1-the gypsy court in eastern europe

8/8/2019 1-The Gypsy Court in Eastern Europe

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Elea Maruhakova ad Veel Popov are member o the edtoral board o Roma Stud-e ad Aocate Proeor at the Ittute o Ethography ad Mueum o the BulgaraAcademy o Scece. Correpodece addre: kv. Eml Markov, bl. 110, vh. G, ap. 64, Sofa1404, Bulgara. Emal: [email protected]

Romani Studies 5, Vol. 17, No. 1 (2007), 67101 issn 15280748

Te Gypsy Court in Eastern Europe

ELENA MARUSHIAKOVA and VESSELIN POPOV

Te Gypsy court is one o the central and most elaborated subjects in Romani studies.Its nature and origin have been widely discussed. Te article presents, or the rst time,rich comparative material on Gypsy courts gathered rom Gypsy groups in Central,South-Eastern, and Eastern Europe. Te data orm the basis o a description o themain characteristics and types o Gypsy courts, dispelling, in the process, some scien-tic myths and erroneous assertions made on them.

Keywords: court, kris, slavery, New Vlax, Old Vlax, marriage, justice, Gypsy law

Te Gypsy court is an important eature in the lives o many Gypsy/Romagroups in Central, Eastern, and South-Eastern Europe. We do not use the term

Gypsies in the sense o diferent traveling communities, but in the way it is

understood in these regions, namely, as a designation or an ethnic population(among the terms used in these regions are Cigni, Cikni, Cignyok, ,

and ) which migrated rom India to Europe about 1,000 years ago.

Most o the data used in this article represent participant observations

collected over a period o more than thirty years and oral testimonies romparticipants in Gypsy courts in the region. Tis statement is necessary because

there have been many attempts at analyzing the Gypsy Court based onaccounts . . . given by ethnographers who have concentrated just on the groupwith which they happened to be doing eldwork, treating that as typical, and

explaining other accounts derived rom other groups as variants o their own

(Acton 2003: 640). Worse, in other cases they are just loose interpretations o

random and even unreliable inormation, including some provided by Romaintellectuals rom Gypsy groups unamiliar with this phenomenon. It is our

rm belie that scholars should interpret phenomena and ormulate theories in

ethnology only aer collecting a large amount o original material. In order to

avoid misinterpretations, any secondary sources o inormation and materialcollected by colleagues should be used only aer these sources have been veri-ed against their own eld observations. We agree with Tomas Acton (Acton

2003: 639) that to make a general theory o the variations in the administration

o justice among all Gypsy groups (Roma and non-Roma world-wide) gather-


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elena marshiaoa and esselin oo68

g t cy pc t by t cpcty y c. T wy w cctt t Gypy cut t gup t g Ct, Et, Sut-Et Eup.

1. Designations used for the Gypsy Court, its members, and its decisions

Gypy cut pp ub v Gypy gup wc v t t ; ft t t u by t vu Gypygup t t Gypy cut. T t c gt kris (R,g cut); t, Svk xp, w t krsi. Tt ppu cc ttu ct, Romani Kris, ctuy c-t c ctpy R tgt; t y u byGyp. Gyp Romanes y w g ut, wc cub Gyp t gup. Oy Gyp ( ctt wt ctvt)

uuy t u kris t t t cut g, pg t t u t jty gug, t pcct R t cy.

T gt kris ccttc y Gypy gup t K- (K, K, ) t Lv/Lv Et Ct Eup ( w y t cut t w). T K t Lv wy v Ru (y yv), Hugy,Svk, t Czc Rpubc, P, t cut t USSR(y Ru, t Uk, Bu, Ltv, Ltu), tcut t Yugv ( pccy, Sb, w

Lv k Ct). T t kris u by t cy t gup pt ( ) ubgup v, tc u (w v Ru t Rpubc Mv w), Pt, K, Kgj,C, Dz, M, C, t Hugy, w Bugt,Dz, t Svk t Czc Rpubc (w, cc t-tu, uuy t cctvy Lv). I t t w c t gup (y Yugv) gt t ftcut Wt Eup, uc t K t Aut t Lv Kjj t Ity.

1. Pp tt wy Svk t Czc Rpubc t Romano Kris (cu)c b w t cvt t y Czc Svk, but R,wc pbby ct t uc Czc Svk, wc t u cut cu.Sy, t Bk c ( v R pubct) romano [c] hib t R gug, wc w cbt, ct u t uc tgbug gug.2. Dug u wk wt t Bugt Svk, ty y tt tt ty c tt Lv, but ft. Rcty, yug Bugt w Pgu xp t u tt tt Lv y ug R tu u M Hbc-v. Sy, R-pkg ctvt Hugy c t b Lv pt t cttt t gup t u t t.


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the s cort in eastern eroe 69

O dg Gypy Cu mg df Gypy gup g mm. I Bulg, gmd mmuy d w mm, glzg m Kd/Kld u m meere,meare, d mearjava; m ly, m udikate (m Rum) dalavjara ud - Bulg. I lly ld mmu,quly lld Lj (d l-ppll Rm Cgjk) Rum g Dbudz, m udikate ud. T m mudikate l ud by gmd mmuy kw Rpubl Mldv ud gl m Lj, lld Kuj Bb d u Mldv, Mldv ( g Sk) kj/ukj, d Ru d Uk mvg Kjv.T l-ppll ll Rm Cgjk ( u, pp, Gyp)w m mg umb Gypy gup Rum wll ly Wll d Mldv, bu mm v ylv.

I umb df Gypy gup wdy mpRum, d w u Gypy u ( xmpl K, Kzd,Dmb, Zl, A, Kb, Md, d m), uullylld Pl Lj b dg, udikat d kris, ud g.Alg w , l dv x w ug wm; Wll d Mldv, udikate m mm, yl-

v (v mg m gup) u xly pp: ug m kris pvld. Smm m divano m, ud d d m df gup, wll m stabor(pbbly

Slv g). T l ud m gup, u K mRum Mldv (g B), ly judg kgp kris. I , m pl ylv, xmpl, m stabor ud m gl mmuy mg(Bbu 2002: 76, 78).

T u u m USSR df. T, kris ud ly by Kld d Lv, wl udikat ud ly by Kjv.T m m mmly ud by Ruk Rm, gup w wdlypd ugu m Sv U, sendo/syndo (m Pl) ,

m ly, sudo (m Ru). T m m ud by Sv Uk d Ru d by Vlx d Plu u Ru d Uk. dy, mg vu Gypy gup ld u- m Sv U, m syndo/sudo, sxodka, d razborka gg gud.

3. Adg m lgu (Lv Ckv, V Fdm) wd uld b Ab P g d d Rm v uk (p. mm.).4. T m sxodka gg d razborka lu m m -lld vorov-skii yazyk, Ru ml jg, lgug v.


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T gt t Gypy Cut. Ag t Ursari Mv t t u globa (pty). T Kuj, w gt t Bk gtt ctuy t t C ty v tugutt Uk Ru, u t gt davija (wut, ucAbcg). S R gup Kv (.g. Gubt, Mjk) u t w

plenija ( Ab).A t t cut b, ub t u t t t, uc

krisnitori/krisitori (Yugv); krisinatori (yv), krsiake Rom(Svk), mearjavadi, udikatori/udikatorja; syndari; pleinari/plenari/plenjarja; stabor; davijadis. Hwv, pt t xt -g t vu b t cut, t pt tuct. I t c, cut b t uc t c t cut b t pp pt. Uuy t gt gv t t txpc p, but t t t pt (tug t

efo, Predsedniko, Generalis, o Baro, Angluno Rom cu b ).S gup v pc t cut c. Ag t U

Mv t t cc wt t g t t cut, globa(pty). T w trafo, wc t g (pty G- Strafe), u pty by K Yugv w wv Wt Eup. S ubgup t Bug K u tt kazna (put, Svc).

