1. The graph below represents the percent ofvariation for a given trait in four differentpopulations of the same species. Thesepopulations are of equal size and inhabit similarenvironments.

Which population is most likely to survivesignificant environmental changes related to thistrait?(1) 1 (3) 3(2) 2 (4) 4

2. Certain insects resemble the twigs of trees onwhich they live. The probable reason for thisresemblance is that(1) the trees caused a mutation to occur(2) no mutations have taken place(3) natural selection has favored this trait(4) the insects needed to camouflage themselves

3. In an attempt to explain the diversity of livingthings, Darwin's theory of natural selection(1) proved evolution took place(2) described how mutations produced variations(3) showed that only the largest animals survive(4) described how evolution could have occurred

4. Natural selection can best be defined as(1) survival of the strongest organisms(2) elimination of the smallest organisms by the

largest organisms(3) survival of those organisms best adapted to

the environment(4) survival of those organisms that occupy the

largest area in an environment

5. Penicillin no longer kills certain types ofbacteria that it did kill in the past. What is thereason for this?(1) The mutation rate must have increased

naturally.(2) The strains have become resistant because

they needed to do so for survival.(3) A mutation was retained and passed on to

succeeding generations because it had highsurvival value.

(4) The principal forces influencing the patternof survival in a population are isolation andmating.

6. In certain areas, some insect species arebecoming resistant to chemical insecticides.The growth of this species that can survive theinsecticide is due to(1) inheritance of acquired traits(2) variability through asexual reproduction(3) geographic isolation(4) natural selection

7. According to Darwin, individuals that grow tobe adults(1) transmit characteristics that they acquired to

their offspring.(2) tend to produce fewer offspring than those

that do not survive.(3) are the ones best adapted to live in their

environment.(4) will bring about unfavorable changes in the

species.

8. An organism is able to live well in itsenvironment because of special characteristicscalled(1) abiotic factors (3) biotic factors(2) aggregates (4) adaptations

9. How did some insects come to resemble thetrees they live on?(1) a single gene mutation(2) the insects changed because they ate the

wood of the trees(3) genes were transferred from the trees to the

insects(4) natural selections

10. After the Industrial Revolution, dark mothsoutnumbered white moths in cities. The reasonfor this change is(1) the trait for dark color became dominant

over the trait for light color(2) the new environment favored the survival of

dark moths over light moths(3) light colored moths turned dark(4) dark moths died due to overpopulation

11. Which area of biology studies physical changesthat have taken place in animals over millions ofyears?(1) classification (3) physiology(2) reproduction (4) evolution

12. According to Darwin, offspring most likely tosurvive are those that(1) are born first and grow fastest(2) are largest and most aggressive(3) are best adapted to the environment(4) have no natural predators

13. Which concept about variations is in the moderntheory of evolution?(1) Variations occur in animals, but not in plants.(2) Variations are acquired and will appear in

the offspring.(3) Variations are the result of overproduction.(4) Variations influence the survival of the

individual.

14. Structural changes that occur in certain plantsover time and help them to survive in dryhabitats are examples of(1) nutritional relationships(2) adaptations(3) succession(4) energy-flow relationships

15. A trait with low survival value to the membersof a population will most likely(1) undergo a series of mutations in succeeding

generations(2) cause the reproduction rate in individual

organisms to increase(3) decrease in frequency from one generation to

the next(4) remain unchanged in frequency through

many generations

16. Which concept states that favorable variationsallow organisms to adapt successfully to achange in the environment?(1) natural selection(2) use and disuse(3) artificial selection(4) reproductive isolation

17. The evolution of new insect populations that areresistant to chemical insecticides illustrates(1) biological control (3) natural selection(2) use and disuse (4) low survival value

18. In Yellowstone National Park, some species ofalgae can survive and reproduce in hot springs attemperatures near the boiling point of water.The ability to survive and reproduce at thesehigh temperatures is an example of(1) aggregate formation(2) adaptation(3) artificial selection(4) reproductive isolation

19. The evolution of antibiotic-resistant strains ofbacteria is an illustration of(1) natural selection (3) random mating(2) use and disuse (4) geographic isolation

20. Darwin observed many birds that had manydifferent beak shapes and sizes. There were fewbeaks that were similar because of(1) competition for the same type of food(2) competition for a specific concentration of

oxygen in the atmosphere(3) the presence of an excessive number of

autotrophs(4) the presence of a disease that attacks birds

with similar beaks

21. Which factor has probably caused the increasein the number of pesticide-resistant insects overthe past 30 years?(1) a decrease in food production(2) an increase in competition between plants(3) more widespread use of insecticides(4) greater mating between insect species

22. There are two kinds of moths that live in a givenenvironment. The table below shows the numberof each variety before, shortly after, and longafter the construction of a factory in theenvironment.

