my cn a vo cng thc iu chnh gi tr b tr ang ci t, nh cng 0.3, 0.7, 1.0, v.v khu hoc tr 0.3, 0.7, 1.0, v.v khu, tc gim hoc tng tc ca chp b sung vo tnh ton ca chp sau khi o sng t ng.- Khi ang ch u tin tc (S/Tv), ngi chp t tc ca chp v my o sng ri iu chnh khu m ph hp vi nh sng o c (my gi nguyn tc c t trc v iu chnh khu m ca ng knh). Nu ngi dng bt chc nng b tr sng, my cn a vo cng thc iu chnh gi tr b tr ang ci t, nh cng 0.3, 0.7, 1.0, v.v khu hoc tr 0.3, 0.7, 1.0, v.v khu, tc m hoc khp khu thm b sung vo tnh ton ca chp sau khi o sng t ng.- Nu trn my ang t ch ISO t ng (Auto ISO), khi b tr sng, my cn nhc tng gim ISO trong phm vi cc gii hn ISO m ngi t ci, cng nh tnh ton gim ti a hin tng rung tay my.Nhim v 5a: Tm hiu ci t b tr sng- Tm hiu cc nt, vng v bnh xe no trn my c s dng b tr sng (thng k hiu du cng tr [+/-]?- Tm cch cng sng v tr sng bng cch nhn/gi nt no, xoay bnh xe no?- Tm hiu xem my ang t ch ISO no? Gii hn cao nht hoc/v thp nht ISO t ng ang ci t?- Tm hiu bc tng gim ang ci t b tr sng ang l 0.3, 0.7 hay 1.0 khu?5b. Chp nhm nh chnh sng (bracketing)Vi chc nng b tr sng t ng (5a), my DSLR cn thng cho php chp lin tc nhiu kiu nh vi gi tr chnh sng da vo gi tr b tr sng ci t trn my. V d: My t b tr sng vi bc b tr l 1.0 khu, v chp 3 kiu lin tc (bracketing), my s chp 1 kiu ng nh gi tr o sng t ng, 1 kiu tr 1.0 khu v mt kiu cng 1.0 khu. Th t cc kiu nh chnh sng ny ty thuc ngi chp ci t. iu ny gip ngi chp c c t nht 1 kt qu nh sng mong mun nu khi chp cha chc chn o sng t ng hon ton chnh xc.Nhim v 5b: Tm hiu chp nhm nh chnh sng (bracketing)- Tm nt bt hay menu no dng bt/tt chc nng bracketing?- Tm cch ci t v iu chnh bc chnh sng (thng l 0.3, 0.7 hay 1.0 khu) b tr ch no trn my?- Tm cch t s lng nh chp lin tc bracketing?- Tm cch t th t nh chnh sng l ng o sng > cng sng > tr sng? Hay th t no? v tm cch iu chnh.

6. iu chnh cn bng trng (White balance)

Khc vi my nh c th cng chp phim vi vic loi phim quyt nh phn ln mu sc ca nh, s dng my nh DSLR ngi chp cn cn bit cch cn bng trng (white balance / WB) nh phn nh trung thc mu sc ch th trn thc t, cng nh s dng chc nng ny mt cch sng to to ra mu sc khc thng cho bc nh.Cn bng trng, ni ngn gn, l ci t my nh DSLR hiu c th no l mu trng, t qui i chnh xc cc mu sc khc.Nhim v 6: Tp iu chnh cn bng trng.- Tm cc nt hoc/v cc bnh xe, vng iu khin iu chnh cn bng trng trn my nh. Nt ny thng c k hiu WB (white balance).- Tm cch iu chnh cn bng trng theo cc ch mc nh: T ng cn bng trng (auto WB), theo nh sng ngoi tri nng, c my, trong bng rm, trong nh, di nh sng n tup (n hunh quang), n (dy tc).- Tm hiu cch cn bng trng bng nhit mu Kelvin (K). Ghi ch: nh sng mi trng chp nh cng ng xanh lam th cng cn t nhit mu Kelvin cao phn nh ng mu trng trong nh, v mi trng c nh sng cng th cn t nhit mu cng thp.- Tm hiu cch ci t mc nh cn bng trng (PRE/Custom) bng tm xm (gray card) hoc tm ba trng.

7. Cht lng / kch c nh v nh dng nh (Quality)

DSLR cho php chp nh vi cht lng v kch c, cng nh nh dng khc nhau. nh dng ph bin nht l JPEG, cn c gi l nh dng nh nn c mt d liu v nh dng nh th vi y d liu m cm bin thu v. Vi nh dng JPEG, my nh DSLR cn c nhiu ci t hu x l nh trc khi nn nh thnh JPEG nh iu chnh mu sc, sc s ca bc nh hay chuyn nh mu thnh nh en trng, nh gam vng gi c, v.vNhim v 7: Ci t kch c v nh dng nh.- Tm cch t cc kch c nh to nh khc nhau- Tm cch ci t nh dng nn JPEG hay nh th (RAW/NEF/CRW/CR2, v.v) hoc chp v lu kt hp 2 nh dng cng lc- Tm hiu xem mi nh dng th kch c tp nh trung bnh ln bao nhiu MB, tnh ton xem th nh (v d 8GB) c th cha c bao nhiu nh cc kch c nht nh).

8. nh gi nh sng ca nh (Analyzing exposure values)

My nh s ni chung v DSLR ni ring l cng c tuyt vi hc chp nh bi kh nng c th ghi nh cc thng s nh chp v cho php xem li nh va chp ngay lp tc rt kinh nghim cho cc kiu chp sau . iu ny ch c th thc hin c nu ngi chp bit nh gi bc nh qua cc cng c m DSLR mang li. C 3 mn hnh hin th quan trng trn DSLR m ngi chp cn tm hiu l:- Mn hnh thng bo chi tit nh (details): Thng bo bc nh chp tiu c no, khu v tc no, ISO t l bao nhiu, v nhiu thng tin chi tit khc.- Mn hnh thng bo cc khu vc qu sng trn nh (highlights): y l khu vc qu sng mt ht ton b chi tit (ch cn mu trng). Cc khu vc ny s nhp nhy trn mn hnh LCD khi xem nh, gip ngi chp iu chnh li gi tr phi sng nu cn thit.- Biu nh sng Histogram: L mt hoc nhiu (thng l 4) biu thng bo din tch cc khu vc cc cng nh sng khc nhau. Thng c 1 biu nh sng chung ca bc nh v 3 biu cho mi knh mu trong h mu RGB ( lc lam). Hiu c biu nh sng biu din nh th no gip ngi chp kp thi iu chnh gi tr phi sng (ISO, tc v khu ) nh p hn.Nhim v 8: Tm hiu cc chc nng hin th thng tin nh nh gi tm nh.- Tm cch bt mn hnh thng tin chi tit nh v tm hiu cc thut ng (thng bng ting Anh) v cc thng s khc nhau.- Tm cch bt ch thng bo vng nh qu sng (highlights) v quan st cc khu vc thng bo nhp nhy trn nh.- Tm hiu cch bt biu nh sng histogram v ngha ca cc biu ny.

