1. Voting

• Only white, male property owners could vote in the early Republic.

2.The 1st Political Parties(formed in opposition to Hamilton’s Financial

Plan)Federalists = a strong national

government, Hamilton’s economic plan, a loose interpretation of the Constitution

Democratic-Republicans = strong state governments, objected to government interference, a strict interpretation of the Constitution

3. George Washington

•Farewell Address – warned against foreign entanglements (alliances)*Pinckney’s Treaty – gave the US the Port of New Orleans which gave them control of the Mississippi River•Jay’s Treaty – US negotiated this treaty with Great Britain in order to avoid going to war against Great Britain

4. Alexander Hamilton•believed only the educated & wealthy people should govern•Economic/Financial Plan included assumption of states’ debts, a Bank of the US, a protective tariff & an excise tax•The Bank of the US was a constitutional issue – Hamilton & Jefferson used the “elastic clause” or necessary but proper clause (Implied Powers) to support their position on the Bank

5. John Adams•XYZ Affair – “Millions for Defense, Not one cent for tribute”•Alien & Sedition Acts – violated 1st Amendment rights of speech & press – led to passage of KY & VA Resolutions which established the doctrines of nullification & states’ rights •Midnight appointments (Judiciary Act 1801)•Convention of 1800 – peace with France

6. Thomas Jefferson•Marbury v. Madison – established judicial review •Louisiana Purchase –compromised his political view as a strict constructionist•Lewis & Clark Expedition - mapped/explored the LA Territory•Embargo Act – Federalists opposed it because it hurt the NE economy (northern merchants) – hurt Jefferson’s popularity•Believed the Bank of the US was unconstitutional

•Main cause = violation of Neutrality – which was the main foreign policy problem before the war•Major obstacles: weak army & navy•War Hawks – westerners & southerners who supported the war•Federalists were against the war•Hartford Convention – an example of sectionalism & states’ rights•Treaty of Ghent – meant a return to prewar conditions•Led to the rise of nationalism at the war’s end

7.

8. Nationalism

– portrayed in art & literature, in landscapes, portraits & stories with American settings such as(The Last of the Mohicans by James Fennimore Cooper)

9. THE WESTWARD MOVEMENT

The #1 reason for moving WEST was ECONOMIC OPPORTUNITY!

10.Texas: Independence and Annexation•Stephen Austin led the first group of US settlers into Texas•Settlers were looking for cheap land.•Sam Houston led the fight for the independence of Texas• Important battle - the Alamo•Annexation of TX was delayed because of SLAVERY!

Stephen Sam Austin Houston The Alamo

11. Oregon Country

* THE US & Great Britain jointly occupied the Oregon Territory.

•Polk approached Britain, arguing that the US had rightful claim to the territory up to 54 40” (slogan: “54-40 or fight!”•Compromised at the 49th parallel as the official boundary & in 1846 Oregon became a US territory.

12. How did the Industrial Revolution portray nationalism?• New inventions

- steam engine - Samuel Slater – “father of the factory system” - Frances Lowell – textile mills – hired single, young girls - Eli Whitney – interchangeable parts, cotton gin - transportation – steamboats – Robert Fulton - canals - roads – the National Road (Cumberland Road) - railroads

13. 1st Industrial Revolution• Slavery appeared to be dying out until

the invention of the cotton gin.• The cotton gin made it profitable &

desirable to expand slavery South & West.

• Erie Canal – built & paid for by the state of NY - started a canal building revolution - made NYC a commercial center, a major eastern port - linked NY to the Great Lakes & the West to the Northeast - Canals opened the Midwest to world markets

14. Education Reform

•Horace Mann – Education ReformerNoah Webster – standardized the

English language•Public Education paid by taxes•Taught Republican virtues = character education & citizenship needed for a democratic society

15. The 2nd Great Awakening•A series of religious revivals•Charles G. Finney – famous preacher•Religion inspired reform movements among the middle class.

16. The American System• Henry Clay’s (the Great

Compromiser) plan to increase federal involvement in the economy.

• 3 parts to the plan – 2nd Bank of the US, a Protective Tariff (1816) & internal improvements (transportation)

• The Tariff caused the most division between the North & South.

• Internal Improvements caused division between federal & state governments – Who was going to pay for roads, canals, etc?

STATE FUNDED

FEDERALLY FUNDED

17. NORTH vs. SOUTH

The TARIFF divided the 2 sections.

The SOUTH hated the tariff; the NORTH depended on the tariff.

18. Nationalism in Domestic Issues

• McCulloch v. Maryland – John Marshall ruled that the BANK was constitutional (IMPLIED POWERS) but to TAX the Bank was unconstitutional.

BANK OF THE US

19. Monroe Doctrine

A foreign policy• Implied “Hands off the Western Hemisphere”

• Meant no more colonization by Europeans in the Americas

• Any European effort to take over a nation in the Western Hemisphere would be considered an act of war by the US

20. Andrew Jackson• The common man’s President• Started universal male suffrage – no longer had to

own land to vote• Spoils system/patronage/rotation in office• Upheld the federal government but supported

states’ rights (ex: Maysville Road Veto)• Tariff Crisis led to Nullification Crisis led to Force Bill• Bank War – Jackson thought banks were “monster”

institutions• Indian Policy = Forced Removal = relocation• Worchester v. Georgia led to Trail of Tears

21. Alexis de Tocqueville

• A French writer who visited the US & wrote about Democracy & Reform movements

22. Transcendentalism•were reformers, writers, philosophers•beliefs: self-reliance, individualism•leader – Ralph Waldo Emerson•Henry David Thoreau – wrote “Civil Disobedience” which later influenced Gandhi & Martin Luther King Jr. – “passive resistance”

23. Temperance•Wanted the moderate use of alcohol •Effects of drinking: absenteeism, domestic violence, loss of self-control, a threat to the family•led to Prohibition in the 1920s•Women participated in & supported this movement

24. Prison & Mental Health Reform

•Reformer – Dorothea Dix•Resulted in prisons for the criminals; hospitals for the mentally ill•Prisons focused on rehabilitation, not punishment

25. Utopian Communities

• Goal – to create a perfect society socially & politically

• Most well known – the Shakers• Others included New Harmony, where people

would share everything & live in harmony; Oneida & Brook Farm

• Failed due to fighting within the communities, laziness, selfishness

26. Antislavery/Abolition Movement

•started by free slaves & Northern whites, middle class, Quakers•women participated in & supported this movement•(American) Colonization Movement – created Liberia – goal: get rid of the slaves but slaves didn’t want to go•William Lloyd Garrison – author of the “Liberator” a newspaper which increased sectionalism - he condemned slavery on moral grounds; Garrison demanded immediate emancipation – was a radical abolitionist•Grimke sisters – from SC, won national acclaim for their passionate anti-slavery speeches

27. Antislavery/Abolition continued…

•Frederick Douglass – the nation’s most influential African American abolitionist; publisher of the North Star* David Walker – Appeal to the Colored Citizens of the World; even more famous than Douglass, became the most prominent African-American speaker for the abolition of slavery•Harriet Beecher Stowe – abolitionist; Uncle Tom’s Cabin

28. Other Facts…

•Division over slavery led to the Liberty Party formed in 1840•Resistance: from Northern factory workers who opposed abolition because it would result in competition for jobs in the North•Gag Rule – passed by Southerners in Congress which prohibited antislavery petitions from being read or acted upon in the House of Representatives; violated First Amendment Rights

29. Women’s Rights Movement•influenced by the temperance & abolition movements• leaders = Lucretia Mott & Elizabeth Cady Stanton = suffrage – Seneca Falls, NY – modeled after the Declaration of Independence•Sojourner Truth – supported women’s rights & abolition•Susan B. Anthony - suffrage• Education didn’t lead to a career.•Traditional role for women – the law denied them the right to vote or own property

30. MANIFEST DESTINY•A phrase coined by magazine editor, Louis O’Sullivan•The idea that God had given the entire continent to Americans & wanted them to settle western land.•A driving force for President James K. Polk (Mexican Cession & Oregon Country)

31. The Mexican War1846-1848

Causes:Manifest DestinyAnnexation of TXBorder Dispute

Treaty of Guadalupe Hidalgo – Mexico gave up its claim to TX, Rio Grande became the border, gained land (Mexican Cession)The outcome of the war was increased sectional tensions. Why: expansion led to debates over slavery.

32. The Wilmot Proviso•Slavery was even more of an issue after the Mexican War.•How would slavery be decided in the territory acquired from Mexico (the Mexican Cession)?•This proviso or condition proposed banning slavery from any land purchased from Mexico.•Accepted by Northerners, denounced by Southerners.•Never became law.