Which is the reason for the change in thepopulation?(1) The change in the environment selected in

favor of the gray moth and against the greenmoth.

(2) The green moths adapted to the changedenvironment and became gray.

(3) The factory output increased the mutationrate at which the gray moth mutated to green.

(4) Green moths migrated into the area as graymoths migrated out of the area.

23. When lions prey on antelope, some antelope areeliminated. Which part of Darwin's theory ofevolution may be used to describe this situation?(1) acquired characteristics(2) reproductive isolation(3) survival of the fittest(4) speciation due to mutations

24. Which concept is referred to in the cartoonbelow?

(1) the lock-and-key model(2) use and disuse(3) the heterotroph hypothesis(4) natural selection

25. Animals with favorable variations reproducemore successfully than organisms with lessfavorable variations. This statement bestdescribes the concept of(1) overproduction(2) use and disuse(3) inheritance of acquired characteristics(4) survival of the fittest

26. According to Darwin, differences betweenspecies may be the result of(1) the disuse of body structures(2) the transmission of acquired characteristics(3) natural selection(4) mutations

27. Which evolutionary concept is best illustrated bythe cartoon below?

(1) production of mutations(2) use and disuse(3) survival of the fittest(4) speciation

28. How does natural selection work to causechange in a population?(1) The members of the population are equally

able to survive any environmental change.(2) The members of the population differ so that

only some survive when the environmentchanges.

(3) The members of the population do not adaptto environmental changes.

(4) All the members of the population adapt toenvironmental changes.

29. Favorable adaptations that can be passed downfrom parents to offspring do NOT include(1) the basic structure of the organism(2) the reflex actions of the organism(3) the manner in which the organism carries out

respiration(4) techniques for hunting food learned by the

parents

30. The process of structural change over a longperiod of time that explains diversity of livingthings is known as(1) metamorphosis (3) migration(2) succession (4) evolution

31. A large number of houseflies were sprayed withan insecticide. Houseflies that can survive andresist this insecticide support the concept that(1) species traits tend to remain constant(2) biocides cause mutations(3) variation exists within a species(4) the environment does not change

32. Darwin's studies of finches suggest that thedifferences in beak structure were most directlydue to(1) acquired characteristics in the parent finches(2) the size of the island where the finches live(3) mating behaviors of the different finch

species(4) adaptations of the finches to different

environments

33. The diversity within the wild bird species in thediagram below can best be explained by whichprocess?

(1) natural selection(2) asexual reproduction(3) ecological succession(4) mitotic cell division

34. Evolution is defined as(1) the change in size of body structures through

use and disuse(2) the formation of fossils(3) a process of growth in an organism(4) a process of change through time

35. Which of the following is most consistent withthe modern theory of evolution?(1) Parents pass their physical traits to their

offspring; those offspring with traits thathelp them survive in the environment areable to reproduce.

(2) Parents change their physical traits in orderto survive in the environment, then thoseparental traits are passed to their offspring.

(3) Life on this planet came from another planetfar out in space.

(4) Living organisms have not changed forhundreds of millions of years.

36. The changes in foot structure in a birdpopulation over many generations are shown inthe diagram below.

These changes can best be explained by theconcept of(1) evolution(2) extinction(3) stable gene frequencies(4) use and disuse

37. Which phrase best defines evolution?(1) an adaptation of an organism to its

environment(2) a sudden replacement of one community by

another(3) a geographic or reproductive isolation of

organisms(4) a process of change in organisms over a

period of time

38. If a species can no longer produce offspring, thespecies will(1) become extinct(2) evolve into a new species(3) adapt to its environment(4) move to a new location

39. The diagrams below show the bones in theforelimbs of three different organisms.

Differences in the bone arrangements supportthe hypothesis that these organisms(1) are members of the same species(2) live in the same environment(3) have adapted to live in different

environments(4) all contain the same genetic information

40. Specific mass extinction of living organisms andglobal climatic changes in geologic history arethought to have been caused by(1) the impact of asteroids or large meteors on

Earth’s surface(2) the gravitational pull of the Sun on Earth’s

surface(3) large energy surges from the surface of the

Sun(4) earthquakes occurring along crustal plate

boundaries

41. Why can bacteria quickly adapt to theirenvironment whereas humans take thousands ofyears?(1) bacteria are smaller than humans(2) bacteria are prokaryotic and humans are

eukaryotic(3) bacterial cells have no nucleus and human

cells do(4) bacteria can reproduce at a much quicker

rate humans

42. Information related to the organisms found on Earth during various geological time periods is represented in thechart below.

