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The Cold War 1945-1990The Cold War 1945-1990

US vs. Union of Soviet Socialist RepublicsDemocracy vs. Communism

Capitalism vs. Socialism

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US/USSR Relationship during WWIIUS/USSR Relationship during WWII 1939: Stalin (USSR) makes a deal with Hitler 1939: Stalin (USSR) makes a deal with Hitler

(Germany).(Germany). 1941: Hitler breaks deal and attacks USSR.1941: Hitler breaks deal and attacks USSR. Stalin changes sides and fights with US and Stalin changes sides and fights with US and

other allies. other allies.

Post-World War Two TensionsPost-World War Two Tensions The U.S. and the Soviet Union were The U.S. and the Soviet Union were

allies in WWII, however the only allies in WWII, however the only commonality between them was commonality between them was opposition of the Axis powersopposition of the Axis powers

As tensions grew both countries As tensions grew both countries used used espionageespionage (spies) and (spies) and assisted their allies during small assisted their allies during small conflicts (wars)conflicts (wars)

Both Both countries stockpiled arms countries stockpiled arms including nuclear weaponsincluding nuclear weapons, and , and became known as became known as superpowerssuperpowers

The super powers did not fight The super powers did not fight directly with one another (= directly with one another (= nuclear annihilation), but nuclear annihilation), but competed for political influence competed for political influence over smaller countriesover smaller countries

The tensions between the The tensions between the superpowers began through superpowers began through political and economic political and economic differences:differences: the the Soviet Union Soviet Union was communist and the U.S. was communist and the U.S. capitalistcapitalist

44

Post WWII/Cold War Goals for USPost WWII/Cold War Goals for US

Promote open markets for Promote open markets for US goods to prevent another US goods to prevent another depressiondepression Promote democracy Promote democracy throughout the world, throughout the world, especially in Asia and Africaespecially in Asia and Africa Stop the spread of Stop the spread of communismcommunism

•““Domino Effect”Domino Effect”

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Post WWII/Cold War Goals for USSRPost WWII/Cold War Goals for USSRCreate greater security for itselfCreate greater security for itself

• Lost tens of millions of people in Lost tens of millions of people in WWII and Stalin’s purgesWWII and Stalin’s purges• Feared a strong GermanyFeared a strong Germany

Establish defensible bordersEstablish defensible bordersEncourage friendly governments on its Encourage friendly governments on its bordersbordersSpread communism around the worldSpread communism around the world

““From Stettin in the Baltic to Trieste in From Stettin in the Baltic to Trieste in the Adriatic an iron curtain has the Adriatic an iron curtain has descended across the Continent. Behind descended across the Continent. Behind that line lie all the capitals of the ancient that line lie all the capitals of the ancient states of Central and Eastern Europe. states of Central and Eastern Europe. Warsaw, Berlin, Prague, Vienna, Warsaw, Berlin, Prague, Vienna, Budapest, Belgrade, Bucharest and Budapest, Belgrade, Bucharest and Sofia, all these famous cities and the Sofia, all these famous cities and the populations around them lie in what I populations around them lie in what I must call the Soviet sphere, and all are must call the Soviet sphere, and all are subject in one form or another, not only subject in one form or another, not only to Soviet influence but to a very high to Soviet influence but to a very high and, in some cases, increasing measure and, in some cases, increasing measure of control from Moscow.”of control from Moscow.”

Excerpt from Winston Excerpt from Winston Churchill’s “Iron Curtain Churchill’s “Iron Curtain Speech.”Speech.”

Tensions between the USA and Tensions between the USA and the Soviet Union (USSR)the Soviet Union (USSR)

The tensions between the U.S. and the Soviet Union became known as the Cold War because the conflict never erupted into an open war. It lasted over forty years.

