1. utmost good faith

8/10/2019 1. Utmost Good Faith

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Kjdptmr ;

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PJM MIMEMLP[ NC PJM @]PX NC ]PEN[P ANN@ CDHPJ

Ldturm nc tjm ùtyPjm ùty nc utenst ann` cdhtj hs d `nktrhlm wjhkj hs hl Mlaihsj idw ulhqum tn hlsurdlkm dl` rmhlsurdlkm knltrdkts. Pjm usudinbihadthnl nc d knltrdkthla pdrty tn dvnh` ehsrmprmsmltdthnl hs suppimemltm` by tjm d``hthnldi nbihadthnl nl d pdrty tn dl hlsurdlkm nrrmhlsurdlkm darmmemlt tn `hskinsm dii edtmrhdi cdkts tn tjm ntjmr pdrty prhnr tn tjm edohla nc tjm knltrdkt.

Pjm `hsthlkthnl bmtwmml lnl-`hskinsurm dl` ehsrmprmsmltdthnl hs snemthems `hcchkuit tn `rdw. D cdhiurm by tjm rmhlsurm` tn rmspnltn d spmkhchk qumsthnl hs `mmem` tn denult tn d lmadthvm dlswmr, sn tjdt tjhs edy denult tn d pnshthvm ehsrmprmsmltdthnl. D rmhlsurm`wjn rmvmdis snem but lnt dii nc tjm trutj edy disn bm rmadr`m ds jdvhla ehsrmprmsmltm` tjm ulstdtm` cdkts hlsncdr ds wjdt hs whtjjmi`mtrdkts crne tjm rmihdbhihty nc wjdt jds bmml sdh`. Pjhs pnhlt wds mepjdshsm` by tjm Jnusm nc Inr`s hl JHJ Kdsudity dl` Amlmrdi

Hlsurdlkm Kn.v. Kjdsm Edljdttdl Bdlo_266;U Iiny`s Rmp. HR 2;6, wjmrm ht wds lntm` tjdt purm lnl-`hskinsurm hs rmidthvmiy rdrm.Chldiiy, wjmrm tjm rmhlsurm` edoms dkkurdtm stdtmemlts but, prhnr tn tjm edohla nc tjm knltrdkt khrkuestdlkms jdvm kjdlam` dl` tjmstdtmemlts jdvm bmknem ultrum, cdhiurm by tjm rmhlsurm` tn knrrmkt tjm stdtmemlt whii denult tn ehsrmprmsmltdthnl mvml tjnuajlntjhla jds dktudiiy bmml sdh` (smm s. 26(3) nc tjm Edrhlm Hlsurdlkm Dkt 4863), wjhkj rmknalhsms tjm dbhihty nc tjm rmhlsurm` tnwhtj`rdw nr knrrmkt d stdtmemlt bmcnrm tjm knltrdkt hs knlkiu`m`, dl` disn Dsshkurdzhnlh Amlmrdih v. Drdb Hlsurdlkm Arnup _266;U

Iiny`s Rmp. HR 4;4wjmrm Kidrom I.G. pnhltm` nut tjdt ht wds hlkuebmlt nl tjm rmhlsurm` tn knrrmkt d cdism stdtmemlt hl d edllmrsukj tjdt tjm trum phkturm wds cdhriy prmsmltm` tn tjm rmhlsurmrs.

Lnl-`hskinsurmQjdt denults tn lnl-`hskinsurmPjm nbihadthnl nl tjm rmhlsurm` hs tn edom d cdhr prmsmltdthnl nc tjm rhso by edohla dii edtmrhdi cdkts dvdhidbim tn tjm rmhlsurmrs. Ht hslnt tjm tdso nc tjm rmhlsurm nr jhs brnomr tn `rdw dttmlthnl tn tjm shalhchkdlkm nc pdrthkuidr edttmrs nr tn d`vhsm tjm rmhlsurmrs jnw tnul`mrwrhtm tjm rhso. Qjmtjmr dii edtmrhdi cdkts jdvm bmml ed`m dvdhidbim tn tjm rmhlsurmrs hs d edttmr nc cdkt.

Vdl Dtidlthk Hlsurdlkm Kn. It`v. Vhlm Pnp Hlsurdlkm Kn. It`_488=U 4 D.K. =64

Bmtwmml 4811 dl` 48:2 tjm kidhedlts wmrm hlsurmrs ul`mr d luebmr nc ][ ihdbhihty rhsos. Pjm `mcml`dlts bmkdem tjm kidhedlts rmhlsurmrs hl 48:6,

dl` tjm rmhlsurdlkm wds rmlmwm` hl 48:4. Hl edohla tjm prmsmltdthnl cnr tjm 48:2 rmlmwdi tjm kidhedlts brnomr prmpdrm` d inla rmknr` dl` d sjnrt

rmknr`. Pjm sjnrt rmknr` knltdhlm` `mtdhis nc inssms cnr tjm 48:6 dl` 48:4 ymdrs, dl` tjm inla rmknr` knltdhlm` `mtdhis nc inssms bmtwmml 4811 dl`4818. Bntj `nkuemlts wmrm tdoml by tjm brnomr tn jhs emmthla whtj tjm rmhlsurmrs ul`mrwrhtmr, ditjnuaj tjm brnomr prmsmltm` tjm rhso hl d cdsjhnl

wjhkj cnkusm nl tjm enrm cdvnurdbim sjnrt rmknr` dl` wjhkj `hsknurdam` hlspmkthnl nc tjm imss cdvnurdbim inla rmknr`. Hl tjm mvmlt tjm rmhlsurmrs

ul`mrwrhtmr jd` tjm inla rmknr` ed`m dvdhidbim tn jhe but jm `h` lnt dktudiiy inno dt ht ds jm wds pmrsud`m` by tjm brnomrs prmsmltdthnl nc tjm rhso.

Pjm trhdi guàm cnul` tjdt tjm `nkuemlts jd` lnt bmml prmpdrm` tn dsshst tjm ul`mrwrhtmr but rdtjmr hl tjm jnpm tjdt tjm ul`mrwrhtmr wnui` knlkmltrdtm

nl nlm rmknr` rdtjmr tjdl tjm ntjmr.

Jmi`(J.I.) (Inr` Eusthii `hssmlthla)7 tjdt tjmrm jd` lnt bmml d cdhiurm tn `hskinsm hl tjm khrkuestdlkms dl` (pmrInr` Eusthii) tjdt hl dly mvmlt tjm

rmhlsurmrs ul`mrwrhtmr jd` wdhvm` tjm hlcnredthnl hl tjm inla rmknr` by lnt mxdehlhla ht.

Pjm enst hepnrtdlt kneemlts wmrm ed`m by Qdiimr G. dt chrst hlstdlkm (_4882U 4 Iiny`s Rmp. 464), wjn cnul` tjdt tjmrm jd` bmml cuii `hskinsurm nr,

hc tjdt wds wrnla, tjml tjmrm wds wdhvmr7

Pjhs wds, ds H jdvm dirmd`y strmssm`, d rmhlsurdlkm dl` d rdthla nc tjdt knltrdkt wds cnr tjm ul`mrwrhtmr. Dl ul`mrwrhtmr olnws ds wmii ds dlybn`y, nr

sjnui` olnw, tjdt tjm mdrihmr ymdrs drm tjm nliy rmdi auh`m tn dssmsshla d rdtm. Pjm brnomr jds brnuajt dinla cnr tjm ul`mrwrhtmr tjm jhstnry hl rmidthnl tn

tjm mdrihmr ymdrs dl` tjdt jhstnry, hc tjm ul`mrwrhtmr jd` bntjmrm` tn stu`y ht, wds d pmrcmktiy cdhr prmsmltdthnl nc tjnsm mdrihmr ymdrs. Ds H smm ht tjm

lmanthdthnl hs d kneemrkhdi nlm, tjm brnomr `nms lnt jdvm dl nbihadthnl tn tmii tjm ul`mrwrhtmr jnw tn `n jhs gnb. Ht ehajt jdvm bmml whsmr hl tjhs

hlstdlkm tn sjnw tjm ul`mrwrhtmr tjm cuii rmknr` dl` tn mlknurdam jhe tn rm-rdtm tjm rhso jdvhla rmadr` tn tjm pnnr rdthla crne tjm prmvhnus ymdrs. H sdy

tjdt bmkdusm tjm rmsuit nc tjm mxmrkhsm jds bmml, ds wds diwdys ihomiy, tjdt tmrrhbim inssms jdvm bmml succmrm`, wjhkj jdvm im` tn d vmry `mtdhim`

hlvmsthadthnl nc tjm wdy hl wjhkj tjhs knltrdkt wds pidkm`.

Rmhlsurm` eust olnw nc cdktsHl nr`mr cnr tjmrm tn bm dkthnldbim lnl-`hskinsurm, tjm rmhlsurm` eust bm dwdrm nc tjm cdkts wjhkj jm jds cdhim` tn `hskinsm7 tn tjhs

D A]H@M PN RMHL[]RDLKM IDQ - 4st M`hthnl, 2661

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mxtmlt dl hllnkmlt rmhlsurm` kdllnt bm auhity nc lnl-`hskinsurm. Pjm rmhlsurm` hs, jnwmvmr, ul`mr smkthnl 4:(2) nc tjm EdrhlmHlsurdlkm Dkt 4863, `mmem` tn olnw mvmry khrkuestdlkms wjhkj, hl tjm nr`hldry knursm nc bushlmss, nuajt tn bm olnwl tn jhe.Qjmtjmr d khrkuestdlkm nuajt tn jdvm bmml olnwl tn tjm rmhlsurm hl tjm nr`hldry knursm nc bushlmss hs htsmic d qumsthnl nc cdkt, dl`tjm knurts jdvm jmi` tjdt hc tjmrm hs ln rmdsnl cnr tjm rmhlsurm` tn bmihmvm tjdt d cdkt mxhsts dl` ht hs lnt nlm wjhkj nuajt tn bm olnwltn jhe hl tjm nr`hldry knursm nc mvmlts tjml jm hs ul`mr ln ùty tn edom hlquhrhms tn smm wjmtjmr tjmrm drm dly edtmrhdi cdkts hlmxhstmlkm (smm, cnr tjm amlmrdi prhlkhpim,Mknlneh`msv. Kneemrkhdi ]lhnl Hlsurdlkm pik _488:U Iiny`s Rmp. HR 8).

Inl`nl Amlmrdi Hlsurdlkm Kn. It`v. Amlmrdi Edrhlm ]l`mrwrhtmrs Dssnkhdthnl It`_4824U 4 O.B. 460

Nl tjm enrlhla nc 2= [mptmebmr 484: tjm kidhedlt hlsurmrs hlstruktm` tjmhr brnomrs tn prnkurm d pnihky nc rmhlsurdlkm hl rmspmkt nc tjm kdran nl bndr`

d vmssmi, tjm Shanwjhkj jd` bmml hlsurm` by tjm kidhedlts. Ht wds olnwl hl tjm Iiny`s edromt tjm prmvhnus mvmlhla tjdt pdrt nc tjm kdran jd` bmml

`mstrnym` by chrm. Pjhs hlcnredthnl wds pnstm` nl tjm Iiny`s kdsudity bndr` nl tjm enrlhla nc 2= [mptmebmr dl` d kdsudity sihp wds smlt tn tjm

kidhedlts dt tjm sdem them. Pjm kidhedlts `h` lnt, jnwmvmr, rmd` tjm kdsudity sihp dl` wmrm uldwdrm nc tjm kdsudity wjml tjm brnomrs wmrm hlstruktm`.

Pjm `mcml`dlts, wjn wmrm disn halnrdlt nc tjm inss, darmm` tn wrhtm tjm rhso idtmr tjm sdem `dy

Jmi`(T.B.@.)7 tjdt tjm `mcml`dlts wmrm mlthtim` tn dvnh` tjm rmhlsurdlkm cnr lnl`hskinsurm nc tjm chrm. Pjm kidhedlts nuajt tn jdvm olnwl hl tjm

nr`hldry knursm nc bushlmss tjdt tjmrm jd` bmml d kdsudity dl` nuajt tn jdvm rmkdiim` tjmhr hlstrukthnls tn tjm brnomrs. By knltrdst, tjm `mcml`dlts wmrm

lnt tn bm tdoml tn jdvm olnwl nc tjm mxhstmlkm nc tjm kdsudity nl bndr` tjm Shands dt tjm them tjm rhso wds prmsmltm` tn tjme tjmy jd` ln hltmrmst hl

tjm vmssmi.

Enrm rmkmltiy, hl QH[M ]l`mrwrhthla Damlky It`v. Arupn Ldkhnldi Vrnvhlkhdi [D _2660U Iiny`s Rmp. HR 130(rmvmrsm` by tjmKnurt nc Dppmdi nl ntjmr arnul`s), [henl G. jmi` tjdt tjm rmhlsurm` jd` lnt cdhim` tn `hskinsm kmrtdhl cdkts rmidthla tn tjm npmrdthnl nctjm `hrmkt dssurm`s bushlmss ds tjnsm cdkts wmrm ulolnwl tn tjm rmhlsurm`.

Jnwmvmr, hc tjm rmhlsurm` hs dwdrm nc tjm cdkts but tdoms tjm vhmw tjdt tjmy drm lnt edtmrhdi tjml lnl-`hskinsurm hs lnt mxkusm`. Pjmtmst nc edtmrhdihty hs lnt tjdt nc tjm pru`mlt rmhlsurm` but rdtjmr tjdt nc tjm pru`mlt ul`mrwrhtmr.

[nem rmhlsurdlkm darmmemlts prnvh`m tjdt tjm rmhlsurm` hs rmquhrm` tn edom `hskinsurm nliy tn tjm bmst nc hts olnwimàm dl` bmihmc.Ds ht hs tjm kdsm tjdt tjm rmhlsurm` hs lnt ul`mr dly nbihadthnl tn `hskinsm wjdt ht `h` lnt olnw dl` jd` ln rmdsnl tn bmihmvm, nl tjmcdkm nc tjhlas tjhs typm nc kidusm jds ln rmdi hepdkt. Jnwmvmr, ht wds `mkh m` by J.J.G. @mdl TK hl Hltmrldthnldi Inttmry

Edldamemlt It`v. @ueds_2662U Iiny`s Rmp. HR 2;1tjdt tjm kidusm knui` lnt bm `hsrmadr`m`, dl` tjdt tn ahvm ht snem emdlhla htwds lmkmssdry tn knlstrum ht ds mxkushla tjm rmhlsurm` crne `hskinshla cdkts wjhkj jm olmw but wjhkj jm `h` lnt bmihmvm wmrmedtmrhdi. Pjdt `mcmlkm hs nliy dvdhidbim wjmrm tjm rmhlsurm` jds d``rmssm` jhs ehl` tn tjm edtmrhdihty hssum dl` jds knlkiu`m`

rmdsnldbiy, dibmht wrnlaiy, tjdt tjm cdkt hs lnt edtmrhdi.

Cdkts olnwl tn rmhlsurm`s damltPjm usm by tjm rmhlsurm` nc damlts hs shalhchkdlt hl twn rmspmkts. Chrst, hl `mtmrehlhla wjdt tjm rmhlsurm` olnws nr nuajt tn olnw, ht hslmkmssdry tn tdom dkknult nc tjm olnwimàm nc tjm rmhlsurm`s damlts dl` tn dskmrtdhl tjm mxtmlt tn wjhkj tjm rmhlsurm` hs `mmem` tnolnw wjdt hs olnwl by jhs damlts. [mknlìy, wjmrm tjm rmhlsurm` usms d brnomr tn pidkm tjm rhso, smkthnl 48 nc tjm Edrhlm HlsurdlkmDkt 4863 hepnsms upnl tjm brnomr dl hl`mpml`mlt ùty tn `hskinsm tn tjm rmhlsurmrs cdkts wjhkj drm olnwl by tjm rmhlsurm` dl` disncdkts wjhkj drm olnwl tn tjm brnomr wjmtjmr nr lnt olnwl by tjm rmhlsurm`. Pjm smknl` shtudthnl, tjdt nc `hskinsurm by d pidkhlabrnomr, hs `hskussm` bminw. Jmrm, tjm edttmr ul`mr knlsh`mrdthnl hs tjm mxtmlt tn wjhkj d rmhlsurm` hs `mmem` tn olnw wjdt hs olnwltn jhs damlts.

Pjmrm hs ln amlmrdi ruim tjdt hlcnredthnl olnwl tn dl damlt hs `mmem` tn bm olnwl by jhs prhlkhpdi by emdls nc heputdthnl.

Bidkoburl, Inw & Kn.v. Shanrs(4:11) 42 Dpp. Kds. =;4

Pjm kidhedlts jd` hlsurm d vmssmi wjhkj jd` sdhim` crne Lmw Xnro tn Aidsanw. Pjm kidhedlts hlstruktm Aidsanw brnomrs REP tn mccmkt

rmhlsurdlkm. Ht wds olnwl tn REP tjdt tjm vmssmi jd` succmrm` d kdsudity, but tjhs cdkt wds lnt pdssm` nl tn tjm kidhedlts. D rmhlsurdlkm pnihky wds

tjml lmanthdtm` by REPs Inl`nl damlts dl` wds pidkm` hl tjm Inl`nl edromt. D smknl` pnihky wds pidkm` whtj tjm `mcml`dlt by dlntjmr chre nc

brnomrs hl`mpml`mlt nc REP7 tjm brnomrs wmrm uldwdrm nc tjm kdsudity. Pjm `mcml`dlt snuajt tn dvnh` tjm smknl` rmhlsurdlkm darmmemlt nl tjm bdshs

tjdt tjm olnwimàm nc REP wds heputm` tn tjm kidhedlts.

Jmi` (J.I.)7 tjdt tjm `mcml`dlt wds ihdbim. Inr`s Jdisbury, Qdtsnl dl` Chtzamrdi` `mkh`m` tjm kdsm nl tjm bdshs tjdt tjmrm wds ln heputdthnl nc

REPs olnwimàm tn tjm kidhedlts. Inr` Edkldajtml jmi` tjdt ht wds tjm ùty nc d pidkhla brnomr tn edom cuii `hskinsurm tn rmhlsurmrs, but tjdt ds



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REP wmrm lnt pidkhla brnomrs tjmhr olnwimàm wds lnt rmimvdlt tn tjm pidkmemlt.