Which statement concerning the organisms represented in this chart is correct?(1) Life on Earth has remained the same.(2) Life on Earth has changed from primitive organisms to more complex organisms.(3) Life on Earth began with complex organisms and changed to more complex organisms.(4) Life on Earth has changed rapidly.

43. The diagram below shows the evolution of somedifferent species of flowers.

Which statement about the species is correct?(1) Species A, B, C, and D came from different

ancestors.(2) Species C evolved from species B.(3) Species A, B, and C can interbreed

successfully.(4) Species A became extinct.

Base your answers to questions 44 and 45 on thediagram below and on your knowledge of biology.Letters A through J represent different species oforganisms. The vertical distances between the dottedlines represent long periods of time in which majorenvironmental changes occurred.

44. Which species was the first to become extinct?(1) E (3) C(2) J (4) D

45. Which species was the most successful insurviving changes in the environment over time?(1) A (3) C(2) B (4) H

46. The diagram below shows the evolutionaryrelationships between several groups oforganisms.

Organisms with the greatest similarities wouldmost likely be found in which pair of genera?(1) 1 and 3 (3) 3 and 4(2) 2 and 3 (4) 1 and 4

47. A geologist finds fossils in the rock layersrepresented in the diagram below. Which is alikely conclusion that the geologist would make?

(1) All the fossils are of the same age.(2) The relative ages of the fossils cannot be

determined.(3) The fossils in rock layer D are older than

those in layer A.(4) The fossils in rock layer B are older than

those in layer C.

48. The diagram below illustrates a proposed evolutionary path of certain organisms, based on the theory ofevolution.

Which statement could best be inferred from the information in this diagram?(1) Evolution does not involve gradual change.(2) Evolutionary changes can result in extinction.(3) Evolution begins with plants.(4) Evolution produces organisms that all fill the same niche.

49. Which technique has been used by scientists todetermine that the Earth is at least 4.5 billionyears old?(1) radioactive dating of rocks in the Earth's

crust(2) comparing fossils found in the upper layer to

fossils found in the lower rock(3) using the electron microscope to observe

fossils of prehistoric microscopic life forms(4) using x-rays to find fossils buried in the

Earth's crust

50. A scientist studying fossils finds that a particularspecies changes very little over the years. Whatdid he observe?(1) The simplest fossil organisms appeared only

in the oldest rocks.(2) The simplest fossil organisms appeared only

in the newest rocks.(3) The same kind of fossil organisms appeared

in old and new rocks.(4) No fossil organisms of any kind appeared in

the newest rocks.

51. The diagram below shows the side of a hillexposed by an excavation. The rock layers havedifferent thicknesses, colors, and textures. Thesegeologic layers have been undisturbed sincetheir formation.

The fossils in layer I resemble the fossils in layerII, although they are more complex. Thisobservation suggests that(1) all fossils belong to the same kingdom and

phylum(2) simple forms of life may have evolved from

more complex forms(3) many different organisms have similar

proteins and enzymes(4) modern forms of life may have evolved from

older forms

52. The diagram below illustrates the distribution offossils in undisturbed layers of silt at the bottomof the ocean.

Which inference can correctly be made from thediagram?(1) The fossils in layer C are older than those in

layer A.(2) The fossils in layer B are older than those in

layer C.(3) The fossils in layer A are older than those in

layer C.(4) The fossils in layer A are older than those in

layer B.

53. The diagram below represents undisturbed rocklayers. A representative fossil of an organism isillustrated in each layer.

Which statement best describes a relationshipbetween these organisms?(1) Organism A was probably more structurally

advanced than organism B and organism C.(2) Organism C probably gave rise to organism

A and organism B.(3) All of these organisms probably evolved at

the same time.(4) Organism A was probably more primitive

than organism B and organism C.

