1 team m1 enigma machine 3rd may, 2006 adithya attawar (m11) shilpi chakrabarti (m12) mike sokolsky...
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Team M1Enigma Machine
3rd May, 2006
Team M1Enigma Machine
3rd May, 2006
Adithya Attawar (M11)Shilpi Chakrabarti (M12)
Mike Sokolsky (M14)
Design Manager: Prateek Goenka
Adithya Attawar (M11)Shilpi Chakrabarti (M12)
Mike Sokolsky (M14)
Design Manager: Prateek Goenka
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Agenda for Final Presentation
Agenda for Final Presentation
• Title Slide• Project Description • Marketing• Behavioral/Algorithmic Description• Design Process• Floorplan• Issues Encountered• Layout• Verification• Specifications• Conclusions
• Title Slide• Project Description • Marketing• Behavioral/Algorithmic Description• Design Process• Floorplan• Issues Encountered• Layout• Verification• Specifications• Conclusions
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Project DescriptionProject Description
• Implement on chip the functionality of a World War II Enigma cipher machine.
• A sophisticated variation on a simple substitution code, it involves a string of 9 letter pair substitutions, some of which change for each new character sent through it.
• Must re-create the effect of both the electrical and mechanical aspects of the device on chip.
• User must be able to change the configuration.
• Each character represented as a 5-bit number.
• Implement on chip the functionality of a World War II Enigma cipher machine.
• A sophisticated variation on a simple substitution code, it involves a string of 9 letter pair substitutions, some of which change for each new character sent through it.
• Must re-create the effect of both the electrical and mechanical aspects of the device on chip.
• User must be able to change the configuration.
• Each character represented as a 5-bit number.
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MarketingMarketing
1) Historical significance
- Complex electromechanical device used by Germans
- Was the most secure communication method during WWII
1) Historical significance
- Complex electromechanical device used by Germans
- Was the most secure communication method during WWII
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Marketing Cont.Marketing Cont.
2) Fun Toy!• Target Audience: 12-18 year olds• Innovative: Kids can send secret
messages to each other behind their parent’s back!
2) Fun Toy!• Target Audience: 12-18 year olds• Innovative: Kids can send secret
messages to each other behind their parent’s back!
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Functional DescriptionFunctional Description
1st step: Plug Board2nd step: Rotors3rd step: Reflector4th step: Rotors5th step: Plug Board
1st step: Plug Board2nd step: Rotors3rd step: Reflector4th step: Rotors5th step: Plug Board
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Enigma Operation: Plug boardEnigma Operation: Plug board• Manually wired and
changed daily• Daily settings specified in
codebooks given to operators
• Matched letter pairs (A-J, J-A)
• Increased number of possible machine configurations by 26*24*22*… = ~1013
• Manually wired and changed daily
• Daily settings specified in codebooks given to operators
• Matched letter pairs (A-J, J-A)
• Increased number of possible machine configurations by 26*24*22*… = ~1013
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Enigma Operation: Rotors & Reflector
Enigma Operation: Rotors & Reflector
• 26 spring-loaded contacts on each side
• Set to an arbitrary initial position for each message
• Each rotor has unique internal wiring to perform letter swaps
• Rightmost rotor steps one notch with each keystroke, the others every 26, 262, etc.
• Reflector does not move; hard-wired; swaps letters and ‘reflects’ signal back through rotors
• 26 spring-loaded contacts on each side
• Set to an arbitrary initial position for each message
• Each rotor has unique internal wiring to perform letter swaps
• Rightmost rotor steps one notch with each keystroke, the others every 26, 262, etc.