9. ng knh v knh lc (Lenses & Filters)S dng knh lc phn cc CPL v knh lc ct/gim sng ND chp thc ncDSLR l my nh gn ng knh ri. s dng ng knh mt cch hiu qu v ph hp cho th loi nh mun chp, cn tm hiu cc tnh nng v cch s dng ng knh ri.Cc c im thng thy ng knh: Tiu c ca ng knh, ng knh c nh v ng knh c zoom, ng knh c khu m ti a c nh v khu m ti a thay i, ng knh c m-t cn nt bn trong ng knh v ng knh khng c m-t cn nt bn trong, ng knh c chc nng cn nt t ng hoc/v th cng, ng knh c chng rung, v.vng knh cng thng c s dng vi cc knh lc phc v nhiu mc ch nh bo v ng knh, to mu, to hiu ng tia sng hnh sao, chp tri my, chp vi tc chm (gi nm na l phi sng) trong iu kin anh sng mnh, v.vNhim v 9: Tm hiu v s dng ng knh v knh lc cc loi.- Tiu c ca ng knh l bao nhiu (tnh bng mi-li-mt / mm) ? Nu thn my ca bn l thn my gn cm bin cp nh th tiu c qui i ra l bao nhiu?- ng knh c zoom (ko ra vo thay i khun hnh) hay ng knh c nh?- ng knh c khu m ti a l bao nhiu (ch s f)? Khu m ny c nh hay thay i khi zoom ra vo?- ng knh c chc nng cn nt t ng hay khng? Ly no chuyn i gia cn nt t ng v th cng bng tay?- Nu ng knh c vng iu chnh khu m (aperture ring) cn xoay ng knh ti khu m no c th iu chnh khu trn thn my?- ng knh c chng rung (VR/VC/IS, v.v..) hay khng? Cch no bt bt ch chng rung? Chng rung c tc dng gim rung tc ca chp no?- Knh lc UV ca hng no c cht lng tt?- Knh lc C.P.L, ND, v.v.. l g? Dng lm g?10. n nh, n chp (Flash)nh n flash ri ngoi triDLSR thng c n flash gn trn nc my (n cc) v u c th s dng kt hp vi cc loi n ri tng hiu qu nh sng. s dng n hiu qu, cn bit c mt s tnh nng v cch iu khin n:Nhim v 10: S dng n.- Tm nt bt n cc- Tm menu iu chnh ch n cc TTL/iTTL/eTTL hay ch th cng.- Tm hiu ci t cc ch n (gi nt no? Xoay bnh xe no?) chuyn ch n chng mt , ch n n mnh sau.- Tm menu t n cc lm n kch n khng dy mt hay nhiu n ri theo knh v nhm n.- Tm hiu nt hoc/v bnh xe b tr cng n

ngha cc nt bm v ty chn trn my nh DSLR

Auto (T ng): My nh thit lp tt c mi th, bn ch cn t ch ny, ngm v chp. c s dng cho nh chp nhanh, ngi dng khng mun b lm phin vi cc chi tit hoc khng cn ti cc tinh chnh t hiu qu chp theo mun. hu ht cc model my nh khi c t ch ny s c n h tr ly nt t ng (AF) nu cn thit, ngha l nu cnh chp c nh sng th s khng nhy n. My nh cng t la chn cc im ly nt t ng v thng ly nt vo ch th gn nht. K hiu ny thng c trn cc my nh DSLR Nikon, v thay i (nh cp trn) vi cc thng hiu my nh khc: .

Program (Chng trnh): Ch bn t ng vi cc chng trnh lp sn, my ch cho php ngi dng iu chnh mt s t tnh nng h tr thm nh nh sng, n flash, khu , tc mn trp khi iu kin chp thc t i hi. Bn c th kt hp cc thay i khu v tc mn trp m my nh chn bng cch quay thm bnh xe iu chnh thng s.

Shutter Priority (u tin mn trp, u tin tc ): Ch ny thch hp chp cc ch th di chuyn vi tc cao, cho php ngi cm my kim sot tc chp (tc mn trp), my s tnh ton thng s khu ca ng knh t c sng cn thit. Tc ca trp c tnh bng mt phn ca giy ng h (v d 1/4000, 30 giy), tc ca trp cng chm th thi gian phi sng ca cm bin trn my nh cng nhiu, dn ti nh cng sng. K hiu S ny thng c s dng trn my nh ca Nikon, Minolta, Konica Minolta, Sony, Olympus, Sigma, cn trn my nh Canon, Pentax, Leica thng c k hiu l (time value).

Aperture Priority (u tin khu ): i lp vi ch u tin mn trp, ch ny cho php ngi dng kim sot khu ( m ca ng knh), trong khi my thit lp tc mn trp. Khu m cng ln th lung nh sng lt qua l iu tit nh sng (aperture) cng nhiu lm nh cng sng. Khu m c tnh bng ch s f/stop, v d f/1.4, f/2.8, f/8 hay f/32; ch s ny cng nh th khu m cng ln v ngc li. Ch ny thch hp khi cn lm ni bt ch th; cc i tng khc cng nh hu cnh c lm m. K hiu ch A ny xut hin trn my nh Nikon, Sony, Olympus v c k hiu l trn my nh Canon, Pentax, Leica.

Manual (Chnh tay hon ton): Ngi dng c th hon ton ty s dng tt c cc nt chc nng ca my thit lp cc thng s nh tc chp, m ca ng knh, nh sng... t cc hiu ng chp mong mun. Ch ny thch hp vi nhng ngi dng chuyn nghip, bit cch tnh ton cc thng s c c bc nh vi nhng gc chp m mn.

Night Portrait (Chn dung ban m): S dng tc mn trp chm vi n flash, cn bng gia hai yu t ny nh chp chn dung vo ban m trng t nhin khi chp vi n flash. C th s dng ly nt AF i tng gn nht. Nn s dng chn my (tripod) trnh hin tng m nh.

Macro (Chp gn): Nikon gi ch ny l Close up. ch ny, cc mu v xanh l c nng m ln, my nh s t ng la chn im ly nt trung tm, ngi dng c th chn ly nt thm nhng im khc nu my nh c h tr tnh nng Multi-Selector. n flash s t ng bt ln khi nh sng yu. Nn s dng chn my khi chp ch ny.

Sport (Th thao): S dng tc mn trp cao hn, my nh s chuyn sang ly nt lin tc khi nt chp c nhn xung na chng, theo di i tng ly nt khu vc ly nt trung tm. Nu ch th ri khi khu vc trung tm AF, my nh s di theo v nh gi im ly nt t cc vng ly nt khc. My nh c th h tr ngi dng chn vng ly nt mong mun. C n flash v n h tr ly nt u trng thi tt khi s dng ch ny. Thch hp chp cc s kin th thao hoc chuyn ng nhanh.

