1. the alliance system triple entente: triple alliance:
TRANSCRIPT
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1. The Alliance System1. The Alliance System
Triple EntenteTriple Entente::Triple EntenteTriple Entente:: Triple AllianceTriple Alliance::Triple AllianceTriple Alliance::
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Two Armed Camps!Two Armed Camps!Allied PowersAllied Powers::Allied PowersAllied Powers:: Central PowersCentral Powers::Central PowersCentral Powers::
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The Major Players: 1914-17
The Major Players: 1914-17
Nicholas II Nicholas II [Rus][Rus]
Nicholas II Nicholas II [Rus][Rus]
George V [Br]George V [Br]George V [Br]George V [Br]
Pres. Poincare Pres. Poincare [Fr][Fr]
Pres. Poincare Pres. Poincare [Fr][Fr]
Allied PowersAllied Powers::Allied PowersAllied Powers::
Franz Josef [A-H]Franz Josef [A-H]Franz Josef [A-H]Franz Josef [A-H]
Wilhelm II [Ger]Wilhelm II [Ger]Wilhelm II [Ger]Wilhelm II [Ger]
Victor Emmanuel Victor Emmanuel II [It]II [It]
Victor Emmanuel Victor Emmanuel II [It]II [It]
Central PowersCentral Powers::Central PowersCentral Powers::
Enver PashaEnver Pasha[Turkey][Turkey]
Enver PashaEnver Pasha[Turkey][Turkey]
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Europe in 1914Europe in 1914
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The Schlieffen PlanThe Schlieffen Plan
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The Western Front:
A “War of
Attrition”
The Western Front:
A “War of
Attrition”
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A Multi-Front WarA Multi-Front War
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The Western FrontThe Western Front
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Stalemate on the Western Front
• Germans go through Belgium towards Paris.
• Belgians put up resistance.
• Schlieffen Plan Failure:– 1. Russia mobilized quicker than expected.– 2. After a few small Russian victories-
German generals shifted forces in the west.
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– Sept 1914-1st Battle of Marne-ended Germany’s hopes for quick victory on Western Front.
• Both sides dug deep trenches for protection-led to stalemate-deadlock
• Battle line in France would remain almost unchanged for four years.
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WWI Technology
• Many thought that WWI was going to be quick, however, advances in technology and warfare dragged the war out. This in turn led to massive devastation.
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U-BoatsU-Boats
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Allied Ships Sunk by U-Boats
Allied Ships Sunk by U-Boats
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Machine Guns
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Trench WarfareTrench Warfare
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Trench WarfareTrench Warfare
““No Man’s No Man’s Land”Land”
““No Man’s No Man’s Land”Land”
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Poison Gas
Poison Gas
Machine Gun
Machine Gun
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FlameThrowers
FlameThrowers
GrenadeLaunchersGrenade
Launchers
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Krupp’s “Big Bertha” GunKrupp’s “Big Bertha” Gun
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French Renault TankFrench Renault Tank
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The AirplaneThe Airplane
“Squadron Over the Brenta”
Max Edler von Poosch, 1917
“Squadron Over the Brenta”
Max Edler von Poosch, 1917
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The ZeppelinThe Zeppelin
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War Is HELL !!War Is HELL !!
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Sacrifices in WarSacrifices in War
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Russian Losses on Eastern Front
• Aug. 14Russian armies pushed to Eastern Germany.
• At Tannenberg-suffered major defeat-and troops retreated to Russia.
• Poorly equipped to fight modern war-lacked weaponry, ex-rifles.
• Russian commanders continued to send soldiers after crushing defeat.
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The War Wages On…
• By 1917-Europeans were strained by war.
• Casualties on the fronts and shortages at home sapped morale.
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Economies Committed to War Production….
• All warring nations imposed militarily conscription.
• Germany set up system of forced civilian labor as well.
• Govt. raised taxes and borrowed huge amounts of $ to pay for war.
• They rationed food and other products-boots, gas, meat etc…
• They also set prices and forbid strikes. • TOTAL WAR
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Economic Warfare
• Britain’s navy blockaded North Sea to keep ships from carrying supplies in and out of Germany.
• International laws allowed wartime blockade to confiscate contraband.
• Against international law-British blockade stopped both types of goods from reaching Germany—caused starvation.
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Germany…in turn
• Germany used U-boats to create own blockade.• 1915-declared it would sink all ships carrying goods to
Britain. • May 1915, German submarine torpedoed British liner
Lusitania off coast of Ireland-Killed 1,198 passenger, 128 were Americans.
• Germany justified attack saying it was carrying weapons.
• In turn, US President Wilson threatened to cut off diplomatic relations with Germany unless it restricted its submarine campaignGermany obliges for a short time.
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Propaganda War
• WWI=total war.• Censorship occurred, even in democratic nations, to
keep complete casualty figures and other discouraging news from the public.
• Why?• Propaganda was used-to motivate military mobilization.