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Cold War CharacteristicsCold War Characteristics• Political, strategic and ideological struggle Political, strategic and ideological struggle

between the US and the USSR that spread between the US and the USSR that spread throughout the worldthroughout the world

• Struggle that contained everything short of warStruggle that contained everything short of war• Competing social and economic ideologiesCompeting social and economic ideologies

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Key Concept: What were the six major Key Concept: What were the six major strategies of the Cold War? strategies of the Cold War?

The six major strategies were: The six major strategies were: 1. 1. Brinkmanship,Brinkmanship,2. 2. Espionage,Espionage,3. 3. Foreign aid,Foreign aid,4.4. Alliances,Alliances,5. 5. Propaganda,Propaganda,6. 6. Surrogate wars.Surrogate wars.

2.2.

3.3.

4.4.

5.5.

6.6.

1.1.

Canada and the Marshall PlanCanada and the Marshall Plan UK and USA wanted Europe to recover after WWIIUK and USA wanted Europe to recover after WWII USSR wanted Europe to remain in despair to make USSR wanted Europe to remain in despair to make

communism appealingcommunism appealing Canada loaned the UK large sums of money from Canada loaned the UK large sums of money from

1945 -1948 to help in their recovery1945 -1948 to help in their recovery 1948, Secretary of State George Marshall came up 1948, Secretary of State George Marshall came up

with a plan to help Europe recover with a plan to help Europe recover Canada and the US jointly contributed 13.5 billion Canada and the US jointly contributed 13.5 billion

dollars (mostly from the US) in supplies and loans dollars (mostly from the US) in supplies and loans from 1948 -1953from 1948 -1953

The recovery in Europe was beyond the expectations The recovery in Europe was beyond the expectations of those who created the planof those who created the plan

Stability and prosperity returned to Western Europe Stability and prosperity returned to Western Europe within a decade within a decade

Canada Canada and and

the Cold the Cold WarWar

Canada and the Cold War- Canada and the Cold War- Concerns and SuspicionsConcerns and Suspicions

The Gouzenko AffairThe Gouzenko Affair

In September 1945 a Russian clerk at the Soviet Embassy in Ottawa, Igor Gouzenko took documents proving a Soviet spy ring was operating in Canada to the Ottawa Journal.

At first no one paid him any attention, so Gouzenko fearing for his life and his family’s he went to the RCMP, the department of justice, and the PM’s office.

The Gouzenko Affair – cont’The Gouzenko Affair – cont’

it wasn’t until Soviet agents broke into Gouzenko’s apartment that the police listened to his story.

In February 1946 the RCMP arrested several people suspected of being Soviet spies; eighteen were brought to trial and eight were found guilty.

The spy ring was likely trying to discover the secrets of the atomic bomb

The threat of communism and the Cold War now hit home for Canadians

The Red ScareThe Red Scare The massive fear of communism The massive fear of communism

became known as the became known as the Red Red ScareScare

The RCMP began inquiries of The RCMP began inquiries of potential communists in Canadapotential communists in Canada

PM Louis St. Laurent refused to PM Louis St. Laurent refused to outlaw communism, believing outlaw communism, believing doing do was a dictatorship doing do was a dictatorship tactic not a democratictactic not a democratic

Quebec Premier Maurice Quebec Premier Maurice DuplessisDuplessis introduced introduced the the Padlock lawPadlock law to shut down to shut down suspected communist suspected communist organizationsorganizations

Policy of ContainmentPolicy of Containment Western countries Western countries

feared that the goal of feared that the goal of communists was to communists was to overthrow all societies overthrow all societies

the American strategy the American strategy was to was to ‘contain’ ‘contain’ communism by communism by preventing it from preventing it from spreading to other spreading to other countriescountries

The U.S. therefore The U.S. therefore provided economic aid provided economic aid and military support and military support to those countries to those countries threatened by threatened by communismcommunism

Policy of ContainmentPolicy of Containment

Containment – Domino TheoryContainment – Domino Theory The Domino TheoryThe Domino Theory: the : the

Americans developed this Americans developed this metaphor to metaphor to describe the describe the fear of countries falling fear of countries falling one by one to the one by one to the Soviets and communismSoviets and communism