1.1 A scientifc mystifcation

W w pk but t Gypy cut, w u py ttt t ctcpcut ytct, ttt pp t t w y.T cc t -c ttut Baro ero, wc, ccg t. Act, c b bv g t Btc R, uc Polska,Xaladitka Ruska Roma [sic] (Act 2003: 647). U t g Btc R,Act cu t t gup Polska Ruska/Xaladitka Roma, w pk ct but ct tw gc cut wc v gb pt. T ttut ero Rom (wc y vy y c Baroero) g Pk R b cb t ttu (Fcwk

1981: 1525, 1985: 17598; Kwk 2005: 2743), but t uu cp-t Ruska Roma v t t pc

5. I Ab, t u ple (p.),plak (g.), pleqnia cuc E.Tug Ab t u, g Gyp t ttut t uctk Gypy cut f Ab Cuc E. H w u t ttw g wt P (1983: 17) pt tt t bw by t Ab w ty vb ctct wt y y. F t c b u btw Gypy cut t jutc yt y ft tt pp / c cut v tt w. O t Ab Cuc E, Bxku K 1996: 20715 Du1909: c. 2)


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u. O d, Sv d m ( lm Last aborm 1930), my wpp d mgz l,d plly p w y Ru, my -lld Gypyb b uld wdly. Smm my d

jul by Gyp mlv. I u xmpl , A b dg d m (!) m, mg G B (A2003: 647). Hwv, A m w bk (Kl 2005) gl B , dd w d y llu u u dug u ldwk w Ruk/Xldk Rm, lug wlld l ml (l d pl bv) sendo/syndo/sudo (Gypy u), d w ly g l, -x-, u Gypy ju.

2. Gypsy groups with and Gypsy groups without a Gypsy CourtNwdg wd dbu Gypy Cu mg dfgup Cl d E Eup, my Gypy gup g d v u u d v mmy yg lk . Rugly pkgbu dul g m gu l umb Gyp gw m my Gypuml w Gypy Cu w d kw m. T ppv wl g; df df d mll g.F , Blk, Cz Rpubl, d Slvk, ly 510 p

Gypy ppul v Gypy Cu; Rum d Hugy bw qu d d; u md p USSR, plly ll Gypy mmu v Gypy Cuxp l gy Hug-pkg Mdj p(xd by USSR Wld W II), Am-pkg B/P(w ll mlv Lmvk) uu, d djk- pkgLjul/Dug (w ll mlv Mug) Cl A.

T d db Gypy mmu Cl, E, dSu-E Eup w d kw Gypy Cu. I m mp

yg dgu mmu d kw GypyCu m d d v ll m.T my dgu Gypy gup wy l

md ( m-md) pmly ld. All Gypy gup w

6. W uld yp bu Gypy B l ud lm md by Gyp mlv. Exmpl blkbu pdu, d, d DuuyVvkI am guilty (1993) d I am guilty II(2000). T l mv gd ppul mdy, Te rabbit over the precipice (2005), w B Gyp llBb mmk bw Ld Bzv d Qu Elb II.


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t kw t Gypy Cut pty tt ( v b tt v ctu, t t t w ty t t ). Ot w, Ct, Sut-Et, Et Eup, t Gypy Cutpp Gypy gup tt w vc t pt ctv c wy up ut t 1950 1960. T cut,wt t tt t pt, v pv t bty t ft (tt, t-b, t p cc ctvty, ) ptt ccttc t wy .

Hwv, t t c Gypy gup wc t Gypy cut t xt. T gup tt w t y t pt, butctu t ctv tvg v t t t tt vc ( pt t t ). Gypygup uc t Bugu (w c tv Ppu ParpulRoma tu, pp, R), w v y t t-t Bug; t

-c Tc Kj (-ppt Vxuj), w v t ut-t Bug t Tc p; t Ru-pkg Ru/Lu( Lgu) Dbuz, Bb, Wc, Mv Ru, t Rpubc Mv; t Kj wt Rp; vgup K Bug; pt gup t -c Gubt t Yugv.

T t t ft g Ct Et Eup wc wx t f ccuv w t t qut wt tt ct tp btw t Gyp wy t pc

t Gypy cut, but, t y t, t ct tt t (but t ) Gypw u t b c v Gypy cut, w t cut t kw g pty tt Gypy gup.

S ut v k t t Gyp g tt, wc cct t t wy . Agy, t tw pbt () c ty + pt = u yt pvt vgc, (b) tt wy + g g = k (Act, Cfy, Muy 2001: 89100;Act 2003: 646). Hwv, u t ut t w tt t ty uc cpct, t wg uc p ccu. gv

7. T t vc ( Hy 1979: 297309) - (..wt pt c g t p c ), t t cvGyp w f ct typ vc c t t uug pput. Wtk tt t t cb t pcy t b wy t Gyp.8. It t c wt g t gup Ru-pkg Lgu/Ru/Lu/Bj/B Bj, w v t cut Et Ct Eup, GypyCut v v xt. T ct tt t xt wt t gup,t Ru-pkg B Ct pbby Hugy, w c t ttutbg c liege di beaa (B cut) (Kvck 1996: 80; Mukv 1998: 200).9. Gubt g cv t u v gup, pk t -cO Sut Vc ct t Yugv


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ju m xmpl, md Bugud d T Kljd Bulg

p gd mg d v Gypy u; md Ruk/

Xldk Rm, md Sv, Kld, Lv, . v gdmg d v Gypy u; md Kjv p mg

ug lpm d v Gypy u; d ld El p m-

g ug lpm d d v Gypy u. I m gup,

b m mg b bvd; lpm u dm wgd mg. S w lud md mg -

d wy l x -x Gypy u.

T d , w g lly pp b d

b p Gypy u mg df Gypy m-mu lgug gup dl Rm ud. My

gup (bu ll by y m) w d kw u

Gypy u v l Rm m gu d ud u

lgug uk, Gk, Alb, Rum, d Hugv ( Cm d Dbudz). I my mmu

l d by pd dy pm,

y y publly dl pd y, l pvgmlv uk, Wl/Rum, Hug, , d .

A v gg Gypy dy, m mp

ul g u Mulm Mll ( mg ppl); my v y mplly w d. Ou d w

ll gup w v Gypy u pk Rm, bu ll gup w

pk Rm v Gypy u. T ld x yp bu p Gypy u d dl gup, w w w u.

2.1 Gypsy Court and Vla Rom

T pblm d w u Gypy u v qulyb dbd Gypy/Rm ud (C 1955; Gpp 1975; Fwk

1981; Fwk 1985; Suld 1986; Y 1987; Wyu d Bll 1993; L

2001; Wyu 2001). Hwv, d ud v b bd y

ml m Gyp w pk -lld Nw Vlx Dl Rm(bv ll Kld d Lv). T Gyp mmu pk Rm- dl w v b ld dfly by lgu, u Nw Vlx

(Igl 1997: 163) N Vlx (M 2002: 22537; Bzky 2003), v

d Blk dl (Cd 1985: 2, 8). W p u u m (M 2002: 513, 2005: 722) N Vlx bu

ggpl ppl w dv bd ul; xmpl,

u dv ul. W p m Nw

Vlx bu m l ppv vy mpl l


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ct, y, t tg t xu Wc Mv. It , u t tc b t v t ct cut ptt t t tt ggpc ; w ttgu Nw Vx O Vx. T cut tt Wc Mv p pk t O Vx ct R. W w tt t t Sut Nt Vx, k t t O Nw Vx, pv, t pb tt w t, yt t b cct, w cct t t (w t xcu t pbty tt ggpc w tc p cu b cg t b wy cct t).