Child (Tr em): Ch ny tng cng sc nt v bo ha cho qun o v cc chi tit nn, nhng lm cho tng mu da mm mi v trng t nhin. n flash s bt ln nu nh sng qu m nht. Thch hp chp tr em

Landscape (Cnh quan): Tng bo ha mu sc, tng phn v sc nt cho bc nh phong cnh thnh ph hoc ni rng. My s s dng ly nt AF im gn nht, n flash v n h tr AF c tt trong ch ny.

Portrait (Chn dung): iu chnh khu ng knh lm mm cc chi tit nn nhm gip ch th chnh ni bt r rng hn. sc nt v bo ha mu sc c kim duyt mt cht, mang li tng mu da mm mi v trng t nhin hn. n flash s bt ln nu nh sng qu m nht.

Scene (Cnh), cn c k hiu l : Truy cp ti cc ch mc cnh (cnh nh sn) trn my nh m mode dial khng ch ghi ht. Khi chn ch ny, my nh s hin th danh sch cc ch mc cnh m my cung cp ln mn hnh bn chn. Mt s my nh ch cung cp vi cnh nh sn, nhng cng c nhiu my nh cao cp cho bn ti vi chc cnh khc nhau. Cc cnh nh sn thng dng gm: Night Landscape (phong cnh ban m), Party/Indoor (chp tic tng/ trong nh), Beach/Snow (chp bi bin/tuyt), Sunset (chp hong hn), Dusk/Dawn (chp bnh minh), Pet Portraits (chp th cng), Blossom (chp hoa), Autumn Colors (chp phong cnh ma thu), Food (chp thc n), Silhouette (chp ngc sng, to bng en trn nn cnh), High Key (chp nh d sng vi ch mt vi chi tit trong nh c ni ln), Low Key (chp vi nn cnh mu ti, ni bt ch th)...

Auto Flash Off (tt n flash): Trong ch ny, phi sng t ng nhng flash b v hiu ha, v my nh s t thay i cc mc ISO ty thuc ngun sng ca khung cnh xung quanh. n h tr ly nt AF s c bt nu cn thit, v my nh la chn im AF vi ch th gn nht. Ch ny rt tt khi chp nh trong bo tng hoc nhng ni m n flash khng c php, trng s t nhin hn nh chp trong nh.

Scene Intelligent Automatic (chn khung cnh thng minh): l ch b sung/thay th cho ch t ng hon ton (Full Auto), trong ngoi vic my nh c th t thit lp cc thng s phi sng, tc , cn c thm ch Picture Styles, ngha l my c th t ng la chn mt cch thng minh cc ch mc cnh c sn trong my mt cnh ph hp nht vi hon cnh chp xung quanh. Ch ny khc vi ch Scene hoc SCN ch my s thay bn chn cnh mt cch t ng, ch khng phi bn t thit lp cnh chp. Trn my nh Sony, ch ny c k hiu l Intelligent Auto: Creative Auto Mode (ch sng to t ng): K hiu ny thng thy trn my nh Canon, mt ch phi sng mi, c tc dng tng ng nh ch P c m rng. Khi thit lp my ch CA, my nh cho php ngi dng iu chnh kiu chp (picture style), thng s phi sng, la chn nh dng file RAW hay JPEG, nhng phn ln cc ty chn khc vn l t ng. Mn hnh LCD s hin th cc thng tin/hng dn cho mi phn thng s cn iu chnh, chng hn nh nhc ngi dng xem c mun lm m phng nn khng, hoc c mun lm cho hnh nh ti hn/sng hn khng

Bulb (Bng n): ch chp nh di bng n, c trn my nh Canon. Trong ch ny, mn trp c gi trng thi m chng no ngi dng cn nhn nt mn trp. iu ny rt hu ch khi cn phi sng lu nh cnh m, pho hoa, chp thin thch, bu tri m. Khi t ch ny, mn hnh LCD s hin th pha trn thng s v khong thi gian tri qua, trong sut qu trnh phi sng. Ngi dng nn s dng thm iu khin t xa hoc hn gi khi chp ch ny.

INCLUDEPICTURE "http://vnreview.vn/image/12/64/126491.jpg" \* MERGEFORMATINET

INCLUDEPICTURE "http://vnreview.vn/image/12/64/126495.jpg" \* MERGEFORMATINET Camera User Settings (ch do ngi dng ci t, cn gi l Custom): Cho php bn ghi li mt s ci t c nhn truy cp nhanh khi cn, thng thy trn my nh ca Canon. Ty theo tng model my m bn s ch c mt, hai, hay c ba nt ny; nu c mt nt th ch ghi l C. Trn my nh ca Nikon, bn c th thy cc nt tng ng c k hiu l U1, U2, U3; mt s dng my khc c th ch ghi 1, 2, 3. Cc nt ny rt hu ch khi bn chp mt s kin vi nhiu ngun nh sng khc nhau, chng hn nh mt m ci, cc ch ty chnh ny s cho php bn ci t my nh cho cc iu kin chp c th v sau d dng chuyn i gia cc ch mt cch nhanh chng. Bn c th lu hu ht cc ty chn ch chp ca my nh vo cc nt ny. thc hin ci t thng s cho cc nt ny, bn truy cp vo menu Camera User Setting.

Playback (Ch pht li): cho php xem li cc nh v video chp, sa v xa chng nu mun. Km theo ch ny cn c mt ty chn Info cho php ngi dng hin th cc thng tin v bc nh chp, gm chp iu kin phi sng nh th no, tc , khu no

Automatic Depth of Field AE (chn su trng nh t ng): dng chp mt nhm nhiu ngi, hoc chp cnh vt m c nhiu chi tit pha tin cnh, hoc cc ch m c nhiu yu t cn quan tm v cc khong cch khc nhau so vi my nh. Khi thit lp ch ny, my nh s kim sot tc mn trp v cc gi tr khu , cn bn c th iu chnh cc thng s khc. Lu l ch ny khng th s dng c nu ng knh ly nt ang t ch ly nt bng tay (MF-Manual Focus). My nh s s dng h thng t ng ly nt o khong cch ca cc i tng nm trong cc vng ly nt t ng m my h tr, sau s thit lp mt khong cch ly nt xc nh v khu ng knh tng ng lm cho tt c cc i tng u sc nt.

Movie Recording (Ch quay phim): Khi ch Movie c chn, gng lt v mn trp ca my nh m nh trong ch Live View, v my thc hin quay/dng quay phim khi bn nhn nt mn trp. mt s my nh mi, nt quay phim khng nm trn mode dial m c thit k thnh mt nt ring, thng l mt nt trn vi chm gia, cho php ngi dng truy cp nhanh ti chc nng quay phim. Lc ny, nhn nt quay phim th my s lp tc quay phim, dng quay bng cch nhn nt quay mt ln na. Cc my nh s cao cp s cho php va quay phim va ly nt, zoom trong lc quay, tuy nhin vn c nhiu my khng h tr kh nng ny. Nu mun s dng chc nng quay phim thng xuyn, bn nn chn nhng my nh c h tr microphone ngoi tng cht lng m thanh ca video.

