10-4 ATB

What is biochemistry? Today:

Go over your chemistry intro. Tests Turn in your Surface Tension lab report

Being biochemistry

10-5 ATB

What is a macromolecule? Today:

Pre-quiz on biochemistry Discuss macromolecules

Test Averages: Period 5 – 82% Period 6 – 84%

What is a monomer?

A. Small part of a larger molecule

B. A large molecule

C. Something that makes up a lipid

D. It is the same as a polymer

What is a carbohydrate?

A. Molecule used for long term energy storage

B. A polymer made up of sugars

C. A molecule used to build muscles

D. A molecule that forms our DNA

We could expect an organic compound to always have…

A. Nitrogen

B. Chlorine

C. Oxygen

D. Carbon

Lipids are…

A. A macromolecule used for energy storage

B. Used for short term energy

C. Used for structure in organisms

D. Found in proteins

Proteins…

A. Important for energy use

B. Make up many enzymes and tissues

C. are the same things as lipids

D. Are used first for energy

Today: Use the books for an intro into the biochem

unit Read book pages 51-54 Answer all but questions #4

Homework if you do not get it done

Biochemistry!!!!Biochemistry!!!!

Chapter 3 Chapter 3

Organic CompoundsOrganic Compounds Review –

What element is in mostorganic compounds? CARBON

How many valence electrons does carbon have? Four

What type of bonds can carbon form? Single, double or

triple bonds

Organic Compounds Organic Compounds =

carbon atoms joined by covalent bonds and may include other elements

Important elements are (other than carbon) Hydrogen Nitrogen Oxygen Sulfur Phosphorus

Hydrocarbons = Compounds that contain only carbon and hydrogen The simplest hydrocarbon is methane or CH4

Hydrocarbons can be a gas, liquid or solid

Macromolecules

Monomers = Simple molecule Smaller unit of a larger molecule Able to attach to other monomers to form

polymers

Polymers = long chains of repeated molecules

Draw:

10-6 ATB

DRAW some monomers and then a polymer.

Today: Continue discussing macromolecules

(carbohydrates)

Macromolecules = large-size molecules Three types of polymers are essential to life:

Proteins Nucleic acids Carbohydrates

Lipids (are not polymers, but are also essential)

What does “Mono” mean? one

What does “Poly” mean? many

What does “mer” mean? parts

The 4 Macromolecules we’ll discuss…

Proteins Carbohydrates Nucleic Acids Lipids

CarbohydratesCarbohydrates

Carbohydrate – Polymer composed

of C, H, and O Usually in a 1:2:1 ratio

Sugars = simple carbohydrates

Glucose = provides chemical energy for cells C6H12O6

Carbohydrate Function AnimalsAnimals::

Short term energy use (stored as Short term energy use (stored as glycogen)glycogen)

Stored in liver / muscles ready for useStored in liver / muscles ready for use PlantsPlants::

Energy source stored as starch (ex: Energy source stored as starch (ex: potatoes)potatoes)

Starch = a complex carbohydrate Starch = a complex carbohydrate Cellulose – straight chains of glucose Cellulose – straight chains of glucose

used for structureused for structure

Complex carbohydrates build structures and store energy

Cellulose – plant structure

CarbohydratesCarbohydrates Monosaccharide'sMonosaccharide's

““One” “sugar”One” “sugar” Monomer of a carbohydrateMonomer of a carbohydrate

ExamplesExamples:: GlucoseGlucose Fructose (from fruits)Fructose (from fruits) Galactose (in milk)Galactose (in milk)

CarbohydratesCarbohydrates What are disaccharides?What are disaccharides?

Means “Two” “Sugars”Means “Two” “Sugars” two sugars join to form a new sugartwo sugars join to form a new sugar ExampleExample: Glucose + fructose = sucrose: Glucose + fructose = sucrose

CarbohydratesCarbohydrates What are polysaccharides?What are polysaccharides?

Means “many” “sugars”Means “many” “sugars” Carbs. Made with more than three sugarsCarbs. Made with more than three sugars

Carbohydrates - GlycogenCarbohydrates - Glycogen

CarbohydratesCarbohydrates IsomersIsomers – –

same chemical formula, different structuresame chemical formula, different structure EX: - monosaccharide'sEX: - monosaccharide's

CC66HH1212OO66

10-7 ATB

What type of reaction links monomers into polymers?