Spk t Nw Vx ct uuy kw by g , gvt t t by t t Gyp ( tt by t c ww wtg but t); xp Vx R t US C; Ct Eup, O/Ok; Ru, Pt Lj; t Rpubc Mv Bb; Uk, Lj, t Yugv

(y Sb Vjv), Lj; Bug, K/K.S t gt t gup t t c wy u yyu t bv t, xp, Ktu t Bug K/K, Kjvc, Lj t Rpubc M-

v Bb t Uk; Ktu Pt Lj Ru;C/g t R Hugy t Yugv.

I y wk R Stu c (ptg Y Y 1987), t t v t cuty, t Nw Vx, wc c but pvy t gup b c ct cutu tt,

t uuy y t t gupK, Lv, u. Hwv, t US C ut gup, Mvj, b . Muc ttt b p t t uu ubv t cutyHugy, Svk, Yugv, Bug, t cut t USSRw bg t t cuty v tug ty v b tu cb ( t t t) by c c. T pk t ct t ct Gypy gup w gt t pcpt Wc Mv t uug gug t c t tt ctuy t ft c t

twtt ctuy. T w t Gt Gypy gt wv, wc pvy v Eup, , utty, c t Nw W. A ut t gtt c t Gt Iv t Kt

10. T t ug pc t qut pubct (cug t tt) wct gy t u R t (Act 1993: 79) puc.11. Ag, t t y pubct t t , w t jut ct:Gjgjv (1932); Hvtv (1954); E (1958); Hvtv (1964); Vukv (1983);Kvck (1985); R (1993); Mukv Ppv (1997); B (1999); Ky (1999);Dt, Bv, Kutkv (2000); Hub (2000); Kyucukv Mv (2004);ckv Lc (2004).


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vll pu wld-wd dbu Gyp gd gf-

ly w ju w dd.

. A pul bu Gypy u w pump u mgd Wll, wd ml qu d

p Rum vllg mbl . . . d w ully ppp

lvd mmuy, w d uu plll

m y p mmuy gy m m pbl. (A 2003: 645). T pblm A

mudd dl lvy Dub ppl d

w w ll y uu plll m y Rm gup qu. A pul llg-l l bu Rum vllg w uld v mdl

lvd mmuy.

O u, , ud dul udd w Rm . . . m-

gd b w y dy lg pd lvy (Wllm 1984:41819) d w y udd pvg my u

Rm l g d mly lp lk bd-p, kris

d mahrime d (F 1992: 139). W d dd

qu pf Gypy lvy Dub ppl, mly, w g lv dd Gyp blg?, W pk

Nw Vlx dl?, W w bd G Iv

Kld?, d, flly, W kw d pv u Gypy

u?

T d d u Gyp Wll d Mldv dug pd lvy w dbd dl by Ml Kglu

(1840). T dp w l ld by my u m ,d b quly yd (v lwy ly), b

dp wll u . T w m g lv w

w lly dgud dg wp: ppl wp ( w), wp m, d wp by ( m

dl, Am 1998: 3175).

T Gyp f gy, ppl wp, w mly

md. Ty w dvdd u g (xp mll p mw lvd ppl yd v)Lj, Rud d Au (

ylv B), Lgu, d U. A mm lm mg

g w y d du bu py ul x uy, uully w y S. Gg Dy (24 Apl) d S.

Ml Dy (8 Nvmb). T w l uul p g y

l ml . T Gyp g lvd md

l d w vl wv d wv y lkdy uld vg bd.


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T c t ctg, t v t by, c-

p tw k Gyp, y, t Lj () Vt (-

tc, .. tt). T Vt wk t t t uvt. S Lj w c p t Mt t

By, t wy w t gcty ft tt t

Lj w w v t pcp; ty p yy tx t t t

t gt t w y.T c Gyp t w t uty, t y -

y, but qut wy xt. C, xp, t y c

t Mv pc Mc Sutu, t 25 Mc 1793: . . . vy k

qu g t [t Gyp, t v t pc] t jugt gvg cyg ut t tc t pw t , w

t jutc ccg t t w cut [c], t gv

t gt t t t u t t c (Pt

1939: 32731). T tt t y w cct btw tGyp t pput t uug pcpt. Mu w

pu vy (wt t t pty), w pcc c (uc

ptg cutt y). I y t c, wv, t w wb tw t c Gyp (t t Gyp w t pbty

t w). F xp, t cct w Rumanian Book of Moral,

u by t Mv pc, V Lupu, 1646 pv:

T Gypy, t c, ty t c, twc t t ,

g t tt, t b cg, ty t tg bgg, t bc [c] t t. (Ct 1961: 68)

Gy pkg, t v t pc (Lj, Ru/Au, Lgu,

U, t Lj, w bg t t t by), t t

t ttypc g Gypy v ct Wc Mv

t wy t pt R cp. Nt y w tyt by tt, ty w t c, pu cuy,

ut, w ty xpt by t t ( w t c wt t

t Gypy v), but ty uc v pvg, wct t v cty t t t (y t pt) Wc

Mv t v. F t pt vw, t y y ubt w

xcty t Gyp Wc Mv w w pv t

t-cutu cutuc t c tt tw cut (k, ukt, v/, vj) w b

t c b t ug Gypy gt t tt ctuy.

Mv, t t ctgy v t ucg v t,wg cy tt t Lj t ct t pt pk t


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Nw Vlx dl ll v wld. T g qu wy dy v md w u bud l d ubj.

A ump Gypy Cu gd ud u dl lw Rum vllg (A 2003: 645, 651), b d u dly g ld Gyp. Hwv, d u md Gyp. I dd, dl Rum ul mmuy d gly df m Blk ppl d um w xRum vllg mdl ud Gyp.

Sm u v v lmd Gypy u d x Gypy gup v v lvd Dub ppl (A, C-y, d Mudy 2001: 95; A 2003: 651), bu lm b dpvd lg w d m g lly w gdl

df m ud Gypy u df Gypy gup, pm d m uully d ully. Gypy ux ly mg pk Nw Vlx dl, bu l mgpk dl. A w md l, Gypy u qu , l mg gup w v p lvy Dubppl. F , pm ud bg mmuy Ruk ( Xldk) Rm d lly ld Plk Rm, wll mg Sv Uk (ludg ubgup v l m gu d w pk Uk) d mg Kmuj, d v

mg Rm Abuzz Ily (Ml d Sv 1998: 85102). M-v, Gypy u l x Gypy mmu w d dy

12. A pbl (bu ly) xpl mdlgl. Nwdy, p p-mdm d mudd pll , vy vyg wby u Gypy g pd udml u. Oly w md wxpl wy lp lvy Wll d Mldv Gypy mg uy d vl M Mxmf m u m.Mxmf vl l xmpl v d (Hbbwm 1992: Idu-). F xmpl vd d, , dy lgd bd u pd lbl l y mmuy, Mukv d Ppv

(2000: 8193) d M (2000: 73 . 4).13. S bv wdpd m Lj Rm d Lj m Yuglv, Rpubl Mldv, d Bb. I w mg ubgup Kd Bulg ll mlv L/Lj. T lm Bulg Kld/Kd u Vl Rm d ly ud by m (A 2003: 646, 650) lk g u. Numu wk w lly Vl Rm (.g. Kyuukv d Mldv 2004). T y d u m K d mkm l l, d mk u Gypy Cu mg m y df.14. T u mg Plk Rm mu m p bu, xp sjondo, df m l l-gvm d gul pblm m-muy. T plly w -lld Rm, bu l m mmgg mmb mmuy (cielo) (Kwk 2005: 2743).