Sweep Panorama (chp ton cnh): Ch cho php chp lin tip nhiu nh khi ngi dng nhn gi nt chp v lia my theo chiu ngang, sau cc nh chp c s c ni vi nhau thnh mt kiu nh duy nht v mang li mt bc nh ton cnh vi b rng rt ln m mt bc nh thng thng khng th thu ht c. Vic ly nt cng nh phi sng c kha ngay t khung hnh u tin.

3D Sweep Panorama (chp ton cnh 3D). Tng t nh ch Sweep Panorama, nhng sau khi chp mt lot nh, cc nh s c chia ra hai phn nhn bng mt tri v mt phi, sau kt hp trong mt bc nh duy nht nh dng .MPO file v ngi dng c th nhn thy su ca nh.

Anti Motion Blur (Chng m): cho php chp lin tip nhiu nh trong mt ln nhn nt chp, my s t iu chnh nhy sng hoc tc mn trp v chng nhe m cho nh. Cc nh chp c s c t ng phn tch chn ra nh c cht lng tt nht.

Picture Effect (Hiu ng nh): Cho php ngi dng la chn cc hiu ng khc nhau cho nh chp, v d nh chp nh en trng, nh hoi c, chp High Key, Low Key Bn s thy k hiu ny trn my nh Sony, mt s my nh khc nh Nikon s dng nt Effects: .

Motion Snapshot (chp nh chuyn ng): c trn mt s my nh i mi ca Nikon. Khi ngi dng nhn nt chp, my s chp mt bc nh tnh v quay mt on video khong mt giy bt u trc v kt thc sau thi gian nt chp c n. Phim c ghi trong ch Motion Snapshot c chiu li trn my nh trong ch pht li chm. Vi ch pht li chm khong 0.4 x tc bnh thng ca on phim v hnh, Motion Snapshot cho php ngi dng din t nhng khonh khc n tng cho thy s thay i chm ri trong cch trnh by, cnh l ri t trn cy, hoc cnh thay i trong t nhin.

Smart Photo Selector (la chn nh thng minh): c trn mt s my nh Nikon, tng t nh ch Anti Motion Blur ca my nh Sony trn hoc ch Smart Auto ca mt s nh sn xut khc. iu c bit l my nh Nikon s chp lin tip nhiu khung hnh khc nhau khi bn nhn nh nt chp, sau s chn ra khong 5 nh tt nht v lu chng li thnh mt nhm trn nt xem li, sau bn s t tay la chn 1 nh p nht, cc nh cn li s b xa i.

Still Image (chp nh tnh): Nt chp nh tiu chun, cho php bn chn trong menu nhng ch chp thch hp nh Scene Auto Selector, Program, Shutter-priority, Aperture-priority, Manual Nh vy, nu c nt ny th bn s khng truy cp nhanh c ti cc ch chp m phi qua vi thao tc na. Thng cc my nh compact s c nt ny.

Guide: cho php truy cp ti cc ty chn Record, Playback v Setup trong my nh Nikon. Ngi dng c nhc nh la chn chp nh tnh hay video, sau my cung cp cc gi v thit lp thng s. Vi mi la chn ca ngi dng, my nh u cung cp nhng thng tin gii thch nhng hiu ng s xy ra nu la chn thit lp , km theo mt nh nh minh ha.

Continuous Advance Priority AE (chp lin tip): Cho php chp lin tip tc cao nht l 10 khung hnh/giy m my h tr. Khi chn ch ny, khu ng knh c c nh m ln nht v nhy sng ISO c chn t ng.B quyt cn chnh cc thng s my nh

Nguyn nhn gy ra hnh nh m?Chng ta hy bt u bng vic tho lun xem ci g gy ra hin tng m, nhe, nhiu trn nh chp. Thng thng y l nhng nt m nhe khng mong mun v khng lin quan ti vic ly nt ca bn (tc l bn c tnh to ra hiu ng m trn nh khi thay i i tng ly nt), m thng l do chuyn ng gy ra: mt l do my nh ca bn dch chuyn, hai l i tng chp dch chuyn, hoc l c hai.

Mt gii php cho vn ny l t my nh c nh, v d nh s dng chn my, t trn bn, phin hay bt c th g c th gip my c n nh. Tuy nhin, nu i tng chp chuyn ng th d c chn my cng khng loi b c m nhe. loi b m nhe gy ra bi chuyn ng ca ch th v my nh, bn ch c cch l chp nh nhanh hn. Nu bn c th khin my nh ca bn gim thi gian cn thit chp c mt bc nh th c ngha l c t thi gian hn i tng/my nh di chuyn. Kt qu l hnh nh sc nt hn.

V vy, loi b m, chng ta cn phi s dng tc chp nhanh hn. hiu lm th no tng tc chp, chng ta cn phi hiu mt cht v vic lm th no mt my nh ly nh sng khi chp nh.

C ch phi sng ca my nhTt c cc my nh k thut s u tch hp sn mt cng c o sng gip my nh chp c mt hnh nh c phi sng tt (tc l khng qu ti, khng qu sng). Trc khi bn c mt shot hnh, cng c o sng ca my nh s xem xt cnh vt m bn ang nh chp v o xem lng nh sng xung quanh ang mc no. Sau khi nm c bao nhiu nh sng l cn thit chp c bc nh va sng, my nh ca bn c th iu chnh 3 thng s trn my, gm tc mn trp, khu ng knh v thit lp ISO, cho ra ch s nh sng thch hp.

Tc mn trpTrc y cc my nh c s dng mt mnh kim loi nm gia ng knh v cm bin cn gi l "mn trp c hc" - chn nh sng. Khi bn nhn nt chp chp nh, mn trp m ra v cho php nh sng i qua ng knh v tip xc vi b cm bin. Sau mt khong thi gian, mn trp ng li (to nn mt ting click) v khng c thm cht nh sng no tip xc c vi cm bin na. Khong thi gian mn trp m cho nh sng i qua c gi l "tc mn trp" (shutter speed). Tc mn trp di cho php nhiu nh sng i qua. Tc mn trp ngn cho php t nh sng i qua.

Cc my nh k thut s ngy nay cng s dng nguyn l tng t, nhng s dng mt "mn trp in t". My nh bt cm bin ln trong mt thi gian nhn nh sng v sau tt i. Khong thi gian ny vn gi l "tc mn trp" v hot ng theo cch tng t nh tc mn trp c. Nu b cm bin ca my nh c "bt" trong mt thi gian di (tc l tc mn trp chm), n s thu nh sng nhiu hn. Nu b cm bin ch c bt mt thi gian ngn (tc l tc mn trp nhanh), n s thu c t nh sng.

m ng knhThng s th hai my nh c th thay i iu chnh phi sng l khu ng knh. Bn trong ng knh my nh ca bn, c mt l dng iu chnh m ca ng knh ln hn hoc nh hn. Mi mt mc m ca ng knh c nh sn xut tnh ton v thit lp thnh cc gi tr "khu " c nh, m ngi dng ch c th chnh khu ca ng knh theo cc gi tr nh sn ny. Ty theo tng ng knh/loi my nh m s lng cc gi tr khu nh sn c th nhiu hoc t hn, ngha l ng knh cho php m rng hn hoc thu hp hn.