33. The Gadsden Purchase (1853)

President Franklin Pierce purchased this strip of land from Mexico for a southern transcontinental railroad.

34. THE REPUBLICAN PARTY

• A result of the K-N Act• Did not call for the immediate abolition of

slavery• OPPOSED THE EXTENSION OF SLAVERY INTO

NEW US TERRITORIES

35. Dred Scott Decision•Supreme Court, under Chief Justice Roger Taney, ruled Scott had no right to “sue,” – as a slave he was not a citizen.•The ruling also declared that a slave owner could not be deprived of his “property.•The ruling cancelled the Missouri Compromise because it violated the 5th Amendment (due process of law)•The decision outraged abolitionists & those who favored popular sovereignty.

36. California Becomes a State•1848 – gold was discovered•1849 – Gold Rush – 49ers•Became a FREE state as a result of the Compromise of 1850

37.Legislation Regarding Slavery

1. Compromise of 1820 2. Compromise of 1850 – slavery would

be decided by popular sovereignty3. Fugitive Slave Law – unpopular in the North4. Kansas-Nebraska Act – slavery to be decided

by popular sovereignty – repealed the Missouri Compromise

38. Effects of Legislation Regarding Slavery

“Bleeding Kansas”•Armed clashes between pro-slavery forces & abolitionist settlersDebate in Washington* Charles Sumner denounced slavery & the K-N Act in a speech – was attacked – “the Caning of Charles Sumner” by Preston Brooks – an example of how inflamed passions had become over slavery

39. KEY BATTLES IN THE CIVIL WAR

1st Battle of Bull RunAlso known as Battle of Manassas1st battle of the Civil WarThis battle proved the war would be longer than

expectedAntietam (MD)Lee decided to invade the North.Lee’s battle plans were discovered by Union troops.Was the bloodiest single day of the War.

40. More Battles…

VICKSBURG (MS)• Union victory would mean control of the

Mississippi River• A siege (Anaconda Plan)• A turning point battleSHERMAN’S MARCHThe capture of AtlantaHelped Lincoln to win re-election

41. Still more battles…

GETTYSBURG (PA)A 3-day battle, July 1863A turning point battleEnded the South’s hope of successfully invading the

NorthEnded the South’s chance of getting help from the

BritishThe bloodiest battle of the warLed to the Gettysburg Address

42. The Gettysburg Address

A reminder of why the Civil War was being fought – to preserve the Union & a commitment to the principles of freedom, equality & self-government.

43. Emancipation Proclamation-Freed only the slaves in the states of rebellion-Lincoln opposed slavery but did not believe he had the legal authority to abolish it.

44. Key People in the Civil WarAbraham Lincoln - “Preserve the Union - Never recognized the secession of the South - suspended the writ of Habeas Corpus & instituted martial law to maintain control over the border states (MD, KY, DE, MO) - Reelected in 1864 which proved people supported his war policy & his stand against slavery

George McClellan – Union leader known for being too cautious; ran against Lincoln but lost in 1864William Tecumseh Sherman- known for the military strategies of Total War & the Anaconda Plan

45

Copperheads• Antiwar Northern Democrats

APPOMATTOX COURT HOUSE* Location of the surrender of Lee & the

Confederate troops to Ulysses S. Grant

46.

47. Reconstruction

Lincoln’s Plan Republican Response: Wade Davis BillJohnson’s Plan Southern Response: Black CodesCongressional Plan Military Reconstruction PlanCompromise of 1877 (between Democrats & Republicans) ended Reconstruction.

48. Reconstruction cont.

Andrew Johnson•Impeached for violating the Tenure in Office Act, but survived removal from office

by one vote

•Freedmen’s Bureau – helped former slaves adjust to freedom, provided education

•Thaddeus Stevens – leader of the Radical Republicans

49. Moving West•The major motivating factor for moving out West was economic opportunity.•Settlement of the West occurred after the Civil War.•The Homestead Act, Morrill Land Grant Act & the Pacific Railway Acts encouraged settlement of the West; all were ways to obtain land.

50. Native Americans•The primary conflict between Native Americans & settlers was over LAND!• Dawes Severalty Act – forced Indians to give up nomadic hunting to farm on government allocated land• Building a rail system connecting the West to the East resulted in the restriction of American Indian hunting grounds.• Early 1800s – were forced to give up land• Late 1800s – were forced onto reservations

51. OKLAHOMA LAND RUSH

•Indian lands opened for settlements•Sooners•boomers

•Women who settled west often had greater freedom & flexibility•Women could own land•Chinese & Irish immigrants built the railroads. The Chinese faced the harshest discrimination.•African Americans – were cowboys & became Buffalo Soldiers (part of the US Army)

52. THE WEST

53. RANCHING

• Refrigerated car by Swift & Armour made meatpacking safer & more efficient – cut transportation/shipping costs in half

• Invention of BARBED WIRE by Joseph Glidden ended the open range

• Windmill powered by water, allowed vast farming & ranching and expansion of rail transport systems

• The Mexicans taught white settlers cattle ranching which led to the slaughter of buffalo & more land being taken from the Native Americans.

54. FARMINGSteel Plow – John Deere – used to break up the tough sod of the MidwestWindmills allowed farmers to pump water for their crops.Barbed wire made it possible to cheaply & efficiently fence in land & livestock.Railroads created a way for farmers to import needed equipment from the East while shipping their product to different parts of the country.

55. The Populists•The People’s Party (farmers)•Privately owned RRs used monopolistic practices between 1870 & 1900. How did farmers respond? By organizing the Populist Party & the Grange.•The goals of Populism were later applied to the urban & industrial problems in the Progressive Movement.• Were former members of the Farmers’ Alliances•Supported the Democratic candidate, William Jennings Bryan, in the 1896 Presidential election

56. The Gilded AgePost-Reconstruction 1877-1900

• A time of corruption in business & in government• Pendleton Act – Civil Service System – ended the

Spoils System or Patronage• Credit Mobilier – led to distrust of government• Government policy was laissez-faire

• Jacob Coxey led a march on Washington demanding that the government create jobs due to the Depression/Panic of 1893 – was met by federal troops

57. Immigration•RRs were built mainly by the Chinese & the Irish•From 1877-1900, immigrants came from southern & eastern Europe•The Chinese faced harsh discrimination building the Central Pacific RR•Impact of immigration during the late 1800s – factories had a steady supply of labor

58. Reforms

Settlement Movement• Jane Addams – Hull House• Tried to improve living conditions for

immigrants• Was community-centered – offered social

services• Retain your culture while learning how to live

in America

59. Purity Crusaders

• Fought against vice – crime, immoral or corrupt behavior such as gambling

• Comstock Law (Anthony Comstock) prohibited sending obscene materials (info about birth control, abortion) through the mail

60. Prohibition

• Women’s Christian Temperance Union formed to deal with the problem of drinking

• Carrie A. Nation – famous prohibitionist known for smashing illegal saloons with a hatchet

• Reformers saw a link between saloons, immigrants, & political bosses

61. Social Gospel Movement

• Also tried to improve living conditions• Applied the teachings of Christ to society• Churches provided social services

62. Big Business•Andrew Carnegie – built a large steel-making empire; believed a rich man who dies rich, dies a failure•John D. Rockefeller – built Standard Oil Co., the 1st Trust•JP Morgan – investment banker who created US Steel•Vanderbilt family – built a RR empire

63. Business Practices

– Trust – ex: Standard Oil– Monopoly– Vertical Integration – own all steps of an industry

(Carnegie)– Horizontal Integration – own all businesses of that

type – how Rockefeller gained his wealth

64. LABOR UNIONS

– National Trades Union – the 1st labor union– Knights of Labor – skilled & unskilled workers;

leader was Terrence Powderly; preferred not to strike; died out because of failed strikes

– AFL – a craft union, skilled workers only; leader was Samuel Gompers; used collective bargaining to negotiate with employers; believed women brought down wages

– Eugene V. Debs – was a supporter of labor unions

65. 2nd Industrial Revolution

• Edwin L. Drake – the 1st to drill for & strike oil• Thomas A. Edison – phonograph, light bulb; “Wizard of

Menlo Park”• George Westinghouse – developed a transformer that could

transmit electrical current over long distances• Bessemer Process – a cheaper & more effective method of

making steel• Elevator – allowed skyscrapers to be built• Skyscraper – a multistory building• Electric Trolleys – transportation that allowed people to live

away from their jobs in the cities

66. Politics during the Gilded Age

• Government favored businesses.• A period of unfair business practices such as RRs

giving rebates to certain customers.• The rise of political machines (both Democratic &

Republican) that controlled city governments by making promises (to immigrants) in exchange for their votes.