Stalin had quickly created Stalin had quickly created communist regimes in communist regimes in Bulgaria, Hungary, Bulgaria, Hungary, Romania, Poland, Romania, Poland, Czechoslovakia, and Czechoslovakia, and Yugoslavia after WWIIYugoslavia after WWII

McCarthyismMcCarthyism In the U.S. anyone In the U.S. anyone

suspected of being a suspected of being a communist could be communist could be persecuted, fired or black persecuted, fired or black listed; this became listed; this became known as “known as “witch witch hunting” or hunting” or McCarthyismMcCarthyism because it because it was led by was led by Senator Senator Joseph McCarthy and Joseph McCarthy and the “Committee of Un-the “Committee of Un-American Activities”American Activities”

The Division of GermanyThe Division of Germany At the end of WWII Germany was split into At the end of WWII Germany was split into

four zones of occupationfour zones of occupation Britain, France, the U.S. joined their three Britain, France, the U.S. joined their three

zones to form West Germany and the Soviet zones to form West Germany and the Soviet Union created East Germany (German Union created East Germany (German Democratic Republic)Democratic Republic)

Although Berlin was Although Berlin was located in East Germany, it located in East Germany, it also was divided into four also was divided into four zones. Western nations zones. Western nations were permitted access were permitted access through specific highways, through specific highways, railways and air corridors.railways and air corridors.

Germany – Berlin BlockadeGermany – Berlin Blockade When the West introduced new When the West introduced new

currency into West Germany, the currency into West Germany, the Soviet Union refused to accept it Soviet Union refused to accept it in Berlin and blocked in Berlin and blocked transportation routes which the transportation routes which the West used to supply West Berlin.West used to supply West Berlin.

This was considered a direct act This was considered a direct act of confrontation by Stalin, and the of confrontation by Stalin, and the Western nations did not want to Western nations did not want to give up Berlin (due to the domino give up Berlin (due to the domino theory).theory).

For 15 months For 15 months (June 24, 1948 (June 24, 1948 to May 11, 1949) to May 11, 1949) West Berlin West Berlin got supplies through massive got supplies through massive airlifts by the Western Nations.airlifts by the Western Nations.

The Soviets realized the blockade The Soviets realized the blockade was not working and the dispute was not working and the dispute ended with two separate ended with two separate governments for Berlin.governments for Berlin.

Berlin Blockade - AirliftsBerlin Blockade - Airlifts

Berlin BlockadeBerlin Blockade

Western Allies Western Allies decided to form NATOdecided to form NATO (1948) after the Berlin Blockade Crisis(1948) after the Berlin Blockade Crisis• NATO: North Atlantic Treaty OrganizationNATO: North Atlantic Treaty Organization

The Berlin Blockade became one of the first The Berlin Blockade became one of the first major crises of the new Cold Warmajor crises of the new Cold War

The crisis subsided after the Soviet Union did The crisis subsided after the Soviet Union did not act to stop American, British and French not act to stop American, British and French humanitarian airlifts of food and other humanitarian airlifts of food and other provisions to the Western-held sectors of provisions to the Western-held sectors of Berlin; referred to as Operation Vittles. Berlin; referred to as Operation Vittles.

The Berlin Blockade was one of the largest The Berlin Blockade was one of the largest blockades in history.blockades in history.

Germany – The Berlin WallGermany – The Berlin Wall

In August 1961 the Berlin Wall began In August 1961 the Berlin Wall began construction, closing the border between construction, closing the border between East and West Berlin (for 28 years). East and West Berlin (for 28 years).

Professionals and skilled workers were Professionals and skilled workers were migrating to West Berlin, damaging the migrating to West Berlin, damaging the East economically and Soviet leader East economically and Soviet leader Khrushchev approved the building of a Khrushchev approved the building of a wall wall to stop emigrationto stop emigration. .