Hnh nh minh ha khu cho thy, gi tr khu tng ln th m ng knh gim i. Trong trng hp ny, khu ln nht l f 2.8, khu nh nht l f 16. Nu khu ln hn, ging nh hnh nh bn phi, lng nh sng c th i qua ng knh v tip xc vi cm bin nhiu hn. Nu khu nh hn, lng nh sng cng t hn. ng knh no c khu f 1.4 th c th m rt rng, v nu c khu f 22 th ng knh c th m vi khe rt nh cho nh sng i qua.

Khi khu nh hn th su trng nh (DOF Depth of Field) s ln hn, ngha l s c nhiu im hn trong khung hnh c nm trong khong ly nt v do hnh nh s sc nt hn. Bn nn s dng khu hp khi chp nh phong cnh mi th u sc nt. Nu bn chn khu rt rng, v d f 1.4, th ch c phn trung tm, tc tiu im, l c ly nt, cc phn cn li s b m. Bn nn s dng khu rng khi chp chn dung, gip ch ca bn ni bt so vi xung quanh.

Thit lp ISOS dng my nh, chc chn bn s thy k hiu ISO trn my, cc din n v my nh cng ni rt nhiu v vic iu chnh thng s ISO c bc nh p. Vy ISO l g?

ISO l i lng o nhy sng ca cm bin my nh i vi nh sng, do t chc Tiu chun o lng Quc t (International Organization for Standardization) thng nht v a ra lm quy chun khi sn xut my nh.

My nh s chia cc mc nhy sng ca cm bin nh thnh cc mc khc nhau v mi mc s c gi tr nhy sng gp i mc trc . Cc mc ISO ph bin trn my nh s l: 100, 200, 400, 800, 1600, 3200... Hin nay cc my nh DSLR cao cp c th h tr ISO mc thp nht l 50 v cao nht l 25.600.

ISO 100 c nhy thp nht vi nh sng. ISO cao hn, cm bin cng nhy cm hn vi nh sng, tc l bc nh ca bn s nhn c nhiu nh sng hn. Trong iu kin nh sng cao, ISO 100 s m bo bc nh sng. Trong iu kin nh sng thp hn, bn s cn phi nng ISO ln. V vy, nu bn chp vo ban m, mc ISO 1600 c th cho php bn c c nhng hnh nh m bn mun. Tuy nhin, c c bc nh sng hn, bn phi nh i bng sc nt ca nh. ISO cng cao th nh s cng c nhiu nhiu ht.

p dng khi chp mt bc nhChic my nh s c thit k c th tnh ton mt lng nh sng chp mt bc nh v c mt s cch tm ra c lng nh sng . N c th m khu ng knh mc ln nht v s dng tc mn trp nhanh. N c th ng khu nh hn v s dng tc mn trp chm hn. Hoc n c th tng nhy sng ca chip cm bin (tc l cc thit lp ISO) c th gim khu nh hn v tng tc mn trp nhanh hn. Bt k s kt hp no ca ba gi tr khu , tc , nhy sng u c th mang li mt bc nh vi lng nh sng tng ng. My nh c th t ng la chn 3 gi tr ny c bc nh tt nht, nhng nhng ngi thch chp nh mun to nhng bc nh c o ca ring mnh th cn hc cch thit lp cc gi tr .

Thng thng, loi b vt m nhe trn nh, ta s tm cch chp c bc nh nhanh hn, ngha l cn mt tc mn trp nhanh. Nu mn trp m ra trong mt khong thi gian ngn hn th s c t nh sng i vo cm bin, v vy ta phi iu chnh cc ci t khc - khu v ISO, b cho s mt nh sng do thi gian phi sng ngn.

Nu bn chp trong mt mi trng nh sng rc r ngoi tri ban ngy, my nh ca bn c th b p cho tc mn trp nhanh bng cch m khu ng knh ln hn. Tht khng may, c mt gii hn v rng khu ti a, bn khng th m rng ng knh bao nhiu cng c, m ph thuc vo my nh h tr n mc no. Nu cnh ca bn c nh sng thp hn v d nh chp trong nh hoc trong bng rm, vic m khu ln c th khng . Trong trng hp ny, bn s cn phi tng gi tr ISO tng nhy sng ca cm bin, gip my nh ly nh sng m bo hnh nh sc nt.

Chng ta hy nhn vo hai hnh nh minh ha di y xem thng s ISO c th nh hng n sc nt ca hnh nh nh th no. Hai nh ny c chp trong nh v khng bt flash. Trong c hai bc nh, khu ca ng knh c thit lp m rng mc ti a, v vy cc yu t thay i y l ISO v tc mn trp.

ISO thp lm tc mn trp chm gy nhe hnh. Ngun: Techlore.comTrong hnh bn tri, ISO c thit lp mc 100 (mc ISO thp nht trn cc my nh s hin nay, ch tr mt s model c kh nng m rng xung ISO 50). Vi mc ISO 100 v khu m rng, my nh t thit lp tc mn trp bng 1/25 giy. Tc ny l qu chm v nh sng khng , dn ti hnh nh b m.

Vi hnh nh bn phi, ISO c tng ln n 800. Vi ISO 800 v khu m rng tng t, my nh thit lp tc mn trp l 1/200 giy. Nh vy, gi tr ISO tng ln 8 ln lm cho cm bin nhy sng tt hn, v tc mn trp cng nhanh hn 8 ln (thi gian phi sng gim i ng k). Do tc chp cao hn, bc nh c chp trong mt thi gian rt ngn loi b cc dch chuyn ca my nh v i tng chp, kt qu l nh r rng hn.

Nh vy, nu mt gi tr ISO cao hn cho php bn s dng tc mn trp nhanh hn, ti sao li khng thng xuyn dng mc ISO cao nht m my nh ca bn h tr? l do, nh ni pha trn, ci gi phi tr cho ISO cao l nhiu ht (grain, noise) khin nh khng mn v r nt, ISO cng cao th nhiu cng nng. Ngoi ra, mt bc nh khng ch c nhiu tng ln khi tng ISO, m c ba "vn " xy ra: gia tng nhiu, gim sc nt v gim tng phn.

Trong mt bc nh chp, nhiu l nhng im nh nh b mt mu nm ri rc khp bc nh.

Bc nh c chp trong khi tri ti en, ngi chp phi t ISO mc ti a ca my nh ch c c mt bc nh. R rng l bc nh c cht lng rt km bi nhiu rt nhiu, v khng ai in bc nh ny ra treo tng c, tuy nhin bc nh vn c gi tr ca n, bi nu khng c nng ISO ln chp "bng c", th s khng ai tin tc gi chp c mt con hi ly xut hin vn nh mnh.