• Most well-known political machine – Tammany Hall (D) – led by Boss Tweed

• Cartoonist Thomas Nast exposed Tweed’s methods

67. STRIKES1. the Great RR Strike, 1877 – President Hayes sent in

federal troops2. Haymarket Riot – anarchists joined in; turned the

public against labor unions3. Homestead – Carnegie’s plant; Pinkertons were

called in4. Pullman Strike – interfered with the mail; leader was

Socialist Eugene V. Debs; a court injunction was issued ordering the strikers back to work; President Cleveland sent in federal troops; led to government involvement in labor issues

68. What is Imperialism?

•When stronger nations attempt to create empires by dominating weaker nations•Means to expand & colonize (take by force) ex: Philippines, Hawaii•Also meant possible war (Spanish- American War)•Would enable the US to become a world power

69. Reasons for Imperialism

#1 reason = markets!Nationalism – being the strongest nationSpread Christianity, democracythe need for refueling & repair stations for naval vessels (Pacific – Midway & Hawaii)The need for a strong US navy - Alfred T. Mahan supported adding colonies & naval basesKeeping the frontier spirit aliveThe belief in Social Darwinism

70. What did the US government’s reasons for expansion here (Manifest Destiny) and abroad (Imperialism) have in common?

Both believed in cultural superiority

Which action did the US take in the late 19th century after it had developed steam powered transoceanic ships?

Acquired more islands to use as coaling stations for ships

71. Imperialism

72. Imperialism

Roosevelt Corollary – an addition to the Monroe Doctrine; the US would act as “international police” – purpose was to protect US economic interests in Latin America; angered many Latin Americans.Open Door Policy – motivated by the fear that other nations would undermine or obstruct US trade in ChinaWhich action explains US involvement in Asian affairs during the late 1800s? OPEN DOOR POLICY!

73. Misc. info

Anti-Imperialists argued expansion violates democracy.

TR – gunboat diplomacy – Roosevelt Corollary – “big stick” diplomacy (strong navy)

President Taft – Dollar diplomacy – to promote US interests

74. The Progressive Movement•17th Amendment – direct election of senators•Muckraker who exposed the oil industry – Ida Tarbell•Impact of Progressive Reforms – the power of voters expanded•Journalism (muckrakers) uncovered scandals for the first time•Meant government involvement in the economy & in the lives of the people•The movement was a response to poor working conditions & poverty.

75. Progressive Legislation

• Triangle Shirtwaist Factory fire, 1911 – led to government reform in the work place

• 16th Amendment – federal income tax• 18th Amendment – Prohibition• 19th Amendment – Women’s suffrage• Direct primary, the initiative, referendum &

recall – all empowered the voter (ways voters could participate in government)

76. Progressive Reforms• Clayton Antitrust Act – legalized labor unions• Federal Reserve Act – banking system• Underwood Tariff – resulted in the 16th Amendment• Municipalities gained control of public

utilities.• The beginning of social welfare programs to

ensure a minimum standard of living.

77. Limits of Progressivism•Little assistance to tenant & migrant farmers•Allowed Jim Crow Laws to continue

78. Which US president most actively promoted US Imperialism?• Theodore Roosevelt

79. Which author’s work played an important role in the US taking an

increasingly active role in world affairs?

• Alfred T. Mahan – The Influence of Sea Power Upon History

80. Which US policy justified intervention in Latin America in the

early 20th century?

• Roosevelt Corollary

81. How was Cuba affected by the US victory in the Spanish-American

War?• It was forced to accept political influence from

the US (Platt Amendment).

82. Which was the response of Filipino rebels to the Treaty of

Paris?

• They wage guerrilla warfare against US troops.

83. Which describes US policy in Latin America during the early 20th

century?

• Interventionism (imperialism)

84. African Americans & Higher Education

Booker T. Washington• A former slave• Founded the Tuskegee Institute to train African

Americans in a trade so they could achieve ECONOMIC freedom

• Taught his students that if they excelled in blue collar fields (trades/manual labor) they would eventually be treated as equal citizens

• He saw no problem with segregation which he stated in a famous speech given in Atlanta

85. W.E.B. Du Bois• The first black Ph.D. graduate from Harvard• Disagreed with Washington & called his Atlanta

speech, the “Atlanta Compromise”• Argued blacks should earn a liberal arts education

and become leaders• Believed blacks must be politically, legally, & socially

active in order to obtain true equality – should never accept inferiority or bow to oppression

• Helped organize the Niagara Movement• Helped found the NAACP

86. NAACPPublished its own magazine, The CrisisIts purpose was to abolish segregation & discrimination, oppose racism and gain civil rights for African AmericansUsed the courts to gain success1st success was getting the grandfather clause declared unconstitutional

87. Segregation

De factoOccurred in the NorthNot legal segregation – just happensAfrican Americans rather live in the North because

segregation wasn’t by law

De jure Occurred in the South Made segregation legal = Jim Crow Laws Segregation in public facilities

88. SEGREGATION

• Led to violence• Lynching • Race riots• Competition for jobs in the North

89. Jim Crow Laws (legal segregation in the South)

Ways to prevent African Americans from voting (disenfranchisement) such as:The literacy testGrandfather clausePoll taxOwn property

90. Plessy v. Ferguson

• 1896 – the Supreme Court decided separate but equal was constitutional

• Applied to public facilities included schools• Segregation was firmly in place by 1900.

91. What type of legislation did Progressive reformers promote?

• Legislation for government regulation & social justice

92. Which development in urban areas initiated the rise of

Progressivism?

• The increase in public ownership of vital services (utilities)

93. Who was the most important figure in making Progressivism a

national movement?• Theodore Roosevelt

94. How did the creation of a Federal Reserve Board help the

average US citizen?• It placed control of the value of the dollar in

one central government authority.

95. What was an effect of racial segregation in the South in the mid

20th century?• Social tension

96. Which of Booker T. Washington’s positions did the

Niagara Movement oppose?• His support for gradual progress for African

Americans.

97. Which Progressive Era leader focused on obtaining economic

rights & opportunities for African Americans?

• Booker T. Washington

98. WWI

•The war started when Germany invaded Belgium.•Unrestricted submarine warfare led to US involvement in the war in 1917.•Wilson’s pro-war argument: “The world must be made safe for democracy.”•Sedition Act – you couldn’t interfere with the sale of Liberty Bonds which violated 1st Amendment rights•President Wilson’s Peace Program – Fourteen Points which created a League of Nations•Women’s involvement in WWI led to the passage of the 19th Amendment.

99. Trench Warfare

• Goal: break through the enemy’s trenches

• Used artillery, bayonets, machine guns, tanks, poison gases

• Meant you had to cross “No Man’s Land”

• War of attrition• “Live & Let Live” system

100. How did trench warfare lead to a stalemate?

• Neither side was able to push the other out of the “trenches” causing the war to drag out 4 long years, with neither side winning or losing.

101. Managing the Economy during WWI

• War Industries Board – led to industries producing war goods rather than commercial goods

• Herbert Hoover – Food Administrator – worked to increase farm output and reduce waste; called for voluntary action

• The Great Migration began during WWI – movement of African Americans from the South to the North (jobs).

102. Wilson’s Fourteen Points• A plan for peace• Included an end to alliances• A League of Nations – purpose: global security;

Article 10 – “An attack on one is an attack on all.”• US never joined the League of Nations.• The Allies wanted to punish the Central Powers – led

to reparations for the Germans which would become a cause for WWII

Wilson & Mexico – refused to recognize their leader & temporarily supported Pancho Villa - then became preoccupied with WWI & withdrew his support– Pancho Villa responded by leading raids, killing Americans - Wilson’s efforts to control events in Mexico led to the brink of war – policies resulted in distrust of the US in Mexico

103. The Versailles Treaty

• Accepted by the Allies but not by the US Senate because of the League of Nations

• The Senate was divided:Irreconcilables – opposed the treatyReservationists – (Henry Cabot Lodge) accept

the treaty with some changes but Wilson would not compromise!

104. After WWI

• Postwar adjustments: the US was now the world’s largest creditor nation

• Americans were “disillusioned.” • US returned to isolationism.

105. Social Changes in the 1920s• Flapper – reflected a new social freedom for

women• Election of 1920 – few women voted; those

who did voted like the men• ERA – introduced in 1923 – never passed• After WWI – immigration restrictions

especially for the countries of southern & eastern Europe

• Heroes represented the traditional values of the past

106. Cultural Changes in the 1920s

• Mass Media brought Americans together, creating common cultural experiences.