Today: BOOK ASSIGNMENT! Read pages 45-49 Questions: 1, 2 and 3

10-10 ATB

What are the 4 macromolecules? Which one is NOT a polymer?

Today: Turn in your assignment from Friday

10-11 ATB

What is the monomer of carbohydrates? Today:

Discuss hydrolysis reactions Discuss lipids Turn in assignment from Friday ATB’s to be collected this week

Thursday?

How do polymers bond? Condensation (dehydration) reactions!!

Condensation (dehydration) reactionCondensation (dehydration) reaction - - Chemical reaction that links monomers into Chemical reaction that links monomers into

polymerspolymers Each time a monomer is added, water is Each time a monomer is added, water is

releasedreleased ExampleExample::

Glucose + fructose Glucose + fructose sucrose sucrose Take a water from the reactants Take a water from the reactants

(dehydration)(dehydration) Building monomers upBuilding monomers up

Condensation Reaction

Condensation ReactionCondensation Reaction Condensation reaction creating a polysaccharide Condensation reaction creating a polysaccharide

(carbohydrate)(carbohydrate)

Condensation Reaction

How do they break down? HydrolysisHydrolysis

Addition of water to polymers in order to break Addition of water to polymers in order to break them down into monomersthem down into monomers

““Hydro” = waterHydro” = water ““lysis” = breaklysis” = break

Hydrolysis reactions – Putting a water back Hydrolysis reactions – Putting a water back in to break down polymersin to break down polymers

Hydrolysis Reaction

SucrASE is the enzyme that breaks down sucrose

Terms with –ASE on the end typically mean it’s an enzyme

Hydrolysis Reaction

http://images.google.com/imgres?imgurl=http://www.yellowtang.org/images/saturated_unsaturat_c_la_784.jpg&imgrefurl=http://www.yellowtang.org/chemistry.php&usg=__wmlTPiW7tJUFKKCzaJGeSZnRo0Y=&h=468&w=837&sz=63&hl=en&start=3&um=1&tbnid=hqYf4SbD63lV_M:&tbnh=81&tbnw=144&prev=/images%3Fq%3Dsaturated%2Bphospholipids%26hl%3Den%26client%3Dfirefox-a%26channel%3Ds%26rls%3Dorg.mozilla:en-US:official%26sa%3DX%26um%3D1

Under reaction types

Carbs – Condensation vs. Hydrolysis

LipidsLipids LipidsLipids - -

Large Large non-polarnon-polar organic molecules organic molecules Do not dissolve in waterDo not dissolve in water

ExamplesExamples fats, oils, steroids, wax and pigmentsfats, oils, steroids, wax and pigments

FunctionFunction:: Higher number of C-H bonds than carbohydrates = Higher number of C-H bonds than carbohydrates =

more energymore energy Long term energy storageLong term energy storage Form cell membranesForm cell membranes Cushions organs, keep body warmCushions organs, keep body warm

Lipids = a chemically diverse group of compounds grouped together because they don’t dissolve in water For energy, cell membranes, structural

support, and steroids

LipidsLipids Fatty acidsFatty acids - -

Make up most lipids – a variety of typesMake up most lipids – a variety of types Have different length carbon tailsHave different length carbon tails StructureStructure:: Carboxyl head and long carbon tailCarboxyl head and long carbon tail

10-12 ATB

Which reaction type builds polymers? Which breaks them down?

Today: Video – importance of carbon Crackers Worksheet --- continue working Finish discussing lipids

Salivary amylase An enzyme that catalyses the

breakdown of starch into sugars

Which type of reaction is this? condensation

Amylase acts on starch to produce maltose (a disaccharide) - this is further broken down in the small intestine by maltase to give 2 glucose monomers

10-13 ATB

What does the enzyme salivary amylase do?

Today: Finish describing lipids Describe nucleic acids Review for the quiz tomorrow QUIZ TOMORROW – 14 multiple choice. ATB’s DUE TOMORROW!!!!!!!!!