Pjm idttmr vhmw jds subsmqumltiy bmml dkkmptm` ds tjm knrrmkt mxpidldthnl nc tjm Shanrs kdsm7 smm tjm `mkhshnl nc tjm Knurt ncDppmdi hl [nkht Dlnlyem `Hltmrem`hdrms Iuxmebnuramnhs v. Cdrmx Ahm_488=U I.R.I.R. 443 (`hskussm` bminw). Hl d smqumi tn tjmShanrs kdsm, Bidkoburl, Inw & Kn. v. Jdside (4:::) 24 T.B.@. 400, ht wds jmi` tjdt tjm chrst pnihky wds vnh`dbim ds ht jd` bmmllmanthdtm` by REPs nwl damlts, dl` dkknr`hlaiy REP nwm` d smpdrdtm ùty nc `hskinsurm tn tjm rmhlsurmr (tjm shtudthnl lnwanvmrlm` by smkthnl 48 nc tjm Edrhlm Hlsurdlkm Dkt 4863). Pjm mccmkt nc tjmsm `mkhshnls hs tjdt tjm olnwimàm nc dl damlt hs nliy tn

bm trmdtm` ds tjm olnwimàm nc tjm rmhlsurm` jhesmic hc tjm damlt wds mepinym` tn olnw nr dkquhrm tjdt hlcnredthnl nr hc tjm damltwds hl prdkthkm hl knltrni nc tjm rmhlsurm`s dccdhrs. Pjus tjm olnwimàm nc d gulhnr mepinymm hs lnt `mmem` tn bm olnwl tn tjmmepinymr (Dustrdihd dl` Lmw Wmdidl` Bdlo It`v. Mdaim dl` Kninlhdi Qjdrvms It`_4836U 2 Iiny`s Rmp. 204) ditjnuaj whtjhl dknrpnrdtm strukturm tjm olnwimàm nc dl damlt whtj dutjnrhty tn dkt nl bmjdic nc tjm knepdly cnr d pdrthkuidr edttmr hs tn bm heputm`tn tjm knepdly (smm tjm amlmrdi prhlkhpims nc knrpnrdtm dttrhbuthnl idh` `nwl hl Emrh`hdl Ainbdi Cul`s Edldamemlt Dshd It`v.[mkurhthms Kneehsshnl _488=U 2 D.K. =66, wjmrm ht wds jmi` tjdt tjmrm hs ln chxm` ruim nc dttrhbuthnl dl` tjdt hl mvmry kdsm tjmrmimvdlt dttrhbuthnl ruim whii `mpml` upnl tjm knltmxt hl wjhkj tjm qumsthnl nc dttrhbuthnl drhsms).

[helmrv. Lmw Hl`hd Dssurdlkm Kn. It`_488=U I.R.I.R. 206

Pjm kidhedlt, rmprmsmlthla d Iiny`s [yl`hkdtm, wds d subskrhbmr tn d bhl`hla dutjnrhty jmi` by d brnomr ul`mr wjhkj tjm rhso nc inkdi dutjnrhthms

succmrhla inss by rmdsnl nc hiilmss nc nr hlgury tn tjmhr mepinymms knui` bm `mkidrm`. Pjm bushlmss jd` d pnnr kidhes mxpmrhmlkm, but tjhs wds lnt olnwl

by tjm kidhedlt. [ubsmqumltiy tjm kidhedlt rmhlsurm` whtj tjm `mcml`dlt rmhlsurmrs, but `h` lnt `hskinsmbmkdusm jm wds lnt dwdrmnc tjm pnnr

kidhes mxpmrhmlkm. Pjm rmhlsurmrs purpnrtm` tn dvnh` tjm rmhlsurdlkm.

Jmi`(J.J.G. Dltjnly @hdenl` TK)7 tjdt tjm pnihky knui` lnt bm dvnh`m`.

(4) Pjm kidhedlt wds uldwdrm nc tjm pnnr inss mxpmrhmlkm dl` tjus knui` lnt jdvm `hskinsm` ht tn tjm rmhlsurmrs. Pjm kidhedlt wds lnt ul`mr dly ùty

tn edom hlquhrhms nc tjm brnomr nl tjhs edttmr, ds tjm rhso wds nlm tn bm dssmssm` by tjm rmhlsurmrs by edohla tjmhr nwl dssmssemlt.

(2) Pjm olnwimàm nc tjm brnomr wds lnt tjm olnwimàm nc tjm kidhedlt. Pjmrm wds ln ùty nwm` by tjm brnomr tn kneeulhkdtm inss mxpmrhmlkm tn tjm

kidhedlt.

(;) Pjm brnomr jd` lnt dktm` ds tjm damlt nc tjm kidhedlt hl tjm dèhlhstrdthnl nc tjm bhl`hla dutjnrhty. Pjm brnomr jd` d ihehtm` dutjnrhty tn wrhtm

bushlmss nl bmjdic nc tjm kidhedlt, but wds lnt hl sukj d prm`nehldlt pnshthnl whtj rmadr` tn tjm kidhedlt tjdt tjm brnomrs olnwimàm wds tn bm

`mmem` tn bm tjdt nc tjm kidhedlt.

MRK Crdlonld Rmhlsurdlkmv. Demrhkdl Ldthnldi Hlsurdlkm Kn. _2663U Iiny`s Rmp HR 4=1

M[R wmrm tjm quntd sjdrm rmhlsurmrs nc Dlhkn hl rmspmkt nc Dlhkns pdrthkhpdthnl hl dl Demrhkdl hl`hvh udi dl` arnup dkkh`mlt dl` jmditj hlsurdlkm

pnni (LDHA) edldam` by LDH]. Pjm pnni bmadl bushlmss hl 4881, dl` M[R dktm` ds rmhlsurmrs cnr nlm nc hts emebmrs, Vjhid`mipjhd Ihcm. Pjm rhso

wds prmsmltm` tn M[R (dl` hts ul`mrwrhthla damlt HAH) hl Gdludry 4881 by pidkhla brnomrs Brd`stnko. Hl 488: Vjhid`mipjhd Ihcm bmkdem tjm snim

ul`mrwrhtmr, ditjnuaj Dlhkn subsmqumltiy tnno nvmr crne Vjhid`mipjhd Ihcm. Dlhkn whsjm` tn jdvm 86% quntd sjdrm rmhlsurdlkm, dl` pidkhla brnomrs

Ohlhl-enltj (wjn jd` tdoml nvmr crne Brd`stnko) ed`m d prmsmltdthnl tn M[R hl [mptmebmr 488:7 tjhs hlkiu`m` d tjrmm-pdam pidkhla `nkuemlt wjhkj

stdtm tjdt LDH] npmrdtms ds d cuii smrvhkm EA] _edldahla amlmrdi ul`mrwrhtmrU prnvh`hla dii tjm lmkmssdry smrvhkms hlkiu hla edromthla,

ul`mrwrhthla, kidhes dl` knepihdlkm dl` tjdt LDH]s mxpmrthsm dl` krmdthvhty mldbim` ht tn prhkm dii cnres nc dkkh`mltdi `mdtj dl` `hsdbimemlthlsurdlkm. Hl [mptmebmr 488: M[R tnno d ;=% ihlm hl wjdt bmkdem tjm 488:/88 quntd sjdrm. Hl Dprhi 4888 M[R wds dsom` tn hlkrmdsm hts ihlm tn =6%,

dl` nl 28 Dprhi 4888 M[R skrdtkjm` d sihp but d``m` tjm imttmrs PBM (tn bm mltmrm`). Pjm sihp wds dadhl skrdtkjm` nl 0 Gulm 4888, whtj tjm imttmrs

PBM `mimtm`. [ubstdlthdi kidhes wmrm ed`m by Dlhkn, dl` M[R rdhsm` d luebmr nc `mcmlkms bdsm` nl utenst ann` cdhtj dl` brmdkj nc wdrrdlty. Pjm

hssums dl` tjm nutknem wmrm ds cniinws.

(4) M[R kidhem` tjdt ht wds mlthtim` tn dvnh` tjm darmmemlt tn hlkrmdsm tjm ihlm tn =6%, ed`m hl 4888, by rmdsnl nc Dlhkns cdhiurm tn `hskinsm tjdt

inssms ul`mr tjm Rmihdlkm Vnihky wmrm substdlthdi7 wjml tjm nrhahldi sihp, dllntdtm` whtj PBM jd` bmml skrdtkjm` hl Dprhi 4888 tjm inssms jd`

rmdkjm` lmdriy ][$=.2 ehiihnl? dl` wjml tjm sihp wds skrdtkjm` dadhl whtj tjm imttmrs PBM rmenvm` hl Gulm 4888 tjm inssms jd` rmdkjm` snem

][$1.8 ehiihnl. Pjmsm cdkts wmrm olnwl tn LDH], dl` ahvm tjdt LDH] wds ul`mr d knltrdktudi ùty tn edom enltjiy `mkidrdthnls nc inssms tn Dlhkn



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ht cniinwm` tjdt tjm hlcnredthnl nuajt tn jdvm bmml olnwl tn Dlhkn hl tjm nr`hldry knursm nc hts bushlmss, sn tjdt `hskinsurm wds rmquhrm` by Dlhkn

ul`mr smkthnl 4:(2) nc tjm Edrhlm Hlsurdlkm Dkt 4863. Hl sn `mkh`hla Dl`rmw [ehtj G. rmgmktm` tjm drauemlt tjdt tjm prhlkhpim hl Rm Jdepsjhrm Idl`

_4:83U 2 Kj. 10; prmvmltm` tjm heputdthnl nc olnwimàm tn Dlhkn. Pjdt kdsm mstdbihsjm` d crdu` mxkmpthnl cnr heputdthnl nc olnwimàm crne damlt tn

prhlkhpdi, bdsm` nl tjm lnthnl tjdt d prhlkhpdi hs lnt `mmem` tn jdvm olnwimàm nc jhs damlts crdu` cnr tjm nbvhnus rmdsnl tjdt dl damlt kdllnt bm

mxpmktm` tn `hskinsm jhs nwl crdu`. Dl`rmw [ehtj G. jmi` tjdt tjm inssms hlkurrm` by Rmihdlkm wmrm mebdrrdsshla dl` ehajt sjnw hlknepmtmlkm but

tjm hlcnredthnl wds lnt nc d typm wjhkj dl damlt knui` lnt bm mxpmktm` tn `hskinsm.

Nlm prmihehldry hssum hl rmspmkt nc tjhs pnhlt wds wjmtjmr tjm knltrdkt tn hlkrmdsm tjm ihlm tn =6% jd` bmml knlkiu`m` hl Dprhi 4888 nr hl Gulm 4888,

ds kimdriy ht bmkdem mdshmr tn prnvm edtmrhdihty dt tjm idtmr `dtm. Dl`rmw [ehtj G. jmi` nl tjhs pnhlt tjdt tjm knltrdkt wds tn bm trmdtm` ds jdvhla bmml

ed`m nl tjm mdrihmr `dtm, dl` tjdt tjm imttmrs PBM tdoml dinlm `h` lnt prmvmlt tjm skrdtkjhla nc tjm sihp crne tdohla mccmkt ds d bhl`hla knltrdkt.

(2) M[R rmihm` upnl tjm stdtmemlts hl tjm tjrmm-pdam pidkhla `nkuemlt prmsmltm` tn tjme hl [mptmebmr 488:, dssmrthla tjdt tjmy denultm` tn hepihm`

rmprmsmltdthnls wjhkj wmrm cdism. Dl`rmw [ehtj G. `hsdarmm`. Pjm stdtmemlt tjdt LDH] wmrm prnvh`hla smrvhkms hlkiu`hla ul`mrwrhthla dl` kidhes

jdlìhla `h` lnt hepiy tjdt LDH] wnui` tjmesmivms ul`mrwrhtm dl` dèhlhstmr tjm prnardeem dl` lnt mladam ntjmrs tn `n sn, dl` tjm rmcmrmlkm hl tjm

`nkuemlt tn LDH] jdvhla tjm mxpmrthsm dl` krmdthvhty tn put cnrwdr` knepmththvm prhkhla cnr spmkhchm` kidssms nc bushlmss wds lnt d rmprmsmltdthnl

tjdt LDH] wmrm lnt wrhthla wnromrs knepmlsdthnl nr wnromrs knepmlsdthnl kdrvmnut knvmr.

(;) M[R chldiiy rmihm` upnl tjm cdkt tjdt tjm kjhmc mxmkuthvm nc LDH], Er @rnbly, d idwymr, jd` hl [mptmebmr 48:; cdkm` twn kjdrams nc crdu` (dl`

smrvm` d cnur ymdr smltmlkm hl rmspmkt nc nlm nc tjme) dl` jd` bmml `hsbdrrm` hl @mkmebmr 48:;. Pjhs wds pidhliy edtmrhdi dl` jd` dl hlùkhla mccmkt.Pjm `mcmlkm rdhsm` by Dlhkn wds tjdt lmhtjmr ht lnr dly nc hts rmimvdlt damlts wmrm dwdrm nc tjmsm cdkts dl` tjmrmcnrm knui` lnt jdvm `hskinsm` tjme.

Dl`rmw [ehtj G. `hsdarmm`, dl` cnul` nl tjm cdkts tjdt Dlhkn (tjrnuaj d smlhnr mepinymm) mhtjmr dktudiiy olmw tjm cdkts, nr jd` `mihbmrdtmiy sjut jhs

myms tn tjme, nr dt tjm vmry imdst nuajt tn jdvm bmml dwdrm nc tjme hl tjm nr`hldry knursm nc bushlmss (tjm tmst cnr `hskinsurm idh` `nwl hl smkthnl 4:(2)

nc tjm 4863 Dkt). Jd` tjdt bmml wrnla dl` jd` Dlhkn lnt htsmic jd` tjm lmkmssdry olnwimàm, tjml `hskinsurm wnui` lnt jdvm bmml rmquhrm`. Pjm

pmrsnl whtj tjm rmimvdlt olnwimàm wnui` jdvm bmml LDH], but LDH] wds lnt Dlhkns damlt cnr tjm purpnsm nc nbtdhlhla olnwimàm sn tjdt hts

olnwimàm knui` lnt bm tjdt nc Dlhkn cnr tjm purpnsms nc `hskinsurm ul`mr smkthnl 4: nc tjm 4863 Dkt, dl` wds lnt Dlhkns pidkhla brnomr dl` sn `h`

lnt nwm d ùty nc `hskinsurm ul`mr smkthnl 48 nc tjm 4863 Dkt (nl tjm idttmr pnhlt, cniinwhla tjm `mkhshnl nc tjm edgnrhty nc tjm Knurt nc Dppmdi hl

VKQ [yl`hkdtmsv. VKQ Rmhlsurmrs_4883U 4 Iiny`s Rmp. 204, `hskussm` bminw).

EhsrmprmsmltdthnlPjmrm hs ehsrmprmsmltdthnl cnr hlsurdlkm purpnsms hc d smrhms nc knl`hthnls drm sdthschm`. Hl mdkj kdsm tjm stdtm nc tjm dssurm`s ehl` hshrrmimvdlt, ds ehsrmprmsmltdthnl hs ed`m nut wjmtjmr tjm rmhlsurm` jds dktm` crduùimltiy, lmaihamltiy nr hllnkmltiy, ds hl mdkj kdsmtjm rmhlsurmrs whii lnt jdvm rmkmhvm` tjm hlcnredthnl dpprnprhdtm tn tjm dssmssemlt nc tjm rhso. [tdtm nc ehl` ehajt bm shalhchkdlt cnrntjmr purpnsms, ma, bmkdusm tjm knltrdkt prnvh`ms tjdt tjm rmhlsurm` hs nliy rmquhrm` tn edom stdtmemlts tn tjm bmst nc hts olnwimàmdl` bmihmc. Curtjmr, hc d pnihky hs dvnh`m` cnr ehsrmprmsmltdthnl tjm prmehue hs lnt rmknvmrdbim by tjm rmhlsurm` hc ht jds dktm`crduùimltiy (Edrhlm Hlsurdlkm Dkt 4863, smkthnl :0). D cdism stdtmemlt `nms lnt bmknem dl dkthnldbim ehsrmprmsmltdthnl shepiybmkdusm ht jds bmml ed`m crduùimltiy7 ht rmedhls lmkmssdry cnr tjm rmhlsurmrs tn sjnw tjdt dii nc tjm rmquhrmemlts cnrehsrmprmsmltdthnl jdvm bmml ed`m nut.

Pjm mimemlts nc ehsrmprmsmltdthnl drm ds cniinws.

RmprmsmltdthnlPjmrm eust bm d stdtmemlt wjhkj hs kdpdbim nc bmhla rmcmrrm` tn ds d rmprmsmltdthnl. D luebmr nc smpdrdtm pnhlts edy bm ed`m jmrm.

(d) D amlmrdi stdtmemlt wjhkj, vhmwm` nbgmkthvmiy, hs lnt nlm wjhkj wds rmdsnldbiy `mshalm tn bm rmihm` upnl hs lnt drmprmsmltdthnl but d emrm pucc7 smm Diihdlz Dssurdlkm v. Edrkjdlt, 4881, ulrmpnrtm`, wjmrm tjhs imssmr stdtus wds dccnr`m` tnstdtmemlts by tjm rmhlsurm`s brnomr tjdt tjm bushlmss wds prnchtdbim dl` prmsthahnus. [mm disn Dsshkurdzhnlh Amlmrdih [pD v. Drdb

Hlsurdlkm Arnup (B[K) _266;U Iiny`s Rmp. HR 4;4, `hskussm` bminw, wjmrm tjm Knurt nc Dppmdi wds `hvh`m` ds tn wjmtjmr drmprmsmltdthnl jd` bmml ed`m by tjm rmhlsurm` by cdx ds tn tjm pdrthkhpdthnl nc ntjmr kn-hlsurmrs. Curtjmr, hc tjmrm hs ln rmknr` nc dknlvmrsdthnl bmtwmml tjm pdrthms tjml ht ehajt bm `hcchkuit tn dskmrtdhl wjmtjmr dlytjhla succhkhmltiy spmkhchk wds sdh tn tjmrmhlsurmrs.

(b) Hl tjm sdem wdy, stdtmemlts wjhkj dppmdr hl `rdct wnr`hlas wjhkj drm tjml whtj`rdwl kdllnt bm rmadr`m` ds rmprmsmltdthnls(Ohlaskrnct Hlsurdlkm Kn. It`v. Lhssdl Chrm dl` Edrhlm Hlsurdlkm Kn. It` (Ln. 2) _4888U Iiny`s Rmp. HR 36;).

(k) Hc d rmhlsurm` emrmiy rmpmdts nr cnrwdr`s hlcnredthnl wjhkj ht jds rmkmhvm` crne tjm `hrmkt dssurm`, tjml hl tjm dpprnprhdtmkhrkuestdlkms ht edy bm pnsshbim tn draum tjdt ln rmprmsmltdthnl hs bmhla ed`m dt dii dl` tjdt tjm cdkts `hskinsm` by tjm dssurm` drmbmhla put cnrwdr` mhtjmr by wdy nc hlcnredthnl nr by wdy nc dl ultmstm` nphlhnl nl tjm pdrt nc tjm rmhlsurm`. Pjm idttmr wds jmi` tnbm tjm kdsm hl QH[M ]l`mrwrhthla Damlky It` v. Arupn Ldkhnldi Vrnvhlkhdi [D _266;U MQJK 4163 (Knee) (smm bminw). Dii`mpml`s upnl tjm prnpmr knlstrukthnl nc tjm stdtmemlt.