• 1st “Talkie” – The Jazz Singer• The Great Migration & the radio helped create Jazz music.• Sinclair Lewis – a novelist who attacked/criticized American

society; the first American to receive the Nobel prize for literature

• The Lost Generation – writers such as Gertrude Stein, Ernest Hemingway & F. Scott Fitzgerald who were disillusioned after WWI and rejected the materialism of the 1920s – were expatriates

• The Harlem Renaissance – an African American literary awakening; ex: Zora Neale Hurston, Langston Hughes

107. The Marcus Garvey Movement

• “back to Africa” movement• Garvey promoted racial pride & independence

and separation of the races• Garvey inspired future “black pride”

movements.

108. Racial Tensions in the 1920s

• Riots• Lynchings• Jim Crow Laws• KKK – used advertising to gain members; was

no longer just a “southern” organization; were anti-black, anti-Catholic, anti-Jew, anti-immigrant

109. Issues of Religion in the 1920s

• Fundamentalism - a set of religious beliefs that included a literal interpretation of the Bible

• The most famous fundamentalist preacher – Billy Sunday (also a Prohibitionist)

• The radio enabled religious messages to reach a wide office. Aimee Semple McPherson took advantage of this technology to build up her ministry.

• Conflict between Fundamentalists & Evolutionists led to the Scopes Trial (or Monkey Trial). (religion v. science)

• Being denied the right to teach evolution violated personal & religious freedom (1st Amendment)

• William Jennings Bryan (Fundamentalist), prosecutor v. Clarence Darrow, defense attorney.

• Bryan became a martyr for Fundamentalism.

110. Prohibition

* Volstead Act was passed to enforce the 18th Amendment

* Effects of Prohibition: * bootlegging

* speakeasies* organized crime

*FBI – headed by J. Edgar Hoover, became a dedicated independent force against organized crime

111. The Red Scare

• Fear of communism spreading to the US • Causes:1. Bolshevik (Russian Revolution) 19172. Increase in labor strikes in the US3. The rise of Nativism

112. Effects of the Red Scare

• Palmer Raids – a response to an attempted assassination of Attorney General, A. Mitchell Palmer – suspected communists (mostly immigrants) were arrested, jailed, or deported.

• Sacco & Vanzetti – one of the most controversial trials in US history – both were Italian immigrants, radicals (anarchists), convicted & executed

113. 1920s Republican PresidentsWarren G. Harding – promised a “return to normalcy” Calvin Coolidge – “The business of America is business.”Herbert Hoover – believed voluntary action would end the Great Depression*All Republican Presidents supported laissez-faire, pro-business, nativist, (anti-immigrant), pro-isolationist, pro-trade/pro-tariff

114. Warren G. Harding

• Teapot Dome Scandal

115. Calvin CoolidgeKellogg-Briand Pact – outlawed war; couldn’t be enforced

116. The Great Depression

• Causes: installment buying, personal debt; buying on margin, the stock market crash

• Effects: had world-wide effects; poverty, Hoovervilles, an increase in discrimination (Scottsboro Boys)

• 21st Amendment – repealed Prohibition

117. Herbert Hoover

• His plan to end the Great Depression was one of VOLUNTARY ACTION which failed.

• Did not believe in direct relief to the individual. Why? Americans were hard working people and a government handout would be offensive to them.

• Bonus Army – Hoover called in the army. General Douglas MacArthur used force to drive out the marchers. This, along with Hoover’s failure to end the Great Depression, would prevent Hoover from being reelected.

118. Election of 1932

• A turning point for American politics because it was the beginning of the government taking responsibility for the people. (the beginning of social welfare programs)

119. FDR’s New DealCharacteristics:•Government involvement in the economy & in the lives of the people•Deficit spending•Increased debt•3 goals: Relief, recovery, reform•Created jobs

120. Legacy of the New Deal•The American people now had different expectations of the government.•Overall impact: increased the size of the federal government•TVA – remains a model of government planning•SEC – monitors the stock market•Farmers still plant according to federal crop allotments•Social Security•FDIC – protects people’s money•Its greatest achievement: provided hope

121. Critics of the New Deal

• Women, minorities (domestic workers) and farmers were left out of the Social Security Act.

• Lynching continued.• The New Deal was socialistic.• Meant higher taxes.• Limited individual freedom. • Demagogues, such as Father Coughlin & Huey Long,

were critics. Long had a “Share-our-Wealth” plan.

122. FDR’s court-packing scheme

• The NIRA & AAA had been declared unconstitutional by the Supreme Court.

• To prevent more programs from being declared unconstitutional, FDR wanted to increase the number of Supreme Court judges to 15 by appointing supporters of FDR & his New Deal programs.

• This “scheme” hurt FDR’s popularity.

123. The US & WWII

•Foreign Policy – Isolationism, NEUTRALITY!•The New Deal kept FDR focused on domestic issues so the focus was on the Great Depression & not on foreign affairs.•Neutrality Acts – prohibited the selling of weapons to “warring” nations•1937 – FDR gave his “Quarantine Speech” calling for economic & diplomatic sanctions against any “aggressor” nations.•Ultimately, economic sanctions by the US would play a major role in leading Japan to declare war on the US.

124. Causes of WWII•The rise of totalitarian governments•The Great Depression•No means to enforce the Kellogg-Briand Pact•The Treaty of Versailles – reparations – the War Guilt Clause•The annexation of the Rhineland•The annexation of Austria•Annexation of the Sudetenland (the Munich Agreement) = no further land claims by Hitler•Allied policy of appeasement•Non-Aggression Pact

125. Mobilization• “We must be the great arsenal of democracy.” (FDR) –

Prepare for war; make war materials rather than consumer goods.

• Selective Training and Service Act – the first peacetime draft in the nation’s history

• FDR’s Four Freedoms speech (why we would be fighting) – freedom of speech & expression, freedom of religion, freedom from want (from not having physical needs met) and freedom from fear.

• “Rosie the Riveter” – represented women factory workers• War funded through deficit spending.• Rationing, victory gardens

126. The War in Europe

• D-Day = Operation Overlord = invasion of Normandy = liberation of France

• Allied troops were led by Dwight D. Eisenhower

127. Important Meetings

• Yalta – Meeting of the Big 3 – Stalin, FDR & Churchill to discuss Europe’s reorganization after the war (postwar plans) – led to San Francisco Conference that established the UN

• Potsdam – Truman was present – Japan was asked to surrender unconditionally before an atomic bomb would be dropped

128. The War in the Pacific

• Strategy = island hopping• The significance of the Battle of Midway – it

stopped the Japanese – they were unable to launch any more offensive operations in the Pacific

• Turning point battles: Coral Sea & Midway

129.Europe after WWII(All causes of the Cold War.)

• The US & the Soviet Union had different ideas for Poland.

• The Soviet Union wanted satellite nations (a buffer zone).

• Poland became a communist country.• Germany was divided between the Allies and

the Soviet Union.

130. The Iron Curtain

• A speech given by Winston Churchill that Europe was now divided between a communist East and a democratic/capitalist West.

131. The Cold War

• Competition between the US & the Soviet Union that began during WWII and ended in 1991.

132. Origins of the Cold War

• Soviet Union became communist – Russian Revolution, 1917

• US did not recognize the Soviet Union until 1933

• US angered over the Non-aggression Pact• Soviets angry over the Allies’ delay in opening

a second front in Europe• Yalta Conference – differences over Poland

133. Peace Keeping Attempts after WWII

• UN – its goal is to maintain world peace - replaced the League of Nations

Containment – prevent the spread of communism1. Truman Doctrine – containment policy – prevent

Turkey & Greece from falling to communism2. Marshall Plan – containment policy – prevent Europe

from falling to communism3. NATO – “an attack on one is an attack on all” – a

military alliance; its goal: collective security – made the US actively involved in European affairs

134. 1949

• US found out that the Soviet Union had atomic weapons.

• The beginning of the arms race.• China fell to communism.

135. President Truman

• Civil Rights - Integrated the troops• Korean War – first war were troops were integrated• GI Bill – created a new middle class – provided

housing & education benefits• Taft-Hartley Act – vetoed by Truman, overridden by

Congress – would allow an 80-day cooling-off period to avoid strikes

• Berlin Airlift - Truman’s response to Stalin blocking the road into West Berlin.

127. 2nd Red Scare

• Loyalty Program – Truman’s plan to ensure federal employees were not communists; included background checks

• HUAC – investigated Hollywood – led to the Hollywood Ten who were blacklisted

• Spies – Alger Hiss – found guilty of perjury the Rosenbergs – convicted & executed for

passing atomic secrets to the Soviet Union

132. McCarthyism

• Senator Joseph McCarthy claimed to have a list of people within the State Department who were communists.

• McCarthy contributed to the 2nd Red Scare of the 1950s.

• McCarthy lost any support he had when he accused the US Army of having communists.