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tv R, uc t St, w t Hc uct (Fuc 1991: 103). I w v t w g ccu, t, t tt Gypy cut xt g t Gyp w pk t NwVx ct R, tt Gypy cut ccu ub ubv t Gypy cuty w u t ct R.

3. Essential characteristics of the Gypsy Court

Vu t t Gypy cut v b pv t ttu,uc tt w Volksrecht, ptv tb w, c-w, tbuyt jutc, utu pvt w-kg, utctu gyt (Wyuc B 2001: 1187). S ut g t y ttt kris, t tbu yt jutc, c b pgug tt , tt t y, byc tt by (Cfy

Muy 2001: 104). Ot ut, by ctt, tt tt t Gypy cut cut b pttv btct yt jutc t tt Gypy cut t tg t t vc , wc w cp t (Stwt 1997: 57). A t ccttc t Gypy cut, wv, b t , utw, tu tuct, wtut bgg ut t ccptu b t.

Abv , t bc tt t t t uctg tGypy cut t ccpt cu. Evy ug t cut wu vb pt uuy t y by t b, but by t t cu-

ty, cug t t. Wtut cu, t vy ttut tGypy cut cu t xt, t c xt tt cu cy utt ug. Cu t t ty btw t uuGypy cut, , ut, y gt fc v ccu t t uctg t g w t w vtgt.

3.1 Settling out of court

W pb , ty, ttpt t v t pb t pt t v cvg t cut. T uuy w

t pt gg put ppc pct p ( vpct b t cuty) tc, w t k tpuct t pt. W w pt t uc ut ccg put I ( t Uk), w Gyp c t tw tt t t kt, ucuttg t pc t c Gyp.

15. Accg t St, t gt t Gypy cut celo; harmonaciat gtg t pct pttv t cuty vg ptt u;tu, ccg t t t t c gt t w t c y tcut.


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W bvd xmpl ml lu pblm Bulg. A

md m w ud vg l w umd gl d w

d by md, w pd m dmd mly umd gl, w m pyg m 20,000 Lv (ppxmly

10,000 Eu). H dd g, dyg d dd gl.

Bu ud dd umm meare, w vlv d-

d mul u , l u ll w ppl m d m dd, w lvd by lg db ll mmuy, d

by Gypy u. T y Kd gd m

vl dy. Rlv d qu vd m uyd. Ty

lkd bu , gud, d d y gd ( uuy, bu mmuy) ud w guly d d gv

d u mly gl. T m qud

mp.

N p m ud u . Explly, y lld raz-borka mg df Gypy gup u m Sv

U, d lwy pd u l Gypy u.

3.2 Institutional solving of the problems: the Gypsy court

W gm b d d w dpu bm m -

v d ml l mmuy d/ l

w mmuy, fd py lly u uvppl mmuy d Gypy u lld.

T mp Gypy u m l m vuGypy gup vgd g. I lud m uv

d pd ppl m gup (lld krisnitori, udikatori, syndari,mearjavadi, dpleinari dd m md l). A

k y m g p uy, u

ld dul mmb mmuy. T d m, wv,

ym ld; w wgly pd by A (2003: 650).W uld mk l mg Gypy mmu w udd

by phuro (dul, ld) md m w lv p ml,

wy m p, d v gw-up ld ( ld ug bmd), uully y v 3035 y ld. W y lblld by Gyp mlv, m u Pativale manua dAvtoritetno Rrom

ud ( Uk w v d xp Medunarodno Rom

ud m mg). O qu u m m P/Pj

Kv, Pleinara si purane manua, so si svestno, domainore, so si preundeT judg ld ppl, w d, d mly, w wll kw.

Mv, wl vgd g w dd d dy Gypy

judg w ld pm lv, w,


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ccg t Act (2003: 648), ccttc tu p yt.Jug Gypy cut t g ppt -c b cw cut ; w tu t t t.

It ty tt t b t Gypy cut b , tug t b pt tt, gt tt, pct w v bvt t ptcpt, but t xcpt. Tug u t ttt w cu pcp ptcpt Gypy cutt typk but uc gy wty cu t gv u y ctpyxp.

T cpt t Gypy cut w x Ct EtEup t ctt. It wy ct c ptcpt c-by-c b. Ntuy, t t pct b t cu-ty vt t tk pt t cut uc , but t tk t pt b t pt ct b t. T

ub jug t x, t p t cpxty t c, ug c t ub jug c b cg. Vu gu kw, u t, uuy btw 11 15, up t xu 25pp. T xu c wt t Sv t Uk; g M Hugy, t uu ub btw 15 25 (L 2002: 15). T gcut, wv, tg t pt, t t ty t kp tub jug w.

T cpt t cut t wy by t ftGypy gup. T ptf uc tt w gt t pp, t

w, c cut g. Rpct pp vt t v t u, t p bg c b t cut t. T t tgt t vt pct pp, t. Tug ty t tt Bug t, t t uct t pt cubtpt g t vt t ub pp, t ty g b t cut t u tt ub b t v ugcut. I Ru, bt u g t ub jug t pt g t jug c by t t pty, t tt w pp t p g by t (Bbu 2002: 72).

Uuy t pb y gv Gypy cuty v wtt cuty, tt t y tt t pp vt t tk pt t cut b t cuty. I Bug, vy ubgup t Kcuty c t w meere, wc cp t w b. Oyw cpct c v t b , pct pp vt t ubgup g wc tt wy, c t vw tt w

16. O cu, uuy (but t wy) p wt pct p t t xtgt, wc, wv, t , t tt t b t Gypycut v t t pt, tt ty c kp t pt t t t .


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y ud, judgm m ju. T m ppl vld

w vu Gypy gup ud m Sv U.

Hwv, mu b md l u, vy u d w mmuy d bu y b

judg, mmb gup b vd bm judg. T, w-

v, u lvly ly.

3.3 Mixed court

W pv Gypy gup vd b df

p. Gyp u m Sv U p p-

v ld gup, , xmpl, vy lkly Lvwll v Kld Gyp d Sv p

v Ruk Rm. Kmuj lm v vd by gup y

dd b wld, d Mulm, d Kmuj d v

Gyp lv y pblm w mmuy . T Vlx glly dd b bm l: Ty v

pp u, bu xplly m b vd.

I g pd pv Plu (wlgug blg Cl Eup Cp gup dl), w

p v v d Gypy u w mmuy,

mm vd u gup (w mg Plu d v y u ll).

I dpu bw mmb vu Gypy gup, mdy

u b mxd. I u m Sv U, pdppl m ll Gypy gup w v u w b vd. Tub g df bw Gypy u

Vlx Rm (kris mg Kld d Lv) d Gypy gup;

lv w wd u ud p gup. Nvl,

xpmly, Gypy mmu wu u

w, w d pk Rm d dd b l Gyp, wll v b vd k p Gypy u. T

w Hug-pkg Rumug p

g, -pkg Dj/j Cm, Rum-pkgVlxj, d Lgu Mldv d Uk, wll Gyp

Cl A (m d Ljul), w wdy mg

Ru.

I g qu w p llg mxdu (.. g pv df Gypy gup) b

ud p. I pp v b pbly v

md l w gup vlld w g, bu p p-

pd ly ly. Mxd-u bm m qu Sd


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W W, w xpc c t g tabors (Gypy

cp) bg t b cctt tt. w xp t

t bgg t 1950. N Uk vg, cp w butby ft Gypy gup (Ktuj, Sv, Ruk R) wt y

tc ptg t. T Ktuj t t cct wt t

vg, gt tt, t Ktuj , t vg bu t tt

t Sv Ruk R. T tt c t cut t Ktujw w cty pb t g bu t uy. I

t c, t wg Kjvc t vg,

t cpt t t vg cuy tk Ruk R,w t t vg w y t. T Ruk R, wv, u

t cut t Kjvc t bu t .