• Reflector does not move; hard-wired; swaps letters and ‘reflects’ signal back through rotors
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The Datapath
The Datapath
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Char RegData Reg
5-BitAdder% 26
Wheelshift ROM
PlugboardSRAM
ReflectorROM
Output Reg
CurrentWheel
Counter
WheelPositionCounters
Input
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Char RegData Reg
5-BitAdder% 26
Wheelshift ROM
PlugboardSRAM
ReflectorROM
Output Reg
CurrentWheel
Counter
WheelPositionCounters
InputStep 1: Input Entered
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Char RegData Reg
5-BitAdder% 26
Wheelshift ROM
PlugboardSRAM
ReflectorROM
Output Reg
CurrentWheel
Counter
WheelPositionCounters
InputStep 2: Plug Board
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Char RegData Reg
5-BitAdder% 26
Wheelshift ROM
PlugboardSRAM
ReflectorROM
Output Reg
CurrentWheel
Counter
WheelPositionCounters
InputStep 3: Rotor
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Char RegData Reg
5-BitAdder% 26
Wheelshift ROM
PlugboardSRAM
ReflectorROM
Output Reg
CurrentWheel
Counter
WheelPositionCounters
InputStep 4: Rotor maps new char
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Char RegData Reg
5-BitAdder% 26
Wheelshift ROM
PlugboardSRAM
ReflectorROM
Output Reg
CurrentWheel
Counter
WheelPositionCounters
InputStep 5: Reflector
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Char RegData Reg
5-BitAdder% 26
Wheelshift ROM
PlugboardSRAM
ReflectorROM
Output Reg
CurrentWheel
Counter
WheelPositionCounters
InputStep 6: Back through rotor
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Char RegData Reg
5-BitAdder% 26
Wheelshift ROM
PlugboardSRAM
ReflectorROM
Output Reg
CurrentWheel
Counter
WheelPositionCounters
InputStep 7: Rotor maps new char
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Char RegData Reg
5-BitAdder% 26
Wheelshift ROM
PlugboardSRAM
ReflectorROM
Output Reg
CurrentWheel
Counter
WheelPositionCounters
InputStep 8: Plug Board
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Design ProcessDesign Process• Initial Design:
• Problem:How to model the Mechanical behavior of the machine?
• Solution: Use a modular system architecture with memory used to implement the rotors, plugboard, and reflector
The Modular nature of the design allows for
flexibility in the number of wheels used and the initial position of the wheels.
• Initial Design:
• Problem:How to model the Mechanical behavior of the machine?
• Solution: Use a modular system architecture with memory used to implement the rotors, plugboard, and reflector
The Modular nature of the design allows for
flexibility in the number of wheels used and the initial position of the wheels.
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Design ProcessDesign Process
• Design Decisions:
Use a separate ROM for the wheel and reflector. This allows for 1-bit less in addressing and removes one clock cycle from the encryption
• Design Decisions:
Use a separate ROM for the wheel and reflector. This allows for 1-bit less in addressing and removes one clock cycle from the encryption
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FloorplanFloorplan
• Initial floorplan• Initial floorplan
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Wheelreg_serialinW
heelcounters
Fsm
Adder_mod26
Reg3bx8 serialin
rom208
RAM
rom26
RA
M
Final Floorplan
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Final Layout
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Reg3bx8 serialin
AddM
od26
rom208
FsmWheelreg_serialW
heel Counters RAM
ROM26
RAM
Final Layout
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Metal RulesMetal Rules• Low-level modules use rules of
directionality as guidelines.• Low-level modules use rules of
directionality as guidelines.
• Use metal 2 sparingly• Use metal 2 sparingly
• High-level modules use metal 2 as short interconnects, 3 & 4 follow top-level rules
• High-level modules use metal 2 as short interconnects, 3 & 4 follow top-level rules
• Top-level uses metal 2 in any direction, 3 & 4 directions are strictly enforced
• Top-level uses metal 2 in any direction, 3 & 4 directions are strictly enforced
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Layer Masks - PolyLayer Masks - Poly
Density: 8.25%
Transistor Density: 0.19 per µM2
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Layer Masks - Metal 1Layer Masks - Metal 1
Density: 31.36%
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Layer Masks - Metal 2Layer Masks - Metal 2
Density: 16.96%
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Layer Masks - Metal 3Layer Masks - Metal 3
Density: 12.25%
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Layer Masks - Metal 4Layer Masks - Metal 4
Density: 11.44%
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VerificationVerification
• C Code / Behavioral / Structural is easy!!!• C Code / Behavioral / Structural is easy!!!