133. President Dwight D. Eisenhower

• Modern Republicanism – be conservative with money, liberal towards people

• Farewell Address – warned that the existence of a military-industrial complex (armament industries during peacetime) could become a threat to peace

• Eisenhower saw businesses as seeking war for economic reasons

• Federal Aid Highway Act – funded an interstate highway system which would allow for the evacuation of major cities in the event of a nuclear attack

134. Containment under Eisenhower

• His Secretary of State, John Foster Dulles, wanted to end communism where it existed, not just contain it. A policy known as “brinkmanship” – to risk nuclear war to protect US national interests

• Deterrence – making the military power of the US & its Allies so powerful that no enemy would attack

• Eisenhower Doctrine – economic aid to countries in the Middle East

135. The Space Race• Started in 1957 when the Soviets launched the

Sputnik – the 1st artificial satellite to orbit the earth. This created fear among the American people because they realized that now the Soviets could launch a hydrogen bomb at the US.

• US response to the Sputnik – NASA and the National Defense Education Act which emphasized more math & science courses in schools

• U2 incident – an American spy plane that was shot down by the Soviets

135. The Arms Race

• Between the US and the Soviet Union• Refers to the struggle to gain weapons

superiority

137. 1950s Society

• Television – brought families together• More white collar workers – the rise of the

service industry• Rise of suburbia • The affluent society• A decade of conformity

138. Challenges to the Conformity of the 1950s

• Betty Friedan wrote The Feminine Mystique – lashed out at the culture that made it difficult for women to choose alternative roles

• Rock and roll• The Beat Generation or beatniks – promoted

spontaneity

128. The 1960s Civil Rights Movement

Purpose: equality for African-Americans & the end of de jure segregation

NAACP – used the courts to fight discrimination.EX: Brown v. Board of Education – Under Chief Justice Earl Warren, the Supreme Court overturned Plessy v. Ferguson and established that separate but equal was UNCONSTITUTIONAL! Brown’s Attorney was Thurgood Marshall who became the 1st African American Supreme Court Judge

129. Civil Rights Events•Little Rock Nine (Arkansas) – President Eisenhower (did not necessarily support desegregation) placed the National Guard under federal command to protect the 9 students who wanted to attend the area high school.•“Ole Miss” - James Meredith - JFK sent in federal marshals to escort Meredith to the University of Mississippi

130. JFK• Moved slowly on Civil Rights’ issues• “Ole Miss” – James Meredith• Bay of Pigs• Berlin Crisis• Cuban Missile Crisis• Alliance for Progress – Latin America• New Frontier – most successful in the Space Program• Lacked a mandate; lacked support from Congress• 1st televised presidential debate w/Nixon

131. JFK on Civil Rights•Kennedy moved slowly on civil rights issues – did not want to anger southern Democratic senators•Unsuccessful in get civil rights legislation passed because he lacked the support of Congress.•Helped get MLK Jr. released from jail.

132. The Civil Rights Movement turns radical

•Malcolm X – just the opposite of MLK Jr. – advocated using “any means necessary” to secure their rights; later had less militant views & called for whites & blacks to work together•A more militant approach to civil rights•SNCC began to reject nonviolent protest under Stokely Carmichael who called for BLACK POWER, meaning pride in African heritage & separate black economic & political institutions•Late 1960s – SNCC & CORE supported Black Power•1966 – Black Panthers – sought to end de facto & de jure segregation – had some violent encounters with police but also set up community programs to aid poor, urban blacks.

133. Voting Rights for African Americans

• Had to fight to gain voting rights• Freedom Summer – voter registration drives

were held in Mississippi• Selma March (AL) – marched because they

were not being allowed to register to vote – were attacked by state troopers - televised

134. Martin Luther King, Jr.• The Montgomery Bus Boycott (Rosa Parks)

began the Civil Rights Movement• Led by MLK, Jr. – made him a national figure

and leader of the Civil Rights Movement• Used non-violent protests and civil

disobedience – influenced by Gandhi

135. Non-Violent ProtestsSit-ins – lunch counter in Greensboro, NC – led to the formation of SNCC (Student Nonviolent Coordinating Committee)Freedom Riders – 1960, the Supreme Court ruled that segregation was illegal in bus stations open to interstate travel – 1961 CORE organized Freedom Rides to test the Court’s decision. Resulted in the desegregation of some bus stations but helped draw national attention to the cause of civil rightsMarch on Washington – to keep pressure on JFK & Congress to pass civil rights legislation; led to MLK Jr.’s famous “ I Have a Dream” speech

136. LBJ

• Supported Civil Rights – urged Congress to pass laws in honor of JFK

• Voting Rights Act 1965 – led to a huge increase in African-American voter registration & an increase in the number of African American candidates elected

• Supported affirmative action, a policy by which minorities are given preferential consideration for jobs & admittance to universities

137. Johnson’s Great Society

• “I declare war on poverty!”• Created Medicare & Medicaid• Created Head Start• VISTA – use volunteers to help poor people

living in the US

138. LBJ on Civil Rights• Got Kennedy’s bills passed as a way to heal the country and

honor JFK• Voting Rights Act• Civil Rights Act 1964 – banned discrimination in public

facilities• Voting Rights Act 1965 – eliminated literacy tests as a voting

requirement; allowed federal registrars to enable African Americans to register to vote

• 24th Amendment – eliminated the poll tax• Both the Civil Rights Act & Voting Rights Act created a new

voting population in the South resulting in more African Americans being elected.

139. LBJ’s Containment/Cold War Policies

• Vietnam • Tet Offensive – a turning point in the war – hurt

Johnson’s populatiry – caused Americans to turn against the war – realized the war could not be won

• Escalation• Gulf of Tonkin Resolution – gave the President

expanded powers to conduct the war in Vietnam – deepened US involvement in Vietnam

140. Vietnam War – Student Protests

• Students for a Democratic Society (SDS) – began with students who had taken part in the Civil Rights Movement & protested the Vietnam War on college campuses – led to a new political movement called the NEW LEFT who called for change

• Kent State – occurred after the invasion of Cambodia under Nixon – resulted in violence (4 dead, 9 injured)

• Teach-ins – held by professors • Drafts resistors – conscientious objectors• Division over Vietnam – those upset with the government for

limiting the military’s ability to win the war and those who saw US actions as “criminal”

141. Legislative Changes Due to the War

• 26th Amendment – lowered the voting age from 21 to 18

• War Powers Act, 1973 – limits the president’s war making powers

142. The Women’s Movement• 1950s – traditional role of women• 1960s – role of women was challenged – The Feminine

Mystique by Betty Friedan helped launch the “Women’s Movement”

• 1970s – often referred to as “Women’s Liberation” or “Women’s Lib”

• Rejected traditional gender roles & advocated equality between men & women

• NOW – founded by Friedan• Gloria Steinem – Ms. Magazine• Phyllis Schlafly – campaigned against the Women’s

Movement• ERA – passed Congress in 1972 but wasn’t ratified by enough

states and never was added to the US Constitution

143. Cesar Chavez

• Founded the United Farm Workers Union• Supported the rights of migrant farm workers• Worked to improved working conditions• Used non-violent tactics such as boycotting

which led to a 1970 labor agreement between growers & workers

144. Environmental/Consumer Movements

• EPA created in 1970 – sets & enforces national pollution-control agencies. Ex: Clean Air Act, Clean Water Act

• Rachel Carson – wrote Silent Spring – exposed the harmful effects of pesticides (DDT)

• Consumer Movement – Ralph Nader – safer cars

145. Nixon

• Conservative• Blamed the protest/violence in society on the young people• Didn’t see any sense in the arms race – began negotiations – SALT I• Greatest achievement – foreign policy – “détente” – lessened tensions with

China & the Soviet Union• Vietnam policy – Vietnamization• Watergate – led to Nixon being impeached – resigned to avoid

impeachment• Swann v. Charlotte-Mechlenburg – issue: school busing – Nixon refused to

enforce• “Southern Strategy” – move slowly on desegregation to win support of

southern Democrats• Silent Majority – didn’t like student radicals, antiwar protesters & the

counterculture and who blamed them for the rising crime & drug use• New Federalism or “revenue sharing” – states would assume more

responsibility for social programs using federal money

146. Gerald Ford• Pardoned Nixon• Became VP and then President without being elected• Economy – “stagflation” – His plan: WIN (Whip

Inflation Now – similar to Hoover’s voluntary program)

• First president to visit Japan• 1973 War Powers Act – limited the president’s ability

to involve the US in foreign affairs• Helsinki Accords – a series of agreements on

European security – a pledge to cooperate economically, respect boundaries and promote human rights

147. Jimmy Carter• Informal style• A Washington outsider• Foreign policy – humans rights diplomacy• ***Camp David Accords – his greatest achievement –

temporary peace between Egypt & Israel• Iranian hostage crisis – his biggest problem• SALT II – never ratified because the Soviet Union invaded