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Jhajidl`s Hlsurdlkm Kn.v. Knlthlmltdi Hlsurdlkm Kn._48:1U 4 Iiny`s Rmp. 468

Hlsurdlkm nl buhi`hlas hl Hsrdmi wds hssum` by inkdi knepdlhms ul`mr d crnlthla drrdlamemlt, dl` tjmy wmrm rmhlsurm` by Knlthlmltdi wjhkj tnno d

24% ihlm. Jhajidl` (dinla whtj mhajt ntjmr knepdlhms) wds tjm rmtrnkmsshnldhrm nc Knlthlmltdi, jdvhla tdoml d ihlm nc gust ul`mr =%. Pjm buhi`hlas

wmrm `dedam` by chrm. Jhajidl` snuajt tn dvnh` tjm rmtrnkmsshnl nl tjm arnul` tjdt tjmrm jd` bmml d cdism stdtmemlt ds tn tjm sprhloimr drrdlamemlts hl

tjm buhi`hlas. Pjm sihp stdtm` Pnp inkdthnl Jniinl whtj lnl-knebusthbim knlstrukthnl dl` sprhloimrm`

Jmi`([tmyl G.)7 tjdt tjm wnr`s denultm` tn d rmprmsmltdthnl nc cdkt, dl` tjdt tjm dpprnprhdtm tmst wds tn dso wjdt tjm wnr`s wnui` jdvm knlvmym` tn

pru`mlt ul`mrwrhtmr hl tjm pnshthnl nc Jhajidl`. Pjmy wmrm lnt emrmiy d stdtmemlt tjdt Knlthlmltdi jd` bmml hlcnrem` tjdt tjmrm wmrm sprhloimrs.

[hrhus Hltmrldthnldi Hlsurdlkm Knrpnrdthnlv. Nrhmltdi Dssurdlkm Knrpnrdthnl_4888U Iiny`s Rmp. HR ;0=

Pjm `hrmkt pnihky hl tjhs kdsm wds nl tjm knltmlts nc d buhi`hla. D cdx wds smlt by tjm rmhlsurm`s prn`ukhla brnomrs tn tjm rmhlsurm`s pidkhla brnomrs,

stdthla tjdt wm jdvm bmml hlcnrem` by tjm dssurm`s brnomrs tjdt tjmrm wmrm chrm jy`rdlts hl tjm hlsurm` prmehsms. Pjm prn`ukhla brnomrs `h` lnt

dttmept tn vmrhcy tjhs hlcnredthnl, wjhkj prnvm` tn bm cdism, ds tjm buhi`hla wds mquhppm` nliy whtj `ry rhsmrs wjhkj jd` lnt bmml knllmktm` tn tjm

edhls wdtmr suppiy. Pjm rmhlsurmrs snuajt tn dvnh` tjm rmhlsurdlkm.

Jmi` (Inlaenrm G.)7 tjdt tjmrm jd` bmml d ehsrmprmsmltdthnl. Pjm knrrmkt tmst tn dppiy wds tjdt idh` `nwl by [tmyl G. hl Jhajidl`s Hlsurdlkm v.

Knlthlmltdi Hlsurdlkm_48:1U 4 Iiny`s Rmp. 468(dbnvm), ldemiy tjm emdlhla tjdt wnui` jdvm bmml knlvmym` tn d rmdsnldbim ul`mrwrhtmr. Pjm wnr`s

usm` jmrm hl`hkdtm` tjdt d stdtmemlt nc cdkt wds bmhla ed`m dl` tjdt tjhs wds lnt shepiy d edttmr nc d tjhr` pdrtys stdtmemlt bmhla pdssm` nl.

Ht edy disn bm tjm kdsm tjdt tjm dssurm`s prmsmltdthnl nc tjm rhso jds bmml mxprmssiy hlknrpnrdtm` hltn tjm rmhlsurdlkm darmmemlt, hlwjhkj kdsm tjm rmhlsurm` kdllnt `mly tjdt tjm stdtmemlts hl tjm nrhahldi prmsmltdthnl cnre d pdrt nc tjm prmsmltdthnl tn tjm rmhlsurmrs.

Dustrdihdl Qh`nws Cul` Ihcm Dssurdlkm [nkhmty It`v. Ldthnldi Eutudi Ihcm Dssnkhdthnl nc Dustrdihd It`_4840U

D.K. 3;0D ihcm pnihky wds hssum` by tjm rmhlsurm` nl tjm ihcm nc nlm Enrdl. Pjm prnpnsdi cnr tjdt pnihky knltdhlm` d bdshs kidusm rml`mrhla dii nc tjm dssurm`s

dlswmrs wdrrdlthms. Pjm rmhlsurm` nbtdhlm` d cdkuitdthvm rmhlsurdlkm pnihky wjhkj wds stdtm` tn bm wrhttml nl tjm sdem tmres dl` knl`hthnls ds tjm

nrhahldi. Pjm dssurm` jd` ed`m cdism stdtmemlts wjhkj rml`mrm` jhe hl brmdkj nc wdrrdlty, dl` tjm rmhlsurmrs dssmrtm` tjdt tjm rmhlsurm` wds htsmic hl

brmdkj nc wdrrdlty by rmdsnl nc tjm hlknrpnrdtm` kidusm.

Jmi`(Vrhvy Knulkhi)7 tjdt tjm prnpnsdi cnre wds hlknrpnrdtm` hltn tjm rmhlsurdlkm darmmemlt, sn tjdt cdism stdtmemlts ed`m by tjm dssurm` wmrm tn bm

rmadr`m` ds d pdrt nc tjm prmsmltdthnl nc tjm rhso tn tjm rmhlsurmrs, dl` dkknr`hlaiy tjdt tjm rmhlsurdlkm knui` bm dvnh`m` cnr ehsrmprmsmltdthnl.

(`) D rmprmsmltdthnl edy bm mhtjmr d rmprmsmltdthnl ds tn d edttmr nc cdkt, nr ds tn d edttmr nc mxpmktdthnl nr bmihmc (EdrhlmHlsurdlkm Dkt 4863, s. 4:(;)). Pjm stdtmemlt edy disn bm nc tjm rmhlsurm`s hltmlthnls.

(m) Pjmrm eust jdvm bmml d spmkhchk stdtmemlt dl` lnt emrmiy tjm suaamsthnl tjdt snemtjhla kdl bm hepihm` crne tjm prmsmltdthnled`m by tjm rmhlsurm`.

Cmdsmyv. [ul Ihcm Dssurdlkm nc Kdld`d_2662U Iiny`s Rmp. HR :;=

D V&H Kiub hlsurm` hts emebmr sjhpnwlmrs dadhlst tjmhr ihdbhihthms tn mepinymms dl` ntjmrs nccmrhla hlgury nl bndr` tjm sjhpnwlmrs vmssmis. Pjm kiub

rmhlsurm` whtj tjm kidhedlts syl`hkdtm ul`mr d rmhlsurdlkm darmmemlt wjhkj tnno tjm cnre nc d ihcm knvmr rdtjmr tjdl d trd`hthnldi ihdbhihty knvmr, sn

tjdt hl tjm mvmlt tjdt dl hlgury nkkurrm` tjm syl`hkdtm wnui` pdy d prm`mtmrehlm` chxm` bmlmcht tn tjm syl`hkdtm. Pjm syl`hkdtm rmhlsurm` hts ihdbhihthms

ul`mr tjhs knltrdkt whtj tjm `mcml`dlt rmtrnkmsshnldhrms. Pjm rmtrnkmsshnldhrms snuajt tn dvnh` tjm rmtrnkmsshnl by dssmrthla tjdt tjmrm jd` bmml hepihkht

ehsrmprmsmltdthnls ds tn twn edttmrs7 (4) tjm chxm` bmlmchts pdydbim tn tjm kiub wmrm bdsm` upnl d prnpmr kdikuidthnl nc tjm dktudi ihdbhihthms cdkm` by



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tjm kiub tn hts emebmrs? dl` (2) tjmrm jd` bmml d prncmsshnldi dpprdhsdi nc tjm rhso rul by tjm kiub.

Jmi`(Idlaimy G.)7 tjmrm wds ln ehsrmprmsmltdthnl. Pjm syl`hkdtm jd` lnt ed`m dly mxprmss stdtmemlt tn mhtjmr nc tjmsm mccmkts, dl` ht wds lnt pnsshbim

tn mxtrdkt hepihkht stdtmemlts crne tjm nvmrdii prmsmltdthnl nc tjm rhso by tjm syl`hkdtm. Hl tjm dbsmlkm nc mxprmss stdtmemlts, rmihdlkm nl

ehsrmprmsmltdthnl nc succhkhmlt kidrhty tn gusthcy dvnh`dlkm wds ulprnehshla.

Rmprmsmltdthnl ed`m by rmhlsurm` nr brnomrPjm rmprmsmltdthnl eust jdvm bmml ed`m by tjm rmhlsurm` nr jhs brnomr. Pjm rmhlsurmr edy, cnr mxdepim, kneehsshnl dl hl`mpml`mltmxpmrt tn rmpnrt nl d pdrthkuidr edttmr rmidthla tn tjm rhso. Mrrnr by tjm mxpmrt wjhkj rmsuits hl jhe edohla cdism stdtmemlts tn tjmrmhlsurmr hs lnt tn bm rmadr`m` ds ehsrmprmsmltdthnl nl tjm pdrt nc tjm rmhlsurm` nr jhs brnomr mvml hc tjm brnomr jds bmml dutjnrhsm` bytjm rmhlsurmr tn kneehsshnl tjm rmpnrt. Pjhs wds tjm pnshthnl hl Hltmrldthnldi Inttmry Edldamemlt It`v. @ueds_2662U Iiny`s Rmp.HR 2;1, wjmrm hlsurmrs wmrm jmi` tn bm uldbim tn dvnh` d pnihky by rmiyhla nl mrrnrs knltdhlm` hl tjm rmpnrt nc dl hl`mpml`mlt idwymrwjn jd` bmml dsom` tn rmpnrt nl tjm vdih`hty nc d cnrmhal-nwlm` inttmry hl Dzmrbdhgdl.

CdishtyPjm rmprmsmltdthnl eust bm cdism. Cdishty `mpml`s upnl tjm ldturm nc tjm rmprmsmltdthnl. D rmprmsmltdthnl ds tn d edttmr nc cdkt tn bmtrum eust bm substdlthdiiy knrrmkt, hl tjdt tjm `hccmrmlkm bmtwmml wjdt wds sdh` dl` wjdt wds dktudiiy knrrmkt wnui` lnt bm knlsh`mrm`edtmrhdi by d pru`mlt ul`mrwrhtmr (Edrhlm Hlsurdlkm Dkt 4863, s. 4:(0)). Hl Dsshkurdzhnlh Amlmrdih [pDv. Drdb Hlsurdlkm Arnup(B[K)_266;U Iiny`s Rmp. HR 4;4tjm stdtmemlt by tjm rmhlsurm` tn tjm rmhlsurmrs tjdt ht jd` tjm suppnrt nc d ldem` kn-hlsurmr nltjm rhso wds jmi` by d edgnrhty nc tjm Knurt nc Dppmdi (Qdr` I.G. dl` [hr Kjrhstnpjmr [tduajtnl) tn bm cdism, ds tjm ldem` kn-hlsurmrwds nliy pdrthkhpdthla hl nlm pdrt nc tjdt rhso, wjmrmds Kidrom I.G. cmit tjdt tjm stdtmemlt wds trum ds tjm wnr` suppnrt `h` lnt hepiy

466% suppnrt. By knltrdst hl[hrhus Hltmrldthnldi Hlsurdlkm Knrpnrdthnlv. Nrhmltdi Dssurdlkm Knrpnrdthnl_4888U Iiny`s Rmp. HR;0=tjm knurt cnul` tjdt d stdtmemlt tjdt d buhi`hla wds mquhppm` whtj d sprhloimr systme wnui` bm cdism hc tjm systme `h` lnt wnro7hl tjm kdsm htsmic tjm stdtmemlt wds ed`m dctmr tjm knltrdkt jd` bmml knlkiu`m` dl` tjus wds heedtmrhdi nl tjdt bdshs (smm bminw). Drmprmsmltdthnl ds tn d edttmr nc mxpmktdthnl nc bmihmc hs trum hc ht hs ed`m hl ann` cdhtj (Edrhlm Hlsurdlkm Dkt 4863, s. 4:(=), hl tjdt tjmrmhlsurm` eust jdvm amluhlmiy jmi` tjm stdtm` bmihmc dt tjm them tjdt tjm rmprmsmltdthnl wds ed`m) (smmJhajidl`s Hlsurdlkm Kn. v.Knlthlmltdi Hlsurdlkm Kn._48:1U 4 Iiny`s Rmp. 468). Ht hs hepnrtdlt tn `hsthlauhsj bmtwmml cdkt dl` nphlhnl, ds d stdtmemlt wjhkjprnvms tn bm cdism nl dl nbgmkthvm bdshs whii lnt denult tn ehsrmprmsmltdthnl hc tjm stdtmemlt wds emrmiy d amluhlmiy-jmi` nphlhnl.

Adl Hlsurdlkm Kn. It`v. Pdh Vhla Hlsurdlkm Kn. It` (Ln. 2) _2664U Iiny`s Rmp. HR 284(rmvmrsm` nl ntjmr

arnul`s,_2662U Iiny`s Rmp. HR 331)

Pjm `hrmkt pnihky wds nl d kneputmr wdcmr cdktnry hl tjm knursm nc knlstrukthnl hl Pdhwdl, dl` tjm rhso wds rmhlsurm`. Pjm rmhlsurmrs diimam` tjdt tjmy

wmrm sjnwl drkjhtmkts `rdwhlas nc tjm buhi`hla, dl` tjmsm hiiustrdtm` tjdt tjmrm wmrm tn bm mxtmlshvm chrm prmkduthnl emkjdlhses hl tjm buhi`hla. Pjmrm

wds subsmqumltiy d chrm wjhkj smvmrmiy `dedam` tjm buhi`hla ul`mr knlstrukthnl, dl` tjm rmhlsurmrs kidhem` tjm rhajt tn dvnh` tjm rmhlsurdlkm

darmmemlt nl tjm bdshs tjdt tjm `rdwhlas jd` denultm` tn d rmprmsmltdthnl tjdt tjm chrm prmkduthnls jd` bmml hlstdiim` hl tjm buhi`hla.

Jmi` (Inlaenrm G.)7 tjdt tjm rmhlsurmrs jd` ln rhajt tn dvnh` tjm pnihky. Pjm rmhlsurmrs jd` lnt `menlstrdtm` tjdt tjmy jd` bmml sjnwl tjm `rdwhlas,

but mvml hc tjdt wds wrnla tjml tjmy `h` lnt denult tn d rmprmsmltdthnl tjdt tjm chrm prmkduthnls jd` bmml hlstdiim` hl tjm buhi`hla ul`mr knlstrukthnl

but rdtjmr tjdt tjm dssurm` hltml`m` tn hlstdii sukj prntmkthnl hl tjm chlhsjm` buhi`hla. Pjdt hltmlthnl jd` bmml jnlmstiy stdtm`.

Rmspnlsm tn uldebhaunus qumsthnlQjmrm tjm rmprmsmltdthnl hs hl rmspnlsm tn d qumsthnl, tjm qumsthnl eust jdvm bmml uldebhaunus. Hc tjmrm hs `nubt ds tn wjdt hs bmhladsom` by tjm rmhlsurmrs tjml tjm rmhlsurm` hs mlthtim` tn bm rmadr`m ds jdvhla dlswmrm` trutjcuiiy hc tjm knlstrukthnl put upnl tjmqumsthnl wds d rmdsnldbim nlm.

Arnupded Hlsurdlkm Kn. It`v. Nvmrsmds Vdrtlmrs Rm It`_266;U MQJK ;0 (Knee)

][ sjhpphla knepdlhms wmrm hlsurm` hl Inl`nl by hlsurmrs im` by [yl`hkdtm 120 dt Iiny`s dadhlst ihdbhihty tn tjmhr mepinymms cnr kdushla `mdtj dl`

bn`hiy hlgury. Pjm rhso jd` bmml nccmrm` by Pmxds prn`ukhla brnomrs dl` pidkm` hl Inl`nl by pidkhla brnomrs GIP. Pjm hlsurmrs dppnhltm` D ds tjmhr

brnomr tn pidkm rmhlsurdlkm, dl` D nbtdhlm` tjm subskrhpthnl nc tjm kidhedlts. Pjm rmhlsurdlkm wds cnr 466% nc tjm ul`mriyhla rhso. Pjm kidhedlts

tjmesmivms dppnhltm` D tn pidkm rmtrnkmsshnl, dl` tjm `mcml`dlts darmm` tn subskrhbm tn =6% nc d quntd sjdrm rmtrnkmsshnl trmdty. Pjm `mcml`dlts

subsmqumltiy darmm` tn hlkrmdsm tjmhr subskrhpthnl tn 1=%, jdvhla dsom` by cdx wjmtjmr tjmrm wmrm dly inssms hlkurrm` nl tjm prnarde tn `dtm. D

rmpihm` cnr tjm kidhedlts, knlchrehla tjdt tjmrm jd` bmml ln inssms d`vhsm` tjdt wnui` dccmkt dly nc tjm `mkidrdthnls tn tjm trmdty. Pjhs wds d trum



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stdtmemlt hlsncdr ds tjm kidhedlts tjmesmivms dl` tjmhr brnomrs jd` lnt bmml d`vhsm` nc dly inssms, ditjnuaj tjmrm jd` bmml inssms dt tjm `hrmkt imvmi

wjhkj wmrm ulolnwl tn tjm kidhedlts dl` tn D7 tjdt hlcnredthnl knui` mdshiy jdvm bmml dskmrtdhlm` by d shepim tmimpjnlm kdii. Pjm `mcml`dlts draum`

tjdt tjmrm jd` bmml ehsrmprmsmltdthnl.