Nh vy, i khi bn cn n mc ISO cao ghi li mt khonh khc him hoi trong iu kin nh sng thp, chp nhn hy sinh sc nt ca hnh nh. Cc my nh cng t tin v cao cp th cng c kh nng gim nhiu tt hn ISO cao, y cng l c im cnh tranh ln nhau gia cc dng my nh.

Hu ht cc my nh s u cho nh khng c nhiu cc mc ISO thp nh 50, 100, 200, nhng bt u xut hin nhiu cc mc ISO cao hn, ty theo tng model my. Nu chn mua my nh da trn thng s ny, hy th chp nh cc mc ISO khc nhau so snh nhiu v bn cng bit c mc ISO ti a m bn c th s dng c bc nh t yu cu.

La chn ISO ng c c bc nh tt nht, bn cn chn ng cc thng s, trong c thng s ISO. Di y l cc khuyn ngh:

1. Cc my nh s hin nay u cung cp ch chp t ng (Auto) v ch cho php thit lp ISO t ng. Khi chn ch ny, my nh s gip bn chn mt gi tr ISO thch hp ty thuc vo mc chiu sng ca cnh vt m bn nh chp. Trong phn ln cc trng hp, ch Auto c th chn c mc ISO kh tt cho bn. Ni chung my nh lun c gng chn mc ISO thp khi c nhiu nh sng v s nng ISO ln khi c t nh sng hn. Tuy nhin, thit lp t ng c th s hn ch chn mc ISO cao nht gim nhiu, v iu ny c th dn n hnh nh b m.

Nu mc ISO "Auto" khng lm bn tha mn th bn c th thc hin cc hng dn tip theo.

2. Trong hu ht cc tnh hung nh sng ngoi tri ban ngy, bn s c nh sng c th s dng thit lp ISO thp nht. V vy, khi chp trong nh sng ban ngy, hy bt u vi ISO ci t thp nht gim nhiu. Ch khi thy c vt m nhe, bn nng ISO ln.

3. Nu bn chp vi n flash, my nh s c nhiu nh sng m khng cn tng ISO. Do khi chp nh bng flash, hy t ISO mc thp gim nhiu.

4. Nu bn ang chp trong nh m khng c n flash (c tnh hung khng c dng flash hoc khng mun dng flash), hy bt u tng dn ISO ln. C th bn s thy nhiu khi t ISO mc cao, nhng nh b nhiu vn cn hn l nh b m nhe (blur), m trong nhiu trng hp nhiu vn chp nhn c khi in nh kch c nh. C mt bc nh vi mt t nhiu vn cn hn l khng c nh hoc nh hon ton khng xem c v b nhe. Mi ngi cng thng hay cp n nhiu khi in nh cc kch c ln, nhng trn thc t rt t khi bn in nh vi c ln, do i khi bn c th l i vn ny v nhiu trn nh khng phi l kh chu cho lm, nhiu khi cn khng r rng khi in vi c nh. Hy chp th tm ra mc ISO thp nht bn c th s dng m vn nhn c mt bc nh chp nhn c v nt v nh sng.

5. i khi bn chp nh vi ng knh zoom chp i tng xa, v nh b m ngay c khi chp ban ngy. Thc t, thao tc zoom cng ng thi phng i rung ca my nh, cho nn bn cng cn tc mn trp nhanh hn (hoc s dng mt chn my), lc ny bn nn tng ISO ln mt, hai mc buc tc mn trp nhanh hn.

6. Nu bn mun mua mt my nh s mi, hy so snh kh nng chp ISO cao ca mi model m bn ang xem xt. Hy chp th mt s nh cc mc ISO cao (400, 800 hoc cao hn) v tm xem c nhiu khng. Hy chp th vi c cc khu vc ti, thiu nh sng (v d chp di bng rm), bi nhiu xut hin nhiu trong cc tng mu ti hn.

Mt s v d v la chn ISOV d 1:

Bn mun chp mt dng sui v s dng tc mn trp chm khong 1/2 giy c c hiu ng m chuyn ng (motion blur) dng nc.

Tr li:

trng hp ny, bn phi ci t my nh ISO thp nht. Nu khu ti thiu vn cha , bn phi s dng mt b lc mu xm lm gim lng nh sng vo cm bin.

V d 2:

Bn mun chp vi khu rng c c su trng nh vo mt ngy nng. Bn chn ci t ch A/Av (u tin khu ) la chn khu f/2.8 trong khi my nh xc nh tc mn trp cho bn. Nhng kt qu l bc nh b tha sng.

Tr li:

Mt khu ln vo mt ngy nng c ngha l tc mn trp phi nhanh. Hu ht cc my nh khng th chp nh nhanh hn 1/4000 hoc 1/8000 giy, v do c th l qu chm i vi thng s ISO m bn chn. Nu c th, hy c gng gim bt ISO xung 100 hoc 50. Nu vn cha , s la chn duy nht cn li l mua mt b lc mu xm cho ng knh loi b bt mt s nh sng mt tri.

V d 3:

Bn c gng chp trong nh trong mt khung cnh nh sng thp v thit lp ISO mc ti a, bn chn khu ln v vn ngh rng tc mn trp qu chm. Sau bn bt n flash v chp, kt qu l hnh nh b tha sng, mc d bn cng c gng gim cng sut flash.

Tr li:

Trong tnh hung ny, mc cng sut thp nht ca n flash vn c th l qu mnh cho cnh bn chp vi s la chn ISO cao. C hi duy nht s dng n flash trong tnh hnh nh vy l h thp ISO cho n khi bn nhn thy rng hnh nh tr nn ti mu hn v sau bt u tng n flash ln. Tip , bn c gng cn bng gia ISO v hiu ng n flash.Chp nh macro th no cho p?

Ch macroBn c th chp c nhng bc nh cn cnh thc s p vi hu ht cc camera nu ghi nh mt vi quy tc. V di y l nhng g bn cn cn bit.

u tin, tt c cc ng knh camera u c mt khong cch ly nt ti thiu. Bn khng th vi phm quy nh ny ca ng knh, nu bn t ng knh qu st i tng th hnh nh s b m. V d, ng knh ca camera trn iPhone c khong cch ly nt ti thiu trong khong 5 n 7,5 cm. Nu t ng khong cch ny bn s khng cn phi thc hin thm bt c thao tc c bit no kch hot ch chp cn cnh.

Mt khc, nhiu camera b ti s khng t ng ly tiu im khi bn t ng knh gn i tng. chp nh macro bn cn phi kch hot ch chp macro ca camera bng mt nt hoc menu thit lp vi biu tng hoa tulip. Ch macro sp xp li ng knh ca camera ly tiu im rt gn, nhng khi chp xong bn nh phi tt n i bi v trong ch macro, camera s khng th ly tiu im r nt vo i tng ang khong cch bnh thng.

su trng nh DOFS khc bit ln nht gia nh macro v nh chn dung/phong cnh thng thng l DOF m bn to ra. DOF l khu vc trong bc nh ca bn m mi vt thuc khu vc u hin ra sc nt, thng nm mt khong pha trc v pha sau i tng chnh ca bn.