Afghanistan – the US responded with an embargo on grain exports to the Soviet Union & by boycotting the 1980 Olympics – the end of détente

• Carter blamed domestic problems on a “moral & spiritual crisis”

148. Ronald Reagan• Deregulation• Credited with the release of the Americans in the Iranian

Hostage Crisis• The New Right• Moral Majority – Rev. Jerry Falwell• Supply-side economics or Reaganomics• New Federalism• A Cold Warrior – called the Soviet the Evil Empire• Reelected in 1984 – “Are you better off than you were 4 years

ago?”• Ran against Walter Mondale and Geraldine Ferraro

149. George H.W. Bush

• Promised no new taxes but was forced to tax the people – cost him reelection

• Called for a “new world order” – a stable & peaceful world in which the strong respect the rights of the weak

• Persian Gulf War – US objective was to preserve the oil reserves – UN involved

150. Bill Clinton• NAFTA – removed trade restrictions between the US,

Canada & Mexico – created controversy that the US would move its businesses to Mexico

• Presented himself as a “NEW DEMOCRAT – moderate

• Tried to get universal healthcare passed• “Contract with America – Republican pledge to

reduce the role of government, cut taxes & balance the budget

• Foreign policy – committed troops to Bosnia• Worst foreign crisis – Kosovo – sent troops – after 2

months a NATO peacekeeping force was in place

Republican Party

EOC REVIEW

George Washington

What advice did he give to the American people in his Farewell Address?

AVOID POLITICAL PARTIES & ENTANGLING ALLIANCES!

ALEXANDER HAMILTON

According to Hamilton, what kind of people should govern our nation?

ONLY THE EDUCATED & WEALTHY!

Hamilton’s Economic Plan

Which part of Hamilton’s plan did Thomas Jefferson have the most problem with and why?

THE BANK OF THE US – HE CONSIDERED IT TO BE UNCONSTITUTIONAL!

HAMILTON’S FINANCIAL PLAN

Which part of Hamilton’s plan led to the Whiskey Rebellion?

THE EXCISE TAX!

JEFFERSON & THE BANK OF THE US

If Jefferson considered the Bank to be unconstitutional, what does that say about how he interpreted the US Constitution?

HE TOOK A STRICT INTERPRETATION OF THE CONSTITUTION!

THOMAS JEFFERSON, THE PRESIDENT

What action taken by Jefferson showed how he compromised his constitutional principles?

THE PURCHASE OF THE LOUISIANA TERRITORY!

LEWIS & CLARK

What was the significance of the teaming up of Lewis & Clark?

THEY EXPLORED THE LOUISIANA TERRITORY & FOUND IT TO BE RICH IN RESOURCES!

VOTING

In the early republic, what was required in order to vote?

BEING A WHITE MALE PROPERTY OWNER!

POLITICAL PARTIES

What led to the rise of political parties?

HAMILTON’S ECONOMIC PLAN

POLITICAL PARTIES

Which “early” political party objected to the interference of government in the economy and in the lives of the people?

DEMOCRATIC-REPUBLICANS

JAY’S TREATY

What was the underlying reason for the US negotiating Jay’s Treaty with Great Britain?

TO AVOID GOING TO WAR AGAINST BRITAIN!

PINCKNEY’S TREATY

How did this treaty benefit the US?

IT GAVE THE US CONTROL OF THE MISSISSIPPI & THE PORT OF NEW ORLEANS.

JOHN ADAMS

Why were the American people upset by the Alien & Sedition Acts?

THEIR 1st AMENDMENT RIGHTS WERE BEING VIOLATED!

ALIEN & SEDITION ACTS

How did the Democratic-Republicans respond to these acts?

BY PASSING THE KENTUCKY & VIRGINIA RESOLUTIONS!

JOHN ADAMS

What final action taken by this president led to the court case, Marbury v. Madison?

HIS MIDNIGHT APPOINTMENTS!

JOHN ADAMS

What does the Convention of 1800 refer to?

PEACE BETWEEN THE US & FRANCE!

THOMAS JEFFERSON, THE PRESIDENT

Which act was intended to hurt Great Britain’s economy but ended up hurting the economy of the New England states?

THE EMBARGO ACT

MARBURY V. MADISON

What power did the Supreme Court receive as a result of this court case?

JUDICIAL REVIEW

FOREIGN ISSUES

What was the main foreign policy issue prior to the War of 1812?

VIOLATION OF NEUTRALITY

WAR OF 1812

What major obstacles did the US face in this war against Great Britain?

WEAK ARMY & NAVY

WAR OF 1812

Westerners & southerners who supported the war were called?

WAR HAWKS!

WAR OF 1812

Were the Federalists for or against the war? What action on their part is considered an example of sectionalism?

THE HARTFORD CONVENTION

WAR OF 1812

Which treaty ended this war and what were it terms?

Treaty of Ghent – a return to prewar conditions

WAR OF 1812

What evidence supports this statement:“The War of 1812 led to the rise of

nationalism?”

In literature and in art, the focus was on American themes, settings, events, and people, landscapes, etc.

MOVING WEST

What was the #1 reason for moving out West?

ECONOMIC REASONS!

THE INDEPENDENCE OF TEXAS

Why was the annexation of Texas delayed?

BECAUSE OF SLAVERY!

PRESIDENT JAMES K. POLK

“54 40’ or fight” refers to what part of the US?

OREGON COUNTRY/TERRITORY

THE TARIFF

Which part of the US resented the tariff the most?

THE SOUTH

REFORMERS

Name the education reformer.

HORACE MANN

REFORMERS

Name the prison reformer.

DOROTHEA DIX

1st INDUSTRIAL REVOLUTION

What appeared to be dying out until the invention of the cotton gin?

SLAVERY!

1st INDUSTRIAL REVOLUTION

What invention made it profitable & desirable to expand slavery South & West?

THE COTTON GIN!

REFORMS

What connection is there between the 2nd Great Awakening and the early reform movements?

RELIGION INFLUENCED REFORM

REFORM MOVEMENTS

Regardless of the time period, which class of people were active in reforming society?

MIDDLE CLASS

NORTH & SOUTH

Besides slavery, what issue caused the most division between the North and the South?

THE TARIFF

MCCULLOCH V. MARYLAND

What did the Supreme Court under John Marshall decide in this case?

THAT THE BANK OF THE US WAS CONSTITUTIONAL BUT TO TAX THE BANK WAS UNCONSTITUTIONAL!

POLICIES

Which policy implied “Hands off the Western Hemisphere?” What type of policy was this?

MONROE DOCTRINE - FOREIGN

A NEW FORM OF DEMOCRACY

Which president was known as the common man’s President?

ANDREW JACKSON

ANDREW JACKSON

Universal male suffrage began under President Jackson. What is universal male suffrage?

– ALL WHITE MALES COULD VOTE – NO LONGER HAD TO OWN LAND TO VOTE

NULLIFICATION CRISIS

What caused this “crisis”? How was it resolved?

TARIFF OF 1828 or the TARIFF OF ABOMINATIONS

COMPROMISE TARIFF OF 1833

ANDREW JACKSON

What was President Jackson’s Indian Policy?

Forced Removal = relocation

Court Cases

Which court case led to the Trail of Tears?

Worchester v. Georgia

Alexis de Tocqueville

What 2 issues did this French philosopher write about after visiting the US?

DEMOCRACY & REFORM MOVEMENTS

EARLY REFORM MOVEMENTS

Which early reformers believed in self-reliance & individualism?

Transcendentalists

TRANSCENDENTALISM

Who was the leader of this movement?

Ralph Waldo Emerson

TRANSCENDENTALISM

Who wrote “Civil Disobedience”? What point was he trying to make in this essay? Which 2 people were later influenced by this essay?

Henry David Thoreau – passive resistance - Gandhi & Martin Luther King Jr.

Temperance

What were some of the effects of drinking that led to the Temperance Movement?

Domestic abuse, absenteeism in the workplace, drinking was immoral

Women and Reform Movements

Which 2 reform movements were women active in that influenced them to begin a women’s movement?

Abolition & Temperance

Reform Movements

What was the goal of Utopian communities?

To create a perfect society

Utopian Communities

What happened to most Utopian communities?

They fell apart due to fighting from within the community.

Abolition Movement

Which abolition movement created the colony of Liberia?

The (American) Colonization Movement

William Lloyd Garrison

How did William Lloyd Garrison want to end slavery?

IMMEDIATE EMANCIPATION

Abolitionists

Who was the nation’s most influential African American abolitionist?

Frederick Douglass

Abolitionists

Who was the author of Uncle Tom’s Cabin?