• NC Verilog schematic verification also easy, same results.
• NC Verilog schematic verification also easy, same results.
• Analog simulations of the entire chip need to be broken down.
• Analog simulations of the entire chip need to be broken down.
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Module TestingModule Testing
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Estimated Critical PathEstimated Critical Path
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Char RegData Reg
5-BitAdder% 26
Wheelshift ROM
PlugboardSRAM
ReflectorROM
Output Reg
CurrentWheel
Counter
WheelPositionCounters
Input
ExtractedRCDelay: 3.03nS
Max estimated clock speed of 333 Mhz.
Estimated Critical Path
Estimated Critical Path
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What’s holding it back?What’s holding it back?
• Worst case adder delay is well over twice as long as most other cases
• Worst case adder delay is well over twice as long as most other cases
• Decoders -> contribute most of the delay to the SRAM and ROM.
• Decoders -> contribute most of the delay to the SRAM and ROM.
A + B > 25 - 26
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PinsPins
PINS # Purpose
Data Inputs 16setting inputs, character input
Control Inputs 4clk, set, reset, start
Data Outputs 5 character out
Power 2 vdd, ground
TOTAL 27
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UsageUsage• Set enters the initialization and
load mode. (26 clock cycles) • Set enters the initialization and
load mode. (26 clock cycles)
• Reset clears the current operation and state, returns to the initialized settings.
• Reset clears the current operation and state, returns to the initialized settings.
• Newchar starts the encryption cycle, completes and leaves the value at charout.
• Newchar starts the encryption cycle, completes and leaves the value at charout.
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SpecificationsSpecifications
• Maximum clock speed: 333 Mhz• Maximum clock speed: 333 Mhz
• Average power consumption: 2 mW • Average power consumption: 2 mW
• Throughput (3-wheel encryption): 20.8 million characters/second
• Throughput (3-wheel encryption): 20.8 million characters/second
• How does this compare to our base case???
• How does this compare to our base case???
• Total # of transistors: 9247• Total # of transistors: 9247• Final area: 200 x 253 µM ( 5x10-8 µM 2)• Final area: 200 x 253 µM ( 5x10-8 µM 2)
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Is it an improvement?Is it an improvement?• Some estimates from the original
machine:• Some estimates from the original
machine:
• Average power consumption: 130 Watts• Average power consumption: 130 Watts
• Throughput (any encryption): 2.5 characters/second
• Throughput (any encryption): 2.5 characters/second
• Size: 28 x 34 x 15 cm• Size: 28 x 34 x 15 cm
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In conclusionIn conclusion
• This new generation enigma encryption device:
• This new generation enigma encryption device:
• Uses 63,000 times less power than the original
• Uses 63,000 times less power than the original
• And runs 7 million times faster• And runs 7 million times faster
• Is 40,000 times smaller• Is 40,000 times smaller
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Citations-Citations-Rabaey, J. M. et al., Digital Integrated Circuits, Prentice Hall,
2003.
Stojanovic, V. et al., Comparative Analysis of Latches and Flip-Flops for High-Performance Systems, ICCD Conference Proceedings, 1998.
Blanton, S., 18-340 Digital Computation: Fast Adders, Lecture Notes, 2006.
Enigma Machine, photograph, www.nsa.gov/gallery/photo/photo00005.jpg
Engima Wheels and Plugboad, photographs, www.ilord.com/enigma.html
Rabaey, J. M. et al., Digital Integrated Circuits, Prentice Hall, 2003.
Stojanovic, V. et al., Comparative Analysis of Latches and Flip-Flops for High-Performance Systems, ICCD Conference Proceedings, 1998.
Blanton, S., 18-340 Digital Computation: Fast Adders, Lecture Notes, 2006.
Enigma Machine, photograph, www.nsa.gov/gallery/photo/photo00005.jpg
Engima Wheels and Plugboad, photographs, www.ilord.com/enigma.html