54. In the diagram below of undisturbedsedimentary rock layers, in which rock layer arethe fossils of more complex animals generallyfound?

(1) A (3) E(2) B (4) D

55. The diagram below shows undisturbedsedimentary rock layers at the bottom of anocean.

The fossils found in layer B resemble the fossilsfound in layer A. This similarity suggests that(1) the fossils in layer B were formed before the

fossils in layer A(2) modern forms of life may have evolved from

earlier forms of life(3) vertebrate fossils are only found in sediments(4) the fossils in layer A must be more complex

than those in layer B

56. Which statement is best supported by fossilrecords?(1) Many organisms that lived in the past are

now extinct.(2) Species occupying the same habitat have

identical environmental needs.(3) The struggle for existence between

organisms results in changes in populations.(4) Structures such as leg bones and wing bones

can originate from the same type of tissuefound in embryos.

57. Similarity in the bone structures of whales, bats,and humans leads to the conclusion that they(1) originated in the same environment(2) belong to the same order of mammals(3) descended from a common ancestor(4) have the same chromosome number

58. The diagram below shows the bones in anappendage of a cat and in an appendage of a bird.

The similarities between these appendagessuggest that cats and birds(1) possess the same number of chromosomes(2) evolved from a common ancestor(3) evolved gradually over a long period of time(4) occupy the same habitat

59. A possible explanation for the differences instructure, function, and behavior betweenchimpanzees and humans is provided by the(1) heterotroph hypothesis(2) lock-and-key model(3) cell theory(4) theory of evolution

Base your answers to questions 60 and 61 on thediagram below and on your knowledge of biology.The diagram illustrates one possible scheme ofevolution among various groups of organisms.

60. Which inference does the diagram best support?(1) Members of the animal kingdom are more

complex than members of the plant kingdom.(2) Members of the animal kingdom and

members of the plant kingdom share acommon ancestry.

(3) Chordates are more closely related toarthropods than to echinoderms.

(4) Echinodermata and Annelida share acommon ancestry.

61. Which two groups of organisms in the diagramare shown to be most closely related?(1) Porifera and Echinodermata(2) Chordata and Platyhelminthes(3) Mollusca and Annelida(4) Arthropoda and Coelenterata

62. If a mutation provides an advantage to anorganism, future generations will have thatadvantage. This is a result of the process of(1) succession (3) mutation(2) evolution (4) extinction

63. The diagrams below illustrate three homologousstructures.

The structural similarities represented in thediagrams are considered supporting evidence for(1) the heterotroph hypothesis(2) a common ancestry(3) use and disuse(4) geographic isolation

64. In the diagram below, B, C, and D representorganisms that exist in the present time andshow a striking similarity to each other in theirbone structure.

In the diagram, letter A most likely represents(1) homologous structures(2) a common ancestor(3) an acquired characteristic(4) geographic distribution

65. Sheep and pigs have more enzymes in commonthan sheep and frogs do. This finding mayindicate that(1) none of these animals are related(2) frogs are not related to pigs(3) sheep are more closely related to pigs than to

frogs(4) frogs are more closely related to sheep than

topigs

Base your answers to questions 66 and 67 on

66. Which process is responsible for the differenttypes of beaks seen in the birds above?(1) cloning (3) selective breeding(2) succession (4) evolution

67. What is the advantage of having differentshaped beaks?(1) It allows the birds to escape predators(2) It allows the birds to access different food

sources(3) It allows the birds to see different prey(4) It allows the birds to fly in different ways

68. Certain populations of insects are now startingto resist pesticides. The survival of thesepopulations is a result of(1) natural selection(2) succession(3) increased pesticide use(4) use and disuse

69. What is the most likely reason for the increaseof antibiotic resistant bacteria?(1) high rates of mutation among bacteria(2) inheritance of acquired traits(3) increased use of antibiotics(4) decrease in the food supply

Base your answers to questions 70 and 71 on the information and illustration below.

Wooly mammoths are thought to have roamed the Earth until about 11,000 years ago in a tundra-like environmentbefore they became extinct. Remains of the wooly mammoth have been found in Northern parts of the worldpreserved in ice deposits. Some of these creatures found are thought to be 20,000-30,000 years old. Information aboutthe mammoth has also been gathered from drawings on cave walls by prehistoric humans. These drawings provide uswith a time frame of life, physical characteristics as well as information about where and how they lived.