Harriet Beecher Stowe

Abolitionism

Why were some Northerners against the antislavery movement?

it would result in competition for jobs in the North

Abolition Movement

What was passed by Southerners in Congress that prohibited antislavery petitions from being read or acted upon in the House of Representatives?

THE GAG RULE

The Women’s Movement

Who were the leaders of the early women’s rights movement?

Lucretia Mott & Elizabeth Cady Stanton

The Women’s Movement

Where was the first women’s rights movement held? What right were they seeking?

Seneca Falls, NY – Suffrage

Women Abolitionists

Which African American female supported women’s rights & abolition?

Sojourner Truth

MOVING WEST

The term for the idea that God had given the entire continent to Americans & wanted them

to settle western land. Which president is associated with this idea?

MANIFEST DESTINY – JAMES K. POLK

THE MEXICAN WAR

Which treaty ended the Mexican War? What did the US gain from this war?

Treaty of Guadalupe Hidalgo – Mexico gave up its claim to TX, Rio Grande became the border, gained land (Mexican Cession)

THE MEXICAN WAR

How did the Mexican War contribute to sectional tensions?

The war resulted in more land which caused tension over SLAVERY!

The Wilmot Proviso

According to the Wilmot Proviso, how would slavery be decided in the territory acquired from Mexico (the Mexican Cession)?

• This proviso or condition proposed banning slavery from any land purchased from Mexico.

The Gadsden Purchase

What was the reason for this purchase?

A southern route for a transcontinental railroad

CALIFORNIA

What congressional act was passed allowed California to become a free state?

COMPROMISE OF 1850

THE REPUBLICAN PARTY

What led to the rise of the Republican Party?

the Kansas-Nebraska Act

The Republican Party

What was the Republican Party’s stand on slavery?

• OPPOSED THE EXTENSION OF SLAVERY INTO NEW US TERRITORIES

THE DRED SCOTT CASE

What did the Supreme Court decide about slavery in this court case? Which section of the US was outraged by this decision?

The ruling also declared that a slave owner could not be deprived of his “property.

• The decision outraged abolitionists & those who favored popular sovereignty

THE CIVIL WAR

What was a turning point battle in the Civil War?

VICKSBURG

Emancipation Proclamation

Which slaves were freed by the Emancipation Proclamation?

ONLY THE SLAVES IN THE STATES OF REBELLION (THE SOUTHERN STATES)

What issue did the Compromise of 1820 and the Compromise of 1850 temporary settle?

SLAVERY

THE CIVIL WAR

How was slavery to be decided according to the Kansas-Nebraska Act?

BY POPULAR SOVEREIGNTY

The Civil War

What was President Lincoln’s goal at the beginning of the Civil War?

TO PRESERVE THE UNION!

The Civil War

Antiwar Northern Democrats were called

COPPERHEADS

Reconstruction

How did Congress respond to Lincoln’s Reconstruction Plan?

BY PASSING THE WADE-DAVIS BILL

Reconstruction

How did Southerners respond to President Johnson’s Plan for Reconstruction?

BY PASSING THE BLACK CODES

Reconstruction

What ended Reconstruction?

THE COMPROMISE OF 1877

COMPROMISE OF 1877

What was the Compromise of 1877?

A COMPROMISE BETWEEN THE DEMOCRATS & THE REPUBLICANS

COMPROMISE OF 1877

What was included in the Compromise of 1877?

Military reconstruction (occupation) of the South would end in exchange for Republican Rutherford B. Hayes becoming president

RECONSTRUCTION

What was established to help former slaves adjust to their new freedom?

FREEDMEN’S BUREAU

Reconstruction

Who was the leader of the Radical Republicans and how did they want the South to be treated after the Civil War?

THADDEUS STEVENSPUNISH THE SOUTH!

THE WESTWARD MOVEMENT

What did the Homestead Act & the Morrill Land Grant Act have in common?

WAYS TO SETTLE THE WEST

Moving West

What was the primary conflict between Native Americans & settlers out West?

LAND!

MOVING WEST

Under the Dawes Severalty Act, what were Native Americans forced to give up?

• their nomadic hunting to farm on government allocated land

Native Americans

What effect did building a rail system connecting the West to the East have on the Native Americans?

• resulted in the restriction of American Indian hunting grounds

Railroads

Which immigrants built the railroads?

Chinese & Irish

Immigrants

Which immigrants who built the railroads faced the harshest discrimination?

The Chinese

Moving West

What were African Americans “cowboys” who were part of the US Army called?

Buffalo Soldiers

Moving West

Which invention made meatpacking safer & more efficient & cut transportation/shipping costs in half?

THE REFRIGERATED CAR

Moving West

What impact did the Invention of BARBED WIRE by Joseph Glidden have on the West?

It ended the open range

The West

Which invention was used to break up the tough sod of the Midwest?

THE STEEL PLOW

Moving West

What created a way for farmers to import needed equipment from the East while shipping their product to different part of the country?

RAILROADS

Political Parties

Which political party was the People’s Party? Who were the “people?”

THE POPULIST PARTY - (farmers)

Railroads

Privately owned RRs used monopolistic practices between 1870 & 1900. How did farmers respond?

By organizing the Populist Party & the Grange.

POPULISM

The goals of Populism were later applied to the urban & industrial problems in which movement?

the Progressive Movement

THE POPULIST PARTY

Which presidential candidate did the Populists support in the Election of 1896?

Supported the Democratic candidate, William Jennings Bryan

Immigrants

From 1877-1900, from what parts of Europe where did most immigrants come from?

southern & eastern Europe

IMMIGRATION

What was the Impact of immigration during the late 1800s?

– factories had a steady supply of labor

Reform Movements

What Women’s Christian Temperance Union formed to deal with what problem?

the problem of drinking

BIG BUSINESS

What business practice enabled Andrew Carnegie to build a large steel-making empire?

VERTICAL INTEGRATION/CONSOLIDATION

BIG BUSINESS

What was the first trust?

John D. Rockefeller’s Standard Oil Co

Big Business

What is wrong with forming a trust?

IT CREATES A MONOPOLY & ELIMINATES COMPETITION

Big Business

JP Morgan – associated with?Banking, created US Steel

Big Business

The Vanderbilt family – associated with?

Railroads

LABOR UNIONS

What led to the downfall of the Knights of Labor?

THE HAYMARKET SQUARE RIOT

LABOR UNIONS

Which labor union was for skilled workers only?

AFL

–

LABOR UNIONS

What is collective bargaining and which labor union used this method?

A way to negotiate with employers that empowers the worker - AFL

LABOR UNIONS

Which socialist was a strong supporter of labor unions?

– Eugene V. Debs

BIG BUSINESS

The period in history after Reconstruction described as a time of corruption in business & in government

THE GILDED AGE

The Gilded Age

This was passed to end the Spoils System or Patronage

Pendleton Act – Civil Service System

Scandals

The impact of the Credit Mobilier scandal

– led to distrust of government

The Gilded Age

Why did Jacob Coxey lead a march on Washington?

To demand that the government create jobs due to the Depression/Panic of 1893 – was met by federal troops

2nd Industrial Revolution

This a cheaper & more effective method of making steel

Bessemer Process

2nd Industrial Revolution

This allowed skyscrapers to be built

The elevator

Politics during the Gilded Age

What’s the purpose in having a political machine? What was the most well-known political machine?

To gain voters for your party by making promises to them (immigrants)

Tammany Hall (D) – led by Boss Tweed

Labor Strikes

How was the Pullman Strike settled?

a court injunction was issued ordering the strikers back to work; President Cleveland sent in federal troops

Pullman Strike

What was the overall impact of the Pullman Strike?

It led to government involvement in labor issues

Booker T. Washington

What kind of education did Booker T. Washington urge African Americans to get?

One that would teach them a trade so they could achieve ECONOMIC freedom

Atlanta Compromise

What did W.E.B. Dubois refer to as the Atlanta Compromise?

A speech given by Booker T. Washington urging African Americans to learn a skill and get a job

W.E.B. DuBois

What 2 organizations or movements did W.E.B. Dubois help to create?

Helped organize the Niagara MovementHelped found the NAACP

NAACP

What is the purpose of the NAACP and how to they go about achieving their purpose?

was to abolish segregation & discrimination, now is to oppose racism and gain civil rights for African Americans

Use the courts to gain success

Segregation

What is the difference between De facto & De jure segregation?

De facto - Not legal segregation – just happensDe jure – legal segregation – Jim Crow Laws

DISCRIMINATION

What were 3 ways to prevent African Americans from voting (disenfranchisement)?

The literacy testPoll taxOwn property

What enabled white men to vote but not have to take the literacy test?

GRANDFATHER CLAUSE

Which court case established separate but equal was constitutional? Which court case overturned this ruling?