– Britain-prior to 1916-to urge people to enlist– France and Germany-urged people to loan money to the govt. – Later, Allies played up brutality of Germany’s invasion of
Belgium.– British and French press circulated tales of atrocities-though
some occurred most were inflated.
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Recruitment PostersRecruitment Posters
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Recruits of the Central PowersRecruits of the Central Powers
Austro-Austro-HungariansHungarians
Austro-Austro-HungariansHungarians
A German A German Soldier Says Soldier Says
Farewell to His Farewell to His MotherMother
A German A German Soldier Says Soldier Says
Farewell to His Farewell to His MotherMother
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New French RecruitsNew French Recruits
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A German Boy Pretends to Be a Soldier
A German Boy Pretends to Be a Soldier
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American PosterAmerican Poster
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Financing the WarFinancing the War
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German PosterGerman Poster
Think of Your Children!Think of Your Children!
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Soldiers Mobilized
0
2
4
6
8
10
12
14
France Germany Russia Britain
Mil
lio
ns
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Women in the war…
• Women took over men’s jobs while they were at war.
• Many worked in factories-creating weapons and supplies for overseas.
• Others joined women branches-such as nurses in the Red Cross.
• Aided in Women’s Suffrage in Britain, Germany and US
• Had to give up role post WWI.
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Financing the WarFinancing the War
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For RecruitmentFor Recruitment
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Munitions WorkersMunitions Workers
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French Women Factory Workers
French Women Factory Workers
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German Women Factory Workers
German Women Factory Workers
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Working in the FieldsWorking in the Fields
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A Woman Ambulance Driver
A Woman Ambulance Driver
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Red Cross NursesRed Cross Nurses
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Women in the Army Auxiliary
Women in the Army Auxiliary
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Morale Collapses
• Morale plunged
• Germany was sending 15 year olds to the front line
• Some troops in French units mutinied.
• Italy-many deserted
• Russia-many left to join revolution at home…
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Russian Revolution
• Public confidence diminished upon hearing stories of incompetent generals and corruption.
• March 1917-bread riots in St. Petersburg erupted in revolution that brought down the Russian monarchy.
• At 1st-Allies welcomed overthrow of tsar-hoped it would institute democratic govt….
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• V.I. Lenin came to power with promise to pull Russian troops out of war.
• 1918-Lenin signed the Treaty of Brest-Litovsk with Germany-which ended their participation in the war.– Had an immediate impact– Germany could now concentrate its forces on
Western Front
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Unrestricted Submarine Warfare
• Germany ceased submarine attacks after the Lusitania in 1915…Feb 1, 1917-desperate to break stalemate-German govt. resumed practice.
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Zimmerman Telegram
• Early 1917-British intercepted message from German foreign minister, Arthur Zimmerman, to his ambassador in Mexico.
• Germany offered to help New Mexico “reconquer the lost territory in New Mexico, Texas, and Arizona, in return for Mexican support against the US.”
• This infuriated Americans.
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Wilson Declares War
• April 1917, Wilson asked Congress to declare war on Germany.
• He painted it as “a war to end all wars.” and “to make the world safe for democracy.”
• US needed months to recruit, train, supply, and transport a modern army across the Atlantic.
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The Sinking of the Lusitania
The Sinking of the Lusitania
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The Zimmerman Telegram
The Zimmerman Telegram
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US in the War
• By 1918-about 2 million American soldiers had joined the war-weary Allied troops fighting on the Western Front.
• Few actually engaged in combat.
• Gave Allies much needed morale boost.– Also, provided economic aid to Allies.
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The YanksAre
Coming!
The YanksAre
Coming!
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Victory at Last
• Germany wanted to finish war before American troops arrived in Europe.
• March-Germans launched huge offensive that by July pushed the Allies back 40 miles.
• Efforts exhausted them
• US troops arrived by the thousands
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• Allies launched a counterattack, slowly driving German forces back across France and Belgium.
• Sept. German generals told the Kaiser they couldn’t win.
• Uprisings exploded among hungry city dwellers across Germany. German commanders advised Kaiser to step down and William II did so in early Nov. fleeing to the Netherlands.
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• By autumn, A-H was collapsing
• Bulgaria and Ottoman empire also asked for peace.
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THE END…
• An armistice was signed on November 11, 1918 at 11 am.
• 11 11 11
• Month Day Hour
• The Great War at last came to an end…
• What do we celebrate on 11/11?
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Fourteen Points
• Jan 1918-Wilson created a list of his terms for resolving this and future wars.
• Called for freedom of the seas, free trade, large-scale reductions or arms, and an end to secret treaties.
• Border shifts• He favored self-determination for Eastern
Europe• Urged for the creation of a “general
association of nations” aka League of Nations
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However…
• While Wilson’s 14 point plan was mild, France and Italy wanted much harsher terms.
• Allies met at Paris Peace Conference-(Central Powers and Russia not allowed)
• Wilson has to compromise but NOT on collective security
• Germany forced to sign Treaty of Versailles on June 28, 1919
• Germany horrified-sets stage for WWII!