T x cut USSR gw gcty w Gyp tt

t tt bg t cctt u bgg tw c g,

tut w t cc put g b ft gupw uc gt.

t y Gyp Ru t x cut t ttc-

t t t pctc v. It c t pcp -

g uc x cut, but w t b t gv xp. T pbt g uc x cut, wv, ccptb y t pctb

gup, t w, R-pkg . Hg x cut

wt gup w tg, t w t c pctbtt, tt gup, / gup w v t t gug ctgc-

y jct. I Bug, t gup tt u Gypy cut tvy tgt t vy c cut wt t Cucu ( t

Gyp) uccptb. T y Gyp t wc t K ttbut Gypy cut wt cttybcu ty pv t t-

t t Bugu Tc Kj. At t t t ctuy

ttpt w v by t K t u x cut wt t

Bugu, wc bcu t Bugu t kw t ttut w ub t ut t g.

T tut t cut Ct Eup qut (pcy

t Czc Rpubc, Svk, Hugy), w t c O Gypctgcy tc tv t Gypw ty t

cuy ug t g t Ruug w t Ru-

pkg Gyp c Bj Hugy Bj Svk. Tu,

t O t c Gypy Cut bu uccptb. Ev Hugy, w t ppt tvy (t pctg t

x g O Gyp wt pp t Gypy cut

g tt gbug cut), t b bg x Gypycut uutb. T xcpt, Svk, c


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S, w, bu mll umb, mxd w Lv (ug m-

g) d k p Lv u.

O g Hugy, wv, w pbl v mxd u bu pbl l pul bu dd

(.g. w l pp bw pv df Gypy m-

mu). A yug Ol Gypy (Kld) md gl m Cgyk

(Hug-pkg Gyp, mu), bu m m mg llp d gl ud p. T by , wv, ppd

gl , dlg pg mly b md by

dug lw p d qud my mp, g

wll b mpd wll u Gypy u. T gl kw vy wll w ju blkml d w gg

b ummd pp u u, bu d vd y pblm

ddd py qud mu my.

3.4 Recent changes in Gypsy courts

T pd llwg pll v 1989 w m g

Gypy u, mly ul pg bd bw mmmu u d blm -blm

bw m ld Gypy gup m df u. T lu

m gm ld gup jg m v, d gl w u w l l u pll pp d

NGO mvm Gyp.

T m mu uuul mp -bd Gypyu w bw Bulg d Rum mddl 1990 w Lvk Bulg. T u d b ummd lv pblm

g bu l bw Kld m Rum (kg I

Cb mly) d Kd m Bulg. T pd ppl vdm Rum, bu Bulg d plgd gg mearjavadii

ul Rum l p d l. T mu l bu w d, up w, l mp g RumBulg

Kd mxd u.

I y, wv, v b vl lGypy u bg ummd d mk d pblm mg

Kd m Bulg d Kld m W Eup (mly mg

m Yuglv), w ud ul mg, w bm m

d m qu bw mmb gup.O wl, gup w Gypy u d bluly up-

bl Gyp uld u l u w

Gyp. C w l judy pbl ly dpu

w -Gyp. T dd p w Gyp u


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t Svt U, w Ru pcy Bug t v y wt t cc Gyp, tt t y, t gup w t w cut. I t c, c g pcg pb ty -Gyp, but w t cc Gyp w t kwt ttut t Gypy cut tt t t wy vgpb. Ntuy, t pb -Gyp t tt wut b Gypy cut. T pcp pp t t Gyp w t g Gyp t kw t ttut.

T tp btw t Gypy cut t c jucy vgty ft Gypy gup. I t Svt U t cb Gyp t v y tp wt t c jucy, t t b py by t (tug t Gypy pubc pcut wy). I Ru Bug t t k w upct, t cuu c. F xp, Gypy w cuty

Mb Pt Bug wk y y g pubcpcut w ctvy ptcptg t t t t Gypy cut,tu tkg ctv pt tw juc ytt t Gypy cut t Stt jucywtut t tctg wt vppg wt tt.

I t t w y, t vv vpt NGO ct gGyp Et Eup, w pjct cu w vp cc-g t t btw t Gypy cut t tt. I Bug pjctpp w pt t cpt t Gypy cut t xtg gt,

but t w t . A pjct t Uk t ucct, v w pc Gypy cut w ct pttv ft NGO (cug ); gt w tt t yv t c (cug btw Gyp -Gyp).N t y, bt c t w tt t Gypy cut.

Cpb ttv t pt t gv Gypy cut wcuty . O xp t t pp t k t pt tt R ctv. At t Cg t IttR U (IRU) Pgu 2000, t -c Cut Jutc w

ct t pt C t R C w vt, tugt Cg cut t t t wt t pt uppt (Act Kv 2001: 157226). I y 2006, R ctv-t ( cut w Gypy cut t xt), p ccut R Itt g gup gt t Itt

17. Dcb t Uk R wpp Romani Jag, N. 3 (15), 2000, p. 7.18. W t v t wt t pjct t ptt Gypy cut tgtv yt C w t , but t c, t t typgcv, k qut . F t Wyuc B (2001: 456).


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Rm U w ppg dumy lm pg Rm uvubl lg. T l Rm u ( I-l Rm U d Eup Rm d vll Fum) wlld up llprocesi ko Rromano kriso [sic] . Ndl y,g lly llwd m u ppl, dd yg pp w -lld Cu Ju.

Cg m Gypy u x df m d-l d mg pv Gypy gup w d kw m, pdu gqu l ll, w gup Gypyud Bulg. Fmlg mlv w Gypy u ugdm publ w y d p uvy du(Kyuukv, Mukv, d Ppv 2004) Rm Lgug d Culu,y gd w -lld Sud M ludd ll udm pl u Elmy Pdggy d Rm lgug. T bdy

ddd xpl m uvy w by w w ud vg gv u l mg ud d dmgg pg u. A dl ud. T ll uvy gv vw md, yg M u uvy u,d ll g d. T ll v gd mgw mu pv Kd mmuy (z K), wdlly d xpl ll -lld Sud M g mm w u Gypy M.

4. Formal characteristics of the Gypsy court

A Cl d E Eup, pdu vlvd gg Gypy u qu ml. T dp uld b d lg m ml . T dm g w dlg w mm pm w m v bd df Gypy gup d u d.

T mmb Gypy u v b vd w du p, wm vl vd (ludg vl Sv

U); y k g by . Ty vd ump-uu ml d, y, y pvdd w mmd. Ilu xp vd by plf lug d guly py uully dd v , ply ull.

T df g w gd pym judg wk. I Bulg pym lld denguba d dd

19. Fm Y mlg gup Rm Nwk [Il Rm U], 3 Fb. 2006.20. S l m wdly d wpp (Mkmv d Vglv2006).


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cpt t y pt t t t. I Ru t t u vtrrit t jug p t c t y pt (Bbu2002: 73). F R gup t Svt U t buty p-ppt t py t cut, y t xp t jug cv.By ctt, t Czc Rpubc Svk, t y t cut v cut pubcy t t bgg t pcg t t cuty wt t w:

v bxt gj! S k, p uv pj K. M tj KkR t k Vb kj, b t vt v k bj, tv vp k g tj v p kuk g t tj p. [B ppy. A yu w I tk t y t cut, t jug w c t c uc wy tt bt t]. (Stjk 1997 :123)

T t Gypy cut vy tugut t g cv-

by t tuy. A cut y b y pppt ct bg w u, cuty, w, tut t tpup, pcy pp bg tt, c ( Ru Bug), tu w c pvk gt tt t cuty.Ay b t Gypy gup w w y b pt t t -g, cug w c. T jug t cc, t pt b k t, wy cpt t tb. Evyby tu t. W t pubc cu t c bg, t pcg ct by t t utttv b t cut, tug u

tg t ttutz tprimus inter pares. I pct jug c g tv t t bgg t t pt t t cuty (Bbu 2002: 76); t c, Bu-g, tc, t gt bg t t t pct p g t

jug. Ag t Svk Lv w wtg ctpy ttpt t ttutt t t Agu R pb t R f bt cut (t Czc Rpubc Svk) ug t cut t ct jug, b gbut pwu vajda, c bro ( Hug) t c pt.