The Berlin Wall became a major symbol of The Berlin Wall became a major symbol of the Cold Warthe Cold War

Berlin WallBerlin Wall

East German construction workers building East German construction workers building the Berlin Wall, the Berlin Wall, 20 November 1961..

Berlin WallBerlin WallBerlin Wall - view from

West Berlin - death strip &

graffiti;In the last

phase of the wall's

development, the "death

strip" between fence and

concrete wall gave guards a clear shot at hundreds of

would-be escapees from

the East.

Canada in Korea (1950-53)Canada in Korea (1950-53) Canadian Government Canadian Government

sent troops, three navy sent troops, three navy destroyers and air craftdestroyers and air craft

Over 22,000 Canadians Over 22,000 Canadians fought in Korea between fought in Korea between June 1950 and July 1953June 1950 and July 1953

309 were killed, 1,203 309 were killed, 1,203 were wounded and 32 were wounded and 32 became POWsbecame POWs

Canadians took on a Canadians took on a peacekeeping role after peacekeeping role after the armistice was signedthe armistice was signed

Suez Crisis (1956)Suez Crisis (1956) In 1956, Egypt seized the In 1956, Egypt seized the

Suez Canal from France Suez Canal from France and Britainand Britain

France, Britain and Israel France, Britain and Israel joined forces and joined forces and attacked Egypt to take attacked Egypt to take back control of the Canalback control of the Canal

The Soviet Union sided The Soviet Union sided with Egypt and demanded with Egypt and demanded a withdrawl of the a withdrawl of the invading armiesinvading armies

The fighting increasedThe fighting increased Looked as if this crisis Looked as if this crisis

would ignite a Third World would ignite a Third World WarWar

The Suez Crisis & The Start of The Suez Crisis & The Start of UN PeacekeepingUN Peacekeeping

Canada’s Acting Minister of Canada’s Acting Minister of External Affairs, Lester Pearson, External Affairs, Lester Pearson, came up with a plan to end the came up with a plan to end the conflictconflict

He went to the UN and He went to the UN and suggested creating a suggested creating a peacekeeping force to run the peacekeeping force to run the Suez Canal until a settlement Suez Canal until a settlement could be reachedcould be reached

The UN agreed and the battle The UN agreed and the battle forces withdrew from the canalforces withdrew from the canal

Lester Pearson was awarded the Lester Pearson was awarded the Nobel Peace Prize for his efforts Nobel Peace Prize for his efforts in ending the Suez Crisisin ending the Suez Crisis

Vietnam War (1954-1975)Vietnam War (1954-1975) Communist North Vietnam Communist North Vietnam

invaded capitalist South Vietnaminvaded capitalist South Vietnam The United States entered the The United States entered the

war to stop Vietnam from war to stop Vietnam from becoming a united communist becoming a united communist nationnation

The US were involved militarily in The US were involved militarily in Vietnam from the early 1960s Vietnam from the early 1960s until they withdrew in 1975until they withdrew in 1975

The communists took control of The communists took control of VietnamVietnam

The war divided the people of the The war divided the people of the United StatesUnited States

1.3 million Vietnamese and 1.3 million Vietnamese and 58,000 Americans were killed as 58,000 Americans were killed as a result of the conflicta result of the conflict

Canada and Vietnam (1955-1975)Canada and Vietnam (1955-1975) In 1965, PM Lester Pearson In 1965, PM Lester Pearson

criticized US involvement in criticized US involvement in Vietnam in a speech he gave at Vietnam in a speech he gave at an American universityan American university

US President Lyndon Johnson US President Lyndon Johnson met Pearson the next daymet Pearson the next day

Johnson lifted Pearson off the Johnson lifted Pearson off the floor by his coat collar and told floor by his coat collar and told him, “You came into my house him, “You came into my house and pissed on my rug!”.and pissed on my rug!”.