Polar vs Nonpolar side

Carbon chain = “TAIL” = non-polar = hydrophobicCarbon chain = “TAIL” = non-polar = hydrophobic

Carboxyl group = “HEAD” = polar = hydrophilicCarboxyl group = “HEAD” = polar = hydrophilic

LipidsLipids Phospholipids

Fatty acids that compose most cell membranes Have a phosphate attached to glycerol Two fatty acid “tails” and a phosphate “head” Tail is hydrophobic and head is hydrophilic

Lipids So if we mixed

phospholipids with water, how would theyarrange?

Lipids Triglyceride -

How most fats exist in body and in food

One molecule of glycerol and three chains of fatty acids (carbon chains)

Lipids - Saturated vs. unsaturated fatty Lipids - Saturated vs. unsaturated fatty acidsacids

Saturated Fatty AcidsSaturated Fatty Acids - - Usually SOLID at room tempUsually SOLID at room temp Single bonds creates straight Single bonds creates straight

chains = chains = less room around eachless room around eachacid makes them solidacid makes them solid

Found inFound in: Butter, red meat: Butter, red meat The bad fats – you don’t really needThe bad fats – you don’t really need

them (artery cloggers)them (artery cloggers)

Lipids - Saturated vs. unsaturated Lipids - Saturated vs. unsaturated fatty acidsfatty acids

Unsaturated Fatty AcidsUnsaturated Fatty Acids – – Usually LIQUID at room tempUsually LIQUID at room temp Double bonds creates Double bonds creates

kinked chains = kinked chains = more roommore roomto “flow” – usually liquidsto “flow” – usually liquids

Found in plant oils (vegetable oilFound in plant oils (vegetable oiletc.)etc.)

These are the good fats – These are the good fats – better for yourbetter for yourhealthhealth

Lipids

WaxWax WaterproofWaterproof Protective layer inProtective layer in

plants and animals plants and animals Ear waxEar wax

LipidsLipids

LipidsLipids SteroidSteroid

Compose many hormonesCompose many hormones Made of four fused ringsMade of four fused rings TestosteroneTestosterone EstrogenEstrogen CholesterolCholesterol

Lipids

Phospholipid molecule http://my.hrw.com/sh/hm2/0030724872/st

udent/ch03/sec03/qc13/hm203_03_q13fs.htm

Lipid bylayer http://my.hrw.com/sh/hm2/0030724872/st

udent/ch03/sec03/qc14/hm203_03_q14fs.htm

REVIEW: write answers somewhere…1. What is a monomer?2. What are the three monosaccharides?3. What is a macromolecule?4. What is a “poly” mean?5. What is the function of carbohydrates in plants?

In animals?6. What are two functions of lipids?7. What is the main function of proteins?8. What is the monomer of carbohydrates?9. What does “disaccharide” mean?10.What is the function of a condensation reaction?11. If glucose and fructose are going to bond, what

would be the products? What type of reaction would this be?

10-14 ATB

QUIZ!!! Any questions? Turn in your ATB’s!!!

Nucleic AcidNucleic Acid Nucleic acid - Nucleic acid -

Organic molecules that transfer / store important cell Organic molecules that transfer / store important cell infoinfo

What are the two nucleic acids?What are the two nucleic acids? DNA and RNADNA and RNA

Deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA)Deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) Directs cell activities and stores info for cellDirects cell activities and stores info for cell

Ribonucleic Acid (RNA) Ribonucleic Acid (RNA) info for protein productioninfo for protein production

Monomer of nucleic acids

Nucleotide

Nucleic Acid NucleotideNucleotide

Monomer of DNA and RNAMonomer of DNA and RNA Made up of phosphate, sugar and nitrogen baseMade up of phosphate, sugar and nitrogen base

A special process involving proteins Deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) and Ribonucleic

Acid (RNA) carry the hereditary information of organisms Long chains of nucleotides that contain

Sugar, phosphate, and a nitrogen base

Information in DNA is rewritten to RNA RNA directs amino acid assembly into proteins Genes = regions of DNA that code for

proteins that perform certain functions Genome = an organism’s genes

Divided into chromosomes

Proteins Produce tissues, provide structural support,

store and others transport energy Animals use proteins to generate skin, hair,

muscles, and tendons Some function as components of the immune

system They can serve as enzymes, molecules that

promote certain chemical reactions

ProteinsProteins Organic compounds composed mostlyOrganic compounds composed mostly

of C, H, O and N of C, H, O and N FunctionFunction::