Plessy v. FergusonBrown v. Board of Education

IMPERIALISM

What was the #1 reason for imperialism?

THE NEED FOR MARKETS

IMPERIALISM

SUPPORTER OF A STRONG US NAVY, AUTHOR OF THE INFLUENCE OF SEAPOWER ON HISTORY.

Alfred T. Mahan

What did the US government’s reasons for expansion here (Manifest Destiny) and abroad (Imperialism) have in common?

Both believed in cultural superiority

Which action did the US take in the late 19th century after it had developed steam powered transoceanic ships?

Acquired more islands to use as coaling stations for ships

This foreign policy in which the US would act as “international police”

ROOSEVELT COROLLARY

The area of the world in which the Roosevelt Corollary applied to

Latin America

• Which action explains US involvement in Asian affairs during the late 1800s?

OPEN DOOR POLICY!

“Expansion violates democracy” would have been an argument spoken by

An Imperialist OR anti-Imperialist?

Anti-Imperialist

What was the goal of President Taft’s “Dollar diplomacy”?

– to promote US interests

The Progressive Movement

Direct election of senators – which amendment?

17th

The Progressive Movement

The Muckraker who exposed the oil industry

– Ida Tarbell

The Progressive Movement

The overall impact of Progressive Reforms

– the power of voters expanded

The Progressive Movement

Journalists who uncovered scandals for the first time were called

Muckrakers

The Progressive Movement

What led to the rise of the Progressive Movement?

The movement was a response to poor working conditions & poverty.

The Progressive Movement

Remember… The Progressive Movement meant government involvement in the economy & in the lives of the people.

1920s

What women who reflected a new social freedom were called

FLAPPERS

IMMIGRATION

After WWI, immigrants were restricted from coming to the US from which parts of Europe?

Southern & Eastern Europe

1920s Culture

What was responsible for bringing Americans together, thus creating common cultural experiences?

Mass Media

1920s Culture

Which novelist attacked/criticized American society & was the first American to receive the Nobel prize for literature?

Sinclair Lewis

1920s Culture

Who does the Lost Generation refer to? – writers such as Gertrude Stein, Ernest

Hemingway & F. Scott Fitzgerald who were disillusioned after WWI and rejected the materialism of the 1920s – were expatriates

1920s Culture

The African American literary awakening during the 1920s was known as the?

Harlem Renaissance

1920s Culture

What was the first “Talkie”?

– The Jazz Singer

1920s Culture

Supported the “back to Africa” movement during the 1920s

MARCUS GARVEY

1920s

How did the KKK gain new members during the 1920s?

BY ADVERTISING!

1920s

The term for a set of religious beliefs that included a literal interpretation of the Bible

FUNDAMENTALISM

1920s

The court case over conflict between Fundamentalists & Evolutionists

Scopes Trial (or Monkey Trial). (religion v. science)

PROHIBITION

Which Amendment?

18th Which act was passed to enforce this

Amendment?

VOLSTEAD ACT*

KKK

The groups who were targeted by the KKK during the 1920s

CATHOLICS, AFRICAN AMERICANS, JEWS, IMMIGRANTS

PROHIBITION

What were some of the effects of Prohibition? * bootlegging

* speakeasies* organized crime

1920s

What agency was established and headed by J. Edgar Hoover, as an independent force against organized crime?

FBI

1st RED SCARE

What was the Red Scare?

Fear of communism spreading to the US

1st RED SCARE

What caused the Red Scare of the 1920s?

1.Bolshevik (Russian Revolution) 19172.Increase in labor strikes in the US3.The rise of Nativism

1st RED SCARE

What were 2 examples of unjust treatment in response to the Red Scare?

Palmer Raids Sacco & Vanzetti

1920s POLITICS

What promise did Warren G. Harding make to the American people when he became President?

– promised a “return to normalcy”

1920s REPUBLICAN PRESIDENTS

• A famous quote by Calvin Coolidge

– “The business of America is business.”

1928-1932

What was President Hoover’s plan to end the Great Depression?

VOLUNTARY ACTION

1920s REPUBLICAN PRESIDENTS

What did all 3 1920s Republican Presidents have in common?

All Republican Presidents supported laissez-faire, pro-business, nativist, (anti-immigrant), pro-isolationist, pro-trade/pro-tariff

1920s

Which President was associated with Teapot Dome Scandal?

WARREN G. HARDING

1920s

What was the main topic of concern at the Washington Conference?

(disarmament)

What plan was devised to help Germany pay reparations?

DAWES PLAN

1920s

What was passed after WWI that outlawed war but couldn’t be enforced?

KELLOGG-BRIAND PACT

THE GREAT DEPRESSION

What were some of the causes of the Great Depression?

Causes: installment buying, personal debt; buying on margin, the stock market crash

THE GREAT DEPRESSION

What some of the effects of the Great Depression?

Effects: had world-wide effects; poverty, Hoovervilles, an increase in discrimination (Scottsboro Boys)

THE GREAT DEPRESSION

Which Amendment was passed to repeal Prohibition?

21st

HERBERT HOOVER

Did not believe in direct relief to the individual. Why?

Americans were hard working people and a government handout would be offensive to them.

HERBERT HOOVER

What was the Bonus Army and how did President Hoover treat them?

Bonus Army – Hoover called in the army. General Douglas MacArthur used force to drive out the marchers. This, along with Hoover’s failure to end the Great Depression, would prevent Hoover from being reelected.

1930s

Which election was a turning point for American politics and why?

ELECTION OF 1932 because it was the beginning of the government taking responsibility for the people. (the beginning of social welfare programs)

THE NEW DEAL

How did the role of Government change because of FDR’s New Deal?

It led to government involvement in the economy & in the lives of the people

EFFECTS OF THE NEW DEAL

• Deficit spending• Increased debt• 3 goals: Relief, recovery, reform• Created jobs

Dixiecrats•A political party in the South, started in 1948•Were Democrats protesting desegregation, especially Truman’s integration of the military•Supported segregation & nominated Strom Thurmond as their candidate•Later supported George Wallace in 1968•Faded as the Republican Party began advocating policies that won the support of dissatisfied southern Democrats

Margaret Sanger

• A NY nurse who believed large families led to poverty & limited the opportunities afforded women

• Led a campaign to spread information about birth control to women

• Opened birth control clinics• Founder of the American Birth Control League

which later became known as Planned Parenthood

Ways to obtain land out West

•Pacific Railway Acts – government gave land grants to railroads – 10 miles on each side of the track•Railroads would sell land to settlers•Morrill Land Grant Act – government gave land to states who could sell to settlers but mainly sold to speculators & bankers ; money for land was used to fund agricultural colleges•Homestead Act

Immigration*After the Civil War, Irish, German, Italian & Chinese immigrants, along with European Jews, migrated to the US.

African Americans & the West* Exodusters – moved West to escape the discrimination of the South

MINING* Comstock Lode – the richest discovery of silver & gold in history, 1859

Cub Run in Centreville, Virginia (view with destroyed

bridge).

Date July 21, 1861

Location

Fairfax County and Prince William County, Virginia

Result Confederate victory

Battle of ManassasFirst Battle of Bull Run

Battle of AntietamBattle of Sharpsburg

The battle of Gettysburg, Pa. July 3d. 1863, by Currier and

Ives

Date July 1 – July 3, 1863

LocationAdams County, Pennsylvania

Result Union victory[1]

Siege of Vicksburg

Part of the American Civil War

Siege of Vicksburg, by Kurz and Allison.

Date May 18 – July 4, 1863[1]

LocationWarren County, Mississippi

Result Union victory

Sherman’s March to the Sea

The Missouri Compromise

•Temporarily settled the issue of slavery•1819 Missouri wanted to enter the Union as a slave state which would upset the balance of power between free states & slave states which were equally represented in the Senate•Compromise: Missouri became a slave state, Maine a free state; the southern boundary of Missouri, 36 30” would become a dividing line for new states admitted to the Union

The Old Northwest

The Northwest Ordinance of 1787 had forbidden slavery in this territory yet white settlers feared that blacks would compete

for land & jobs so they made laws to discourage African Americans from moving in.

Election of 1844

•The annexation of TX was a critical issue in this election.•The Democratic Party split & James K. Polk became the first “dark horse” presidential nominee.•In 1844 President John Tyler failed in his effort to push a treaty through Congress to annex TX.•Polk’s victory in 1844 convinced Tyler that voters wanted TX admitted to the Union so he called for a joint resolution of Congress admitting TX to the Union.•TX was annexed as a slave state in 1845.

38. More Effects of Legislation* 2 capitals formed in Kansas – Topeka & a proslavery capital in Lecompton, leaving Kansas in a state of civil war