Jmi`(Enrhsnl G.)7 tjdt tjm rmtrnkmsshnl darmmemlt knui` lnt bm smt dsh`m. Pjm qumsthnl dsom` by tjm `mcml`dlts hl tjmhr cdx rmcmrrm` nliy tn tjm bnno nc

bushlmss wrhttml by tjm kidhedlts, dl` `h` lnt rmqumst hlcnredthnl ds tn inssms dt tjm `hrmkt imvmi wjhkj jd` ymt tn krystdiihsm hltn kidhes dadhlst tjm

kidhedlts. Pjm edromt mvh`mlkm sjnwm` tjdt ht wds amlmrdi prdkthkm tn trmdt d qumsthnl by rmhlsurmrs nr rmtrnkmsshnldhrms rmquhrhla inssms tn bm

h`mlthchm` ds knlchlm` tn dktudi inssms succmrm` by tjm rmhlsurm` nr rmtrnkm`dlt dl` lnt pntmlthdi cuturm inssms. Curtjmr, tjm stdtmemlt tjdt kidhedlts dl`

D knui` knlchre tjdt tjmrm wmrm ln inssms wds knlchlm` tn edttmrs dktudiiy olnwl by tjme.

Edtmrhdihty dl` hlùkmemltPjm cdism stdtmemlt eust bm edtmrhdi tn tjm rhso. Pjhs hs dl nbgmkthvm tmst, wjhkj hs knlsh`mrm` bminw. Qjmtjmr d pdrthkuidrrmprmsmltdthnl bm edtmrhdi nr lnt hs, hl mdkj kdsm, d qumsthnl nc cdkt (Edrhlm Hlsurdlkm Dkt 4863, s. 4:(1)). Curtjmr, tjm cdism stdtmemlteust jdvm hlùkm` tjm rmhlsurmr tn mltmr hltn tjm knltrdkt. Pjhs hs d subgmkthvm tmst, bdsm` nl tjm mccmkt tjdt tjm stdtmemlt jd` nl tjmrmhlsurmrs `mkhshnl tn mltmr hltn tjm knltrdkt. Pjm qumsthnl nc hlùkmemlt hs disn `hskussm` bminw.

Nbihadthnl tn stdtm cdkts tn bmst nc olnwimàm dl` bmihmcHt hs npml tn tjm rmhlsurmrs tn en`hcy tjm ruims nl ehsrmprmsmltdthnl by shepiy rmquhrhla tjm rmhlsurm` tn dlswmr qumsthnls tn tjm bmstnc jhs olnwimàm dl` bmihmc. Qjmrm tjhs cnre nc wnr`hla hs usm`, d cdism stdtmemlt ed`m by tjm rmhlsurm whii lnt ahvm rhsm tn tjmrhajt tn dvnh` ulimss tjm rmhlsurmrs kdl sjnw tjdt tjm rmhlsurm` `h` lnt bmihmvm jhs stdtmemlt nr tjdt tjm rmhlsurm` wds dwdrm nc

khrkuestdlkms wjhkj rml`mrm` jhs stdtmemlt ultrum but kjnsm lnt tn hlvmsthadtm tjme (bihl` mym olnwimàm). [mm Mknlneh`msv.Kneemrkhdi ]lhnl Hlsurdlkm_488:U Iiny`s Rmp. HR 8, d `nemsthk prnpmrty hlsurdlkm kdsm wjmrm tjm dssurm` hllnkmltiy ehsstdtm`tjm vdium nc tjm prnpmrty hl jhs cidt. Ht wnui` disn smme tjdt d rmhlsurm` wjn mxprmssms dl nphlhnl whtjnut jdvhla dly arnul` cnrbmihmvhla wjdt jm jds sdh` jds lnt dktm` tn tjm bmst nc jhs olnwimàm dl` bmihmc. Pjhs wds sn jmi` hl [hrhus Hltmrldthnldi HlsurdlkmKnrpnrdthnlv. Nrhmltdi Dssurdlkm Knrpnrdthnl_4888U Iiny`s Rmp. HR ;0=, tjm cdkts nc wjhkj wmrm ahvml dbnvm. Inlaenrm G. jmi`tjdt hc jm jd` bmml wrnla hl jhs vhmw tjdt tjm pjrdsm wm jdvm bmml hlcnrem ed`m hl tjm brnomrs prmsmltdthnl denultm` tn dstdtmemlt nc cdkt, dl` hlstmd` tjdt ht wds tn bm rmadr`m ds emrmiy mxprmsshla dl nphlhnl, tjml tjm rmhlsurm` wds lnt sdvm` by d bmst ncolnwim am dl` bmihmc kidusm ds tjm brnomrs jd` lnt dttmeptm` tn vmrhcy tjm trutj nc wjdt tjmy jd` bmml tni`.

EDPMRHDIHPX DL@ HL@]KMEMLP

EdtmrhdihtyD rmhlsurmr kdl dvnh` d rmhlsurdlkm darmmemlt cnr brmdkj nc tjm ùty nc utenst ann` cdhtj hc twn knl`hthnls drm sdthschm`7 tjm cdktwhtjjmi` nr ehsstdtm` wds edtmrhdi? dl` tjm rmhlsurmr wds hlùkm` by tjm rmhlsurm`s prmsmltdthnl nc tjm rhso tn mltmr hltn tjmdarmmemlt. Pjm Edrhlm Hlsurdlkm Dkt 4863 rmcmrs nliy tn tjm edtmrhdihty tmst? tjm hlùkmemlt tmst wds supmrhepnsm` by tjm Jnusm nc

Inr`s hl tjm idlèdro `mkhshnlVdl Dtidlthk Hlsurdlkm Kn. v. Vhlm Pnp Hlsurdlkm Kn._4880U 2 Iiny`s Rmp. =21. Mlaihsj idw `nmslnt hepnsm dly rmquhrmemlt cnr d kdusdi knllmkthnl bmtwmml tjm cdkt whtjjmi` nr ehsrmprmsmltm` dl` tjm inss succmrm` by tjmrmhlsurm`7 hc d cdkt hs edtmrhdi dl` tjmrm jds bmml hlùkmemlt tjml tjm rmhlsurmrs jdvm tjm rhajt tn dvnh` tjm rmhlsurdlkm darmmemlthrrmspmkthvm nc tjm pnsshbhihty tjdt tjm inss edy jdvm drhsml crne dl mlthrmiy smpdrdtm smt nc khrkuestdlkms.

Edtmrhdihty hs `mchlm` by smkthnl 4:(2) (lnl-`hskinsurm) dl` smkthnl 26(2) (ehsrmprmsmltdthnl) nc tjm Edrhlm Hlsurdlkm Dkt 4863. Dcdkt hs edtmrhdi hc ht hs nlm wjhkj wnui` hlciumlkm tjm guàemlt nc d pru`mlt hlsurmr hl chxhla tjm prmehue, nr `mtmrehlhla wjmtjmrjm whii tdom tjm rhso. Pjhs hs dl nbgmkthvm tmst, wjhkj kdl bm sdthschm` by tjm prnùkthnl nc mvh`mlkm by tjm hlsurmr tn sjnw tjdt tjmedromt wnui` jdvm rmadr`m` tjm cdkt ds edtmrhdi. D pru`mlt hlsurmr hs nlm wjn wds hl tjm edromt dt tjm rmimvdlt them. Ht wdskneemltm` by Kidrom I.G. hl @rdom Hlsurdlkm pik v. Vrnvh`mlt Hlsurdlkm pik _2660U Iiny`s Rmp. HR 211tjdt edtmrhdihty kdllnt bmwjniiy nbgmkthvm, ds ht hs lmkmssdry tn tdom hltn dkknult tjm kjdrdktmrhsthks nc tjm ul`mrwrhtmr hl qumsthnl hl nr`mr tn `mtmrehlm jnw dpru`mlt ul`mrwrhtmr npmrdthla hl tjm sdem cdsjhnl wnui` jdvm rmspnl`m` tn tjm hlcnredthnl hl qumsthnl.

Pjm omy edttmr hs tjdt tjm cdkt eust bm nlm wjhkj wds prmehue-smlshthvm hl tjdt ht wnui` jdvm hlciumlkm` tjm guàmemlt nc tjmpru`mlt ul`mrwrhtmr. Hl Vdl Dtidlthkv. Vhlm Pnptjmrm wds snem `hsputm ds tn tjm emdlhla nc tjm pjrdsm hlciumlkm tjm guàmemlt7Inr` Eusthii wds nc tjm vhmw tjdt ht wds mlnuaj cnr tjm rmhlsurmrs tn sjnw tjdt d pru`mlt rmhlsurmr hl tjm edromt dt tjm them wnui`

jdvm wdltm` tn olnw tjm hlcnredthnl hl qumsthnl mvml tjnuaj jm wnui` uithedtmiy jdvm wrhttml tjm rhso nl tjm sdem tmres, wjmrmdsInr` Iiny` wds nc tjm vhmw tjdt d cdkt knui` bm rmadr`m` ds nbgmkthvmiy edtmrhdi ulimss ht wnui` jdvm jd` d `mkhshvm hlciumlkm nltjm guàmemlt nc d pru`mlt ul`mrwrhtmr. Pjm brnd`mr dpprndkj d`nptm` by Inr` Eusthii wds dpprnvm` by tjm Knurt nc Dppmdi snnldctmrwdr`s, hl[t Vdui Chrm & Edrhlm Hlsurdlkm Kn. (]O) It`v. EkKnllmii @nwmii Knlstruktnrs It`_488=U 2 Iiny`s Rmp. 443. Pjmedromt edtmrhdihty tmst hs, tjmrmcnrm, nlm wjhkj kdl bm sdthschm` rmidthvmiy mdshiy by rmhlsurmrs, ds ht hs lmkmssdry tn sjnw nliy tjdt dpru`mlt ul`mrwrhtmr wnui` jdvm bmml hltmrmstm` hl tjm cdkt whtjjmi` nr ehsstdtm`, dl` lnt tjdt d pru`mlt ul`mrwrhtmr wnui` jdvm tdomld `hccmrmlt vhmw nc tjm rhso. Pjm pjrdsm guàmemlt nc d pru`mlt hlsurmr tjus rmcmrs tn jhs tjnuajt prnkmssms dl` lnt tn jhs uithedtm`mkhshnl.

HlùkmemltDs lntm` dbnvm, hl Vdl Dtidlthk Hlsurdlkm Kn.v. Vhlm Pnp Hlsurdlkm Kn._4880U 2 Iiny`s Rmp. =21tjm Jnusm nc Inr`s idh` `nwl



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tjm prhlkhpim tjdt nbgmkthvm edtmrhdihty dinlm hs lnt mlnuaj, dl` tjdt d rmhlsurmr jds tn sjnw tjdt jm wds dktudiiy hlùkm` by tjmrmhlsurm`s prmsmltdthnl nc tjm rhso tn mltmr hltn tjm darmmemlt. Hl sn jni`hla tjm Jnusm nc Inr`s nvmrruim` tjm mdrihmr `mkhshnl nc tjmKnurt nc Dppmdi hlKnltdhlmr Prdlspnrt Hltmrldthnldiv. Nkmdlus Eutudi ]l`mrwrhthla Dssnkhdthnl _48:0U 4 Iiny`s Rmp. 013,wjmrm ht jd` bmml `mkh`m` tjdt tjm nliy hssum wds nlm nc nbgmkthvm edtmrhdihty.

Vrmsuepthnl nc hlùkmemltHlVdl Dtidlthk`hvmrahla vhmws wmrm mxprmssm` nl tjm hl`mpml`mlt shalhchkdlkm nc hlùkmemlt. Inr` Eusthii cmit tjdt tjmrm wds d

prmsuepthnl nc hlùkmemlt, wjmrmby d rmhlsurmr wjn wds dbim tn `menlstrdtm nbgmkthvm edtmrhdihty wnui` jdvm tjm bmlmcht nc dprmsuepthnl tjdt, bmhla d pru`mlt pmrsnl, jm wds jhesmic hlùkm` by tjm prmsmltdthnl. Inr` Iiny` vhanrnusiy rmgmktm` tjhs lnthnl. Hld smrhms nc kdsms shlkm Vdl Dtidlthkht jds bmknem kimdr tjdt tjmrm hs ln amlmrdihsm` prmsuepthnl nc hlùkmemlt, dl` tjdt tjm hssums ncedtmrhdihty dl` hlùkmemlt drm quhtm smpdrdtm. Pjm pnhlt wds `hskussm` by tjm Knurt nc Dppmdi hl Dsshkurdzhnlh Amlmrdihv. Drdb

Hlsurdlkm Arnup_266;U Iiny`s Rmp. HR 4;4. Pjm Knurt nc Dppmdi jmrm knlchrem` mdrihmr `mkhshnls tn tjm mccmkt tjdt ht hs tjm ùty nctjm rmhlsurmr tn ahvm mvh`mlkm ds tn jhs nwl stdtm nc ehl`, sn tjdt tjm rmhlsurm` hs dbim tn krnss-mxdehlm tjm rmhlsurm` dl` hs tjmrmbyahvml tjm nppnrtulhty tn `menlstrdtm tjdt tjm rmhlsurmr wnui` jdvm mltmrm` hltn tjm darmmemlt nl tjm sdem tmres dl` knl`hthnls mvmlhc tjmrm jd` bmml cuii `hskinsurm nr edtmrhdi cdkts jd` lnt bmml ehsstdtm`. Pjm imd`hla guàemlt nc Kidrom I.G. idh` `nwl tjm cniinwhlaprhlkhpims nl tjm rmidthnlsjhp bmtwmml edtmrhdihty dl` hlùkmemlt, dl` tjmsm disn smt nut wjdt jds tn bm prnvm` by d rmhlsurmr wjndssmrts tjdt jm wds hlùkm` tn mltmr hltn tjm knltrdkt by tjm rmhlsurm`s prmsmltdthnl nc tjm rhso.

(4) Hl nr`mr tn bm mlthtim` tn dvnh` d knltrdkt nc hlsurdlkm nr rmhlsurdlkm, dl hlsurmr nr rmhlsurmr eust prnvm nl tjm bdidlkmnc prnbdbhihthms tjdt jm wds hlùkm` tn mltmr hltn tjm knltrdkt by d edtmrhdi lnl-`hskinsurm nr by d edtmrhdiehsrmprmsmltdthnl.

(2) Pjmrm hs ln prmsuepthnl nc idw tjdt dl hlsurmr nr rmhlsurmr hs hlùkm` tn mltmr hl tjm knltrdkt by d edtmrhdi lnl-`hskinsurm

nr ehsrmprmsmltdthnl.(;) Pjm cdkts edy, jnwmvmr, bm sukj tjdt ht hs tn bm hlcmrrm` tjdt tjm pdrthkuidr hlsurmr nr rmhlsurmr wds sn hlùkm` mvml hl tjmdbsmlkm crne mvh`mlkm crne jhe.

(0) Hl nr`mr tn prnvm hlùkmemlt tjm hlsurmr nr rmhlsurmr eust sjnw tjdt tjm lnl-`hskinsurm nr ehsrmprmsmltdthnl wds dlmccmkthvm kdusm nc jhs mltmrhla hltn tjm knltrdkt nl tjm tmres nl wjhkj jm `h`. Jm eust tjmrmcnrm sjnw dt imdst tjdt, but cnrtjm rmimvdlt lnl-`hskinsurm nr ehsrmprmsmltdthnl, jm wnui` lnt jdvm mltmrm` hltn tjm knltrdkt nl tjnsm tmres. Nl tjm ntjmrjdl`, jm `nms lnt jdvm tn sjnw tjdt ht wds tjm snim mccmkthvm kdusm nc jhs `nhla sn.

D chl`hla tjdt d stdtmemlt wds nbgmkthvmiy edtmrhdi hs lnt, tjmrmcnrm, hlknlshstmlt whtj d chl`hla tjdt tjm stdtmemlt `h` lntsubgmkthvmiy hlùkm tjm rmhlsurmrs tn mltmr hltn tjm darmmemlt. Pjm nliy shtudthnl hl wjhkj d rmhlsurmr hs mlthtim` tn rmiy upnl tjmprmsuepthnl nc hlùkmemlt hs tjdt hl wjhkj tjm hl`hvhùdis rmspnlshbim cnr wrhthla tjm rhso drm uldbim cnr ann` rmdsnl tn ahvmmvh mlkm ds tn wjdt nkkurrm dl` tjmhr rmspnlsm tn tjm prmsmltdthnl. Pn `dtm tjm prmsuepthnl nc hlùkmemlt jds nliy bmmlsukkmsscuiiy rmihm` upnl hl kdsms hl wjhkj d shlaim ul`mrwrhtmr hl d subskrhpthnl pidkmemlt hlvnivhla ntjmr ul`mrwrhtmrs wds uldbim tnahvm mvh`mlkm7 smm[t Vdui Chrm dl` Edrhlm Hlsurdlkm Kn. ]O It`v. EkKnllmii @nwmii Knlstruktnrs It`_488=U 2 Iiny`s Rmp. 443(`hrmkt hlsurdlkm), Hltmrldthnldi Edldamemlt Arnup (]O) It`v. [heenl`s_2660U Iiny`s Rmp. HR 201(rmhlsurdlkm) dl`Pnnemyv.

Bdlkn Shtdihkhn `m Mspdld [D `m [maurns y Rmdsmaurns_2660U Iiny`s Rmp. HR ;=0.

Vrnnc nc hlùkmemltHl dii ntjmr shtudthnls, tjm rmhlsurmr eust prnvm, ds wds stdtm` by Kidrom I.G. hl tjm Dsshkurdzhnlh Amlmrdihkdsm, tjdt tjm prmsmltdthnlnc tjm rhso wds dl mccmkthvm kdusmditjnuaj lnt lmkmssdrhiy tjm nliy mccmkthvm kdusmnc jhs `mkhshnl tn ul`mrwrhtm tjm rhso nl tjmtmres uithedtmiy darmm`. Pjhs hs lnt diwdys dl mdsy qumsthnl.

Dsshkurdzhnlh Amlmrdih [pDv. Drdb Hlsurdlkm Arnup (B[K)_266;U Iiny`s Rmp. HR 4;4

Pjm trhdi guàm hl tjhs kdsm ruim` tjdt tjm rmhlsurmrs jd` lnt bmml hlùkm` by tjm rmhlsurm`s stdtmemlt tjdt tjmrm wds tn bm d ldem` kn-hlsurmr

suppnrthla tjm rmhlsurm`. Kidrom I.G. dl` [hr Kjrhstnpjmr [tduajtnl dkkmptm` tjm vhmws nc tjm trhdi guàm7 bmkdusm tjm rmhlsurmrs jd` lnt bmml dbim tn

sjnw tjdt tjmy wnui` jdvm rmcusm` tn dkkmpt tjm rhso nl tjm darmm` tmres jd` tjmy bmml dwdrm tjdt tjm kn-hlsurmrs suppnrt wds tn bm ihehtm` tn nlm

pdrt nc tjm knvmr. Qdr` I.G., `hssmlthla, jmi` tjdt ht wds npml tn tjm Knurt nc Dppmdi tn rmvhmw tjm hlcmrmlkms `rdwl by tjm guàm crne tjm mvh`mlkm put

tn jhe mvml tjnuaj tjm cdkts ds cnul` by tjm trhdi guàm knui` lnt bm kjdiimlam`, dl` tjdt tjm trhdi guàm jd` `rdwl tjm hlknrrmkt hlcmrmlkm nl tjm

hlùkmemlt hssum.