DOF trong cc bc nh thng thng, v d nh khi bn chp c gia nh ang ng trc mt bi hoa hng chng hn, th vng DOF ca nh s cn rng hn tt c mi ngi trong nh v c bi hoa u c r nt. Vi nhng bc nh nh vy, gn nh bn khng phi quan tm nhiu n DOF, ch cn mi th u sc nt l c. Khong cch gia bn v i tng c th cch xa n vi mt.

Tuy nhin khi chp nh cnh hoa v cn trng, vng nt DOF c th rt nh, c khi ch bng mt vi centimet. V khong cch gia bn v i tng cng thu hp li tng ng.

Nu bn c mt camera dSLR hoc mt camera b ti y chc nng, bn c th ti a ho DOF bng cch thay i khu , khu f/16 hoc f/22 to ra khong DOF ln nht. Nu bn ch c mt chic smartphone hoc mt camera khng th thay i khu bn hy th mt cch khc l thit lp camera hoc smartphone sang ch chp cn cnh. N s t thay i khu t c DOF ti u nht c th. D bng cch no i na th c mt iu lun ng: Cng gn st i tng m bn nh chp th DOF cng nh, v khi my nh ca bn ch cch i tng vi centimet th cng ng ngc nhin nu DOF ch l mt vng nh xu.

Mt gii php cho kh khn ny l bn hy chp nh vi mt suy ngh trong u l DOF s rt nh, hy tm cch lm sao vng nt nm v tr bn mun. Nu i tng ca bn tri rng t tin cnh ti hu cnh, chc chn s c mt vi phn ca bc nh b m. Nhng nu bn thay i gc nhn v chp bc nh vi i tng nm vung gc vi ng knh sao cho mi phn ca i tng u c mt khong cch bng nhau so vi ng knh my nh, khi DOF s tr nn t quan trng. Bn s c th chp bc nh ly nt vo tt c i tng.

Kim sot rung ca camera khong cch chp kh gn, mt cht rung camera d nh cng c th ging nh mt trn ng t. Tt nht khi chp macro bn nn t camera trn gi tripod hoc mt s thit b h tr khc.

nh sngCui cng, phi ni thm mt cht v nh sng. nh sng mt tri trc tip khng gip to ra nhng bc nh cn cnh thin nhin tuyt vi, mt phn v trong bc nh cui cng ca bn s c cc bin th ca nh sng v bng. Bn s chp c nhng bc nh p hn vi nh sng gin tip, c ngha l bn nn chp nh khi mt tri ang b my che, hoc chp cc i tng trong bng rm. Khi chp nh thin nhin bn c th mang theo thit b chn sng gim nh sng trc tip vo i tng. Bn cng c th chp nh vo thi im bui sm v chiu trong ngy khi nh sng mt tri khng chiu trc tip trn cao xung. D bng cch no i na, bn nn ghi nh trnh chp nh khi nh sng mt tri chiu trc tip vo i tng bn nh chp.

10 quy tc v b cc trong nhip nh

1. Quy tc Mt phn baHy tng tng rng bc nh ca bn c chia thnh 9 phn, bi 2 ng k dc v 2 ng k ngang. Trong quy tc Mt phn ba, bn nn t cc phn quan trng ca khung cnh dc theo cc ng k, hoc cc im m chng giao nhau.

Khi thc hin iu , bc nh s c thm s cn bng v th v. Mt s my nh c sn tnh nng hin th cc ng k trn mn hnh LCD, bn d dng p dng quy tc ny.

2. Cc yu t cn bngKhi bn t mt ch th lch khi tm ca bc nh, nh khi p dng quy tc Mt phn ba, iu s lm bc nh th v hn, nhng cng lm l ra mt phn trng trong nh. Bn nn cn bng "trng lng" ca ch th trong nh bng cch a vo mt ch th khc, t quan trng hn, lp vo ch trng .

3. ng dn nh nhnKhi nhn vo mt bc nh, i mt chng ta s t nhin nhn vo cc ng k. Bng cch suy ngh v vic t cc ng k trong b cc, bn c th tc ng n cch ngi xem nhn tm nh, thu ht nh nhn vo ch th chnh, hay lt qua khung cnh. C rt nhiu loi ng dn thng, cho, cong, zigzag v mi loi u c th ci thin c b cc ca bc nh.

4. Cc khun mu v s i xngXung quanh chng ta c rt nhiu mu hnh c tnh i xng, c trong t nhin v do con ngi to ra. Chng c th to nn b cc rt bt mt, nht l khin ngi xem bt ng khi trong mt khung cnh c bit li c th xut hin s i xng. Mt cch sp xp b cc khc l ph b khun mu i xng, bng cch to ra cc tiu im lch trung tm.

5. Gc chpTrc khi chp ch th, hy dnh thi gian ngh xem bn s chp n theo gc no. Gc chp c nh hng ln ti b cc ca bc nh, v do c th thay i thng ip ngi chp mun chuyn ti. Thay v chp bng gc nhn ngang tm mt, hy th chp vi gc nhn t trn cao xung, t di nhn ln, t bn cnh, ng sau, xa hay gn

6. Nn ca nh bao nhiu ln bn xem nh mnh chp v thy rng bc nh thiu n tng, bi ch th b ln vo mt nn c qu nhiu i tng ng sau? Mt ngi c th nhn bit rt nhanh cc yu t b ln vo nhau, nhng my nh li c xu hng lm bt phn nn pha trc v pha sau, v iu ny c th lm hng mt bc nh p. Rt may l bn c th d dng khc phc vn ny ngay khi chp hy chp nh trn mt nn n sc v khng gy ch , ngi xem hon ton tp trung vo ch th chnh ca nh.

7. su ca bc nhDo nhip nh din t hnh nh hai chiu, ta cn chn b cc k lng m bo bc nh c th din t c su ca khung cnh thc t. Bn c th to chiu su cho bc nh bng cch a vo cc i tng c phn trc, gia v sau ca khung cnh. Bn cng c th che bt mt phn ca ch th bng mt ch th khc. Mt ngi c th nhn ra cc lp trong bc nh v tch bit chng ra, t to thnh mt bc nh c chiu su.

8. ng khungC rt nhiu s vt c th to thnh cc khung nh t nhin, nh cy ci, nhng con ng hay h su. Bng cch t cc s vt ny quanh b cc ca bc nh, bn c th tch ch th chnh ra khi khung cnh bn ngoi. Nh nh nhn ca ngi xem s t nhin c dn vo im quan trng nht ca nh.

9. Tp trung vo ch th chnhThng th mt bc nh s khng gy n tng nu nh ch th chnh qu nh, khin cho n b ha ln vo mi trng xung quanh. Bng cch t khung nh tht st vo ch th chnh, bn s loi b c s ch ca ngi xem vo mi trng xung quanh, m bo ch th chnh c c s ch cn thit.

10. Hy mnh dn th nghimT khi my nh s tr nn ph bin, chng ta khng cn phi lo v gi tin ca phim hay s ht phim khi ang chp na. Do vy, bn c th th tht nhiu b cc cho mt bc nh; ta c th chp hng trm bc nh v sau xa nhng bc khng mong mun m khng tn km g c. Hy tn dng iu ny, th nghim vi cc b cc khc nhau bn s khng th bit mt tng c tt khng nu nh khng th.