Many body tissuesMany body tissues Also hormones and enzymesAlso hormones and enzymes

ExamplesExamples:: hair, finger nails, blood, skin, muscles, etchair, finger nails, blood, skin, muscles, etc InsulinInsulin Human growth hormoneHuman growth hormone

Biochemistry

Describe:Macromolecule -

Monomer –

Polymer -

Describe:Proteins:

Nucleic Acids:

Reaction Types:Condensation –

Hydroysis

Carbohydrates:

Lipids:

ProteinsProteins What are the building blocks of proteins?What are the building blocks of proteins? Amino acidsAmino acids

20 different AA’s – 20 different AA’s – see them 4 basic parts:4 basic parts:

Functional Group – gives AA it’sFunctional Group – gives AA it’sproperties / shapeproperties / shape

Amino Group (-NH2)Amino Group (-NH2) Carboxyl group (-COOH)Carboxyl group (-COOH) Hydrogen (H)Hydrogen (H)

Functionalgroup

Amino group Carboxyl

group

Concept Mapping

You are going to create a concept map that link information about the organic macromolecules we learned about.

We’re going to start it together.

Amino Acids 20 different structures 64 possible nitrogenous base combinations

Go back

ProteinsProteins What holds proteins together?What holds proteins together? Peptide bondsPeptide bonds

Covalent bond linking AA (thru. condensation rxn.)Covalent bond linking AA (thru. condensation rxn.)

Polypeptide - Polypeptide - Three or more bonded Three or more bonded

AA’sAA’s

Proteins - EnzymesProteins - Enzymes Proteins also make enzymesProteins also make enzymes

These are biological catalysts These are biological catalysts SubstrateSubstrate

Reactant being changedReactant being changed Active siteActive site

Place on enzyme where reaction occursPlace on enzyme where reaction occurs

Proteins - Enzymes Enzyme

http://my.hrw.com/sh/hm2/0030724872/student/ch03/sec03/qc08/hm203_03_q08fs.htm

A

Proteins

We create synthetic polymers Plastics = synthetic (human-made) polymers

Best known by their brand names (Nylon, Teflon, Kevlar)

Many are derived from petroleum hydrocarbons Valuable because they resist chemical breakdown Problematic because they cause long-lasting waste

and pollution Wildlife and health problems, water quality issues,

harmful to marine animals We must design less-polluting alternatives and

increase recycling

The End

10-29 ATB

TEST TODAY Get ready to turn in your review sheets /

concept maps Put your name on the test Start on #101 on the scantron

Answer the following: 1. What elements are in carbohydrates?

2. What are the three categories of carbohydrates?

3. What are the simplest carbohydrates called? 4. Identify three simple sugars. 5. What is the CHEMICAL FORMULA for any

simple sugar? 6. What are ALL monosaccharides to each other,

because they have the same chemical formula?

7. When 2 simple sugars bond together, what is the NEW PRODUCT?

8. When ANY 2 molecules join together, and water is lost in the joining, what is that called?

9. Because all monosaccharides are isomers of each other, what MUST be true about ALL DISACCHARIDES?!

Extra stuffExtra stuff

Functional groups - Functional groups - Attached to the carbon – influences the compounds Attached to the carbon – influences the compounds

propertiesproperties Ex: Ex:

EthanolEthanol Oh hydroxyl group – makes molecule polar Oh hydroxyl group – makes molecule polar

(hydrophilic)(hydrophilic)

Glucose is stored in large macromolecule called glycogen, Glucose is stored in large macromolecule called glycogen, which is 100’s of glucose’s bonded togetherwhich is 100’s of glucose’s bonded together

Plants store glucose as polysaccharide starchPlants store glucose as polysaccharide starch Also as cellulose which helps with rigidity of plants – makes up Also as cellulose which helps with rigidity of plants – makes up

50% of wood – hard to break down / digest50% of wood – hard to break down / digest

10-14 ATB All group members must be working.

You must learn the information and know your role in the presentation

By the end of the period… I need to have your printed NOTE OUTLINE

(with a few diagrams to help your classmates)

You should be done with your PowerPoint.