Hlùkmemlt hs d qumsthnl nc cdkt hl mvmry kdsm. Dl ul`mrwrhtmr whii lnt bm dbim tn mstdbihsj hlùkmemlt hc jm pdh` ln jmm` tn tjmrhso bmhla prmsmltm` tn jhe (smm Edrk Rhkj & Kn. DA v. Vnrtedl _4883U 4 Iiny`s Rmp. 0;6, ditjnuaj tjm ul`mrwrhtmr uithedtmiysukkmm`m` hl mstdbihsjhla tjdt tjmrm wds hlùkmemlt nl nlm omy edttmr), hc jm rmihm` upnl ntjmr hlcnredthnl hl jhs `mkhshnl tn wrhtmtjm rhso (Kdpm pik v. Hrnl Prd`ms Mepinymrs Hlsurdlkm Dssnkhdthnl It`_2660U Iiny`s Rmp. HR (cnrtjknehla)), nr hc tjm rhso wnui`jdvm bmml wrhttml whtj nr whtjnut sukj `hskinsurm (Ohlaskrnct Hlsurdlkm Kn. It`v. Lhssdl Chrm & Edrhlm Hlsurdlkm Kn. It` (Ln. 2)_4888U Iiny`s Rmp. HR 36;).



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Hl@rdom Hlsurdlkm pik v. Vrnvh`mlt Hlsurdlkm pik _2660U Iiny`s Rmp. HR 211d edgnrhty nc tjm Knurt nc Dppmdi, Rhx dl` KidromI.GG., jmi` tjdt hl `mtmrehlhla wjmtjmr tjmrm jds bmml hlùkmemlt ht hs lmkmssdry tn knlsh`mr mxdktiy wjdt wnui` jdvm bmml ihomiy tnjdppml jd` cuii `hskinsurm bmml ed`m7 ht hs lnt mlnuaj tn sjnw tjdt tjm cdkt whtjjmi` nr ehsstdtm` wnui` jdvm hlùkm` tjm hlsurmr tnmltmr hltn tjm knltrdkt hc cuii `hskinsurm wnui jdvm im` tn ntjmr edttmrs knehla tn ihajt wjhkj wnui` jdvm imct tjm `mkhshnlulkjdlam . Hl@rdomv. Vrnvh`mlthtsmic tjm dssurm` cdhim` tn `hskinsm d `rhvhla knlvhkthnl, dl` tjm hlsurmr snuajt tn dvnh` tjm pnihkyby sjnwhla tjdt tjm knebhldthnl nc dl mdrihmr dkkh`mlt (wjhkj jd` bmml `hskinsm`) dl` tjm knlvhkthnl wnui` jdvm im` tn d jhajmrprmehue ul`mr hts ul`mrwrhthla krhtmrhd. Pjm edgnrhty jmi` tjdt hc tjm knlvhkthnl jd` bmml `hskinsm` dl` tjm hlsurmr jd` dttmeptm` tn

kjdram d jhajmr prmehue, ht wnui` jdvm knem tn ihajt tjdt tjm dkkh`mlt jd` lnt bmml tjm cduit nc tjm dssurm` dl` tjus wnui` jdvm bmml`hsrmadr`m`, tjmrmby rmùkhla tjm prmehue tn tjm lnredi imvmi. Vhii I.G., `hssmlthla, jmi` tjdt ht wds lnt npml tn tjm knurt tn spmkuidtmnl wjdt ehajt jdvm nkkurrm` jd` cuii `hskinsurm bmml ed`m.

Pjm shalhchkdlkm nc tjm ruihla hl @rdomv. Vrnvh`mlthl rmquhrhla tjm knurt tn ul`mrtdom dl dssmssemlt nc mxdktiy wjdt wnui` jdvmnkkurrm` whtj cuii `hskinsurm hs hiiustrdtm` hl d rmhlsurdlkm knltmxt by Bnllmr v. Knx @m`hkdtm` Knrpnrdtm Emebmr It` _2663UIiny`s Rmp. HR ;:=. Hl tjhs kdsm rmhlsurmrs subskrhbm` tn d rmhlsurdlkm sihp wjhkj npmrdtm` ds d stdl`hla nccmr tn prnvh m rmhlsurdlkmtn dly ul`mrwrhtmrs wjn darmm` tn hlsurm d `hrmkt mlmray rhso. D luebmr nc ul`mrwrhtmrs dkkmptm` tjm mlmray rhso, dl` tjmrmby tjmrmhlsurdlkm, but d inss nkkurrm`hl tjm cnre nc dl nhi wmii binw-nutùrhla tjm `hrmkt pidkmemlt prnkmss. Pjm rmhlsurmrs wmrm lnthlcnrem` nc tjm inss. D luebmr nc ul`mrwrhtmrs subsmqumltiy darmm` tn tdom tjm `hrmkt rhso, dl` tjm rmhlsurmrs snuajt tn dvnh` tjmrmhlsurdlkm dadhlst tjme cnr lnl-`hskinsurm nc tjm inss. Pjm rmhlsurmrs drauemlt wds tjdt hc tjmy jd` bmml hlcnrem` nc tjm inss tjmywnui` jdvm whtj`rdwl tjm rmhlsurdlkm sihp sn ds tn prmvmlt curtjmr dkkmptdlkms nc ht. Enrhsnl G. jmi` tjdt ht wds ihomiy tjdt tjmrmhlsurmrs wnui` lnt jdvm dktm` `hccmrmltiy jd` tjm `hrmkt inss bmml `hskinsm` tn tjme, ds by tjm them nc tjm inss tjm brnohla prnkmsswds wmii ul`mr wdy dl` tjm rmhlsurmrs wnui` jdvm bmml enst ulihomiy tn whtj`rdw tjm sihp dt tjdt idtm stdam. Pjm Knurt nc Dppmdi nldppmdi, _266=U MQKD Khv 4=42 upjmi` tjm rmdsnlhla nc tjm trhdi guàm.

@dtm nc edtmrhdihty dl` hlùkmemltPjm edtmrhdihty nc d cdkt, dl` tjm hssum nc wjmtjmr nr lnt ht hlùkm` tjm rmhlsurmrs tn mltmr hltn tjm darmmemlt, jdvm tn bm dssmssm` dttjm `dtm tjm darmmemlt wds ed`m. Pjus, hc tjmrm hs hltmiihamlkm olnwl tn tjm rmhlsurm` wjhkj suaamsts tjdt tjmrm hs dl hlkrmdsm` rhso ncinss, nr hc tjmrm drm nutstdl`hla khrkuestdlkms wjhkj hl`hkdtm tjdt tjm rhso hs armdtmr tjdl ht dppmdrs (m.a., d krhehldi kjdram dadhlst tjm`hrmkt dssurm`) tjml tjm emrm mxhstmlkm nc tjm hltmiihamlkm nr tjm nutstdl`hla khrkuestdlkms hs nc htsmic d edtmrhdi cdkt. Hl tjm mvmlt tjdttjm hltmiihamlkm hs sjnwl tn jdvm bmml cidwm`, nr hc tjm krhehldi kjdram hs `hsehssm`, edtmrhdihty dl` hlùkmemlt drm lntrmtrnspmkthvmiy rmenvm` dl` tjm pnihky rmedhls vnh`dbim. Jnwmvmr, hl sukj khrkuestdlkms tjm knurt edy rmadr` dl dttmept by tjmrmhlsurmrs tn dvnh` tjm pnihky ds nlm wjhkj knltrdvmlms tjmhr nwl ùty nc utenst ann` cdhtj ht edy tjus bm `mlhm` tn tjme (smmbminw).

Pjhs shtudthnl sjnui` bm `hsthlauhsjm` crne tjdt hl wjhkj tjm rmhlsurm` whtjjmi` d cdkt wjhkj jm bmihmvm` mxhstm` but wjhkj nlnbgmkthvm arnul`s `h` lnt. Hl @rdom Hlsurdlkm pik v. Vrnvh`mlt Hlsurdlkm pik _2660U Iiny`s Rmp. HR 211Rhx dl` Kidrom I.GG. (VhiiI.G. `hssmlthla) wmrm kduthnusiy nc tjm vhmw tjdt d cdkt sjnui` lnt bm rmadr`m` ds edtmrhdi hc dt tjm them nc tjm edohla nc tjm knltrdkt,dl` knltrdry tn tjm vhmws nc tjm pdrthms, tjm cdkt `h` lnt mxhst nr wds ultrum. Vhii I.G. prmcmrrm` tjm stdtm nc ehl` tmst wjmrmby d cdkt

wds tn bm rmadr`m` ds edtmrhdi hc ht wnui` jdvm hlciumlkm` tjm guàmemlt nc d pru`mlt ul`mrwrhtmr, mvml tjnuaj nbgmkthvmiy spmdohlatjm cdkt `h` lnt mxhst.

EDPMRHDI CDKP[ HL RMHL[]RDLKM DARMMEMLP[

[halhchkdlkm nc tjm ùty nc utenst ann` cdhtjLnl-`hskinsurm dl` ehsrmprmsmltdthnl hs shalhchkdlt cnr d luebmr nc rmdsnls. Chrst, hc tjm `hrmkt pnihky jds bmml nbtdhlm` bylnl-`hskinsurm nr ehsrmprmsmltdthnl nl tjm pdrt nc tjm dssurm`, tjml tjm pnihky hs vnh`dbim dl` tjm rmhlsurmrs kdllnt bm ihdbim tnhl`melhcy tjm rmhlsurm` sjnui` tjmy kjnnsm tn edom pdyemlt tn tjm rmhlsurm` ds rmhlsurdlkm knvmrs nliy imadi ihdbhihty. [mknlìy, tjmprmsmltdthnl nc tjm rhso edy bm ed`m sheuitdlmnusiy tn tjm rmhlsurm` dl` tn tjm rmhlsurmrs, ds hs nctml tjm kdsm wjmrm tjm rmhlsurm hscrnlthla cnr tjm rmhlsurmrs dl` hltml`s tn km`m enst nr dii nc tjm rhso7 hl tjmsm khrkuestdlkms, dly ehsrmprmsmltdthnl nr lnl-`hskinsurmwhii rml`mr bntj knltrdkts vnh`dbim dl` tjm rmhlsurmrs whii bm dbim tn dvnh` tjmhr nwl knltrdkt. Pjhrìy, tjm prmsmltdthnl ed`m tn tjmrmhlsurm` edy jdvm bmml pmrcmktiy prnpmr but tjm prmsmltdthnl ed`m by tjm rmhlsurm` tn tjm rmhlsurmrs edy jdvm bmml tdhltm byedtmrhdi lnl-`hskinsurm nr ehsrmprmsmltdthnl. Hl sukj d kdsm tjm rmhlsurmrs drm dbim tn dvnh` tjm rmhlsurdlkm darmmemlt mvml tjnuajtjm rmhlsurm` rmedhls ihdbim tn tjm `hrmkt dssurm`. Dkknr`hlaiy, hl dssmsshla tjm ihdbhihty nc rmhlsurmrs ht hs lmkmssdry tn knlsh`mr cdktswjhkj drm edtmrhdi dt tjm `hrmkt imvmi dl` disn cdkts wjhkj drm edtmrhdi dt tjm rmhlsurdlkm imvmi.

Cdkts edtmrhdi tn `hrmkt pnihkhmsVjyshkdi jdzdr`Pjmrm drm luemrnus dutjnrhthms nl tjm pjyshkdi jdzdr` hl `hrmkt hlsurdlkm. Ht succhkms tn sdy jmrm tjdt tjm pjyshkdi jdzdr` hs shepiy dlycdkt wjhkj hlkrmdsms tjm rhso nc inss nc tjm hlsurm subgmkt edttmr. Pjm pjyshkdi jdzdr` vdrhms ds bmtwmml tjm vdrhnus cnres ncul`mriyhla knvmr. Hl rmidthnl tn prnpmrty hlsurdlkm, edtmrhdi cdkts hlkiu`m tjm dam dl` `mskrhpthnl nc tjm hlsurm` subgmkt edttmr, tjmusms tn wjhkj ht hs put, hts inkdthnl dl` smkurhty drrdlamemlts prntmkthla ht crne inss. Hl rmidthnl tn ihcm hlsurdlkm, edtmrhdi cdktshlkiu`m tjm dam, jmditj, nkkupdthnl dl` jnbbhms nc tjm dssurm`. Ihdbhihty hlsurmrs drm knlkmrlm` whtj tjm ldturm nc tjm rhso bmhla rulby tjm rmhlsurm` dl` prmvhnus kidhes mxpmrhmlkm. Hlsurmrs nc sjhps, dhrkrdct dl` ann`s hl trdlsht whii whsj tn olnw tjm ldturm nc wjdths bmhla kdrrhm`, tjm rnutm dl` dly pdrthkuidr rhsos wjhkj edy bm cdkm`. Ht hs edtmrhdi cnr krm`ht hlsurmrs tn olnw tjm vdium ncnutstdl`hla `mbts dl` nc pdrthkuidr prnbimes whtj hl`hvhùdi kustnemrs. Hl dii kdsms hlsurmrs whii jdvm tn bm hlcnrem` nc emdsurmstdoml by tjm dssurm` tn prntmkt dadhlst inss, dl` wjmtjmr tjm hlsurm` subgmkt edttmr jds bmml substdlthdiiy nvmr-hlsurm`.



Rnbmrt Emrohl


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Enrdi jdzdr`Pjm enrdi jdzdr` rmidtms tn cdkts knlkmrlhla tjm dssurm` jhesmic wjhkj hl`hkdtm tjdt tjm dssurm` hs lnt d pmrsnl whtj wjne tjmhlsurmrs wnui` wdlt tn `n bushlmss. Pjmrm drm luemrnus hiiustrdthnls nc enrdi jdzdr` hl tjm kdsms.

(4) Pjm chldlkhdi pnshthnl nc tjm dssurm` edy bm d edtmrhdi cdkt. Pjmrm drm luemrnus kdsms wjmrm ht jds bmml sjnwl tjdt dl dssurm`wjn jds `mstrnym` jhs nwl prnpmrty hl nr`mr tn edom d crduùimlt hlsurdlkm kidhe wds hepmkulhnus. Jnwmvmr, ht wds jmi` hlNOdlmv. Gnlms _2660U Iiny`s Rmp. HR ;:8 tjdt tjm emrm cdkt tjdt tjm dssurm` wds hl drrmdrs whtj jhs prmehues nl snem ntjmr mxhsthla

pnihky wds lnt d edtmrhdi cdkt ds tjmrm knui` jdvm bmml d luebmr nc rmdsnls cnr idtm pdyemlt dl` wds lnt succhkhmlt tn gusthcy dldiimadthnl tjdt tjm dssurm` ehajt lnt bm dbim tn dccnr` tn edhltdhl tjm hlsurm` subgmkt edttmr (jmrm, d vmssmi) hl d sdthscdktnryknl`hthnl.

(2) Nutstdl`hla krhehldi kjdrams drm edtmrhdi cdkts hc tjm kjdrams wnui , hc prnvm`, tjmesmivms bm edtmrhdi. Pjm knlcihkthladutjnrhthms nl tjm pnhlt wmrm rmvhmwm` by Edlkm I.G. hl Brntjmrtnl v. Dsmaurd`nrd Knismaurns [D (Ln. 2) _266;U MQKD Khv 16=,_266;U Iiny`s Rmp. HR 1=:, dl` jhs Inr`sjhp knlkiu`m` ds cniinws7

(d) Hc dt tjm them nc tjm pidkmemlt tjm dssurm` wds cdkhla d krhehldi kjdram wjhkj jm olmw jm jd` lnt kneehttm`, tjml jmwds bnul` tn `hskinsm tjm kjdram but jm wds disn mlthtim` tn prmsmlt mvh`mlkm sjnwhla jhs hllnkmlkm.

(b) Hc dt tjm them nc tjm pidkmemlt tjm dssurm` jd` bmml kjdram` whtj dl` dkquhttm` nc d krhehldi nccmlkm, but jm wds hlrmdihty auhity, tjdt auhit rmedhlm` d edtmrhdi cdkt.

(k) Hc dt tjm them nc tjm pidkmemlt tjm dssurm` jd` bmml kjdram` whtj dl` knlvhktm` nc d krhehldi nccmlkm, but wds hl rmdihtyhllnkmlt, ht rmedhlm` lmkmssdry cnr tjm dssurm` tn `hskinsm tjm knlvhkthnl ditjnuaj jm knui` tmepmr tjhs by dttmepthla tnsjnw tjm hlsurmrs tjdt tjm knlvhkthnl wds dl mrrnr.

(;) Pjm amlmrdi `hsjnlmsty nc tjm dssurm` edy bm d edtmrhdi cdkt. Ht wds jmi` hl Hlsurdlkm Knrpnrdthnl nc tjm Kjdllmi Hsidl`s v.Rnydi Jntmi (Ln. 2)_4881U I.R.I.R. 80 tjdt tjm hltmlthnl nc tjm dssurm` jntmi tn `mcrdu` hts bdlomrs by nbtdhlhla d indl whtj tjm usmnc cdism hlcnredthnl wds d edtmrhdi cdkt wjhkj jd` tn bm `hskinsm` tn tjm jntmis edtmrhdi `dedam hlsurmrs. Dadhl, hl Gdemsv. KA]Amlmrdi Hlsurdlkm pik _2662U Iiny`s Rmp. HR 263 ht wds jmi` tn bm edtmrhdi tn d pnihky nl d adrdam tjdt tjm adrdam nwlmr jd``mcrdu`m` kustnemrs dl` wds hl `hsputm whtj tjm Hlidl` Rmvmlum dl` tjm Kustnes dl` Mxkhsm Kneehsshnlmrs.

(0) Pjm kidhes jhstnry nc tjm dssurm` hs d edtmrhdi cdkt.

Ruenurs dl` hltmiihamlkmDl dssurm` hs rmquhrm` tn `hskinsm tn jhs hlsurmrs dly hlcnredthnl wjhkj hs hl jhs pnssmsshnl wjhkj imd`s jhe tn bmihmvm tjdt tjmsubgmkt edttmr nc tjm pnihky hs dt rhso nr hl`mm` tjdt ht jds dktudiiy bmml inst. Ht hs hrrmimvdlt hl `mtmrehlhla wjmtjmr nr lnt tjm dssurm`jds brnoml jhs ùty tjdt tjm hlcnredthnl prnvms dt d idtmr `dtm tn bm cdism nr ulrmihdbim, ds tjm qumsthnls nc edtmrhdihty dl` hlùkmemltjdvm tn bm dssmssm` dt tjm `dtm nc tjm pidkmemlt (ditjnuaj tjmrm edy bm shtudthnls hl wjhkj tjm hlsurmrs drm uldbim tn rmiy upnl tjmhrrhajt tn dvnh`smm tjm `hskusshnl nc Rmem`hms hl smkthnl bminw).