E, ug u wk t 1980 Svk (g t Lv Bugt), w wt ttpt uc ttutt w t gpct c t t gv t cut by ccptg t

21. F t cpt t uct Agu R, Stjk (1997) Stjk Pv (2003).22. I t tw Rvk Sbt w c g but vj L vj Ruk,w w vy tg , gt t, pc Hug b, wt wp g-pt bt tck wc w bu tgt wt t. Accg t g tyc tv o generalis t tt w majori, kapitan, deengo, tzede, atari, hanadi. F t g Stjk (2001: 12639).


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Rm pv mjy u (Mukv 1985).W l , b p p p. T llwd by

du u pp; um ld, w ummd by b p, . I u g mly judg w k , bu y p g pk, gvvd, bk p qu d by g pd,dl p, l , lkl. T m pk m. Tyy g dl, b lqu, d pk w uy. up pk, plly ld m, dd f ll gup g, w ylv uld v b pud by u (Bbu 2002:77, 78). Wm l k , bu m gup (.g. Kmuj dKld) y pp. I , wv, wmu d k v lvg m dpu. Tu, mg Sv, mm v b md quly u b k

v by wm w v ud bz; y mu lk d gum, wy mp vw.

Du lmd by m, d vy pk lg m,plly dul , g my k w dy. T m m bg g ppg p, d, ug mpm, llwu b d. A judg dd mm p b bld m x, y ld ul (y my l ),mul d pbl vy vlvd, dpublly dl .

T d Gypy u lwy vlv my, pd um(w uld b gld g uy) pd ggvdpy. T l uy py w . D lwy l w l pbl -d fd, d my b gv pd g pyg um. T, wv, d m Gypy u dbu wl mmuy lg df bw d p mmb, l p bd w, d-g Sw (1997) up plly mp pl lv

Gyp. Aully, m pup pp gu p-bly p mmb mmuy u lv mllyd dvlp w bu (wv ) d b xludd m mmuy, w uld b y w b mpvd dlly mgld.

23. W p Bd lv l u mg Gyp Cl d E Eup gubl. T mjy u xmpl p wll-kw m dl l l Su-E Eup, d p p Rm Bd m p u dub.


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I t w g Ct, Sut-Et, Et Eup t wp ttyp Gypy cut g ut v put;t pt, uuy cptg wt t utt, cuttg f t w w ct t ub. Suc ttt c b -Gyp, but Gyp, y t gup tt t kw t Gypy cut. W cg, wv, t ppc gv cct xp uc put, wg tt t gv tg t wt ty. I t t c wk Et Eup w v c c jut but c ( Bug) w w w cut f, but cckg t c t bc c tt w t put ct by t t w y c, tt ut c y Gypy cut.

Sy, t cct wt t Gypy cut, t c B Svk. I t 1950 K by Gypy w u, w

t cc . T vtgt v tt t , pc kw by Gypy B, w u by v pp t c Lv. T c w xty tt pc g butt w ct wc c b g Lv v w. (Hju 1962: 27;Hbcv 1962: 1618; Hvtv 1964: 2256, 328; Kvck 1985: 33,108). Wt t u w t ut c t Gypy cut t t wt ctty w.

Rug t Gypy cut c , pp c c-tpt cut. I pctc, wv, t cut ug y b pp gt

Gypy gup t g, wtut fctg t utty t jug.Gu pp , xp, w ccutc t ppc w wt, wc y qu t g. At t c g t c, t jug w vt uuy w t uuy p pt, w c t v v gt utty. At g t c pb pcp, tug tcy ccptb; puct by y pp wt utty tb pct. Atug t cy tt u bg t, t vb c t t g.

A u, pp gt c t cut tvy qut gGyp Bug, Ru, Hugy, t Czc Rpubc, Svk,w t Svt U ty ccu . I t SvtU cut cv uc guy t Bug Ru.T qucy ug t Gypy cut u t b g -cty vt t t pc cuty . F tc, t cut t USSR, u t t tt ty v py ptcpt

24. F t txt t g, t ct R Fk t ttp://www.tu.g.


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Gypy u v d m lv d d y k pppxmly u v x m y, w mxmum ; Bulg w d dug l w y meare lmvy wk (.. p y w m ); V w d kris lm vy wk (bu Gypy mmuy mu mll).H w u u df g, bu y, u Gypy u d g mmuy wl m.

5. Te oath

5.1 aking an oath

I ll Gypy gup vd by u udy, m gd l w m by w dy, l

md blg u l m lbl. T kg publ (xas sovlax, as te solaxares, .) b Gypy u db p, ulzd m. T m p um ll bl mu w wuld bll pju d mly uld l ll u.

T m df kg mg dvdul Gypygup. I m Sv U k b , m S. Nl umug ( Ml Mk), w dd b p Gyp g. kg v

w k pl p, b uld u w k u uyd. (I k u, blvd Ld mg gv pjuy.) I Rum, Bulg, Cz Rpubl,Slvk, d Hugy, d, k u, uullyb Vg. A p vd . T Sm W ubgup ld d w (dav lava) k, m w ll .

A umb ld, m udmy, m kg v l u-vvd. T -lld xj ( Kjuj) m Od (Kld Gyp

m Od w lvd C vl dd) k b

25. Pp l xmpl xp, m mlv y kris lwy u, d mly g mmuy.26. T pl ud wd S. Nl mm m mp Gd xpd Ruk Rm pvb: Dvl dl, Sv Nklj bkl. (Gd gv, S. Nklj d ll.) A md pl pl S. Nl b ud ld ul g Bul-g Rm Cgk w ug Ggjvd (S. Gg Dy): O Nklj g vl.F x g, Rm Flkl p://www.udm.g.27. F m gup, w pd m Kld d w bld w gup, Mukv d Ppv (2003: 11532).


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c, bgty b bug f. I Bug, y c t K( t Njc ubgup) tk t t ty / v, t tugt tt t tgt t t wt wp. It g t bg, t t t tp t t wt, t u twt w. It tugt tt O Bg (t Dv) v t, v ty-v. A cb by t,

Mj g jv. A t cgj, k k -ty, p-u, bt, k tu, k p kt, kt t vu, x.A bt, t pu p, kj bg, kt k p jk bg. Sx,u tu, t p , k, t. [I t bggt t cut. W bg t t Gyp, w gg t t ty, wy, twp, w k c, cv t wt t, t c, tk t. I t wp,u t bg, w t v, t gt 41 v. W tk t, kt c, yg, xp I t tk, I t , I t tk t pckt.]