B cc trong nhip nh khng phi l mt mn khoa hc, v tt c cc "quy tc" trn u khng phi bt bin hay lun ng. Nu nh bn p dng mt quy tc vi mt khung cnh nht nh v thy n khng c tc dng, hy b qua n. Nu nh bn nhn ra mt b cc khng theo quy tc no nhng vn rt thuyt phc, hy chp theo b cc . D sao, cc quy tc trn cng rt ph bin, v cng ng cn nhc mi ln bn chp nh.Hiu v ca trp v khu my nh bng nguyn l bp bnh

Mt ci bp bnh c lin h g vi nhip nh? Bi vit ny s gip bn hiu v mi quan h gia tc ca trp v khu .

Trc ht, hy nhn vo mi quan h gia khu v mn trp. Trong biu ny, bn c th thy cc tr s khu pha bn tri v tc ca trp bn phi.

Vi mi khonh khc chp nh, my nh cn thu c mt lng sng nht nh nh t c phi sng chnh xc. Trong v d ny, mt tr s khu (f-number) cao s cho lng nh sng i vo l rt t, v do ca trp cn phi m ra lu hn nhn nh sng cho mt bc hnh p. Nhng tr s khu v tc ca trp khng phi l cc thng s duy nht t c mt bc hnh c sng chun.

Chp cng mt cnh nh bc nh pha trn, chng ta c th chnh tc ca trp ti ty chnh cao nht. iu ny khin nh sng c rt t thi gian i vo my nh. Do , c th nhn c phi sng chun, khu cn phi ln hn trc cho php thm nh sng i vo my nh. Vi mt phi sng c th, tc ca trp v khu nm hai bn ca mt chic bp bnh.

Mt trong cc ch m bn c th s dng l u tin Khu (Apeture Priority). Vi ch ny, bn s chn khu v my nh s chn tc ca trp cn thit t c phi sng chun. V camera s s dng khi nim "bp bnh" nh trn c th thc hin iu ny.

Mt ch khc l u tin Ca trp (Shutter Priority). Ngc li vi u tin Khu , bn s chn tc ca trp v my nh s t ng chn khu ph hp. Cng nh trn, my nh s phi dng khi nim bp bnh chn c khu chnh xc cho phi sng chun.

Ca trp m v ng cho php nh sng i vo camera. D nhin, ca trp m cng lu th nh sng i vo cng nhiu. Cc tc ca trp ph bin l 1 giy, 1/2 giy, 1/4 giy, 1/8 giy, 1/15 giy/ 1/30 giy, 1/30 giy, 1/60 giy v 1/125 giy. Cc my nh hin i c thm nhiu tc ca trp khc nhau, mt s cn c th t tc 1/4000 giy.

Nu my nh ca bn c ch kim sot B Phi sng (Exposure Compensation), ch ny s gip bn nhn c bc nh c sng ng nh mnh mong mun: gi s my nh s dng ty chnh mc nh v khng c c phi sng nh mong mun, bn c th s dng ch B Phi sng chnh li cho ph hp. Hy thm vo mt s EV m to ra nh ti hn, hoc mt s EV dng lm n sng hn.

Vng nh r (Depth of Field) c th c iu khin bi ty chnh khu . Khu cng nh vng nh r bn nhn c s cng nh. Khu cng ln th vng nh r cng ln. V d ny s cho thy khu rt cao (t nh sng i vo my hn), gip to ra vng nh r ln hn.

Ni chung khi chp nh chn dung th bn s mun vng nh r nh hn (khu nh hn). Bn s mun ngi mu c hin r trn nh vi vng nn m xung quanh. Khi bn chp cc bc nh thin nhin, bn s mun vng DOF ln hn, vi khu ln hn. Khi bn mun iu chnh vng nh r, bn nn chn ch u tin Khu . Cc con s ISO n t thi k my nh phim: ISO 100 c dnh cho cnh ngoi tri sng, ISO 400 cho cnh ngoi tri v trong nh, trong khi ISO 800 v ISO 1600 cho cc iu kin thiu sng. Mt s my nh cho php thay i ISO theo cng mt cch. Vi my nh s, ISO l nhy sng ca cm bin. ISO cng thp th cm bin s cng t nhy sng.

Mi quan h "bp bnh" ca tc ca trp v khu vn gi nguyn, song ISO s lm thay i khong phi sng ca bc nh.

Vn i vi cc mc ISO cao ca my nh s (cng nh cc cun phim c ISO cao) l nh s xut hin nhiu nhiu. Do , chng ta thng s dng ISO thp nht to ra phi sng tt nht. Khi no th chng ta nn s dng ISO cao? S dng ISO cao trong trng hp chp thiu sng, khi m tc ca trp ca bn thp ti mc rung nh camera s lm hng ton b bc nh. S dng ISO cao hn cho php s dng khu thp hn c vng nh r (DOF) ln hn.

Trong bc nh ny ISO c gim xung (song mi quan h bp bnh vn gi nguyn). S khc bit duy nht l cm bin ca my nh cn thm nh sng c bc nh tt nht.

Nh ni trn, ISO thp, chng ta gp t nhiu hn.

Vignette l hin tng bng c to ra trn cnh ngoi ca ng knh. y l mt hin tng khng mong mun khi bn s dng knh lc hoc ng knh add-on. Bn c th crop hnh xa vignette.

Trong v d ny ng knh c cc ng ren dy 49mm. Mt knh lc tia cc tm (UV) 49mm v mt knh lc phn cc 49mm c gn thm. Nh bn c c th thy, hin tng vignette xy ra trn bc hnh ny.

Vi trng hp ny, s dng khoen tng dn (step-up ring) 49-55mm v cc knh lc 55mm c th gii quyt c vn vignette.

V nh dng filey khng phi l mt cch gii thch chnh xc hon ton, song bn c c th hiu c tng chnh.

Nu bn nhn vo hnh di y, bn s thy khi bn chp nh ch JPEG, d liu s i qua rt nhiu bc x l trc khi c ghi ln th nh. Qu trnh ny xy ra vi tt c cc bc nh: hy th tng tng khi bn i gp bc s v ng ta cho tt c mi ngi cng mt loi thuc, bt k l ngi bnh ang b bnh g.

Trong ch RAW my nh s ly trc tip d liu t cm bin v gi thng ti th nh. ng thi, my nh s thm cc thng tin v cc thng s ca my nh, song hon ton khng thay i d liu ca phn nh.

By gi bn s l bc s, vi cc phn mm chnh sa nh bn c th chnh sa mi bc nh theo mt cch khc nhau. Bn s nhn c cc bc nh ng nht t d liu RAW. File RAW ln hn nhiu so vi file JPEG, do chng khng b nn. Bn cng khng th xem file RAW trc khi s dng cc phn mm convert (chuyn i nh dng).

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