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Topic 9 第九讲 :Digital Library and Intellectual Property Issues 数字图书馆与知识产权

Nie JinSchool of Information Management

Wuhan University, Hubei, China, 430072jinnie@whu.edu.cn

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April 26 is the World Intellectual Property Day

四月二十六日是世界知识产权日

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The aims of World IP Day are:设立世界知识产权日宗旨

• to raise awareness of how patents, copyright, trademarks and designs impact on daily life;

提高人们对专利权、版权、商标和外观设计如何影响日常生活的意识

• to increase understanding of how protecting IP rights helps promote creativity and innovation;

加深人们关于保护知识产权如何有助于促进创造与创新的认识

• to celebrate creativity, and the contribution made by creators and innovators to the development of societies across the globe;

庆祝创造以及创造者与创新者对全球性社会发展作出的贡献

• to encourage respect for the IP rights of others. 鼓励人们尊重他人的知识产权

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Digital Library and Intellectual Property Issues

Nie JinSchool of Information Management

Wuhan University, Hubei, China, 430072jinnie@whu.edu.cn

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Intellectual property issues are particularly challenging, and need to be considered in the context of the digital library and its differences from the traditional librar

y, and changes in technology.

知识产权问题在科技迅猛发展的今天极富挑战性， 而在数字图书馆以及其与传统图书馆差异研究方面

尤其如此。

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Intellectual Property知识产权

Intellectual property, often known as IP, allows people to own their creativity and innovation in the same way that they can own physical property. The owner of IP can control and be rewarded for its use, and this encourages further innovation and creativity to the benefit of us all.

知识产权目的在于使人们对他们的智力创新和创造拥有和物理财产一样的所有权。知识产权的拥有者可以控制并且在产权被利用中获得回报，以此来促进对人类有益的更深

层次创新与创造的开展。

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Intellectual Property知识产权

• Intellectual property is divided into two categories:

• Industrial property

• Copyright

• 知识产权包括：工业产权和版权两部分

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Intellectual Property

Industrial property, which includes inventions (patents), trademarks, industrial designs,

and geographic indications of source .工业产权包括发明（专利）、商标、工业外观设计

以及原产地地理标志

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Intellectual Property

Copyright, which includes literary and artistic works such as novels, poems and plays, films, musical works, artistic works such as drawings, paintings, photographs and sculptures, and architectural designs.

版权包括：文学和艺术作品；如小说、诗歌和戏剧、电影、音乐作品；艺术作品如绘画、绘图、摄影和雕塑以及建筑设计等。

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What is Copyright?什么是版权？

Not really the right to copy ！ 当然不仅仅是复印 ( 复制 ) 的权利！

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Copyright版权

A copyright is the set of exclusive legal rights authors have over their works for a lim

ited period of time

版权是用来表述创作者在一定时间期间内对其作品所享有的排他的一系列法律权利。

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Copyrights include版权内容

• Right to Reproduce – with exemption for libraries 复制权， 图书馆免责

• Right to Prepare Derivative Works – including abstracts, translations 创作衍生作品权 , 包括摘要、翻译

• Right to Distribute 传播权

• Right to Display Publicly 公开展示权

• Right to Perform Publicly 公开表演权

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Copyright

A work does not have to bear a copyright notice or be registered to be copyrighted

版权在作品产生后无需登记自动产生

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Why do we have Copyright?版权的作用？

To protect those who create an original expression in any medium so they can receive appropriate compensation for their intellectual e

ffort.保护作品原创者的权利并使它们的智力成果能得到

合理的补偿

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Life Time版权保护期限

• Author’s Life + 50 years 作者有生之年 + 作者去世后 50 年

• Increasing to Author’s Life + 70 years in some countries

作者有生之年 + 作者去世后 70 年（部分国家）

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Copyright and Library

Copyright issues are among the most hotly contested issues in the legal and legislative world; billions

of dollars are at stake. Legal principles and technological capabilities are constantly challenging each other and every outcome can directly affect the fut

ure of libraries. 版权是目前立法与执法领域的热门话题。法律规定和技术

的发展始终进行着竞赛 , 其结果将对未来图书馆事业的发展产生直接影响。

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Digital Materials

• Easy to copy 容易复制• Low cost copying 复制成本低廉• Different countries have different regulatio

ns and traditions regarding copyright 各国对版权规定不一

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Copyright and Digital Library

• Fair Use 合理使用• Open Access 开放获取• International Convention and Organization,

etc. 国际公约与组织

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Fair Use 合理使用

• Fair use provisions of the copyright law allow for limited copying or distribution of published works without the author’s permission in some cases

允许勿需作者同意部分复印（复制）和传播公开发表的作品

• Examples of fair use of copyrighted materials include quotation of excerpts in a review or critique, or copying of a small part of a work by a teacher or student to illustrate a lesson.

如 : 报告或评论的节选与引用 ,或教师、学生复印（复制）某一部分作品用来解释相关授课内容

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Four Factors with Fair Use考虑四个因素

• The purpose and nature of your use 使用意图• The nature of the copyrighted work 版权作品的性质、特点• The amount and substantiality of the portio

n taken 使用的数量和价值量 • The effect of the use upon the potential mar

ket 使用后的潜在市场效果

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Copyright Fair Use Exemption合理使用免责

• Right to reproduce ( and distribute on a limited basis ) without permission of the copyright holder for: 未经版权所有者允许 , 复制 ( 有限传播 ) 的权利

• Criticism 批判• Comment 评论• News reporting 新闻报道• Researching – Scholarship –Research 学术研讨• Home use 家庭使用

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U.S. Digital Millennium Copyright Act 美国数字千年版权法案

• Federal Law 联邦法• Does not allow creation of digital copies 禁止制作数字拷贝• Does not allow transmission of digital copies For example: Google Copying! 禁止传递数字拷贝• Exemption for library preservation 图书馆保存资料可免责• Teach Act allows limited transmission of digital materials

under very controlled situation 教育法案许可在严格控制情形下有限传递数字资料

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US Contract Law美国合同法

• Require an “offer” of a sale or a lease of rights 要求一方出售或出租权利

• Require “acceptance” of contractual terms by both parties; may include negotiation of terms and counter-offers

要求双方接受合同条款；可以包括条款谈判和对等付出• Requires “consideration” which is a promise to ex

change money, goods, or services.