70. Name one characteristic of the wooly mammoth that helped it survive in its environment for thousands of years.

________________________________________________________________________

71. List one reason that might have led to the extinction of the wooly mammoth.

(1)________________________________________________________________________

Base your answers to questions 72 and 73 on thediagrams a student drew of the different birds he sawon a trip.

72. The different shaped beaks give each bird someadvantage over another in obtaining food.

Pick any two birds from those shown anddescribe how the shape of their beak gives theman advantage.1) The ___________________;______________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________

2) The __________________:______________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________

73. Explain how all of these birds could coexist inthe same ecosystem.

74. Certain characteristics of animals help them get food or eat food.

Circle one of the animals and name one adaptation of the animal which helps it get or eat food. Explain how thecharacteristic you chose helps the animal get or eat its food.

75. Base your answer to the following question onthe diagram below.

These bird species differ in their beak size andshape. How do these different beaks allow forthese species to coexist in the same location?____________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________

76. Base your answer to the following question onon the diagram and description below.

The fur color on a snowshoe rabbit which livesin artic regions turns from a dark brown to whiteas winter approaches.

What benefit does the rabbit gain by its furchanging colors in the winter?

77. Charles Darwin, on his travels to the Galapagos Islands, observed many different kinds of bird beaks. Heobserved that this variation in bird beaks was adapted because it is a tool for survival. Draw a beak below thatwould be able to eat large and hard seeds and describe it below.

Describe your drawing of the beak. What characteristics allow the bird to eat seeds that are large and hard?

_____________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________

78. Base your answer to the following question(s) on the diagram below. The diagram shows an interpretation ofrelationships based on evolutionary theory. The letters represent different species.

Explain why species B and C are more closely related than species A and C are.

79. State what could happen to a species in a changing environment if the members of that species do not expressany genetic variations.

80. Consider the cartoon below.

Explain how this cartoon illustrates the conceptproposed by Charles Darwin of NaturalSelection.

________________________________________________________________________

81. Base your answer on the illustration of a duck's foot structure over time.

These changes have been adaptations that allowed the duck to adapt to the environment. What advantage didthis development give to the duck?__________________________________

Answer KeyPractice evolution [Mar 28, 2011]

Answer KeyPractice evolution [Mar 28, 2011]

1. 4

2. 3

3. 4

4. 3

5. 3

6. 4

7. 3

8. 4

9. 4

10. 2

11. 4

12. 3

13. 4

14. 2

15. 3

16. 1

17. 3

18. 2

19. 1

20. 1

21. 3

22. 1

23. 3

24. 4

25. 4

26. 3

27. 3

28. 2

29. 4

30. 4

31. 3

32. 4

33. 1

34. 4

35. 1

36. 1

37. 1

38. 1

39. 3

40. 1

41. 4

42. 2

43. 4

44. 4

45. 2

46. 3

47. 3

48. 2

49. 1

50. 3

51. 4

52. 1

53. 4

54. 1

55. 2

56. 1

57. 3

58. 2

59. 4

60. 4

61. 3

62. 2

63. 2

64. 2

65. 3

66. 4

67. 1

68. 1

69. 3

70. thick fur, fat layer, size,strong teeth

71. Unstableclimate/environmentalconditions/disease/humanhunting

72. answers will vary

73. They might all feed offa different source of food.

74. Horse - has legs tomove to its food and along neck to reach forfood.Tiger - is very quick tochase other animals and isstrong with sharp teeth.Woodpecker - has anarrow beak to cut intothe tree and find insectswithin.

75. Competition betweenthe birds decreases sinceeach beak is specializedfor eating different typesof food. For example, asmaller beak may only beable to chew small berrieswhile a larger beak cancrack shells of nuts.

76. The rabbit will beharder to see by animalsthat prey upon it.

77. Drawing should show alarge wide beak. The beakis large to hold large seedsand thick enough to crackopen hard shells.

78. example: – Species Band C have a commonancestor (F) that is morerecent than the commonancestor (H) of species Aand C.

79. examples: – Thespecies could becomeextinct. – The speciesdoes not evolve. – Thespecies remains the same.

Answer KeyPractice evolution [Mar 28, 2011]

80. It illustrates the concept ofsurvival of the fittest. Thetheory states that theenvironment selects forthose best adapted tosurvive theirenvironment–includingpredators.

81. It allowed the duck toswim better.