Pjmrm hs, jnwmvmr, d `hsthlkthnl bmtwmml emrm ruenur, wjhkj hs lnt edtmrhdi, dl` jdr hltmiihamlkm, wjhkj hs edtmrhdi. Pjmcniinwhla kdsms hiiustrdtm tjm pnshthnl7

Pjm pnihky knvmrs d kdran dl` tjmrm hs snih` hltmiihamlkm tjdt tjm kdran wds nl bndr` dl ulsmdwnrtjy vmssmi (Iylkjv.@ulscnr`(4:44) 40 Mdst 080).

Pjm pnihky knvmrs pnsshbim chldlkhdi inss hl tjm mvmlt nc tjm kdlkmiidthnl nc d spnrthla mvmlt. Hlcnredthnl rmkmhvm` crne drmihdbim anvmrlemlt snurkm tjdt tjm anvmrlemlt hltml`s tn prmvmlt hts tmde crne pdrthkhpdthla hl tjm mvmlt hs d edtmrhdi cdkt(Hltmrldthnldi Edldamemlt Arnup (]O) It`v. [heenl`s_2660U Iiny`s Rmp. HR 201krhkomt edtkj bmtwmml Hl`hd dl`Vdohstdl crne wjhkj tjm Vdohstdlh anvmrlemlt subsmqumltiy whtj`rmw hts tmde).

Pjm pnihky hs d bdlomrs bidlomt bnl` hlsurdlkm wjhkj knvmrs inss ùm tn tjm crdu` nc mepinymms, dl` tjmrm drm em`hd rmpnrtstjdt d smlhnr mepinymm nc tjm dssurm` Bdlo jds bmml dkkusm` by tjm Bdlo dl` by anvmrlemlt dutjnrhthms nc tjm ehsusm dlèhsdpprnprhdthnl nc tjm Bdlos dssmts (Brntjmrtnlv. Dsmaurd`nrd Knismaurns (Ln. ;)_266;U Iiny`s Rmp. HR 110).

Cdkts edtmrhdi tn rmhlsurdlkm knltrdktsCdkts drm edtmrhdi tn d rmhlsurmr hc tjmy rmidtm tn tjm rhso rul by tjm rmhlsurm` ul`mr tjm `hrmkt pnihky nr hc tjmy rmidtm tn tjm rmhlsurm`s

ul`mrwrhthla prdkthkms dl` kidhes mxpmrhmlkm.

Pjm rhso rul by tjm rmhlsurm`Pjm cniinwhla kdsms hiiustrdtm tjm hepnrtdlkm nc tjm lmm` cnr tjm rmhlsurm` tn `hskinsm dl` lnt tn ehsrmprmsmlt tjm pntmlthdi ihdbhihthmswjhkj jdvm bmml ul`mrtdoml ul`mr tjm `hrmkt pnihky.

Pjm cdkt tjdttjm rhso pnsm` by tjm `hrmkt dssurm`hs armdtmr tjdl tjdt hl`hkdtm` hs d edtmrhdi cdkt.

Brntjmrtnlv. Dsmaurd`nrd Knismaurns (Ln. ;)_266;U MQJK 4104 (Knee),_266;U Iiny`s Rmp. HR 110



Rnbmrt Emrohl


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Hl tjhs kdsm tjmrm wds d ehsrmprmsmltdthnl tn tjm rmhlsurmrs nc d bdlomrs bidlomt bnl` pnihky ds tn tjm ldturm nc diimadthnls nc crdu` ed`m dadhlst tjm

Vrmsh`mlt nc tjm Bdlo dl` ds tn tjm rmdsnls cnr jhs dbsmlkm crne d emmthla hl Inl`nl tn `hskuss tjm vdrhnus pidkmemlts.

QH[M ]l`mrwrhthla Damlky It`v. Arupn Ldkhnldi Vrnvhlkhdi [D_2660U Iiny`s Rmp. HR 130Ann`s hlsurm` by tjm `mcml`dlt, d Emxhkdl hlsurmr, wmrm hlsurm` crne d knltdhlmr pdrom` nutsh`m tjm dssurm`s wdrmjnusm hl Kdlkul, Emxhkn. Pjm

ann`s hlkiu`m` d qudlthty nc Rnimx wdtkjms dl` spdrm pdrts tn d vdium hl mxkmss nc ][$166,666. Pjm rhso jd` bmml rmhlsurm` hl Inl`nl whtj tjm

kidhedlt rmhlsurmrs. Pjm rmhlsurmrs wmrm hlcnrem` tjdt tjm hlsurm` subgmkt edttmr knlshstm` nc gmwmiimry, pmrcuems dl` kinkos, but tjmrm wds ln

emlthnl nc wdtkjms. Pjm rmhlsurmrs dssmrtm` tjdt tjmy jd` bmml hlùkm` by ehsrmprmsmltdthnl dl` lnl-`hskinsurm tn subskrhbm tn tjm rhso.

Jmi`(K.D.)7 tjdt tjm rmhlsurdlkm darmmemlt knui` bm dvnh`m` by tjm kidhedlts. Pjmrm wds lnl-`hskinsurm nc tjm cdkt tjdt tjm ann`s tn bm sjhppm`

hlkiu`m` Rnimx wdtkjms. Pjm rmcmrmlkm tn kinkos `h` lnt denult tn d `hskinsurm nc tjm trum ldturm nc tjm kdran. Rnimx wdtkjms wmrm ulhqumiy dttrdkthvm

tn tjhmvms. Pjm rmhlsurmrs wmrm dbim tn sjnw tjdt tjmy jd` bmml hlùkm` by tjm prmsmltdthnl nc tjm rhso tn mltmr hltn tjm knltrdkt.

Pjm denult nc rmhlsurm`s pntmlthdi mxpnsurmhs d edtmrhdi cdkt.

Pnnemyv. Bdlkn Shtdihkhn `m Mspdld [D `m [maurns y Rmdsmaurns_2660U Iiny`s Rmp. HR ;=0

Hl 4883 tjm [pdlhsj chrst `hvhshnl kiub Dtimthkn `m Ed`rh` darmm` whtj d brnd`kdstmr, Du`hnvhsudi, tjdt cnr d smvml ymdr pmrhn` Du`hnvhsudi wnui` jdvm

mxkiushvm brnd`kdsthla rhajts hl tjm Kiubs jnem edtkjms. Pjm Kiub wds tn bm pdh` d ehlheue nc Vts ; bhiihnl, tnppm` up by ntjmr pdyemlts. Cdhiurm

by tjm Kiub tn qudihcy cnr mhtjmr nc tjm twn edgnr Murnpmdl kiub cnntbdii knepmththnls, tjm Kjdephnls Imdaum dl` tjm ]MCD kup, hepnsm` dl

nbihadthnl nl tjm Kiub tn rmpdy Vts =66 ehiihnl tn Du`hnvhsudi. Pjm sues pdydbim by Du`hnvhsudi wmrm hl tjm cnre nc prnehssnry lntms. Hl [mptmebmr

488: Du`hnvhsudi inàm` whtj tjm Kiubs bdlo prnehssnry lntms tn tjm vdium nc Vts ;.0: bhiihnl cnr tjm cnrtjknehla smdsnl, dl` ht wds darmm` tjdt tjm

Kiub wnui` hlsurm dadhlst tjm rhso nc rmimadthnl. Pjm pnihky, hssum` by d [pdlhsj hlsurmr, Shtdihkhn, wds hssum` tn tjm Kiub but wds stdtm` tn hl`melhcy

Du`hnvhsudi cnr mknlnehk inss succmrm` hl tjm mvmlt nc tjm Kiubs rmimadthnl. Pjm sue hlsurm` wds Vts 2,866,666,666. Shtdihkhn rmhlsurm` whtj tjm

kidhedlts nl tjm sdem tmres ds nrhahldi. Hl tjm mvmlt tjm Kiub wds rmimadtm` dt tjm ml` nc tjm 4888/2666 smdsnl. Pjm kidhedlts dssmrtm` tjdt tjmrm jd`

bmml lnl-`hskinsurm nc twn edtmrhdi cdkts7 tjm cdkt tjdt tjm pnihky wds vdium`? dl` tjm cdkt tjdt tjm trum dssurm` wds Du`hnvhsudi rdtjmr tjdl tjm Kiub.

Ht wds jmi` by Dl`rmw [ehtj G. dl` tjm Knurt nc Dppmdi tjdt tjm pnihky wds vnh`dbim. Ht wds kneenl arnul` bmtwmml tjm pdrthms tjdt tjm cdism

stdtmemlt ds tn tjm ldturm nc tjm `hrmkt pnihky knui` nliy bm d edtmrhdi cdkt hc tjm denult rmknvmrdbim wds armdtmr ul`mr d vdium` pnihky tjdl ul`mr dl

ulvdium` pnihky, h.m. tjdt tjm Kiubs inss nl rmimadthnl knui` bm imss tjdl Vts 2.8 bhiihnl. Pjm guàms darmm` whtj tjm rmhlsurmrs tjdt d sediimr inss jd`

bmml pnsshbim dl` tjdt tjm cdkt wds edtmrhdi. Qjml tjm Kiub wds rmimadtm` ht inst Vts 2.3;8 bhiihnl by wdy nc tmimvhshnl rhajts dl` ht disn jd` tn rmpdy

Vts =66 ehiihnl cnr lnt qudihcyhla cnr Murnpm, d tntdi nc Vts ;.438 bhiihnl. Jnwmvmr, tjm Vts =66 ehiihnl jd` tn bm `hsrmadr`m` ds ht jd` lntjhla tn `n

whtj rmimadthnl7 tjdt sue wnui` jdvm bmml rmpdydbim whtjnut rmimadthnl but nl cdhiurm tn qudihcy cnr Murnpm.

Dl`rmw [ehtj G. rmgmktm` tjm utenst ann` cdhtj `mcmlkm bdsm` nl tjm h`mlthty nc tjm dssurm`, ds jm wds sdthschm` tjdt tjm Kiub dl` lnt Du`hnvhsudi wds

tjm hlsurm` pmrsnl. Pjmrm wds ln dppmdi dadhlst tjhs dspmkt nc tjm `mkhshnl.

Dl`rmw [ehtj G. wmlt nl tn chl` tjdt, jd` tjm utenst ann` cdhtj `mcmlkm lnt bmml ed`m nut, Shtdihkhn jd` bmml auhity nc d brmdkj nc dl mxprmss

wdrrdlty tjdt tjm `hrmkt pnihky wds dl hl`melhty rdtjmr tjdl d vdium` pnihky. Pjm Knurt nc Dppmdi upjmi` tjm guàms ruihla nl tjhs pnhlt ds wmii.

Pjm tmres nc tjm `hrmkt pnihky edy bm edtmrhdi hlsncdr ds tjmy drm ulusudi. Pjhs hs nc pdrthkuidr shalhchkdlkm ds rmadr`s cdkuitdthvmpnihkhms, ds tjm usudi prdkthkm hs cnr tjm tmres nc tjdt pnihky tn bm hlknrpnrdtm` hltn tjm rmhlsurdlkm darmmemlt by emdls nc tjm cuiirmhlsurdlkm kidusm (dii tmres dl` knl`hthnls ds nrhahldi) ditjnuaj hl edly kdsms tjm rmhlsurmrs edy lnt jdvm jd` shajt nc tjm `hrmktpnihky dt tjm them tjm rmhlsurdlkm wds darmm`. Pjm tmres eust, jnwmvmr, bm ulusudi.

Kjdrimswnrtjv. Cdbmr(4866) = Kne. Kds. 06:

Pjm kidhedlt wds tjm hlsurmr nc tjm juii dl` edkjhlmry nc tjm stmdesjhp Emrrhedkul`mr d edrhlm them pnihky cnr d pmrhn` nc 42 enltjs. Pjm pnihky



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knltdhlm` d jmi` knvmrm` kidusm wjmrmby hl tjm mvmlt tjdt tjm vmssmi wds sthii dt smd nl tjm mxphry nc tjm pnihky, tjm dssurm` wnui` bm jmi` knvmrm` dt

d prn rdtd `dhiy prmehue. Pjm kidhedlt wds rmhlsurm` whtj tjm `mcml`dlt. Pjm Emrrhedk bmkdem d tntdi inss dl` tjm `mcml`dlt snuajt tn dvnh` tjm

pnihky nl tjm arnul` tjdt tjm jmi` knvmrm` kidusm jd` lnt bmml `hskinsm` tn jhe.

Jmi` (Bhajde G.)7 tjdt tjm jmi` knvmrm` kidusm wds hl kneenl usm dl` tjm `mcml`dlt nuajt tn jdvm olnwl tjdt tjm pnihky wnui` prnbdbiy jdvm

knltdhlm` sukj d kidusm.

Vrnpmrty Hlsurdlkm Kn. It`v. Ldthnldi Vrntmktnr Hlsurdlkm Kn. It`(484;) 46: I.P. 460

Pjm rmhlsurm` hssum` d edrhlm pnihky hlsurhla tjm juii nc d vmssmi. Pjm prmehue wds 3% nc tjm sue hlsurm`. Pjm pnihky knlcmrrm` upnl tjm dssurm` tjm

npthnl tn mxtml` tjm knvmr cnr ldvhadthnl nl tjm Armdt Idoms, cnr dl d``hthnldi prmehue nc ;% nc tjm sue hlsurm`. Pjm rmhlsurmrs wmrm lnt hlcnrem` nc

tjm npthnl, dl` rmkmhvm` d sjdrm nc tjm bdshk prmehue nliy.

Jmi`([kruttnl G.)7 tjdt tjm mxtmlshnl nc knvmr tn ldvhadthnl nc tjm Armdt Idoms wds dl mxtrdnr`hldry rhso wjhkj nuajt tn jdvm bmml `hskinsm` by tjm

rmhlsurm`, dl` dkknr`hlaiy tjm rmhlsurdlkm wds vnh`dbim.

Dlmkn Rmhlsurdlkm ]l`mrwrhthla It`v. Gnjlsnl & Jhaahls_488:U 4 Iiny`s Rmp. =3=(rmvmrsm` hl pdrt nl ntjmr

arnul`s,_2662U Iiny`s Rmp. HR 8;)

@hrmkt edrhlm bushlmss jd` bmml wrhttml by kmrtdhl Iiny`s [yl`hkdtms. Pjm `mcml`dlt brnomrs wmrm hlstruktm` by tjm [yl`hkdtms tn pidkm trmdty

rmhlsurdlkm knvmr (tjm Buiiml Prmdty). Pjm `mcml`dlts nbtdhlm` tjm darmmemlt nc tjm kidhedlt tn pdrthkhpdtm hl tjm Buiiml Prmdty, but nliy nl knl`hthnl

tjdt tjm brnomrs drrdlam` rmtrnkmsshnl cnr d substdlthdi pdrt nc tjm kidhedlts mxpnsurm. Pjm `mcml`dlt drrdlam` rmtrnkmsshnl knvmr whtj mxkmss nc inss

rmtrnkmsshnldhrms, but hlcnrem` tjm rmtrnkmsshnldhrms tjdt tjm Buiiml Prmdty jd` bmml wrhttml nl d quntd sjdrm bdshs, sn tjdt dly rhsos wjhkj wmrm

ul`mrwrhttml by tjm Iiny`s [yl`hkdtms wmrm dutnedthkdiiy tn bm km`m` tn tjm Buiiml Prmdty. Hl cdkt, tjm Buiiml Prmdty wds d cdkuitdthvm/nbihadtnry

drrdlamemlt ul`mr wjhkj tjm Iiny`s [yl`hkdtms wmrm pmrehttm` tn `mkh`m wjhkj rhsos wmrm tn bm km`m` tn tjm Buiiml Prmdty, but tjm kidhedlt jd` ln

rhajt tn rmgmkt tjm rhsos. Pjm mxkmss nc inss rmtrnkmsshnldhrms dvnh`m` tjmhr knltrdkts nl tjm bdshs nc ehsrmprmsmltdthnl ds tn tjm ldturm nc tjm Buiiml

Prmdty, nbtdhlhla dl drbhtrdthnl dwdr` tn tjdt mccmkt, dl` hl tjm prmsmlt prnkmm`hlas tjm kidhedlt snuajt tn rmknvmr `dedams crne tjm `mcml`dlt. Hl

nr`mr tn rmknvmr `dedams ht wds lmkmssdry cnr tjm kidhedlt tn sjnw tjdt tjm mxkmss nc inss rmtrnkmsshnldhrms jd` bmml mlthtim` tn dvnh` tjmhr knltrdkts.

Jmi`(Krmsswmii G.)7 tjdt tjm kidhedlt wds mlthtim` tn `dedams. Pjm ldturm nc tjm Buiiml Prmdty wds d edtmrhdi cdkt ds cdr ds tjm rmtrnkmsshnldhrms wmrm

knlkmrlm`, ds tjmy bmihmvm` tjdt tjmy wmrm prnvh`hla knvmr cnr ihdbhihty cnr dii nc tjm rhsos wrhttml by tjm Iiny`s [yl`hkdtms wjmrmds hl cdkt tjm rhsos tn

bm km`m wmrm smimkthvm. Edromt mvh`mlkm sjnwm` tjdt ht wds dienst hepnsshbim tn nbtdhl rmtrnkmsshnl knvmr cnr d cdkuitdthvm/nbihadtnry rmhlsurdlkm

trmdty.

Pjm dssmssemlt nc tjm rhso by ntjmr rmhlsurm`s ehajt bm edtmrhdi hl dpprnprhdtm khrkuestdlkms, pdrthkuidriy wjmrm tjm rmhlsurm`htsmic jds `rdwl dttmlthnl tn tjhs cdkt.

Dsshkurdzhnlh Amlmrdih v. Drdb Hlsurdlkm Arnup_266;U Iiny`s Rmp. HR 4;4

Pjm rmhlsurm`, hl pidkhla tjm rhso cnr rmhlsurdlkm, stdtm` tjdt ht wds bmhla suppnrtm` by twn ntjmr hlsurmrs. Pjhs stdtmemlt wds pdrtiy trum, ds tjm

kn-hlsurdlkm rmidtm` nliy tn nlm smkthnl nc tjm rhso. Pjm Knurt nc Dppmdi uldlhenusiy jmi` tjdt tjhs hlcnredthnl wds edtmrhdi ds ntjmrwhsm tjmrm wnui`

jdvm bmml ln pnhlt hl `hskinshla ht. Jnwmvmr, nl tjm cdkts tjm rmhlsurmrs jd` lnt bmml hlùkm` by tjm hlcnredthnl dl` knui` lnt dvnh` tjm knvmr.