I Bug, c t t tk v c cv wt t, wc tugt t b t tgt t. F t Ru Dbu, t tgtt w tk p ut, cty tw w tck t p c wt tw cgtt pc t c (t cgtt ybzg t f); t t tk t k t cgtt. I yv t t t c, wt, t, f, g gt c (Bbu 2002:80). T Kuj Ru t Uk, w y M, ctk t t t y qu, tug t tk v b. T R Kv, w M t, tk t t t

y K; t Pj/P cb t,Vv t t k t, k t t v, u . j k u t xt v. Np ku, t x t v, t j v upj,kj, t x t v, p. j vv p tp v, b, t kuvj ku, , p. [It t pppt t g t t y, Yu t . H t cct t pp t tk t. F xp, tk cpy t K, t tk t t, t c t ppt jug, xpw t tk t. A tkt t, yg, xp, I u bc cpp, t K w b, I t t, xp.]

Evy t t g ccu wt ut t tbcquc t vt pjuy. Gy pkg, Gypy gupbv tt pjug w tkg t t t tu t utu. It t y t pjuy w by t pjug yg, t ppg t b y. Ot cupt w k c y w t t c t tkt t, bcu cu t f t cug t (t t c wwt w wt t Sv Pjv t Uk 2003, w c


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duly w bg d). S xmly u um blg u, g b dpud b kd l d Gypy u b md. Hwv, m v pv gul ud. F, bg mly u Sb Kld d Bulg Kd Cl, Blgum, Bulg Gypy wm my dppd. AGypy u w mmdly lld bu uld b dmdw guly py w. E up d k g d k my. I u u k d d g qu g, blvd vyg d Gd m . I m gv l , Gd wllplly pu m.

Alug ulg Gypy u bdg, b d.Bu ll, d vd by u b gd wuld

b ly xpl dp ppl w uy mmuy, bu l Gypy mmuy lg. T vbl duvdbl pum m w g u ulg xlm mmuy. T m wy ppl by ul. N w b u m mmuy mmd l; Gypy quvl l d. W v v d u .

5.2 Changes in respect to the oath

I y g dl b bvd

m Sv U w wldwd umb w Evgll u mg Gyp. Sm dgm p-pl v gd, ludg ud wd Gypy u. Rp- Gyp (.. w v pd w lg; wly bpzd), y, k p Gypy u. All qud m xlud um qu v pjuy.

Amg Bulg Kd m p mp Gypy u d , mg m by pug

28. W g w Sw (1997: 57), w judgm gv kris

w m dv m m wm w mplld d, mw gv p dd dvdul, pv m b ym d ju. [. . .] I y d uy, ly pl d ud upp ym pw l m , y d m, ml w, d. I mmuy lk Gyp, w pw publ p l l mmuy dly pdm v ply, Gypy u mu m y lgl u d m mpy y. I y ,dug bu dd ldwk Cl d E Eup, Blk, d Ru,w v v d gl udl d gl ul pply vd Gypy u. T w ul p d d gm (ml dml) lwy d mpm d, f, p u d.


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pckt g w by puttg t t b. T t u

b tw wy tkg t t. It bv tt t t pc t

p t cquc pjuy w t fct jut t t.I t c tg y, w t ty t put pt t y

t p t t t v w tt t y y

ty v wt ty v t . Tt wy b tkg t t

t jug pu t w, kg t v.Ot uuu t c w pt cty t Svt

U, w t pb wt ug g g t Gyp gg

t cuty. T v b v c w t sxodka c

tt t w cy, but t ptcpt t pt t ccup t tk t t bcu tt p w ug , wc ccg

t t quvt t g t u t t v.

A t xp c c g tt t b t pw t

t t v g t Gyp t g.

6. Classifcation o the cases heard beore the Gypsy court

C b t Gypy cut c b v t ub bc ct-g. T cct t but pctc t ctg ct

b cy ct.

6.1 Disputes about economic interests

T put t t qut . Ty tt by t Gypycut, u Gypy gup w tu. Bt ty t

c pt t cut ttt vy gty. Ty cu b p cc cc ctvt, wc t b xpct c-

g t xcpt xbty Gyp c c w t

ptt g. Tu, t Gypy cut cu b cv cct

wt cct t t cc kt, u cptt, ucut-tg, tkg wy cut, up bt, tc. W w gv

ctpy xp t utt t. T t cc xp

Bug. A b t K cuty, t w bug ,g vub ctct tg g puttg bgbu tbt. Hwv, t t wk , but

t K t t wk. T ubctct, wv,

cty wt t t tbt (tt ) tctct ( pyg t cpg bb) w gv t . T t

K u meare wt t b cpt by t

c , g bt t cut c t u vu

t ptf (tug w t cpt wt t ut wt).


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T d xmpl, l m Kd mmuy Bulg, mdl. A gup wm mpd by w mw w

gud d dvw gg l m uky. T pl m d

d w m. A l () u llwd w m w d p d d m w gv updd

. L Gypy u w ummd dd w mu mly

w vlvd uky uld py d m mly( upp mly wl w p d mp m). A lg

du k pl dug w m w w

gv updd uld l py lg w ll . T Gypy

u uld uld py, ug l, bu dug m u-

pdd wuld b bl ug my, wuld v b plly ul bk y l lw.

T d xmpl vlv Ruk Rm m Ru d l qu yp-

l. w Gyp dudd dbl mu my dg v mk. T ml lkd m, bu y d w wm m mmuy. Ty w ud d d, bu d y mgd

vd u. T wm, wv, ummd sendo, bu ug

bu m ml w pyg l . T Gypyu pd lm, bu mp vd w mu lw

w d qud bu l w pl, ml.

W kd xmd, my v b k

d. F , llwg vlvg

Kjv Mw. O m d k l m d up w bu. Du vu pl w uul

d w bl u my m. T m w l m my ummd udikate wd my bk g w up-plm md bf. T Gypy u ud lm b jufd,

bu uld l d mp uld b ud v lg

pd m, lg bg m uld v m dvlp w bu.

Olly b qu mpld, w w wll llu

w xmpl m g Od. A Gypy (m Kuj) wvg mly lv w dl bk u. A ul, gu ww u d lld pl. I mm, wl pl w

wy, w u x m-md dug (m pppy

w), pv m bg ud by pl v . T lld Gypy u b vd, lmg dmg

l, d u uld b d uld mk pym ;

bu dl d ulg gu d gu bu

lld pl.


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6.2 Disputes related to family issues

Qut vty c u t ctgy. Ty cy wt

t btw w v ccu g; tc,cpt t b t vg; tyg t f ut wy t

vg; fg ut cpt g cp t

pt t t ; cct btw ub w, btw

w t t--w, tc. I t c t cut gt but t pc wc y b p t ugt w; u t

b tu? I y, wc ut? A u t b y cpt

?F g t K Bug t y xp c

t k. F tc, ugt--w cp t t t

meare u tt t pc p t b (c g c) t b

tu, g wt cpt. But c t pt t w wt b t , ty t cpt t ct y wt t bgu.

St, c but y u, t w y ut cpt

t wgg, t xp t-b Gypy cut. At t w-g yug cup Sb K Bug K, t b

ckc, g c, w t. It w cv (tug t)

tt tv t. T c t cut w t g

t wg, bcu t w bk wt t c, t b p ,

cpt, by t y t w w t t ckc. Ty u gv t b t ckc, g c.