The Canadian Government also The Canadian Government also let US let US Draft Dodgers Draft Dodgers and and conscientious objectors into conscientious objectors into Canada during the Vietnam WarCanada during the Vietnam War

This also angered the US This also angered the US Government who felt that these Government who felt that these people should be tried as people should be tried as criminals in the United Statescriminals in the United States

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Cuban Missile Crisis (1959-1962)Cuban Missile Crisis (1959-1962)This was the closest the world ever came to nuclear war. The US This was the closest the world ever came to nuclear war. The US armed forces were at their highest state of readiness ever, and armed forces were at their highest state of readiness ever, and Soviets in Cuba were prepared to launch Soviets in Cuba were prepared to launch nuclear weapons to nuclear weapons to defend the island if it were invaded. defend the island if it were invaded. In 1962, the USSR lagged far behind the US in the arms race. In 1962, the USSR lagged far behind the US in the arms race. Soviet missiles were only powerful enough to be launched against Soviet missiles were only powerful enough to be launched against Europe but US missiles were capable of striking the entire Soviet Europe but US missiles were capable of striking the entire Soviet Union. Union. In April 1962, Soviet Premier Khrushchev deployed missiles in Cuba In April 1962, Soviet Premier Khrushchev deployed missiles in Cuba to provide a deterrent to a potential US attack against the USSR. to provide a deterrent to a potential US attack against the USSR. Meanwhile, Fidel Castro was looking for a way to defend his island Meanwhile, Fidel Castro was looking for a way to defend his island nation from an attack by the US. Ever since the failed Bay of Pigs nation from an attack by the US. Ever since the failed Bay of Pigs invasion in 1961, Castro felt a second attack was inevitable.invasion in 1961, Castro felt a second attack was inevitable.Consequently, he approved of Khrushchev's plan to place missiles Consequently, he approved of Khrushchev's plan to place missiles on the island. In the summer of 1962 the USSR secretly installed the on the island. In the summer of 1962 the USSR secretly installed the missiles. missiles.

CIA map showing range of Soviet supplied CIA map showing range of Soviet supplied intermediate and medium range missiles if intermediate and medium range missiles if launched from Cubalaunched from Cuba

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Cuban Missile Crisis…Cuban Missile Crisis… The crisis began on October 15, 1962 The crisis began on October 15, 1962 when reconnaissance revealed Soviet when reconnaissance revealed Soviet missiles under missiles under construction in Cuba.construction in Cuba. After seven days of intense debate within After seven days of intense debate within the White House, Kennedy imposed a the White House, Kennedy imposed a blockade around Cuba to stop the arrival of blockade around Cuba to stop the arrival of more Soviet missiles.more Soviet missiles. On October 22, Kennedy announced the On October 22, Kennedy announced the

discovery of the missiles and his decision discovery of the missiles and his decision to blockade Cuba and that any attack to blockade Cuba and that any attack launched from Cuba would be regarded as launched from Cuba would be regarded as an attack on the US by the USSR and an attack on the US by the USSR and demanded that the Soviets remove all of demanded that the Soviets remove all of their offensive weapons from Cuba. their offensive weapons from Cuba. October 27 was the worst day of the crisis. October 27 was the worst day of the crisis. A U-2 spy plane was shot down over Cuba.A U-2 spy plane was shot down over Cuba. Tensions finally began to ease on October Tensions finally began to ease on October 28 when Khrushchev announced that he 28 when Khrushchev announced that he would dismantle the installations and would dismantle the installations and remove the missiles, expressing his trust remove the missiles, expressing his trust that the US would not invade Cuba. that the US would not invade Cuba. Further negotiations were held to Further negotiations were held to implement the October 28 agreement, implement the October 28 agreement, including a US demand that Soviet bombers including a US demand that Soviet bombers be removed from Cuba, and specifying the be removed from Cuba, and specifying the exact form and exact form and conditions of US assurances conditions of US assurances not to invade Cuba.not to invade Cuba.

From top: Castro, Kennedy, From top: Castro, Kennedy, Khrushchev, and poster for Khrushchev, and poster for a movie about the crisis a movie about the crisis called called Thirteen DaysThirteen Days