要求承诺交换金钱、商品和服务

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Fair Use and License Agreement版权与许可权

• Contract law trumps copyright law A signed license agreement can void Fair Use

合同法优于版权法，签署许可协议可使合理使用条款无效• Copyright law applies to the sale of a copy 版权法应用于拷贝销售• Contract law governs leased rights 合同法支配出租权• Solution: Assure Fair Use rights are included in license agr

eement 解决方法：保证合理使用权利包含在许可证协议中

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Right to Use使用权

• Copyright Law 版权法

By purchaser, a borrower, any library patron

购买者、借阅者、任何图书馆用户• License Agreement 许可协议 Only Authorized User or Users as defined in license

仅授权用户或许可协议中许可的用户

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Right to Make Copies复印（复制）的权利

• Copyright law 版权法 By permission, Fair Use, Inter-Library Lending

经过允许、合理使用、馆际互借

• License Agreement 许可协议 By permission only ( print or electronic) 经过允许 （印刷或电子型） No inter-library if license fixes of copies or defines

Authorized Users 如果协议规定复印数或授权用户，则禁止馆际互借

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Right to Distribute传播权利

• Copyright Law 版权法 By First Sale, Fair Use, ILL

首次销售、合理使用、馆际互借• License Agreement 许可协议 By permission only 经过允许 No copies distributed outside library, university

禁止复印（复制）件传播到图书馆、大学之外 No outside disclosure of information

禁止向外透露信息

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Right to Performance or Display表演和展示权

• Copyright Law 版权法 Fair Use, Home Use, Face-to-Face Teaching

合理使用、家庭使用、面对面传授• License Agreement 许可协议 Only Authorized User or Users as defined in license

仅授权用户或许可协议中许可的用户

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Solution?解决方法？

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Open Access开放获取

1. Information freely available on the WWW; no limitations on use.

可以在互联网上免费获取： 无限制使用

2. Information freely accessible on the WWW;

all use rights retained by copyright owner.

可以在互联网上面费获取信息：但所有使用权由版权所有者保留

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Open Access开放获取

Information freely accessible on the WWW; all use rights retained by copyright owner.

可以在互联网上免费获取信息：但所有使用权由版权所有者保留

This definition is the common understanding of Open Access.

较普遍接受的公开获取的定义

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Open Access开放获取

• Open-access is digital, online, free of charge, and free of most copyright and licensing restrictions.

开放获取是一种数字化、在线、免费和较少受到版权以及许可协议限制的权利

With OA, 开放获取 No price barriers 没有价格限制 No permission barriers 没有许可限制

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Author’s Rights

• Authors must retain ownership of their creative content

作者必须保留对他们创造性内容的所有权• Authors must transfer only those rights necessary

for publication 作者必须仅转让出版所必需的部分权利• Authors must retain all other rights, specifying tho

se of particular value to them or their institution 作者必须保留所有其它权利，并详细说明那些对他们或他

们所在机构有特殊价值的权利

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Open Access Sources开放获取资源

• PubMed Central 公共医疗中心 http://www.pubmedcentral.com

• Directory of Open Access Journals

开放获取期刊指南 http://www.doaj.org/

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International Organization and Convention

国际组织和公约• World Intellectual Property Organizations

世界知识产权组织

• Berne Conventions

伯尔尼公约

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World Intellectual Property Organization世界知识产权组织

• The World Intellectual Property Organization is a specialized agency of the United Nations.

世界知识产权组织是联合国下属的特殊机构 • It is dedicated to developing a balanced and accessibl

e international intellectual property system, which rewards creativity, stimulates innovation and contributes to economic development while safeguarding the public interest. 其宗旨是致力于发展兼顾各方面利益、便于使用国际知识产权制度，以奖励创造、促进创新，在为经济发展做出贡献的同时维护公共利益。

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Berne Convention

for the Protection of Literary and Artistic Works 保护文学艺术作品的伯尔尼公约

Under Berne Convention, all member countries—and there are more than 100 must afford copyright protection to authors who are nationals of any member country. This protection must last for at least the life of the author plus 50 years, and must be automatic without the need for the author to take any legal steps to pre

serve the copyright.加入伯尔尼公约的一百多个国家必须向所有成员国的作者提供

版权保护，该保护勿需作者申请而自动生效，其有效期限将由作者有生之年至其死后五十年。

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General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade (GATT) 关贸总协定

• The GATT contains a number of provisions that affect copyright protection in signatory countries.

关贸总协定中有一部分条款是关于签约国版权保护的条款。

• 150 members on 11 January 2007 in WTO

2007 年世界贸易组织已有 150个成员国

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Library is Changing with Technology 技术将改变传统意义的图书馆

• Readers’ interest are changing to digital access information. 读者的兴趣转向数字信息

• Publishers are moving to digital formats and raising prices well beyond library budgets. 出版商转向数字出版使价格远远超出图书馆的预算

• Publishers are forcing the licensing of content rather than ownership of content. 出版商将拥有出版内容的许可权而非内容所有权

• Libraries must build their own digital warehouses of open access information. 图书馆必须建立公开获取的数据库

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