Atug ty , uc c y v tg t wt tycpt. T t c t typ, wc w wt 2004, cc

t yug K y Bug t pt t

ub y bcu ctug cct btw t ugt--w

t t--w. T cut w u by t g pt, but tc w t t vu; t w c tt t yug y w t

yug (ty y c) cpb vg t w,

wtut pt ct.St t c uc cpct. H yt t xp

Bug. O g K y t ugt--w t

t--w tt ubt t--w tu

uk t t pvu gt. T t--w, wv, kw tt w wy t cty, tt t ugt--w

pt t gt wt t . S cquty c ugt-

-w t g bck t pt. T y t ugt--w, wv,u t tu t y ty cv wy meare


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w lld dl w u. T mly dug--lw lmd

w guly g ubd bu ug w

lpg w m. T u w vy lg, d w dud qu w dug--lw uld v b bl g

dk w m w w w w ubd

m. I d mpm w d, u ulg p

p pd bd uld b ud ( g p ).O u , Gyp u m Sv U ly

u Gypy u. T m l m bw w xdd

ml wu bgg u b mmuy. I wuld u Kmuj k u u, wl Gypy gup

g b kw u ly ly. T u lvly

m ummd by Kld d Lv bu y v

um pyg dwy, ug ly w w gup. Hwv,

mg Gyp Bulg d Rum, u lm u gul pm (bu l ). Pbbly m

Gypy gup Bulg d Rum, gd mg w dwy umy, wl mg Gyp m Sv U u

pym mpvly ; y umy ly w Kmuj,

u l quly w Kld d Lv, d glly b

gup.

6.3 Moral and ethical disputes

Gypy u ml u lld ll v g w v-gd, bu gl y ly ld. I ppl, p w

u u u xm , d plly qu mg Gyp u m USSR. Bu

pl pup Gypy u vd u u ly

w ppl fd , bv ll, w m k.

Aully, u Gypy u du ly p l,bu l qu, u y m l mmuy

mmb w u g; mul u dmbly

l dlgl lvl, wl ly g lwy mum mpld.

T u vd m u

w m pg m ufd, Gyp gupd pg d m xplly mp. A kd

ppd mg Sv Uk, w gl w vblly bud

publ by Gypy. A lv fdd gl lld sudo bu

ug wl k w fdd , d lm

w pd d mp w pd.


30/36


Cuu xp t ctxt t put btw K -w Bug w wt t buy t b (bt wt t buy t t c t ptg) g t Lv Ru but tck pct w w gut w cv.

C g wt qut ttw wt y -t. F tc, g-p c g t K Bug wt wc c meare bcu ugt t- t--w t w t vt pt. A bg vt by t Gypy cut btuctg y t, t -wc gt meare, wt t, w t t t b w xp vg cu t pb pup t cu y tv wt, ug wc c. A ut t c, t gpt w tc t tu t cv , w t py tv, bt w tt ty ctu t c

t meare wu pp t tt t g.At cuu c, t t Wt Eup, cc t ct-

gy pativ (pct). A K Yugv wt vtg tv, t t t p t wt t. A w y t t c kris, ccug t t kg xup [sic], gg u. T bt t c ctu t t t wtg, but tpvg pubc p tt up t w ty t cvty cpt.

At c ccg t ctgy pct utu uppt

w bv 1985 Jk, Svk, g Lv. O yug b t cuty c cct Gy; w t t ug-g. H tv u krsi. T jug v Hugy tSvk tw K Btv; t cut w cuct t c t. T cut c tt cuty b u p tcct y (wc u b t wtut bgt t tu) t bg t c bck t Svk t buy pctuy cc-g t t cut. Wt t y tt w cct, 40 pp tv tGy t cct t .

7. Problems of the whole community (or some parts of it)

Cg t Gypy cut t wt pb ccg t w cuty w c pb by Gypy gup, but pctcpup t xcpty . W u uc c Mv, w

29. T c t Gypy cut C t ctgy; t t c Gypyw w w t w j. (Wyuc B 2001: 46, . 151). T gy ctv t pb ccupyg Gyp ft cut.


31/36


dl d ( dl mud; m w plyg w gu, m w ) ppd vllg bd by U. Alug

u dd p g g pp, Gypy u

dd wl mly lv vllg d u m mpy, wg .

Amg Bug Slvk, w m . T md

pv mmuy w krsi d ddd bk mml

. T w pd u vl m xdy by df ppl, w uuul. T vlvd yug Gypy w

d md Gaji ( -Gypy). L, p gd w

mly, Bug, yug m my dug. Bu

yug m ud p w w, Gypy u w ummd wddd mxd mg w vld d m uld d

d p (w l dd).

Rly, vl ud Ru w Gypy u, ldby dug dd mg yug Gyp, llly dd b

l dug, w w mmuy l.

A g v d Gypy u lvg pblm

wl Gypy mmuy w ppd 2003 by wll-kw Gypyld Ru. H md m gdg df Gypy

g d l ld Nl Culul Aumy

Gyp Ru ( w ppvd by ll Gyp) ppg pd ppl m ll Gypy gup uld b ummd Gypy u

(sxodka) d l ppp ppl ld Aumy, ld Gypy mvm (Bv d Rkv (2003: 6).

8. Te importance and perspectives of the Gypsy Court

I ummy, Gypy u plyd xpl p lv

my Gypy gup E Eup. T p ( b) Gypy

u l mk dfg Gyp m mg ld Gypymmu (d m uudg ppul). T l xpd by

Gyp w u Gypy u. I ypl d fv mm -l g; v l gul, llgd blkg dv bvu mmu d gug -vy.

S m l ppv pp p Gypy

u bm m lbl m pv m-muy dy d u uvvl dgmy. Mv,

p mm Gypy u u m Sv

U bud dvlpm m kd u


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p-Gypy uty, wc t g ky tg pc t

yw t w. I t w, t Gypy cut ty

ctv ct t vpt t cuty.I pt t tc cct, t ttut ubjct t cg. It

ccc tt ty t t qut cpt by Gyp

tt t Gypy cut g uct t t pt. It ptg

wg, wc t g tt t cuty tt wtxtct. Suc cpt t y tg tw t g

pt but ct cut pc t Gypy cuty. Gyp, wt t

w wy , pt t v g c-cty; t ytu tt ty ct b cpty t. I pt t w cu y

xpct t Gypy cut t pp, y c t t y ( t t

t t ptt) c t tt ct pv Gypy c-

ut. Nvt, t pcp cu, wc t uyg

ccpt t Gypy cut, cgy cct wt t vpt cvt, wc but uct t pcp

. Tu, t ppct t Gypy cut uct, p

t g g t ppct t v vpt t Gypy

cuty.

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C. 1961. Carte romneasc de nvttur. Ediia critic. Bu.Cd, Ml. 1985. D bw Rm dl. Gypy L Sy

N Am Cp, Nwl: 2, 8.C, R. 1955. A plg lk Gypylgy. Jul Gypy L

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32(4): 297309.Hbbwm, E, d. 1992. T v d. Oxd: Oxd Uvy

P.Hlub, Kl, d. 2000. Dul m vlm. Pgu: A Bm.Hvv, Eml. 1954. v kul kvky Cgv. Slvk N-

dp 2: 14975, 285308.

Hvv, Eml. 1964. Cg Slvku. Blv: SAV.Hbmv, Ml. 1962, Z kk lklu: Djy u. . 9:1618.

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Kl, Vldm. 2005. Zgdk blkk yg: Ok , kuluy l-g zv blkk yg. Mk: Lgvv.

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v Kgtc. [. tt t Fc g by F. Cc].Stuttgt.

Kvck, Kt. 1985. Vc Gypy k g Svk. Gypy Fk Muc

Eup 1. Kt Kvck, . Bupt: Ittut Mucgy t Hu-g Acy Scc.Kvck, Kt. 1996. R by tty? T w uc 38(1): 7793.Kwk, Agzk J. 2005. Pk R. ycj wczc. Wzw: DG.Kyucukv, Ht Ztk Mv. 2004. Ktk gtk Kky

k kt v Bg. Sf: Df.Kyucukv, Ht, E Mukv, V Ppv. 2004. Htty p

k kutu. Sf: Iktu Pt.L, R. 2001. T RVc Gyp t K-R. In Gypy w: R-

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1-the gypsy court in eastern europe

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