1. what events contributed to the end of the middle ages? 2. how did europe change during the...
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European Renaissance & Reformation
1300 - 1600
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Concept Questions
1. What events contributed to the end of the Middle Ages?
2. How did Europe change during the Renaissance?
3. how did Europe change during the Reformation?
4. How did the printing press impact Europe?
5. how does Christianity develop and change during the Renaissance?
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The State of Italy - Renaissance
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Middle Ages
Crusades Black Death
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Italy – Birthplace of the Renaissance
*Renaissance: “rebirth of art & learning” *Italy:
Thriving cities Wealthy merchant class Classical heritage of Greece &
Rome *Patrons: the Medici family – Florence
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Gutenberg printing press
Greatest aid to spread of new ideas:
Revolutionized writing; mass printing
*Gutenberg Bible 1455 –cheap Spread Reformation ideas quickly
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Renaissance Art:
New techniques: Donatello – realistic sculpture Perspective (see p. 419) Often imitated the classical cultures of
Greece and Rome
Can you remember the 4 greatest Renaissance Painters? Leonardo Raphael Donatello Michelangelo
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Da Vinci’s: The Last Supper
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Da Vinci
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Raphael:
Text p. 419: Classical
painting & Renaissance 1400s
Perspective
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Sistine chapel
Why did the Church/Pope need more money?
To finance theBuilding of theSistine Chapel & Papal chambers
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Michelangelo
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Sistine Chapel: Sale of Indulgences to finance
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Michaelangelo Painter Sculptor Architect
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The Pieta:
Mary & Christ in marble
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Durer: Emphasized realism
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Patrons: wealthy merchants
› Financed most artists› Medici family
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Renaissance Writers: Humanism
Based on classical ideas - Greeks & Romans Wrote in vernacular Study secular and sacred matters Studied humanities: history, literature, philosophy “The Renaissance Man” – master of every area of
study:
The Courtier (1528) by Castiglione › “how to” be a Renaissance Man
Erasmus – satirical look at the church’s problems Sir Thomas More – Utopia Petrarch – sonnets to Laura in Italian Boccaccio – the Decameron stories about the plague
w/sarcastic humor
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William Shakespeare
Born in 1564 Regarded by many as the best
playwright of all time Drew inspiration from classical events Some works include: Hamlet, Macbeth, Julius Caesar, and
Romeo and Juliet Renaissance England = “Elizabethan
Age”
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Machiavelli The Prince -“how to”manual for political LeadersAny means necessary
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Religious Reformation
auses of the Reformation: Problems in the Catholic Church Charges of corruption: simony,
nepotism, worldliness Early Reform attempts: John Wycliffe, England Jan Hus, Bohemia (burned)
Savonarola, Florence (burned)
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Martin Luther:
from Catholicism to Protestantism
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Martin Luther: wants CHANGE
Wittenberg, Germany – 1517: Writes 95 Theses
Against the selling of Indulgences for profit Advocating using the vernacular in Bible
printings Starts the Protestant Reformation when
church refuses to change Edict of Worms Persecuted by the church No one allowed to give him food/help of
any kind “Here I stand. I can do no other.
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New Churches Form
Lutheranism- Germany *clerics could marry *no church needed
Anabaptists –no baptism of children Anglicans: Church of England,
Pilgrims, Puritans (Henry’s divorce)
Presbyterians- Scots Protestants Huguenots- French Protestants
Reformed Catholic Church
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Churches answer to Protestantism:
Jesuit missionaries to “counter” the Reformation - Inquisition
Witch hunts – for heretics: those not practicing Catholicism
Peasant revolts in Germany Peace of Augsburg: 1555 –
Germany free to choose its religion
Issued after a German prince showed disloyalty to the Pope
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England becomes Protestant:
Henry VIII – marriage to Catherine of Aragon produces a daughter (Mary), Henry needs a son
1527 Pope refused the divorce
1529 Act of Supremacy: makes king head of Anglican Church of England
Henry grants himself a divorce, & marries Anne Boleyn (Queen Elizabeth I’s mother)
Marries Jane Seymour = son Edward Anne of Cleves, Catherine Howard,
Catherine Parr Marries 6 women total (youtube)
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Rule of Succession Mary - Bloody Mary” – Catholic
› had Protestants killed Edward – king at 9
› rules only 6 years Elizabeth I –
› allowed both Catholic & Anglican religions, great leader
› defeated Spanish armada 1558
› Most powerful navy at the time› Establishes England as a naval force› “The Sun never sets on the British
Empire”
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The Reformation continues:
Calvinism – John Knox› Predestination› Spreads to Scotland- › Presbyterians
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Catholic Reformation
Counter Reformation-church reforms itself:
Council of Trent, 1545 Ended the sale of indulgences Banned Protestant books Church's interpretation of the
Bible is final Established the Inquisition to
punish heretics
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