Pjm rmhlsurm`s prdkthkms dl` kidhes mxpmrhmlkmRmhlsurmrs drm ommliy hltmrmstm` hl tjm edllmr hl wjhkj tjm rmhlsurm` knlùkts hts bushlmss, ds tjhs whii jdvm d edgnr hepdkt nl tjmqudihty nc tjm rmhlsurm`s ul`mrwrhthla dl` disn nl tjm denults nc inss succmrm` by tjm rmhlsurm`. Curtjmr, hc tjm rmhlsurm`sdkknulthla dl` rmsmrvhla prhlkhpims drm nut nc ihlm whtj edromt prdkthkm tjml tjm denult nc pntmlthdi ihdbhihthms cdkm` by tjm rmhlsurmèhajt bm ul`mrstdtm`. Pjmsm pnhlts edy bm hiiustrdtm` by tjm cniinwhla.

Rmsmrvhla pnihkyhs edtmrhdi tn tjm mxtmlt tjdt ht hs ulusudi nr ulmxpmktm`.



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Dsshkurdzhnlh Amlmrdih v. Drdb Hlsurdlkm Arnup_266;U Iiny`s Rmp. HR 4;

Pjm kidhedlt wds tjm rmhlsurmr nc ][ knltrdktnrs rhsos pnihkhms, jdvhla mdrihmr bmml tjm `hrmkt hlsurmr nl tjnsm rhsos. Dt tjm ml` nc 4884, wjhim dkthla

ds hlsurmr cnr tjm prnardeem, tjm kidhedlt jd` dppnhltm` inss d`gustmrs, A&P, tn dsshst ht hl tjm prnkmsshla dl` mvdiudthnl nc kidhes. A&Ps culkthnls

hlkiu m` ahvhla d`vhkm nl tjm mstdbihsjemlt nc rmsmrvms cnr pntmlthdi nr nutstdl`hla kidhes. Pjm kidhedlt rmhlsurm` hts ihdbhihthms whtj tjm `mcml`dlt.

Cniinwhla substdlthdi inssms tjm `mcml`dlt dssmrtm` tjdt tjm rmsmrvhla pnihky d`nptm` by A&P wds hepru`mlt hl tjdt d rmsmrvm wds rmkneeml`m` nliy

wjmrm d inss wds dienst kmrtdhl tn nkkur, dl` tjdt tjhs pnihky wds sn ulusudi tjdt ht nuajt tn jdvm bmml `hskinsm` tn tjm `mcml`dlt.

Jmi` (K.D.)7 tjm `mcmlkm cdhim`. Pjmrm wds ln edtmrhdi cdkt ds edromt mvh`mlkm sjnwm` tjdt A&Ps rmsmrvhla pnihky wds lnt sn ulusudi ds tn rmquhrm

`hskinsurm, dl` hl pdrthkuidr `h` lnt knlsthtutm stdhr stmpphla nlkm inssms bmkdem kmrtdhl. Kidrom I.G. sueedrhsm` tjm rmquhrmemlts cnr rmsmrvhla tjus7

Amlmrdih wds bnul` tn edom mvmry mccnrt tn mstdbihsj tjm cuii khrkuestdlkms surrnul`hla dl mvmlt tjdt jd` ahvml rhsm tn d kidhe. Jdvhla `nlm sn, ht

wds hlkuebmlt nl tjm Amlmrdih tn smt d rmsmrvm tjdt prnpmriy rmprmsmltm` hts enst ihomiy chldlkhdi mxpnsurm hl tjm knltmxt nc knvmrdam prnvh`m` by tjm

pnihky(hms) dl` cnr tjdt rmsmrvm tn bm chxm` ds snnl ds wds rmdsnldbiy prdkthkdbim, hlkiu`hla rmsmrvhla cnr imadi dl` dssnkhdtm` mxpmlsms. Pjm rmsmrvms

wmrm tn bm rmvhmwm` nl d rmauidr bdshs (hlkiu`hla ihdhsnl whtj dl` nbtdhlhla rmauidr up`dtms crne mxtmrldi d`vhsmrs, sukj ds inss d`gustmrs dl`/nr

idwymrs hlvnivm` hl dktudi nr pntmlthdi kidhes).

Kidhes mxpmrhmlkmhs pmrjdps tjm enst hepnrtdlt cdkt.

Pjm denult nc brnomrdam tdoml by tjm brnomrs crne tjm `hrmkt prmehue edy htsmic bm edtmrhdi bmkdusm lnl-`hskinsurm nrehsrmprmsmltdthnl nc dl ulusudiiy jhaj brnomrdam rdtm edy ahvm tjm heprmsshnl tjdt tjm `hrmkt rhso hs armdtmr tjdl tjm rmhlsurmrs jdvmbmml im` tn bmihmvm. Hl Edromi Hltmrldthnldi Hlsurdlkm Knepdly It` dl` dlntjmrv. Id Rmpubihkd Knepdlhd Dramlthld `m [maurnsAmlmrdims [D _2660U MQJK 4:23 (Knee) tjm kidhedlts wmrm tjm rmhlsurmrs nc Dramlthlhdl hlsurdlkm knepdlhms hl rmspmkt ncem`hkdi ediprdkthkm rhsos wrhttml cnr dl Dramlthlhdl dssnkhdthnl nc `nktnrs. Pjm rmhlsurmrs diimam` tjdt tjmy jd` bmml hlcnrem` tjdttjm prmehue pdydbim by tjm dssnkhdthnl wnui` bm dpprnxhedtmiy ][$0.; ehiihnl pmr dllue whtj d brnomrdam imvmi nc 21.=%. Pjmprmehue pdh` by mdkj `nktnr wds nl tjhs bdshs stdtm` tn bm ][$0.;6. Hl cdkt, tjm dktudi kneehsshnl tdoml by tjm `hrmkt brnomrs wdscdr armdtmr sn tjdt tjm dktudi prmehue pdh` by `nktnrs wds ][$8 pmr enltj. @dvh` [tmmi G. jmi` tjdt ht wds draudbim tjdt tjhs wds dedtmrhdi cdkt7 jd` tjm rmhlsurmrs dpprmkhdtm` tjdt `nktnrs wmrm whiihla tn pdy ][$8 pmr enltj rdtjmr tjdl tjm stdtm` ][$0.;6, tjmyehajt wmii jdvm tdoml dl mlthrmiy `hccmrmlt dpprndkj tn tjm rdthla nc tjm rhso.

Edttmrs rmidthla tn tjm rmhlsurm`s brnomr edy disn bm edtmrhdi. Vjhiihps G. hl @mutskjm Rukov. Qdibrnno_488=U 4 Iiny`s Rmp.4=;wds nc tjm vhmw tjdt tjm crdu` nc tjm brnomr hs lnt nc htsmic d edtmrhdi cdkt shepiy bmkdusm ht anms tn enrdi jdzdr`. Jnwmvmr, hl

Edromi Hltmrldthnldi Hlsurdlkm Knepdly It` dl` dlntjmrv. Id Rmpubihkd Knepdlhd Dramlthld `m [maurns Amlmrdims [D _266=UIiny`s Rmp. HR 86 @dvh` [tmmi G. jmi` tjdt tjm knltrdry prnpnshthnl wds draudbim. Hl tjhs kdsm tjm rmhlsurm`s pidkhla brnomrshlcnrem` tjm rmhlsurmrs tjdt d omy mepinymm nc tjm Dramlthlhdl pidkhla brnomrs jd` jd` snem ehlnr prnbimes hl tjm Inl`nl Edromt.Hl cdkt jm jd` bmml rmquhrm` tn imdvm tjm edromt cniinwhla susphkhnls nc crdu` dadhlst jhe. @dvh` [tmmi G. jmi` tjdt tjm diimadthnl ncedtmrhdi ehsrmprmsmltdthnl hl tjhs rmadr` wds lnt nlm wjhkj sjnui` bm rmadr`m` ds uldraudbim by tjm rmhlsurmrs cnr tjm purpnsm nc tjmardlt nc pmrehsshnl cnr smrvhkm dbrnd`, dl` tjdt ds d edttmr nc kneenl smlsm, d `hsjnlmst brnomr, dlxhnus tn pidkm d rhso dl` tjusmdrl jhs kneehsshnl, edy pmrjdps enrm rmd`hiy ehsrmprmsmlt cdkts nr supprmss hlcnredthnl.

Amlmrdi Chrm dl` Ihcm Dssurdlkm Knrpnrdthnlv. Kdepbmii(482=) 24 Ii. I. Rmp. 4=4

Pjm kidhedlt wds tjm ul`mrwrhtmr nc dl dkkh`mlt hlsurdlkm skjmem npmrdtm` by d ldthnldi lmwspdpmr. Rmhlsurdlkm wds pidkm` hl idymrs. Pjm chrst twn

idymrs knvmrm` tjm kidhedlts ihdbhihty up tn =6,666 dl` tjm `mcml`dlt darmm` tn dkt ds rmhlsurmr cnr tjm tjhr` idymr nc =6,666 tn 466,666 dt d

prmehue nc =66. Pjm kidhedlt cdhim` tn `hskinsm tjdt tjm lmwspdpmrs inssms wmrm rullhla hl mxkmss nc 46,666 pmr enltj, sn tjdt tjm tjhr` idymr

wnui` hlmvhtdbiy bm pmlmtrdtm`.

Jmi`(Brdlsnl G.)7 tjdt tjm `mcml`dlt wds cuiiy mlthtim` tn dvnh` tjm rmhlsurdlkm cnr lnl-`hskinsurm, dl` tjdt jd` tjm trum pnshthnl bmml `hskinsm` tjm

rmhlsurmr wnui` jdvm rmgmktm` tjm rhso whtjnut d smknl` tjnuajt.

Dhomlv. [tmwdrt Qrhajtsnl Emebmrs Damlky It`_488=U 2 Iiny`s Rmp. 34:



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Pjm kidhedlts wmrm emebmrs nc Iiny s [yl`hkdtms wjhkj jd` hssum` knvmr dadhlst dsbmstns ihdbhihty hl tjm ]lhtm` [tdtms. Pjm kidhedlts dutjnrhsm`

tjmhr Iiny`s damlts tn nbtdhl rmhlsurdlkm knvmr cnr tjm ymdrs up tn 481= dl` tjhs wds nbtdhlm` crne d rmhlsurhla [yl`hkdtm dt Iiny`s. Pjm rmhlsurmrs

sukkmsscuiiy dvnh`m` tjm rmhlsurdlkm cnr lnl-`hskinsurm nc edtmrhdi cdkts, dl` tjm prmsmlt dkthnl wds brnuajt by tjm kidhedlts dadhlst tjmhr damlts cnr

lmaihamlkm hl pidkhla tjm rhso. D rdlam nc prmihehldry hssums wmrm knlsh`mrm` by tjm knurt.

Jmi` (Vnttmr G.)7 tjdt tjm `mcml`dlts nwm` `uthms nc kdrm tn tjm kidhedlts hl knltrdkt dl` hl tnrt, dl` wmrm hl brmdkj nc tjdt `uty hl tjdt tjmhr

prmsmltdthnl jd` gusthchm` tjm dvnh`dlkm nc tjm rmhlsurdlkm nl tjrmm smpdrdtm arnul`s7 tjm bushlmss wds cdismiy `mskrhbm` ds sjnrt-tdhi wjml hl cdkt ht

wds inla-tdhi knvmr cnr dsbmstns-rmidtm` hlgurhms? tjm luebmr nc ihlms tn wjhkj tjm kidhedlts [yl`hkdtms jd` subskrhbm` tn wds armdtmr tjdl jd` bmml

stdtm`? dl` tjm rmhlsurm` [yl`hkdtms jd` mstdbihsjm` binko rmsmrvms cnr kmrtdhl cnres nc ihdbhihthms, tjm mxhstmlkm nc tjnsm rmsmrvms lnt bmhla `hskinsm` tn

tjm rmhlsurmrs sn tjdt tjm [yl`hkdtms vhmw nc tjmhr nwl pntmlthdi ihdbhihthms jd` bmml ul`mrstdtm`.

Heedtmrhdi cdktsPjm kdsms jdvm sjnwl tjdt d luebmr nc cdkts drm heedtmrhdi tn tjm rhso rul by tjm rmhlsurmrs dl` `n lnt rmquhrm tn bm `hskinsm` hl tjmdbsmlkm nc dl mxprmss qumsthnl.

(4) Pjm h`mlthty nc tjm `hrmkt dssurm` hs lnt edtmrhdi cnr rmhlsurdlkm purpnsms hc tjm rhso hs ln `hccmrmlt7 smm Pnnemy v. BdlknShtdihkhn `m Mspdld [D `m [maurns y Rmdsmaurns_2660U Iiny`s Rmp. HR ;=0, `hskussm` dbnvm.

(2) Ht jds disn bmml jmi` tjdt tjm denult nc tjm rmhlsurm`s rmtmlthnl hs lnt d edtmrhdi cdkt. Pjm rmtmlthnl smrvms tjm twhl culkthnls ncmihehldthla tjm rmhlsurmrs ihdbhihty cnr sedii kidhes dl` prnvh`hla d audrdltmm nc tjm qudihty nc tjm bushlmss ul`mrwrhttml. Pjm vhmw

tdoml by tjm knurts hs tjdt tjm cnremr hs enrm shalhchkdlt, dl` tjdt tjm rmhlsurm` hs crmm tn smmo smpdrdtm rmhlsurdlkm nc hts rmtmlthnlulimss tjm pnihky ntjmrwhsm mxprmssiy prnvh`ms.

[nkht Dlnlyem `Hltmrem`hdrms Iuxmebnuramnhsv. Cdrmx Ahm_488=U I.R.I.R. 443

Pjm rmhlsurm` kjnsm tn smmo rmhlsurdlkm cnr pdrt nc hts rmtmlthnl whtjnut hlcnrehla tjm prhedry rmhlsurmrs. Pjm knltrdkt wds shimlt nl tjm pnhlt. Pjm

qumsthnl wds wjmtjmr tjhs wds d edtmrhdi cdkt.

Jmi`(Adtmjnusm G.)7 tjdt tjm cdkt wds lnt edtmrhdi dl` tjmrm wds ln nbihadthnl nl tjm rmhlsurm` tn `hskinsm tjhs cdkt ulimss ht wds mxprmssiy dsom`.

Cdhiurm tn dso d qumsthnl nc tjhs typm denultm` tn hepihkht wdhvmr nc tjm hlcnredthnl.

Pjmrm hs mdrihmr knltrdry dutjnrhty (Prdhii v. Bdrhla (4:30) @m A.G. & [.E. ;4:) ditjnuaj tjhs kdsm dppmdrs tn jdvm turlm` nl d

pnshthvm ehsstdtmemlt. Pjm prhlkhpim hl [DHI v. Cdrmx dppmdrs tn bm mstdbihsjm`. Hl Armdt Dtidlthk Hlsurdlkm Kn. v. Jnem HlsurdlkmKn._48:4U 2 Iiny`s Rmp. 248 ht wds jmi` tjdt tjm stdtmemlt tjdt tjm rmhlsurm` wnui` jni` 46% nc tjm rhso cnr hts nwl dkknult `h`lnt denult tn d prnehsm tjdt tjhs wnui` bm rmtdhlm` by tjm rmhlsurm`, but emdlt shepiy tjdt ht wds lnt cnr tjm dkknult nc tjmrmhlsurmrs. Hl Ohlaskrnct Hlsurdlkm Kn. It`v. Lhssdl Chrm & Edrhlm Hlsurdlkm Kn. It` (Ln. 2) _4888U Iiny`s Rmp. HR 36; tjmrmhlsurm` stdtm` tjdt ht wnui` rmtdhl =6 pmr kmlt nc tjm rhso7 Ennrm-Bhko G. jmi` tjdt tjhs wds lnt d prnehsm dl` tjdt ht emrmiydenultm` tn d stdtmemlt nc hltmlthnl.

(;) Hc tjm rmhlsurmr jds snuajt rmtrnkmsshnl knvmr, tjml dly hlcnredthnl wjhkj tjm rmhlsurm` jds dbnut tjm smkurhty nc tjdt knvmr hslnt d edtmrhdi cdkt, ds ht hs cnr tjm rmhlsurmr tn `mtmrehlm tjhs edttmr cnr htsmic dl` hl dly mvmlt tjm hlcnredthnl pnssmssm` by tjmrmhlsurm` whii bm purmiy knhlkh`mltdi. Pjhs wds sn jmi` by tjm Knurt nc Dppmdi hl [nkht Dlnlyem `Hltmrem`hdrms Iuxmebnuramnhsv.Cdrmx Ahm_488=U I.R.I.R. 443. Pjm pnshthnl edy bm `hccmrmlt hc tjm knltrdkts drm hltmrihlom` dl` tjm rmhlsurmrs subskrhpthnl tn tjmrmhlsurdlkm darmmemlt hs knl`hthnldi nl tjm mxhstmlkm nc vdih` rmtrnkmsshnl.

Jhiiv. Khtd`mi Hlsurdlkm Kn. It`_4881U I.R.I.R. 431

Pjm kidhedlt syl`hkdtms wmrm mxkmss nc inss rmhlsurmrs, dl` rmtrnkm`m` tjmhr ihdbhihthms tn tjm twn `mcml`dlt knepdlhms. Bntj `mcml`dlts wmrm hlcnrem`

tjdt tjmrm wds mxkmss nc inss prntmkthnl hl pidkm cnr tjme, tjm chrst `mcml`dlt bmhla tni` tjdt tjm knst nc prntmkthnl wds dbnut 26% nc tjm prmehue dl`

tjm smknl` `mcml`dlt bmhla tni` tjdt tjm knst wds vmry rmdsnldbim. Hl cdkt tjm knst nc tjm mxkmss nc inss knvmr jd` rhsml tn 06%, dl` tjm prntmkthnl wds

imss tjdl jd` bmml hl`hkdtm` by rmdsnl nc tjm cdkt tjdt tjmrm wmrm `hccmrmlt hlkmpthnl `dtms.

Jmi`(K.D.)7 tjdt bntj `mcml`dlts wmrm mlthtim` tn dvnh` tjmhr subskrhpthnls. Pjm `mcml`dlts jd` rmihm upnl tjm stdtmemlts knlkmrlhla tjm mxkmss nc

inss knvmr hl darmmhla tn pdrthkhpdtm ds rmtrnkmsshnldhrms, dl` tjm cdkts ehsstdtm` nr whtjjmi` wmrm edtmrhdi.



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Jmi`(Enrhsnl G.)7 tjdt tjm ul`mrwrhtmr `h` lnt olnw dl` knui` lnt bm mxpmktm` tn jdvm olnwl tjm cdkts hl qumsthnl.

(4) D Inl`nl edromt ul`mrwrhtmr wds lnt hl tjm sdem pnshthnl ds dl ul`mrwrhtmr npmrdthla hl tjm Kninebhdl edromt, mvml tjnuaj tjm Kninebhdl

pnihky wds shepiy d crnlt cnr tjm rmhlsurdlkm, dl` nkkdshnldi vhshts wmrm lnt mlnuaj tn chx tjm Inl`nl ul`mrwrhtmr whtj tjm rmquhshtm olnwimàm.

(2) Pjm du`ht chre usm` by tjm ul`mrwrhtmr jd` lnt bmml mepinym` tn hlvmsthadtm tjm pnsshbhihty nc crdu hl tjm Bdlo, dl` mvml hc sukj crdu` jd` bmml

`hsknvmrm` by tjm chre tjml hts `hsknvmry dl` `hskinsurm wnui` lnt jdvm cnrem` nc hts ùthms tn tjm ul`mrwrhtmr.

[mm disnInl`nl Amlmrdi Hlsurdlkm Kn. It`v. Amlmrdi Edrhlm ]l`mrwrhtmrs Dssnkhdthnl It`_4824U 4 O.B. 460, tjm cdkts nc wjhkjwmrm ahvml dbnvm7 ht wds jmrm jmi` tjdt hlcnredthnl ds tn d `hrmkt inss wds lnt `mmem` tn bm olnwl tn rmhlsurmrs bmkdusm, prhnr tntjmhr wrhthla nc tjm rmhlsurdlkm rhso, sukj hlcnredthnl wnui` jdvm bmml nc ln hltmrmst tn tjme.

Dly khrkuestdlkm tjm `hskinsurm nc wjhkj hs wdhvm` by tjm rmhlsurmrsRmhlsurmrs kdl wdhvm `hskinsurm hl d luebmr nc wdys.

(4) By mxprmss pnihky tmre wjhkj rmihmvms tjm rmhlsurm` nc dly ùty nc `hskinsurm, mhtjmr amlmrdiiy nr hl rmidthnl tn pdrthkuidrhlcnredthnl (smm tjm Prutj nc [tdtmemlt kidusm usm` hl JHJ Kdsudity dl` Amlmrdi Hlsurdlkm It`v. Kjdsm Edljdttdl Bdlo_266;UIiny`s Rmp. HR 2;6, `hskussm` bminw, hl tjm knltmxt nc brnomrs).

(2) By cdhihla tn rmd` `nkuemlts prmsmltm` by tjm rmhlsurm` nr jhs brnomrs. Hl Vdl Dtidlthk Hlsurdlkm Kn. v. Vhlm Pnp HlsurdlkmKn. _4880U 2 Iiny`s Rmp. =21, tjm cdkts nc wjhkj wmrm ahvml dbnvm, Inr` Eusthii jmi` tjdt tjm brnomr jd`, by `mcimkthla tjmrmhlsurmrs dttmlthnl crne tjm cuii `mtdhis nc tjm rhso, cdhim` tn `hskinsm edtmrhdi cdkts, but tjdt tjm rmhlsurmrs jd` wdhvm` tjm

hlcnredthnl by cdhihla tn dvdhi tjmesmivms nc tjm nppnrtulhty tn rmd` tjm `nkuemlts.(;) By cdhihla tn dso curtjmr qumsthnls wjml tjmy jdvm bmml dimrtm` by tjm rmhlsurm`s prmsmltdthnl tjdt curtjmr edtmrhdi cdkts ehajt

mxhst. Pjhs prhlkhpim kdllnt npmrdtm hc tjm rmhlsurmrs knui` lnt rmdsnldbiy jdvm bmml dimrtm` tn tjhs pnsshbhihty by wjdt jds bmml sdh`by tjm rmhlsurm`, dl` hl pdrthkuidr tjmrm kdllnt bm wdhvmr hc tjm rmhlsurm`s prmsmltdthnl dppmdrs nl tjm cdkm nc tjhlas tn bm knepimtm.

QH[M ]l`mrwrhthla Damlky It`v. Arupn Ldkhnldi Vrnvhlkhdi [D _2660U Iiny`s Rmp. HR 130

Pjm rmhlsurmrs wmrm hlcnrem` tjdt ann`s wjhkj wmrm tjm subgmkt edttmr nc tjm `hrmkt pnihky hlkiu`m` gmwmiimry, pmrcuem dl` kinkos. Pjm rmhlsurmrs

wmrm disn dwdrm tjdt tjm ann`s wmrm tn bm sni` by tjm dssurm` hl Kdlkul, Emxhkn, wjhkj wds d jhaj kidss tnurhst rmsnrt. Pjm rmhlsurmrs wmrm lnt,

jnwmvmr, hlcnrem` tjdt tjm ann`s hlkiu`m` Rnimx wdtkjms, tjhs bmhla d edtmrhdi cdkt by rmdsnl nc tjm vdium nc sukj wdtkjms. Pjm rmhlsurm` kidhem` tjdt

tjm rmhlsurmrs jd` wdhvm` `hskinsurm by rmdsnl nc bmhla dimrtm` tn tjm pnsshbhihty tjdt tjm ann`s hlsurm` wmrm vdiudbim but cdhihla tn edom curtjmr

hlquhrhms, ahvml tjm ldturm nc Kdlkul dl` tjm `hskinsurm nc tjm cdkt tjdt tjm ann`s hlkiu`m` kinkos

Jmi`(K.D., Rhx I.G. `hssmlthla)7 tjdt tjm pnhlts diimam` wmrm hlsucchkhmlt tn ahvm rhsm tn wdhvmr. Pjm edgnrhty vhmw nc Inlaenrm dl` Vmtmr Ahbsnl I.GG.

wds tjdt ht hs lmkmssdry chrst tn knlsh`mr wjmtjmr tjm prmsmltdthnl wds ulcdhr dl` tjml tn dso tjm qumsthnl wjmtjmr tjmrm wds wdhvmr. Rhx I.G. prmcmrrm`

dl hltmardtm` dpprndkj ul`mr wjhkj tjm pnsshbhihty nc wdhvmr htsmic cnrem` d pdrt nc tjm wh`mr qumsthnl nc wjmtjmr tjm prmsmltdthnl wds ulcdhr.

(0) By dsohla ihehtm` qumsthnls. Ht edy bm dssuem` tjdt hc tjm rmhlsurmr dsos d qumsthnl wjhkj hs ihehtm` tn spmkhchk edttmrs, tjmltjmy jdvm wdhvm` `hskinsurm nc rmidtm` edttmrs. Dutjnrhty cnr tjhs prnpnshthnl hs cnul` hl `hrmkt entnr kdsms wjmrm qumsthnls ihehtm`tn spmkhchk entnrhla knlvhkthnls wmrm jmi` tn wdhvm `hskinsurm nc ntjmr knlvhkthnls (Rmvmii v. Inl`nl Amlmrdi Hlsurdlkm Kn. It`(48;0) =6 Ii. I. Rmp. 440? Pdyinrv. Mdaim [tdr Hlsurdlkm Kn. It`(4806) 31 Ii. I. Rmp. 4;3? @njmly v. Lmw Hl`hd Dssurdlkm Kn._266=U Iiny`s Rmp. HR 2=4).

Khrkuestdlkms knvmrm` by dl mxprmss wdrrdltyQjmrm tjm rmhlsurmrs drm `hskjdram` crne ihdbhihty hl ahvml khrkuestdlkms, tjm mxhstmlkm nc tjnsm khrkuestdlkms lmm` lnt bm `hskinsm`.

HlAdl Hlsurdlkm Kn. It`v. Pdh Vhla Hlsurdlkm Kn. (Ln. 2) _2664U Iiny`s Rmp. HR 284(rmvmrsm` nl ntjmr arnul`s _2664U H.R. 331)tjm dssurm` jd` wdrrdltm` tjm mxhstmlkm nc chrm prmkduthnls, dl` ht wds tjus ullmkmssdry cnr tjm dssurm` tn `hskinsm tjdt tjnsmprmkduthnls jd` lnt bmml put hltn pidkm.

VN[P-KNLPRDKP]DI ]PEN[P ANN@ CDHPJ

@uty nc utenst ann` cdhtj tmrehldtms wjml knltrdkt ed`mPjm amlmrdi ruim hs tjdt tjm rmhlsurm`s ùty nc utenst ann` cdhtj knems tn dl ml` nlkm tjm knltrdkt jds bmml ed`m. Pjm edtmrhdihtytmst rmcmrs tn cdkts wjhkj drm prmehue smlshthvm, sn tjdt nlkm tjm knltrdkt jds bmml ed`m dl` tjm prmehue jds bmml chxm` tjmrm hs lnnbihadthnl nl tjm rmhlsurm` tn `hskinsm dly curtjmr hlcnredthnl. Nl tjm sdem prhlkhpim, d pnst-knltrdktudi ehsrmprmsmltdthnl `nms lntahvm dly rhajt tn dvnh`, ditjnuaj hc ht hs ed`m crduùimltiy nr lmaihamltiy tjm hlsurmrs edy jdvm d rhajt tn `dedams dt kneenl idw hltjm ulihomiy mvmlt tjdt inss kdl bm sjnwl tn jdvm cinwm` crne tjm cdism stdtmemlt.



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[hrhus Hltmrldthnldi Hlsurdlkm Knrpnrdthnlv. Nrhmltdi Dssurdlkm Knrpnrdthnl_4888U Iiny`s Rmp. HR ;0=

D rmhlsurdlkm darmmemlt knvmrhla tjm hlsurmrs nc d buhi`hlas knltmlts wds mltmrm` hltn. Dctmr tjm knltrdkt jd` bmml ed`m, tjm rmhlsurmrs wmrm sjnwl d

`nkuemlt wjhkj hl`hkdtm` tjdt tjm buhi`hla wds prntmktm` by d sprhloimr systme. Pjm stdtmemlt wds ultrum ds tjm sprhloimr systme `h` lnt wnro.

Jmi`(Inlaenrm G.)7 tjdt ds tjm cdism stdtmemlt wds ed`m dctmr tjm rmhlsurdlkm darmmemlt jd` bmml mltmrm` hltn, tjm ùty nc utenst ann` cdhtj jd`

kmdsm` tn npmrdtm dl` tjm rmhlsurmrs knui` lnt dvnh` tjm rmhlsurdlkm.

Bnllmrv. Knx @m`hkdtm` Knrpnrdtm Emebmr It`_2663U Iiny`s Rmp HR ;:=

Rmhlsurmrs skrdtkjm` d rmhlsurdlkm sihp hl Lnvmebmr 488:, hl rmspmkt nc d rmhlsurdlkm tn knem hltn mccmkt wjml dkkmptm` by ul`mrwrhtmrs wjn

subskrhbm` tn d `hrmkt npml knvmr hl rmspmkt nc mlmray rhsos. D edtmrhdi inss nkkurrm` hl @mkmebmr 488:, dl` tjm rmhlsurmrs purpnrtm` tn dvnh` tjm

rmhlsurdlkm cnr lnl-`hskinsurm nc tjm inss.

Jmi` (K.D.)7 tjdt tjm ùty nc `hskinsurm kdem tn dl ml` wjml tjm nccmr nc rmhlsurdlkm wds dkkmptm` by tjm `hrmkt ul`mrwrhtmrs, dl` tjdt tjhs jd`

nkkurrm` bmcnrm tjm brnomrs jd` bmknem dwdrm nc tjm inss dl` wmrm dbim tn `hskinsm ht.

[jnui` tjm rhso hlkrmdsm dctmr tjm knltrdkt jds bmml ed`m, tjm rmhlsurmrs prntmkthnl hs lnt tjm rhajt tn bm hlcnrem` nc tjdt cdkt(ulimss nc knursm tjm knltrdkt sn prnvh`ms) but rdtjmr tjm kneenl idw prhlkhpim tjdt tjm knltrdkt hs `hskjdram` hc tjm rhso darmm` tn bmrul bmknems snemtjhla quhtm `hccmrmlt. Qjmtjmr tjhs hs tjm kdsm `mpml`s upnl tjm prnpmr hltmrprmtdthnl nc tjm rmhlsurdlkm, dl` hc tjmknurt chl`s tjdt tjm rhso jds hlkrmdsm` but hl d cdsjhnl knltmepidtm` by tjm knltrdkt tjml hts vdih`hty hs uldccmktm`.

Idw Audrdltmm Prust dl` Dkkh`mlt [nkhmtyv. Eulhkj Rmhlsurdlkm Kn. _4842U 4 Kj. 4;:

Pjm kidhedlt rmhlsurm`s bushlmss knlshstm` nc audrdltmmhla `mbts smkurm` by kjdrams nr `mbmlturms. Hts ihdbhihthms ul`mr tjm audrdltmms wmrm rmhlsurm`

whtj tjm `mcml`dlt rmhlsurmrs. Pjm kidhedlt hlsurm` d `mbt smkurm` by `mbmlturms hssum` by d knepdly, R, dl` tjm rhso wds `mkidrm` tn tjm rmhlsurmrs.

[ubsmqumltiy R jht chldlkhdi `hcchkuithms dl` mltmrm` hltn d skjmem nc drrdlamemlt ul`mr wjhkj tjm rdtm nc hltmrmst nl tjm `mbmlturms wds rmùkm` crne

0.=% tn ;%. Pjm rmhlsurmrs draum` tjdt tjm rhso jd` bmml `hskjdram` ds tjm rmùkthnl hl tjm rdtm nc hltmrmst denultm` tn d edtmrhdi ditmrdthnl hl tjm rhso.

Jmi`(Qdrrhlatnl G.)7 tjdt tjm rmhlsurmrs wmrm lnt `hskjdram` crne ihdbhihty. Pjm rmhlsurdlkm trmdty nl hts trum hltmrprmtdthnl dlthkhpdtm` tjdt tjm rhso

ehajt hlkrmdsm hl tjhs wdy dl` dkknr`hlaiy tjm rmhlsurmrs wmrm lnt `hskjdram` wjml tjhs nkkurrm`.

Pjhs kdsm wds cniinwm` by Iiny` G. hl Jd`mlcdyrm It`v. Brhthsj Ldthnldi Hlsurdlkm It` _48:0U 2 Iiny`s Rmp. ;8;, d `hrmkthlsurdlkm kdsm hlvnivhla d cindthla pnihky.

@uty nc utenst ann` cdhtj hl pmrcnredlkm nc knltrdktHt wds dt nlm them bmihmvm` tjdt tjm dssurm`/rmhlsurm` nwm` d amlmrdihsm` knlthluhla ùty nc utenst ann` cdhtj tn tjmhlsurmrs/rmhlsurmrs. Pjhs bmihmc drnsm prhedrhiy crne tjm `mkhshnl nc Jhrst G. hl Bidko Ohla [jhpphla It`v. Edsshm, Pjm Ihtshnl Vrh`m_48:=U 4 Iiny`s Rmp. 0;1, wjmrm ht wds jmi` tjdt dl dssurm` wds ul`mr d knltrdktudi nbihadthnl tn prnvh`m hlcnredthnl tn tjm hlsurmrstjml jm wds ul`mr d ùty tn `hskinsm dii edtmrhdi cdkts, h.m., cdkts wjhkj wnui` dccmkt tjm hlsurmrs `mkhshnl-edohla prnkmss hl tjmdèhlhstrdthnl nc tjm pnihky. Hl tjdt kdsm Jhrst G. ruim` tjdt dl dssurm` wjn ed`m d kidhe cnr tjm inss nc d vmssmi hl d wdr znlm wds hl

brmdkj nc jhs knlthluhla ùty nc utenst ann` cdhtj hl supprmsshla tjm cdkt tjdt prnpmr lnthkm nc tjm mltry nc tjm vmssmi hltn tjm wdrznlm jd` lnt bmml ahvml sn tjdt d``hthnldi prmehue pdydbim jd` bmml whtjjmi`, dl` tjdt ds d knlsmqumlkm tjm hlsurmrs jd` tjm npthnlmhtjmr nc dvnh`hla tjm pnihkydb hlhthnnr nc rmgmkthla tjm kidhe htsmic. Pjm cnul`dthnl nc tjm `mkhshnl wds smkthnl 41 nc tjm EdrhlmHlsurdlkm Dkt 4863, wjhkj stdtms hl amlmrdi tmres tjdt d knltrdkt nc hlsurdlkm hs nlm nc utenst ann` cdhtj dl` `nms lnt purpnrt tn ihehttjm ùty tn tjm prm-knltrdktudi pnshthnl.

Pjm sknpm nc tjm knlthluhla ùty nc utenst ann` cdhtj jds bmml rmstrhktm` by d trhn nc subsmqumlt `mkhshnls. Hl Pjm [tdr [md _2664UIiny`s Rmp. HR 201hlsurmrs purpnrtm` tn dvnh` d edrhlm pnihky by drauhla tjdt tjm dssurm` jd`, hl imadi prnkmm`hlas nl tjm pnihky,cdhim` tn `hskinsm `nkuemlts wjhkj rmidtm` tn tjm prm-inss knl`hthnl nc tjm vmssmi. Pjm Jnusm nc Inr`s trmdtm` tjm kdsm ds nlmhlvnivhla dl diimam` crduùimlt kidhe, dl` jmi` tjdt tjm `mcmlkm cdhim` bmkdusm ht jd` lnt bmml sjnwl tjdt tjm dssurm` jd` dktm`crduùimltiy dl` disn bmkdusm qumsthnls nc `hskinsurm ùrhla d trhdi wmrm d edttmr cnr tjm knurt dl` lnt cnr tjm hlsurmrs. Jnwmvmr, tjmhrInr`sjhps knlsh`mrm` tjm knlthluhla ùty nc ann` cdhtj dl` mdkj nc tjmhr Inr`sjhps mxprmssm` d vhmw (dibmht `hccmrmltiy cnrem` hl



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mdkj spmmkj) `mprmkdthla tjm lnthnl nc d amlmrdihsm` pnst-knltrdktudi `uty wjhkj knui` pntmlthdiiy rmsuit hl dvnh`dlkmdb hlhthn. Inr`Jnbjnusm nvmrruim`Pjm Ihtshnl Vrh`mhlsncdr ds tjm `mkhshnl wds bdsm` nl tjm lnthnl nc d crdu`uimlt kidhe.

Edttmrs wmrm kidrhchm` by tjm Knurt nc Dppmdi hl twn idtmr kdsms, O/[ Emrk-[odl`hd ZZZZHHv. Kmrtdhl Iiny`s ]l`mrwrhtmrs, PjmEmrkdl`hdl

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